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The Catholic Church has had much to say about work and the rights and duties of workers. Catholic Social Teaching on work begins with the dignity of the human person and an understanding that work is for the common good. However, while the Church organisations in Australia have been engaged in many different work activities for a long time, up until now little was known about the size and composition of their workforce. The project was commissioned by the Australian Catholic Commission for Employment Relations (ACCER) and carried out in 2015 and 2016 by the Pastoral Research Office (PRO) of the Australian Catholic Bishops Conference (ACBC) with a view to addressing that knowledge gap.

Aerobic organisms maintain O2 homeostasis by responding to changes in O2 supply and demand in both short and long time domains. In this review, we introduce several specific examples of respiratory plasticity induced by chronic changes in O2 supply (environmental hypoxia or hyperoxia) and demand (exercise-induced and temperature-induced changes in aerobic metabolism). These studies reveal that plasticity occurs throughout the respiratory system, including modifications to the gas exchanger, respiratory pigments, respiratory muscles, and the neural control systems responsible for ventilating the gas exchanger. While some of these responses appear appropriate (e.g., increases in lung surface area, blood O2 capacity, and pulmonary ventilation in hypoxia), other responses are potentially harmful (e.g., increased muscle fatigability). Thus, it may be difficult to predict whole-animal performance based on the plasticity of a single system. Moreover, plastic responses may differ quantitatively and qualitatively at different developmental stages. Much of the current research in this field is focused on identifying the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying respiratory plasticity. These studies suggest that a few key molecules, such as hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) and erythropoietin, may be involved in the expression of diverse forms of plasticity within and across species. Studying the various ways in which animals respond to respiratory challenges will enable a better understanding of the integrative response to chronic changes in O2 supply and demand

156 pages

Many young Australians are struggling with issues of mental health, anxiety about the future, and addictions to drugs. Behind these struggles are often questions of what life is all about. Youth ministry is more important today than at any time in recent history. Yet, many churches are finding it difficult to connect with youth beyond those whose families are involved in the church. This book has arisen out of Australian research into youth ministry, from visiting youth groups and talking with youth leaders and the youth themselves. It offers a vision for the development of youth ministry, recognising the diversity of youth and the backgrounds from which they come. It explores how to build a youth ministry team and the qualities needed in the team. It discusses issues of training, payment, and support for youth leaders and building bridges with parents, church and school. What are the factors which will really make a difference in developing youth ministry? Based on research, our conclusions are: •The vision for developing the spirit of young people •The commitment of the whole church to youth ministry •The youth ministry team with strong relationships with God, each other, the youth, parents, the church and the wider society; •A diversity of activities: both age-specific and intergenerational for fun, friends, inquiry and developing the spirit.

Many young Australians are struggling with issues of mental health, anxiety about the future, and addictions to drugs. Behind these struggles are often questions of what life is all about. Youth ministry is more important today than at any time in recent history. Yet, many churches are finding it difficult to connect with youth beyond those whose families are involved in the church. This book has arisen out of Australian research into youth ministry, from visiting youth groups and talking with youth leaders and the youth themselves. It offers a vision for the development of youth ministry, recognising the diversity of youth and the backgrounds from which they come. It explores how to build a youth ministry team and the qualities needed in the team. It discusses issues of training, payment, and support for youth leaders and building bridges with parents, church and school. What are the factors which will really make a difference in developing youth ministry? Based on research, our conclusions are: •The vision for developing the spirit of young people •The commitment of the whole church to youth ministry •The youth ministry team with strong relationships with God, each other, the youth, parents, the church and the wider society; •A diversity of activities: both age-specific and intergenerational for fun, friends, inquiry and developing the spirit.

