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The article presents a comprehensive multifaceted analysis of directive speech acts (based on modern media texts from the popular Ukrainian newspaper Day) taking into account the following approaches: 1) cognitive-semantic, with the projection of directive statements on extra-lingual reality, the study of their propositional-syntactic structure, and semantic relations between components; 2) formal-grammatical, which involves the identification of morphological and syntactic means of expression of motivation and the specifics of the positional structure of sentences; 3) communicative-syntactic, which allows for the characterization of directive statements in terms of their intonation and actual articulation; 4) communicative-pragmatic and discursive, which focuses on the specifics of certain types of directive speech acts in specific discourses, their perlocutionary effect, pragmatic intentions of the speakers, their communicative strategies and tactics, the interaction of the addresser and the recipient and more. Directive speech acts with infinitives, verbs of imperative, conditional and optative moods, present, past and future tenses, which are based on performative constructions, are distinguished from the formal-grammatical point of view. They all have the same propositional meaning, which at the semantic-syntactic level of the sentence is implemented in the following obligatory syntaxemes: the subject (speaker), the predicate of volitional action, the recipient of volitional action or the potential subject of action, and the predicate of potential action. In specific communicative acts, the syntaxeme of the subject of volitional action is correlated with the recipient of speech, i.e., the speaker expressing the communicative intention of motivation, and the complex syntax of the recipient of volitional action-subject of potential action – with the recipient of speech, i.e., the interlocutor from whom the speaker expects on his volition. The core of directive sp, W artykule przedstawiono wieloaspektową analizę dyrektywnych aktów mowy (na podstawie współczesnych tekstów medialnych pochodzących z popularnej ukraińskiej gazety „Dzień”), uwzględniającą następujące podejścia: 1) kognitywno-semantyczne, z projekcją wypowiedzi dyrektywnych na rzeczywistość pozajęzykową, badaniem ich struktury propozycjonalno-syntaktycznej oraz relacji semantycznych między komponentami; 2) formalno-gramatyczne, obejmujące identyfikację morfologicznych i syntaktycznych środków wyrazu motywacji oraz specyfikę struktury pozycyjnej zdań; 3) komunikatywno-syntaktyczne, które pozwala na charakterystykę wypowiedzi dyrektywnych pod względem ich intonacji i rzeczywistej artykulacji; 4) komunikatywno-pragmatyczne i dyskursywne, które koncentrują się na specyfice pewnych typów dyrektywnych aktów mowy w określonych dyskursach, ich efekcie perlokucyjnym, pragmatycznych intencjach mówiących, ich strategiach i taktyce komunikacyjnej, interakcji adresata i odbiorcy oraz innych. Z formalno-gramatycznego punktu widzenia wyróżnia się dyrektywne akty mowy z bezokolicznikami, czasownikami trybu imperatywnego, warunkowego i optatywnego, czasów teraźniejszego, przeszłego i przyszłego, które opierają się na konstrukcjach performatywnych. Wszystkie mają to samo znaczenie propozycjonalne, które na poziomie semantyczno-syntaktycznym zdania jest realizowane w następujących obowiązkowych syntaksemach: podmiot (mówiący), predykat czynności wolicjonalnej, odbiorca czynności wolicjonalnej lub potencjalny podmiot czynności oraz predykat czynności potencjalnej. W konkretnych aktach komunikacyjnych składnia podmiotu działania wolicjonalnego jest skorelowana z odbiorcą wypowiedzi, czyli mówiącym wyrażającym komunikatywną intencję motywacji, a składnia złożona odbiorcy działania wolicjonalnego – podmiotem potencjalnego działania – z odbiorcą wypowiedzi, czyli rozmówcą, od którego mówca oczekuje inicjatywy. Rdzeń dyrektywnych aktów mowy tworzą zdania z czasownikami w trybie rozkazującym

Известно, что для успешного перевода необходимо понимание актуального членения предложений исходного текста. Данная статья посвящена роли актуального членения предложения в переводческой подготовке студентов-лингвистов. Автором рассмотрены некоторые важные особенности преподавания данной темы., It is known that it is necessary to understand the rules of the actual division of sentences in the source text for a successful translation. This paper is devoted to the role of the actual division of a sentence in the translation training of linguistics students. The author considers some important features of teaching this topic.

