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Producción Científica, Due to the high metabolic and physical demands in single-stage one-day ultra-trail (SOUT) races, athletes should be properly prepared in both physical and nutritional aspects in order to delay fatigue and avoid associated difficulties. However, high carbohydrate (CHO) intake would seem to increase gastrointestinal (GI) problems. The main purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate CHO intake during SOUT events as well as its relationship with fatigue (in terms of internal exercise load, exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and post-exercise recovery) and GI problems. A structured search was carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines in the following: Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases up to 16 March 2021. After conducting the search and applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, eight articles in total were included in this systematic review, in all of which CHO intake involved gels, energy bars and sports drinks. Two studies associated higher CHO consumption (120 g/h) with an improvement in internal exercise load. Likewise, these studies observed that SOUT runners whose intake was 120 g/h could benefit by limiting the EIMD observed by CK (creatine kinase), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) and GOT (aspartate aminotransferase), and also improve recovery of high intensity running capacity 24 h after a trail marathon. In six studies, athletes had GI symptoms between 65–82%. In summary, most of the runners did not meet CHO intake standard recommendations for SOUT events (90 g/h), while athletes who consumed more CHO experienced a reduction in internal exercise load, limited EIMD and improvement in post-exercise recovery. Conversely, the GI symptoms were recurrent in SOUT athletes depending on altitude, environmental conditions and running speed. Therefore, a high CHO intake during SOUT events is important to delay fatigue and avoid GI complications, and to ensure high intake, it is necessary to implement intestinal training protocols.

Producción Científica, Due to the high metabolic and physical demands in single-stage one-day ultra-trail (SOUT) races, athletes should be properly prepared in both physical and nutritional aspects in order to delay fatigue and avoid associated difficulties. However, high carbohydrate (CHO) intake would seem to increase gastrointestinal (GI) problems. The main purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate CHO intake during SOUT events as well as its relationship with fatigue (in terms of internal exercise load, exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and post-exercise recovery) and GI problems. A structured search was carried out in accordance with PRISMA guidelines in the following: Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases up to 16 March 2021. After conducting the search and applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, eight articles in total were included in this systematic review, in all of which CHO intake involved gels, energy bars and sports drinks. Two studies associated higher CHO consumption (120 g/h) with an improvement in internal exercise load. Likewise, these studies observed that SOUT runners whose intake was 120 g/h could benefit by limiting the EIMD observed by CK (creatine kinase), LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) and GOT (aspartate aminotransferase), and also improve recovery of high intensity running capacity 24 h after a trail marathon. In six studies, athletes had GI symptoms between 65–82%. In summary, most of the runners did not meet CHO intake standard recommendations for SOUT events (90 g/h), while athletes who consumed more CHO experienced a reduction in internal exercise load, limited EIMD and improvement in post-exercise recovery. Conversely, the GI symptoms were recurrent in SOUT athletes depending on altitude, environmental conditions and running speed. Therefore, a high CHO intake during SOUT events is important to delay fatigue and avoid GI complications, and to ensure high intake, it is necessary to implement intestinal training protocols.

Chan Oi Wan = 運動前進食不同血糖指數食物及運動中補充碳水化合物飲料對長跑能力的影響 / 陳靄允., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-91)., Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese., Chan Oi Wan = Yun dong qian jin shi bu tong xue tang zhi shu shi wu ji yun dong zhong bu chong tan shui hua he wu yin liao dui chang pao neng li de ying xiang / Chen Aiyun., Acknowledgments --- p.i, p.iii, Table of Contents --- p.vii, List of Figures --- p.ix, List of Tables --- p.x, Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1, Chapter 1.2 --- Purpose --- p.5, Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of the Study --- p.5, Chapter Chapter Two --- Review of Literature --- p.6 6, Chapter 2.1 --- "Energy Metabolism during Prolonged, Submaximal Exercise" --- p.6, Chapter 2.2 --- Importance of Nutrition on Exercise Performance --- p.9, Chapter 2.3 --- Application of GI --- p.20, Chapter CHAPTER Three --- Methodology --- p.36, Chapter 3.1 --- General Methods --- p.36, Chapter 3.2 --- Preliminary Testing --- p.42, Chapter 3.3 --- Subjects --- p.45, Chapter 3.4 --- Experimental Design --- p.46, Chapter 3.5 --- Procedures --- p.47, Chapter 3.6 --- Prescribed Meals --- p.50, Chapter 3.7 --- Prescribed CHO-electrolyte Drink --- p.50, Chapter 3.8 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.51, Chapter Chapter Four --- Results --- p.52, Chapter 4.1 --- Dietary Analysis --- p.52, Chapter 4.2 --- Running Performance --- p.52, Chapter 4.3 --- Blood Metabolites --- p.53, Chapter 4.4 --- Metabolic Responses --- p.60, Chapter 4.5 --- Subjective Responses and Heart Rates Responses --- p.61, Chapter Chapter Five --- Discussion --- p.64, Recommendations and Applications --- p.70, References --- p.72, Appendices --- p.95, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891984, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Lok Cheuk-ming, Andy., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-73)., Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese., Lok Cheuk-ming, Andy., Acknowledgments --- p.i, p.iii, Table of Contents --- p.vi, List of Tables --- p.viii, List of Figures --- p.ix, Chapter CHAPTER1 --- Introduction --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1, Chapter 1.2 --- Purpose --- p.4, Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of Study --- p.4, Chapter CHAPTER2 --- Review of Literature --- p.5, Chapter 2.1 --- "Energy Metabolism During Prolonged, Submaximal Exercise" --- p.5, Chapter 2.1.1 --- Energy Metabolism in Humans, Chapter 2.1.2 --- Amount of Energy Stores in Body, Chapter 2.1.3 --- Substrates Utilization during Prolonged Exercise, Chapter 2.2 --- Importance of Pre-exercise Nutrition on Exercise Performance --- p.9, Chapter 2.2.1 --- Pre-exercise CHO Supplementation, Chapter 2.2.2 --- Timing of CHO and Transient Hypoglycemia, Chapter 2.2.3 --- Type of CHO, Chapter 2.2.4 --- Other Nutrients, Chapter 2.3 --- Application of the Glycemic Index to Pre-exercise Nutrition --- p.14, Chapter 2.3.1 --- Definition of Glycemic Index (GI), Chapter 2.3.2 --- Ingestion of GI Foods Before Exercise, Chapter 2.3.3 --- Summary of the Previous Findings, Chapter CHAPTER3 --- Methodology --- p.23, Chapter 3.1 --- General Methods --- p.23, Chapter 3.2 --- Participants --- p.34, Chapter 3.3 --- Experimental Design --- p.34, Chapter 3.4 --- Procedures --- p.37, Chapter 3.5 --- Prescribed Glycemic Index Meals --- p.39, Chapter 3.6 --- Analysis --- p.40, Chapter 3.7 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.41, Chapter CHAPTER4 --- Results --- p.42, Chapter 4.1 --- Running Performance --- p.42, Chapter 4.2 --- Dietary Analysis --- p.43, Chapter 4.3 --- Physiological Changes At Rest and During Exercise --- p.44, Chapter 4.5 --- Changes in Perceptual Variables and Heart Rates At Rest and During Exercise --- p.54, Chapter CHAPTER5 --- Discussion --- p.56, Recommendation and Applications --- p.61, References --- p.62, Appendices --- p.74, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891245, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

In recent studies, caloric intakes among female distance runners were reported to be insufficient to support training intensities. To study energy intake and expenditure in female collegiate distance runners, ten members of the Virginia Tech cross-country team were utilized as subjects.