Australians love sport. Over a span of two centuries, much has been written about how this love affair has shaped the national identity. In Australia’s history, sport has played an important role in the good and the bad times. It is recorded, for example, that Australians played Aussie Rules and cricket on the battlefields of Gallipoli. Australians pride themselves on their reputation to compete on the international stage. Australia is one of only a handful of countries to have participated in every Summer Olympic Games. It has been argued that Australians regard sport as sacred to their way of life, an obsession that contributes to a collective sense of meaning in life, an “essential component that contributes to their story” (Cheong, pp.237- 238). In this regard, sport has sometimes been referred to as the Australian religion. At other times, it has been suggested that sport provides an alternative to religion in providing identity, meaning and belonging. In late 2012 and early 2013, the Christian Research Association, in a jointly funded venture with MCD University of Divinity, and supported by Sports Chaplaincy Australia, undertook a pilot research project investigating chaplaincy in sport.

An essential reference on Australia's religious groups with the latest information from the Australian 2011 Census. Church leaders and everyone interested in the changing profile of Australia's profile will find this invaluable. This book describes the changing profile and participation in each religious group.

Catholics are the largest religious group in Australia. According to the 2011 Australian Census, Catholics made up just over a quarter (25.3 per cent) of the Australian population: there were 5,439,268 Catholics in a total Australian population of 21,507,719. In the five years between the 2006 and 2011 Censuses, the number of Catholics increased by over 312,000, or 6.1 per cent. During the same period, the total Australian population increased by 8.3 per cent. Catholics have continued to grow in numbers at every census, but their percentage in the Australian population has been declining slowly since the peak of 27.3 per cent in 1991.

This paper explores what factors influence young people's sense of self, social values, and religious development. It examines findings from the Putting Life Together Surveys of students from 29 Catholic secondary schools in Australia, and discusses how schools can encourage students to develop and mature.

This paper explores what factors influence young people's sense of self, social values, and religious development. It examines findings from the Putting Life Together Surveys of students from 29 Catholic secondary schools in Australia, and discusses how schools can encourage students to develop and mature.

Two widely used channel routing models are the Muskingum and Muskingum-Cunge (M-C) models. However, no significant research has been conducted on how input parameter uncertainty and model sensitivity affect the accuracy of the downstream hydrograph. Therefore, the goal of this research was to perform uncertainty and sensitivity analyses of the Muskingum and M-C models. The results of the sensitivity analyses show that neither model is particularly sensitive to variations in channel routing input parameters, although the Muskingum method is slightly more sensitive. The results of the uncertainty analyses indicate that in all models uncertainty in the channel routing input parameters introduce only a moderate amount of error in the downstream hydrograph; whereas uncertainty in the upstream hydrograph could introduce significant errors. Finally, the M-C method gave negative outflows in the first few time steps, in agreement with other widely reported results in the literature; however, while others have claimed that negative outflows do not have a significant effect on the downstream hydrograph, the results presented herein suggest that this is not always true.

The interfacial tension (IFT) that arises at the interface between water and an immiscible organic liquid is a key parameter affecting the transport and subsequent fate of the organic liquid in water-saturated porous media. In this paper, data are presented that show how contact between a range of soil types and chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent (CHS) dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) can affect DNAPL/water IFT values. The soils examined are indicative of U.K. soil types and shallow aquifer materials. The solvents investigated were tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE). Lab grade, recovered field DNAPL and industrial waste chlorinated solvent mixtures were used. The data from batch and column experiments invariably revealed that water/DNAPL IFT values change following contact with unsaturated soils. In the majority of cases, the IFT values increase following soil exposure. However, after contact with an organic-rich soil, the I FT of the lab grade solvents decreased. The experimental evidence suggests that these reductions are linked to the removal of organic material from the soil and its subsequent incorporation into the solvent. IFT increases in the case of lab solvents are shown to be linked to the removal of stabilizers (added by the manufacturers to obviate degradation) that are removed by adsorption to soil mineral surfaces. Similarly, it is conjectured that adsorption of surface-active compounds from the industrial waste samples to soil surfaces is responsible for increases in the IFT in these samples. Finally, it was observed that invading CHSs are capable of dissolving and subsequently mobilizing in-situ soil contaminants. GC/MS analysis revealed these mobilized soil contaminants to be polyaromatic hydrocarbons and phthalate esters.