The article presents a comprehensive multifaceted description of interrogative sentences in terms of the interaction of their semantic-syntactic (syntaxeme) and formal-grammatical articulation with their communicative articulation (relevant). The syntaxeme structure of interrogative sentences is determined according to the communicative intentions of the speaker. In particular, the following substantial syntaxemes, which serve as a means of modelling questions, are outlined: 1) the indefinite-interrogative subject of an action (physical, locative, intellectual, verbal); 2) the indefinite-interrogative subject of a state (physical, psycho-emotional, intellectual, locative, emotional-evaluative attitude, possessive); 3) the indefinite-interrogative subject of qualification feature, identification; 4) the indefinite-interrogative subject of a qualitative feature; 5) the indefinite-interrogative subject of a process; 6) the indefinite-interrogative object of an action (physical, intellectual-mental, verbal, perceptual); 7) the indefinite-interrogative object of a state (desire, intellectual); 8) the indefinite-interrogative object of a process (physical, psycho-emotional); 9) the indefinite-interrogative object of a qualitative feature; 10) the indefinite-interrogative addressee of an action or state; 11) the indefinite-interrogative means or instrument of an action; 12) the indefinite-interrogative locative. All of these syntaxemes replace the positions of controlled subordinate parts in the formal-syntactic structure of a simple sentence. The emphasis is placed on interrogative words in the field of adverbial syntaxemes, in particular time, reasons, purposes, conditions, manner, and sources of information, which at the formal-syntactic level remain in the position of determinants — subordinate parts of the sentence. The specifics of the thematic-rhematic articulation of interrogative utterances and their communicative variants are examined. It is found that the commun, Autorzy dokonują kompleksowego i wieloaspektowego opisu zdań interrogatywnych w planie interakcji ich wymowy semantyczno-syntaktycznej (syntaksemowej) i formalno-gramatycznej z ich wymową komunikacyjną (relewantną). Struktura syntaksemowa zdań interrogatywnych jest określana w zależności od intencji komunikacyjnej mówiącego. W szczególności zarysowują się następujące istotne syntaksemy, które służą do modelowania pytań: 1) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot czynności (fizyczny, lokatywny, intelektualny, werbalny); 2) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot stanu (fizyczny, psycho-emocjonalny, intelektualny, lokatywny, stosunek emocjonalno-oceniający, zaborczy); 3) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot cechy kwalifikacyjnej, identyfikacyjnej; 4) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot cechy jakościowej; 5) nieokreślony-interrogatywny podmiot procesu; 6) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot czynności (fizycznej, intelektualno-mentalnej, werbalnej, percepcyjnej); 7) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot stanu (pożądanego, intelektualnego); 8) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot procesu (fizycznego, psychiczno-emocjonalnego); 9) nieokreślony-interrogatywny przedmiot cechy jakościowej; 10) nieokreślony-interrogatywny adresat czynności lub stanu; 11) nieokreślony-interrogatywny środek lub narzędzie czynności; 12) nieokreślony-interrogatywny miejscownik. Wszystkie te syntaksemy zastępują pozycje członów podrzędnych w strukturze formalno-syntaktycznej zdania prostego. W zakresie składni przysłówkowej nacisk położony jest na wyrazy pytające, w szczególności o czas, przyczyny, cele, warunki, sposób i źródła informacji, które na poziomie formalnosyntaktycznym pozostają w pozycji determinantów — części podrzędnych zdania. Badana jest specyfika artykulacji tematyczno-rematycznej wypowiedzi interrogatywnych i ich wariantów komunikacyjnych. Stwierdza się, że intencja komunikacyjna prośby mówiącego decyduje o typie intonacyjnym pytania oraz o strukturze składniowej i formalnej zdania py

This research is connected with syntax and comparative translation. It is about the problem of the dependence of the word order changing on the actual division of a sentence in translation of English literary text into Russian. The relevance of this work is connected with the insufficient knowledge of grammatical transformations and the actual division of sentences in modern translation studies, as well as with the lack of empirical material in comparative syntax. The object of the research is syntactic transformations, and the subject is the features of using syntactic transformations during translating from English into Russian. The purpose is the theme-rheumatic interpretation of syntactic transformations-permutations in the translation of J. D. Salinger's novel “The Catcher in the Rye” from English into Russian. The theme-rheumatic analysis of the original English text by J. D. Salinger and its Russian into English translations by R. Rait-Kovaleva and M. Nemtsov showed that during translating English monorems with rheme at the beginning of the sentence, the translator usually uses the transpositions: the transfer of rheme to the end of the sentence., Данная работа выполнена на стыке синтаксиса и сопоставительного переводоведения. Она посвящена проблеме зависимости изменения порядка слов при переводе английского художественного текста на русский язык от актуального членения предложения. Актуальность данной работы заключается в недостаточной изученности грамматических трансформаций и актуального членения предложения в современном переводоведении, а также в нехватке эмпирического материала в сопоставительном синтаксисе. Объектом исследования являются синтаксические трансформации, а предметом – особенности использования синтаксических трансформаций при переводе с английского языка на русский. Цель исследования – тема-рематическая интерпретация синтаксических трансформаций-перестановок при переводе с английского языка на русский романа Дж. Д. Сэлинджера “The Catcher in the Rye”. Проведенный тема-рематический анализ исходного английского текста романа Дж. Д. Сэлинджера «The Catcher in the Rye» и его русскоязычных переводов, выполненных Р. Райт-Ковалевой и М. Немцовым, показал, что при переводе английских монорем, содержащих рему в начале высказывания, переводчиком устойчиво используется трансформация перестановки – перенос ремы в конец предложения.