The interfacial tension (IFT) that arises at the interface between water and an immiscible organic liquid is a key parameter affecting the transport and subsequent fate of the organic liquid in water-saturated porous media. In this paper, data are presented that show how contact between a range of soil types and chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent (CHS) dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) can affect DNAPL/water IFT values. The soils examined are indicative of U.K. soil types and shallow aquifer materials. The solvents investigated were tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE). Lab grade, recovered field DNAPL and industrial waste chlorinated solvent mixtures were used. The data from batch and column experiments invariably revealed that water/DNAPL IFT values change following contact with unsaturated soils. In the majority of cases, the IFT values increase following soil exposure. However, after contact with an organic-rich soil, the I FT of the lab grade solvents decreased. The experimental evidence suggests that these reductions are linked to the removal of organic material from the soil and its subsequent incorporation into the solvent. IFT increases in the case of lab solvents are shown to be linked to the removal of stabilizers (added by the manufacturers to obviate degradation) that are removed by adsorption to soil mineral surfaces. Similarly, it is conjectured that adsorption of surface-active compounds from the industrial waste samples to soil surfaces is responsible for increases in the IFT in these samples. Finally, it was observed that invading CHSs are capable of dissolving and subsequently mobilizing in-situ soil contaminants. GC/MS analysis revealed these mobilized soil contaminants to be polyaromatic hydrocarbons and phthalate esters.

This paper is concerned with the problem of pipe whip, the dynamic response of a high pressure piping system subjected to an end force as the result of a pipe break which releases a jet of fluid from the broken section. Both experimental and theoretical results are presented concerning the dynamic elastic-plastic behaviour of cantilever pipes subjected to a transverse force pulse at the free end. Comparisons between experimental data and theoretical predictions are made for mild-steel pipes with outer diameter-to-thickness ratios of 19.5, 28 and 32. It is demonstrated that, for these geometries, the whipping pipes display three characteristically different responses, viz. elastic, plastic hardening behaviour for thick pipes, elastic, plastic hardening-softening behaviour for moderately thick pipes and elastic, plastic hardening-softening-collapse behaviour for thinner pipes. The experimental data taken from a series of high-speed films are compared with the predictions of the instantaneous shapes of the whipping pipes derived from both a rigid, perfectly-plastic, large deflection, dynamic beam model and a more comprehensive model which incorporates the effects of elasticity and plastic hardening and softening, the details of which are presented in the paper.

This paper is concerned with the problem of pipe whip, the dynamic response of a high pressure piping system subjected to an end force as the result of a pipe break which releases a jet of fluid from the broken section. Both experimental and theoretical results are presented concerning the dynamic elastic-plastic behaviour of cantilever pipes subjected to a transverse force pulse at the free end. Comparisons between experimental data and theoretical predictions are made for mild-steel pipes with outer diameter-to-thickness ratios of 19.5, 28 and 32. It is demonstrated that, for these geometries, the whipping pipes display three characteristically different responses, viz. elastic, plastic hardening behaviour for thick pipes, elastic, plastic hardening-softening behaviour for moderately thick pipes and elastic, plastic hardening-softening-collapse behaviour for thinner pipes. The experimental data taken from a series of high-speed films are compared with the predictions of the instantaneous shapes of the whipping pipes derived from both a rigid, perfectly-plastic, large deflection, dynamic beam model and a more comprehensive model which incorporates the effects of elasticity and plastic hardening and softening, the details of which are presented in the paper.

By employing the elastic-plastic structural model introduced in part I [1], which contains four compressible bars and four elastic-plastic "hinges" of finite length, the entire dynamic deformation history of Type II structures is traced. In contrast to part I, strain-rate effects are incorporated into the analysis throughout the entire response of the structure. The Cowper-Symonds relation is adopted and the yield stress varies with the current strain-rate during the dynamic response of the model. The numerical examples presented show that the strain-rate effect plays an equally important role to that of inertia on the dynamic behaviour of this kind of energy-absorbing structure if the material of the structure is rate-sensitive, e.g. made of mild steel. Compared with the corresponding quantities in the quasi-static case, the combined effects of strain-rate and inertia make the peak load much higher and the final displacement much smaller. It is also found that because the increase of the yield stress due to strain-rate sensitivity expands the range of elastic deformation, the elastic strain energy stored in the structure made of rate-dependent material is notably larger than that in the structure made of rate-independent material. This implies that when strain-rate effects are taken into account in the analysis, elasticity must play a more significant role and should not be neglected.

According to experiments, the bending behaviour of a pipe is characterized by its global elastic-plastic(hardening-softening) bending moment-curvature constitutive equation which depends on the interaction between its material properties and the ovalization of the cross-section when it is subjected to large plastic deformation. In the context of dynamic structural plasticity, this behaviour should have an important role in problems such as pipe-whip. This paper presents the results of a study of the dynamic response of a tubular cantilever beam which possesses such hardening-softening behaviour in the plastic range. With the help of a numerical approach based on a small deflection formulation, three examples are given. The first example which utilizes parameters selected from a typical pipe-whip test is compared with experimental data and gives a good prediction of the degree of ovalization of the cross-section, the distribution of plastic work in the pipe and the instantaneous deformation of the pipe. Additional examples consider various pulse loadings and constitutive relations to demonstrate that the evolution of softening can undergo three stages, viz. initial softening of one cross-section, growth of the softening region and finally shrinking of the softening region to a particular cross-section which exhibits a sharp localization of the bending deformation.

Previous studies of the out-of-plane deformation of a bent cantilever under a step load applied at its tip have shown that the validity of the deformation mechanism is governed by certain geometrical restrictions. Single and double hinge mechanisms have been proposed previously and the present paper shows that the family of possible mechanisms can be expanded and completed by introducing new double and triple-hinge mechanisms. With the aid of these mechanisms, it is shown that the initial deformation mode can be derived for any bent cantilever regardless of the magnitude of the applied force and the geometry of the beam.

By assuming an elastic-perfectly plastic constitutive relation for the material and employing a model which consists of four compressible elastic-plastic bars connected by four elastic-plastic "hinges" of finite length, the dynamic behaviour of an inertia-sensitive impact energy-absorbing structure (previously called a Type II structure) under impact is analysed in detail. By taking account of the complicated deformation history involving loading, unloading and reversed loading, the large deformation process is traced completely and the variation of the "impact force" with time or with the vertical displacement is determined. In particular, the peak load is determined on the basis of elastic-plastic material behaviour and the consideration of inertia effects. The analysis presented indicates that the dynamic behaviour of the structure considered significantly differs from the quasi-static behaviour of the same structure even when the effect of strain-rate on the material properties is excluded. Therefore, inertia would appear to be the dominant effect in this sort of impact problems.

Previous studies of the out-of-plane deformation of a bent cantilever under a step load applied at its tip have shown that the validity of the deformation mechanism is governed by certain geometrical restrictions. Single and double hinge mechanisms have been proposed previously and the present paper shows that the family of possible mechanisms can be expanded and completed by introducing new double and triple-hinge mechanisms. With the aid of these mechanisms, it is shown that the initial deformation mode can be derived for any bent cantilever regardless of the magnitude of the applied force and the geometry of the beam.

By assuming an elastic-perfectly plastic constitutive relation for the material and employing a model which consists of four compressible elastic-plastic bars connected by four elastic-plastic "hinges" of finite length, the dynamic behaviour of an inertia-sensitive impact energy-absorbing structure (previously called a Type II structure) under impact is analysed in detail. By taking account of the complicated deformation history involving loading, unloading and reversed loading, the large deformation process is traced completely and the variation of the "impact force" with time or with the vertical displacement is determined. In particular, the peak load is determined on the basis of elastic-plastic material behaviour and the consideration of inertia effects. The analysis presented indicates that the dynamic behaviour of the structure considered significantly differs from the quasi-static behaviour of the same structure even when the effect of strain-rate on the material properties is excluded. Therefore, inertia would appear to be the dominant effect in this sort of impact problems.