This paper analyses peculiarities of syntactic transformations (especially permutation transformations) in the process of translation from English into Russian., В данном докладе анализируются особенности использования синтаксических трансформаций (а в частности, трансформаций-перестановок) при переводе с английского языка на русский.

Lexical transformations are believed to be a problem for a translator. But grammatical transformations are no less complex and relevant. The paper discusses peculiarities of syntactic transformations needed to transfer the theme-rheme structure of the sentence from English into Russian., Считается, что лексические замены являются проблемой для переводчика. Но грамматические замены не менее сложны и актуальны. В данной статье рассматриваются особенности синтаксических трансформаций при передаче тема-рематической структуры предложения с английского на русский языки.

This article discusses the syntactic transformations in the Russian translation of the novel «The Catcher in the Rye» by J. D. Salinger. Within the first chapter of the novel, there are distinguished and analyzed eight monorhemes, or rhematic beginnings of a passage with a zero or a rhematized theme. The corresponding sentences are found out in the Russian version of the novel as well, which makes it possible to describe the syntactic permutations in the English monorhemes when translated into Russian., В статье рассматриваются синтаксические трансформации в русскоязычном переводе романа Дж. Д. Сэлинджера «Над пропастью во ржи». В первой главе романа было обнаружено и проанализировано 8 монорем. Соответствующие предложения были обнаружены и в переводе романа, что позволило описать синтаксические перестановки в английских моноремах при переводе на русский язык.

This report describes peculiarities of syntactic transformations caused by differences in theme-rheme structure of Russian and English languages with Russian translation of the novel «The Catcher in the Rye» as an example., В докладе на примере перевода романа «The Catcher in the Rye» рассматриваются особенности синтаксических трансформаций, обусловленных различиями тема-рематической структуры предложения английского и русского языков.

Languages of the world differ in the extent to which they need to signal logical relationships (such as addition, causality or contrast) between clauses, sentences or paragraphs explicitly by means of conjunctive markers (e.g. but, however, although, etc.). As regards the English-French language pair, the contrastive literature suggests that French tends to use more explicit conjunctive markers than English. To this day, however, this assertion remains to be verified empirically. The objective of this doctoral dissertation is to compare the use of conjunctive markers of contrast in English and French, using large corpora of authentic texts across two written registers (viz. newspaper editorials and research articles). A first central objective of the study is to revisit the largely introspection-based claims available in the contrastive literature, by comparing the frequency of explicit conjunctive markers used by each language to express contrast. In addition, the study offers a detailed comparison of the syntactic behaviour of English and French conjunctive markers of contrast. It examines both (i) the type of clauses (e.g. main, hypotactic, embedded, etc.) in which English and French markers tend to be included; and (ii) the preferred placement patterns of these markers in the sentence. The study adopts a combined Systemic Functional and corpus approach to conjunctive markers of contrast. The corpus results reveal a markedly higher frequency of explicit conjunctive markers of contrast in English than in French, thus largely contradicting the statements that have hitherto prevailed in the contrastive literature. The analysis also identifies marked cross-linguistic differences in the preferred syntactic features of the markers, and shows that these patterns are closely intertwined with both discourse and lexical factors. On the one hand, the range of syntactic uses of conjunctive markers identified in the corpus data are shown to be associated with distinct rhetori, Les langues présentent des différences notables concernant la fréquence avec laquelle elles signalent les relations logiques (telles que la causalité ou le contraste) à l’aide de connecteurs explicites (p. ex. mais, cependant, bien que). Pour l’anglais et le français, la littérature suggère que le français tend à expliciter les relations logiques plus fréquemment que l’anglais. Néanmoins, à ce jour, cette affirmation n’a pas encore fait l’objet d’une confirmation empirique solide. L’objectif de la thèse est de comparer l’usage des connecteurs exprimant le contraste en français et en anglais, sur la base de larges corpus écrits (éditoriaux et articles scientifiques). D’une part, la recherche entend revisiter l’assertion selon laquelle le français aurait tendance à utiliser davantage de connecteurs que l’anglais. D’autre part, mon travail doctoral propose une comparaison détaillée des comportements syntaxiques des connecteurs en anglais et en français, en examinant aussi bien (i) le type de phrases dans lesquelles ces éléments sont utilisés dans chaque langue ; que (ii) leur position au sein de la phrase. Les résultats de l’analyse infirment très fortement l’assertion qui dominait jusqu’alors dans la littérature, puisqu’ils révèlent une fréquence de connecteurs de contraste significativement plus élevée en anglais qu’en français. L’étude révèle également de nombreuses différences entre les deux langues en ce qui concerne les caractéristiques syntaxiques des connecteurs de contraste, et montre que ces dernières peuvent être associées à des effets discursifs spécifiques (p. ex. emphase, compression, etc.). En outre, l’examen des données de corpus démontre l’impact prépondérant des préférences lexicales des divers connecteurs au sein de chaque langue. La thèse établit par conséquent que l’usage des connecteurs de contraste anglais et français se situe à l’intersection entre la syntaxe, le discours et le lexique., (LALE - Langues et lettres) -- UCL, 2019