By employing the elastic-plastic structural model introduced in part I [1], which contains four compressible bars and four elastic-plastic "hinges" of finite length, the entire dynamic deformation history of Type II structures is traced. In contrast to part I, strain-rate effects are incorporated into the analysis throughout the entire response of the structure. The Cowper-Symonds relation is adopted and the yield stress varies with the current strain-rate during the dynamic response of the model. The numerical examples presented show that the strain-rate effect plays an equally important role to that of inertia on the dynamic behaviour of this kind of energy-absorbing structure if the material of the structure is rate-sensitive, e.g. made of mild steel. Compared with the corresponding quantities in the quasi-static case, the combined effects of strain-rate and inertia make the peak load much higher and the final displacement much smaller. It is also found that because the increase of the yield stress due to strain-rate sensitivity expands the range of elastic deformation, the elastic strain energy stored in the structure made of rate-dependent material is notably larger than that in the structure made of rate-independent material. This implies that when strain-rate effects are taken into account in the analysis, elasticity must play a more significant role and should not be neglected.

Previous studies of the out-of-plane deformation of a bent cantilever under a step load applied at its tip have shown that the validity of the deformation mechanism is governed by certain geometrical restrictions. Single and double hinge mechanisms have been proposed previously and the present paper shows that the family of possible mechanisms can be expanded and completed by introducing new double and triple-hinge mechanisms. With the aid of these mechanisms, it is shown that the initial deformation mode can be derived for any bent cantilever regardless of the magnitude of the applied force and the geometry of the beam.

By assuming an elastic-perfectly plastic constitutive relation for the material and employing a model which consists of four compressible elastic-plastic bars connected by four elastic-plastic "hinges" of finite length, the dynamic behaviour of an inertia-sensitive impact energy-absorbing structure (previously called a Type II structure) under impact is analysed in detail. By taking account of the complicated deformation history involving loading, unloading and reversed loading, the large deformation process is traced completely and the variation of the "impact force" with time or with the vertical displacement is determined. In particular, the peak load is determined on the basis of elastic-plastic material behaviour and the consideration of inertia effects. The analysis presented indicates that the dynamic behaviour of the structure considered significantly differs from the quasi-static behaviour of the same structure even when the effect of strain-rate on the material properties is excluded. Therefore, inertia would appear to be the dominant effect in this sort of impact problems.

By employing the elastic-plastic structural model introduced in part I [1], which contains four compressible bars and four elastic-plastic "hinges" of finite length, the entire dynamic deformation history of Type II structures is traced. In contrast to part I, strain-rate effects are incorporated into the analysis throughout the entire response of the structure. The Cowper-Symonds relation is adopted and the yield stress varies with the current strain-rate during the dynamic response of the model. The numerical examples presented show that the strain-rate effect plays an equally important role to that of inertia on the dynamic behaviour of this kind of energy-absorbing structure if the material of the structure is rate-sensitive, e.g. made of mild steel. Compared with the corresponding quantities in the quasi-static case, the combined effects of strain-rate and inertia make the peak load much higher and the final displacement much smaller. It is also found that because the increase of the yield stress due to strain-rate sensitivity expands the range of elastic deformation, the elastic strain energy stored in the structure made of rate-dependent material is notably larger than that in the structure made of rate-independent material. This implies that when strain-rate effects are taken into account in the analysis, elasticity must play a more significant role and should not be neglected.

According to experiments, the bending behaviour of a pipe is characterized by its global elastic-plastic(hardening-softening) bending moment-curvature constitutive equation which depends on the interaction between its material properties and the ovalization of the cross-section when it is subjected to large plastic deformation. In the context of dynamic structural plasticity, this behaviour should have an important role in problems such as pipe-whip. This paper presents the results of a study of the dynamic response of a tubular cantilever beam which possesses such hardening-softening behaviour in the plastic range. With the help of a numerical approach based on a small deflection formulation, three examples are given. The first example which utilizes parameters selected from a typical pipe-whip test is compared with experimental data and gives a good prediction of the degree of ovalization of the cross-section, the distribution of plastic work in the pipe and the instantaneous deformation of the pipe. Additional examples consider various pulse loadings and constitutive relations to demonstrate that the evolution of softening can undergo three stages, viz. initial softening of one cross-section, growth of the softening region and finally shrinking of the softening region to a particular cross-section which exhibits a sharp localization of the bending deformation.

A theoretical analysis, based on plastic shell theory and utilizing extremum and variational principles combined with numerical approaches, has been conducted to investigate the quasi-static flexural behaviour of mild steel circular pipes. Attention is focused on the hardening-softening relations between the bending moment and the curvature of pipes which, according to observations in pipe-whip experiments, governs the deformation process and can lead to localization. As the study is concerned with free pipe-whip behaviour of the high pressure piping system, in the theoretical analysis the circular pipe is assumed to be subjected to a bending moment as well as a relatively small tension force in the axial direction. In addition to numerical examples for various cases, a quasi-static four-point bending test was carried out to verify the hardening-softening moment vs curvature relation of pipes predicted by the present theory in the case of pure bending. A simpler, approximate procedure which predicts the moment-curvature relationship with reasonable accuracy is also described.

A theoretical analysis, based on plastic shell theory and utilizing extremum and variational principles combined with numerical approaches, has been conducted to investigate the quasi-static flexural behaviour of mild steel circular pipes. Attention is focused on the hardening-softening relations between the bending moment and the curvature of pipes which, according to observations in pipe-whip experiments, governs the deformation process and can lead to localization. As the study is concerned with free pipe-whip behaviour of the high pressure piping system, in the theoretical analysis the circular pipe is assumed to be subjected to a bending moment as well as a relatively small tension force in the axial direction. In addition to numerical examples for various cases, a quasi-static four-point bending test was carried out to verify the hardening-softening moment vs curvature relation of pipes predicted by the present theory in the case of pure bending. A simpler, approximate procedure which predicts the moment-curvature relationship with reasonable accuracy is also described.

A theoretical analysis, based on plastic shell theory and utilizing extremum and variational principles combined with numerical approaches, has been conducted to investigate the quasi-static flexural behaviour of mild steel circular pipes. Attention is focused on the hardening-softening relations between the bending moment and the curvature of pipes which, according to observations in pipe-whip experiments, governs the deformation process and can lead to localization. As the study is concerned with free pipe-whip behaviour of the high pressure piping system, in the theoretical analysis the circular pipe is assumed to be subjected to a bending moment as well as a relatively small tension force in the axial direction. In addition to numerical examples for various cases, a quasi-static four-point bending test was carried out to verify the hardening-softening moment vs curvature relation of pipes predicted by the present theory in the case of pure bending. A simpler, approximate procedure which predicts the moment-curvature relationship with reasonable accuracy is also described.

Previous studies of out-of-plane deformations of a bent cantilever beam under a step force applied at its tip in which combined bending and torsion occurs have identified various yield mechanisms. Single, double and triple-hinge mechanisms have been developed and their occurrences are governed by geometrical restrictions on the beam. The aim of this paper is to summarise the influence of the magnitude of the dynamic load and physical parameters of the beam on its response. A complete picture of all the possible dynamic failure modes of a bent cantilever subjected to an out-of-plane force load is provided.

In the large plastic deformation of a tubular cantilever beam loaded by a force at its tip, the strain hardening of the material tends to increase the load-carrying capacity, while local buckling and cross-sectional ovalization (flattening) occurring in the neighbourhood of the root tends to reduce the moment-carrying capacity and results in structural softening. Experiments were carried out for seamless mild steel tubular cantilevers of radius thickness ratio ranging from 9 to 20 to explore the development of local buckling and flattening and to examine its influence on the global load-carrying capacity of the beam. A simple theoretical model is proposed to predict the global hardening-softening behaviour of tubular cantilever beams in terms of the material properties and geometric parameters of the tube.

In the large plastic deformation of a tubular cantilever beam loaded by a force at its tip, the strain hardening of the material tends to increase the load-carrying capacity, while local buckling and cross-sectional ovalization (flattening) occurring in the neighbourhood of the root tends to reduce the moment-carrying capacity and results in structural softening. Experiments were carried out for seamless mild steel tubular cantilevers of radius thickness ratio ranging from 9 to 20 to explore the development of local buckling and flattening and to examine its influence on the global load-carrying capacity of the beam. A simple theoretical model is proposed to predict the global hardening-softening behaviour of tubular cantilever beams in terms of the material properties and geometric parameters of the tube.