Tesis doctoral en tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones realizada por Mónica Domínguez Bajo en la Universidad Pompeu Fabra bajo la dirección del Dr. Leo Wanner y la Dra. Mireia Farrús Cabecerán. El acto de defensa tuvo lugar el viernes 17 de noviembre de 2017 ante el tribunal formado por los doctores Bernd Möbius (Universidad de Saarland), Pilar Prieto Vives (Universidad Pompeu Fabra) y Catherine Lai (Universidad de Edimburgo). Obtuvo la calificación de Sobresaliente., PhD thesis in communication and information tecnologies written by Mónica Domínguez Bajo at the University Pompeu Fabra under the supervision of Dr. Leo Wanner and la Dra. Mireia Farrús Cabecerán. The author was examined on Friday, 17th November 2017 by a committee formed by the doctors Bernd Möbius (University of Saarland), Pilar Prieto Vives (University Pompeu Fabra) y Catherine Lai (University of Edinburgh). It obtained the grade of Excellent.

Tesis doctoral en tecnologías de la información y las comunicaciones realizada por Mónica Domínguez Bajo en la Universidad Pompeu Fabra bajo la dirección del Dr. Leo Wanner y la Dra. Mireia Farrús Cabecerán. El acto de defensa tuvo lugar el viernes 17 de noviembre de 2017 ante el tribunal formado por los doctores Bernd Möbius (Universidad de Saarland), Pilar Prieto Vives (Universidad Pompeu Fabra) y Catherine Lai (Universidad de Edimburgo). Obtuvo la calificación de Sobresaliente., PhD thesis in communication and information tecnologies written by Mónica Domínguez Bajo at the University Pompeu Fabra under the supervision of Dr. Leo Wanner and la Dra. Mireia Farrús Cabecerán. The author was examined on Friday, 17th November 2017 by a committee formed by the doctors Bernd Möbius (University of Saarland), Pilar Prieto Vives (University Pompeu Fabra) y Catherine Lai (University of Edinburgh). It obtained the grade of Excellent.

This study aims at finding out the metafunction patterns of clauses of the Toba Batak Language. The data was gained from the speech of tulang (the mother’s brother) in delivering ulos saput at the Bataknese sari matua (an old person who died but he/she still has children who are unmarried) ceremony. The result shows that 74% of the clauses are patterned with Predicator, Complement, and Adjunct followed by Mood, whereas 26% of them are patterned with Mood followed by Predicator, Complement, and Adjunct. The majority of the clause pattern is Predicator followed by Mood. The most dominant theme is the Marked Topical Theme that reached 73% whereas 26% of them have Unmarked Topical Themes; the rest clause is imperative that has no theme. It can be concluded that clauses in the Toba Batak Language are dominantly patterned by Predicator followed by Mood. The Mood consists of Finite preceding the Subject. Residue itself mostly precedes Mood. The most dominant theme is the Marked Topical Theme in which the theme is not the Subject.BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRAK: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan pola metafunction dalam bahasa Batak Toba. Data peneltian ini adalah klausa-klausa yang disampaikan oleh tulang (saudara laki-laki dari ibu) ketika menyerahkan ulos saput dalam acara saur matua (orang Batak yang meninggal dalam kondisi sudah lanjut usia akan tetapi masih memiliki anak yang belum menikah). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 74% klausa terdiri dari Mood yang didahului oleh Predicator, Complement dan Adjunct, dan hanya 26% Mood mendahului Predicator, Complement, dan Adjunct. Kebanyakan klausa dalam bahasa Batak Toba dibentuk dengan pola Predicator yang kemudian diikuti oleh Mood. Theme yang paling dominan adalah Marked Topical Theme yang mencapai 73% sementara 26% merupakan Unmarked Topical Theme; selebihnya merupakan kalimat perintah yang tidak memiliki theme. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pola klausa dalam bahasa Batak Toba adalah Predicator diikuti oleh Mood.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the connections between global theme and thematic segments which constitue the intermediate level of information structure in discourse. The information structures are defined as hierarchically organized thematic-rhematic structures and, in their thematic part, the author distinguishes three levels represented by: global theme, themes of thematic segments and themes of phrases. The author focuses her attention on explicite and implicite connections appearing in the place where global theme and different thematic segments contact., Cel artykułu to analiza nawiązań między tematem globalnym a segmentami tematycznymi, które tworzą pośredni poziom struktury informacyjnej dyskursu. Struktura ta jest zdefiniowana jako hierarchicznie zorganizowana struktura tematyczno-rematyczna. W części tematycznej wyróżniono trzy poziomy reprezentowane przez temat globalny, tematy segmentów dyskursu i tematy zdań. Przeprowadzone analizy koncentrują się na eksplicytnych i implicytnych nawiązaniach wyższego rzędu pojawiających się w tych miejscach struktury informacyjnej dyskursu, w których spotykają się jednostki pierwszych dwóch poziomów: temat globalny i różne segmenty tematyczne.

This study aims at finding out the metafunction patterns of clauses of the Toba Batak Language. The data was gained from the speech of tulang (the mother’s brother) in delivering ulos saput at the Bataknese sari matua (an old person who died but he/she still has children who are unmarried) ceremony. The result shows that 74% of the clauses are patterned with Predicator, Complement, and Adjunct followed by Mood, whereas 26% of them are patterned with Mood followed by Predicator, Complement, and Adjunct. The majority of the clause pattern is Predicator followed by Mood. The most dominant theme is the Marked Topical Theme that reached 73% whereas 26% of them have Unmarked Topical Themes; the rest clause is imperative that has no theme. It can be concluded that clauses in the Toba Batak Language are dominantly patterned by Predicator followed by Mood. The Mood consists of Finite preceding the Subject. Residue itself mostly precedes Mood. The most dominant theme is the Marked Topical Theme in which the theme is not the Subject.BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRAK: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan pola metafunction dalam bahasa Batak Toba. Data peneltian ini adalah klausa-klausa yang disampaikan oleh tulang (saudara laki-laki dari ibu) ketika menyerahkan ulos saput dalam acara saur matua (orang Batak yang meninggal dalam kondisi sudah lanjut usia akan tetapi masih memiliki anak yang belum menikah). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 74% klausa terdiri dari Mood yang didahului oleh Predicator, Complement dan Adjunct, dan hanya 26% Mood mendahului Predicator, Complement, dan Adjunct. Kebanyakan klausa dalam bahasa Batak Toba dibentuk dengan pola Predicator yang kemudian diikuti oleh Mood. Theme yang paling dominan adalah Marked Topical Theme yang mencapai 73% sementara 26% merupakan Unmarked Topical Theme; selebihnya merupakan kalimat perintah yang tidak memiliki theme. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pola klausa dalam bahasa Batak Toba adalah Predicator diikuti oleh Mood.

This thesis is devoted to a morphosyntactic and pragmatic analysis of inversion and fronting distributed in contemporary British newspapers. The theoretical part focuses on a description of the two aforementioned highlighting structures. In addition, word order and the principles of structuring information in a sentence are discussed. The analytical part subsequently studies the morphosyntactic features, function and occurrence of inversion and fronting in newspaper discourse., Tato bakalářská práce je zaměřena na morfo-syntaktickou a pragmatickou analýzu inverze a syntaktické prepozice v diskurzu současných britských novinových článků. Teoretická část práce vymezuje specifické rysy těchto syntaktických prostředků. Dále definuje slovosled a principy uspořádání větných členů. Analytická část zkoumá morfo-syntaktické prvky a funkci zkoumaných jazykových prostředků a mapuje jejich výskyty v novinovém stylu., Fakulta filozofická

Rhematic sets as components of global information structures in discourseThe aim of this paper is to analyze the global organisation of rhematic part of information structures in discourse. The information structures are defined as hierarchically organized thematic-rhematic structures and, in their rhematic part, the author distinguishes two levels represented by: rhematic sets and rhemes of sentences. The author describes the configurations of rhematic sets in discourse and their internal structures.