Previous studies of out-of-plane deformations of a bent cantilever beam under a step force applied at its tip in which combined bending and torsion occurs have identified various yield mechanisms. Single, double and triple-hinge mechanisms have been developed and their occurrences are governed by geometrical restrictions on the beam. The aim of this paper is to summarise the influence of the magnitude of the dynamic load and physical parameters of the beam on its response. A complete picture of all the possible dynamic failure modes of a bent cantilever subjected to an out-of-plane force load is provided.

Previous studies of out-of-plane deformations of a bent cantilever beam under a step force applied at its tip in which combined bending and torsion occurs have identified various yield mechanisms. Single, double and triple-hinge mechanisms have been developed and their occurrences are governed by geometrical restrictions on the beam. The aim of this paper is to summarise the influence of the magnitude of the dynamic load and physical parameters of the beam on its response. A complete picture of all the possible dynamic failure modes of a bent cantilever subjected to an out-of-plane force load is provided.

In the large plastic deformation of a tubular cantilever beam loaded by a force at its tip, the strain hardening of the material tends to increase the load-carrying capacity, while local buckling and cross-sectional ovalization (flattening) occurring in the neighbourhood of the root tends to reduce the moment-carrying capacity and results in structural softening. Experiments were carried out for seamless mild steel tubular cantilevers of radius thickness ratio ranging from 9 to 20 to explore the development of local buckling and flattening and to examine its influence on the global load-carrying capacity of the beam. A simple theoretical model is proposed to predict the global hardening-softening behaviour of tubular cantilever beams in terms of the material properties and geometric parameters of the tube.

In this paper, double-hinge modes ae introduced to analyze the response of a stepped or bent cantilever beam subjected to step loading at its free end. The material of the beams is assumed to be rigid-perfectly plastic, and complete solutions ae constructed for four cases, which are summarized in tables. An analogy is found between the responses of stepped and bent cantilevers. For the bent cantilevers, the results herein provide a replacement for the 'unstable hinge' solutions previously derived, which violate the yield criterion. The results obtained are also useful for estimating the effects of imperfections in beams during dynamic loading.

In this paper, double-hinge modes ae introduced to analyze the response of a stepped or bent cantilever beam subjected to step loading at its free end. The material of the beams is assumed to be rigid-perfectly plastic, and complete solutions ae constructed for four cases, which are summarized in tables. An analogy is found between the responses of stepped and bent cantilevers. For the bent cantilevers, the results herein provide a replacement for the 'unstable hinge' solutions previously derived, which violate the yield criterion. The results obtained are also useful for estimating the effects of imperfections in beams during dynamic loading.

In Scotland, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA) is the regulatory agency responsible for monitoring water quality and reporting back to the Scottish and UK governments and the European community. In order to improve water quality in surface waters such as rivers and lochs, the European Parliament has established directives over the past twenty years outlining targets for nutrient levels and water quality status. Moxley (2010), states that the concentration of organic carbon in many Scottish rivers, has approximately doubled over the last twenty years, with soils being the most likely source. According to Moxley (2010), the rate of total organic carbon (TOC) increase, averaged across all sites with increasing concentrations, was 0.12 milligrams per litre per year (mg/l/y). This is an increase in TOC concentration of nearly 2.5 mg/l over a twenty year period. Consequently, the behaviour of organic carbon in Scottish rivers and lochs has become of interest and is the focus of analysis within this thesis. Chapter 1 introduces organic carbon, providing an insight into observed trends in the United Kingdom, but also, other parts of the world. Furthermore, Chapter 1 discusses environmental and physical factors which are thought to be associated with changing levels in organic carbon. Moreover, Chapter 1 provides a description of the data and sampling techniques which have been used. The exploratory analysis in Chapter 2 reveals that the log TOC levels in rivers and lochs have been increasing up until the early 2000’s, and that the log TOC follows a seasonal pattern. Furthermore, the exploratory analysis reveals the high level of association between total organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon. The exploratory analysis also highlighted issues with the covariates; therefore Chapter 2 explores suitable methods of dealing with values at the limit of detection, as well as appropriately imputing missing values. Chapter 3 explores log TOC at a selection of riv