This study investigated the thematic progression patterns in the Task 2, essays, of the writing section of the IELTS test. To this end, thirty Task 2 essays with a score of 8 and 8.5 were selected. Then, the data were analyzed based on the thematic progression model proposed by Eggins (2004). The findings suggested that the selections of the thematic progression patterns were directly imposed by the nature of the genre of essay writing. This means that the writers were required to select the thematic progression patterns in a way which help meeting the general goals and purposes of this genre. The finding could be used in the IELTS preparation writing classes to help the writers, especially EFL novice writers, to achieve satisfactory scores in the Task 2, essays, of the writing section of the IELTS test.

This study investigated the thematic progression patterns in the Task 2, essays, of the writing section of the IELTS test. To this end, thirty Task 2 essays with a score of 8 and 8.5 were selected. Then, the data were analyzed based on the thematic progression model proposed by Eggins (2004). The findings suggested that the selections of the thematic progression patterns were directly imposed by the nature of the genre of essay writing. This means that the writers were required to select the thematic progression patterns in a way which help meeting the general goals and purposes of this genre. The finding could be used in the IELTS preparation writing classes to help the writers, especially EFL novice writers, to achieve satisfactory scores in the Task 2, essays, of the writing section of the IELTS test.

While Spanish and English have been studied by researchers in a variety of second language situations, little research has been done comparing Spanish/English theme/rheme structures and none has compared how the two languages use theme structures in academic essays. This study analyzes the types of themes that appear in independent clauses in a sample of academic essays selected from two Spanish and English composition textbooks. Seven Spanish essays and seven English essays, all of which were written by professional writers, were matched for genre; the first 200 words of each essay (adjusted for clause completion) were examined to determine the number of independent clauses and the types of theme used. The results show the English essays had a higher number of independent clauses and thus a higher number of theme structures than did the Spanish essays. In addition, while both the Spanish and the English essays use topical themes in each independent clause, higher number of instances of implicit subjects, personal pronouns, and processes used to announce the theme of the clause. The differences indicated in this study suggest that Spanish/English and English/Spanish students would benefit from an explicit comparison of theme/rheme structures in order to better understand how information can be delivered in their target language.

While Spanish and English have been studied by researchers in a variety of second language situations, little research has been done comparing Spanish/English theme/rheme structures and none has compared how the two languages use theme structures in academic essays. This study analyzes the types of themes that appear in independent clauses in a sample of academic essays selected from two Spanish and English composition textbooks. Seven Spanish essays and seven English essays, all of which were written by professional writers, were matched for genre; the first 200 words of each essay (adjusted for clause completion) were examined to determine the number of independent clauses and the types of theme used. The results show the English essays had a higher number of independent clauses and thus a higher number of theme structures than did the Spanish essays. In addition, while both the Spanish and the English essays use topical themes in each independent clause, higher number of instances of implicit subjects, personal pronouns, and processes used to announce the theme of the clause. The differences indicated in this study suggest that Spanish/English and English/Spanish students would benefit from an explicit comparison of theme/rheme structures in order to better understand how information can be delivered in their target language.

While Spanish and English have been studied by researchers in a variety of second language situations, little research has been done comparing Spanish/English theme/rheme structures and none has compared how the two languages use theme structures in academic essays. This study analyzes the types of themes that appear in independent clauses in a sample of academic essays selected from two Spanish and English composition textbooks. Seven Spanish essays and seven English essays, all of which were written by professional writers, were matched for genre; the first 200 words of each essay (adjusted for clause completion) were examined to determine the number of independent clauses and the types of theme used. The results show the English essays had a higher number of independent clauses and thus a higher number of theme structures than did the Spanish essays. In addition, while both the Spanish and the English essays use topical themes in each independent clause, higher number of instances of implicit subjects, personal pronouns, and processes used to announce the theme of the clause. The differences indicated in this study suggest that Spanish/English and English/Spanish students would benefit from an explicit comparison of theme/rheme structures in order to better understand how information can be delivered in their target language.

The work focuses on the position of rheme in Czech and English journalistic texts. In the theoretical part there are described basic features of Czech and English word order with stress on the information structure of a sentence. The practical part then deals with an analysis of a sample of sentences, which were specifically chosen from bilingual press reports., Práce se zaměřuje na pozici rématu v českých a anglických žurnalistických textech. V teoretické části jsou popsány základní znaky českého a anglického slovosledu s důrazem na informační strukturu věty. Praktická část se pak zabývá analýzou vzorku vět, které byly konkrétně vybrány z dvoujazyčných tiskových zpráv., Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky

In this paper we explore the use of predicated Themes in the novel Cry, the Beloved Country (1948) by Alan Paton, using the systemic functional framework of analysis. We show how this noncanonical structure helps to build the novel's semantic textual design. The analysis of the structural component of predicated Themes (Theme–Rheme and Given–New structures and their interactions) will be essential to an understanding of the functions these structures and other grammatical resources play in the novel. This is complemented by a paradigmatic view on the use of predicated Themes: that is, we view these structures as the realization of systemic options in the grammar of English, functioning as resources for the creation of text. One proposal for theorizing the novel's semantic organization in particular is explored, that of hyper/macro-Theme/-New, as developed by Martin (1992), based upon work by Fries (1981). By employing these concepts, as features in the semantic systems of “method of development” and “point”, we show how the use of predicated Themes may be related to the discourse functions they serve and thus, ultimately, to the context of the novel.

In this paper we explore the use of predicated Themes in the novel Cry, the Beloved Country (1948) by Alan Paton, using the systemic functional framework of analysis. We show how this noncanonical structure helps to build the novel's semantic textual design. The analysis of the structural component of predicated Themes (Theme–Rheme and Given–New structures and their interactions) will be essential to an understanding of the functions these structures and other grammatical resources play in the novel. This is complemented by a paradigmatic view on the use of predicated Themes: that is, we view these structures as the realization of systemic options in the grammar of English, functioning as resources for the creation of text. One proposal for theorizing the novel's semantic organization in particular is explored, that of hyper/macro-Theme/-New, as developed by Martin (1992), based upon work by Fries (1981). By employing these concepts, as features in the semantic systems of “method of development” and “point”, we show how the use of predicated Themes may be related to the discourse functions they serve and thus, ultimately, to the context of the novel.

This present work studies the informative functions of theme-rheme and focus in the production of journalistic discourse, from the theoretical postulates of Gutiérrez (1997, 2000) and Pottier (1977, 1992, 1993). The analysis of these functions in the headlines and leads of Panorama journal shows the identification methods of theme (known information), rheme (given information) and focalization, used by the journalist to present the event. The application of intercase relations in this analysis allows the observation of the predicative choices of the speaker, and also serves as a resource to compare the natural order of the statement with the final result in the discourse level. In this work it is concluded: a) the final structure of the statement or text depends on the communicative purpose of the speaker, taking into account the informative needs of the interlocutor; b) there are many focalization mechanisms in written discourse that emphasize theme or rheme; c) thematic progression is a fundamental mechanism to contextualize and give cohesion to the text, as its rupture entails an ineffective and impertinent discourse from the informative point of view., El presente artículo estudia las funciones informativas tema-rema y foco en la producción del discurso periodístico, a partir de los planteamientos teóricos de Gutiérrez (1997, 2000) y Pottier (1977, 1992, 1993). El análisis de estas funciones en los titulares y leads del diario Panorama revela los mecanismos de identificación del tema (soporte), rema (aporte) y de focalización que utiliza el periodista para presentar el evento. La aplicación del esquema de las relaciones intercasuales en el análisis permite observar las elecciones predicativas del hablante, e igualmente sirve como recurso para contrastar el orden natural del enunciado con su resultado final en el nivel discursivo. En el trabajo se concluye: a) la estructura final del enunciado o texto depende de la intención comunicativa del hablante, en consideración de las necesidades informativas de su interlocutor; b) existen diversos mecanismos de focalización en el discurso escrito para la puesta en relieve del tema o el rema; c) la progresión temática es un mecanismo fundamental para la contextualización y cohesión en el texto, por lo que su ruptura conlleva a un discurso poco eficaz y pertinente desde el punto de vista informativo.

This present work studies the informative functions of theme-rheme and focus in the production of journalistic discourse, from the theoretical postulates of Gutiérrez (1997, 2000) and Pottier (1977, 1992, 1993). The analysis of these functions in the headlines and leads of Panorama journal shows the identification methods of theme (known information), rheme (given information) and focalization, used by the journalist to present the event. The application of intercase relations in this analysis allows the observation of the predicative choices of the speaker, and also serves as a resource to compare the natural order of the statement with the final result in the discourse level. In this work it is concluded: a) the final structure of the statement or text depends on the communicative purpose of the speaker, taking into account the informative needs of the interlocutor; b) there are many focalization mechanisms in written discourse that emphasize theme or rheme; c) thematic progression is a fundamental mechanism to contextualize and give cohesion to the text, as its rupture entails an ineffective and impertinent discourse from the informative point of view., El presente artículo estudia las funciones informativas tema-rema y foco en la producción del discurso periodístico, a partir de los planteamientos teóricos de Gutiérrez (1997, 2000) y Pottier (1977, 1992, 1993). El análisis de estas funciones en los titulares y leads del diario Panorama revela los mecanismos de identificación del tema (soporte), rema (aporte) y de focalización que utiliza el periodista para presentar el evento. La aplicación del esquema de las relaciones intercasuales en el análisis permite observar las elecciones predicativas del hablante, e igualmente sirve como recurso para contrastar el orden natural del enunciado con su resultado final en el nivel discursivo. En el trabajo se concluye: a) la estructura final del enunciado o texto depende de la intención comunicativa del hablante, en consideración de las necesidades informativas de su interlocutor; b) existen diversos mecanismos de focalización en el discurso escrito para la puesta en relieve del tema o el rema; c) la progresión temática es un mecanismo fundamental para la contextualización y cohesión en el texto, por lo que su ruptura conlleva a un discurso poco eficaz y pertinente desde el punto de vista informativo.

L’article présente trois éclairages sur la structure du français oral, qui relèvent d’un même processus dynamique, que l’on peut rapprocher de la déflexivité. Ils concernent successivement le rôle des marqueurs grammaticaux issus de la déflexivité (déterminants, prépositions et pronoms personnels) dans la construction des syntagmes et dans la gestion de la formulation (hésitations), le phénomène de décondensation propre à la structure interne des paragraphes intonatifs, et l’anticipation du mouvement des yeux et des gestes des mains par rapport à ce que dit le parleur. La démarcation finale des syntagmes se réalise de façon régulière par une variation de la mélodie sur la syllabe finale. Il en va de même pour le paragraphe intonatif, dont la frontière finale est toutefois régulièrement annoncée de façon anticipée par le retour du regard du parleur en direction de l’écouteur avant la fin du rhème. C’est la démarcation initiale qui est le plus clairement concernée par les phénomènes d’anticipation, et donc de déflexivité, du fait de l’antéposition des marqueurs grammaticaux, de l’antéposition des constituants du préambule (cadrage coénonciatif, modal et référentiel), et du départ du regard du parleur avant la production du début du préambule.

L’extrait analysé présente les propriétés du paragraphe intonatif et les valeurs énonciatives des variations intonatives telles qu’elle sont définies dans Grammaire de l’intonation (Ophrys, 1998) de M.–A. Morel et L. Danon-Boileau. On peut aisément identifier les unités majeures, les paragraphes intonatifs, par la chute de la mélodie et de l’intensité sur la syllabe finale. On peut également analyser les unités intermédiaires, le préambule et le rhème, au niveau morphosyntaxique et lexical. La particularité de cet extrait d’entretien réside toutefois dans le marquage clair de deux attitudes énonciatives distinctes de la parleuse délimitant deux types spécifiques d’unités : 1) les paragraphes intonatifs longs, marqués par la remontée de la mélodie sur la syllabe finale qui provoque une recatégorisation du rhème en préambule pour la suite et qui traduit une anticipation de consensus coénonciatif, 2) la succession de rhèmes autonomisés par la chute de la mélodie sur la syllabe finale qui accompagne le repli sur soi de la parleuse et qui signale un discours intérieur égocentré., Anita Musso’s intonative paragraphs : between coenunciative consensus and colocutive centering on Ego The analysed extract exemplifies the properties of the intonative paragraph and the enunciative values of intonation variations as they are defined in Grammaire de l’Intonation (Ophrys, 1998) by Mary-Annick Morel and Laurent Danon-Boileau. The major units, the intonative paragraphs, can easily be identified thanks to the fall in pitch and intensity on the final syllable. The intermediary units, preamble and rheme, can also be dealt with at a morphosyntactic and lexical level. The specificities of this extract lie in the clear marking of the speaker’s two distinct enunciative attitudes, which allows us to distinguish between two types of units : 1) long intonative paragraphs marked by a rise in pitch on the final syllable that brings about a recategorisation of the rheme into a preamble for what follows and can be analysed as an anticipation of coenunciative consensus, 2) the succession of rhemes autonomized by a fall in pitch on the final syllable which accompanies the speaker’s centering on Ego and signals moments of interior discourse during which she remains focused on herself.