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FUNDAMENTOS // La enseñanza de los primeros auxilios (PPAA) a escolares y jóvenes es una estrategia prioritaria en Salud Pública. El objetivo de este trabajo fue revisar y analizar la nueva legislación educativa en el marco curricular de PPAA, lo cual es necesario para ofrecer a los docentes y sanitarios una guía práctica que oriente la enseñanza para formar a primeros intervinientes en las diferentes etapas escolares. MÉTODOS // Un grupo de cuatro expertos con experiencia curricular en los diferentes niveles educativos, así como en el campo de los PPAA, participaron en este análisis. La metodología consistió en un enfoque de análisis de consenso sobre el contenido de los Reales Decretos (RD) de Educación Primaria (RD 157/2022), Secundaria (RD 217/2022) y Bachillerato (RD 243/2022) que desarrollan curricularmente la Ley Orgánica 3/2020 (LOMLOE). RESULTADOS // En el análisis de los tres RD se encontraron diez conceptos generales: prevención de accidentes; protocolo Proteger, Alertar, Socorrer (PAS); protocolo 1-1-2; posición lateral de seguridad (PLS); reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP); desfibrilador externo automático o semiautomático (DEA/DESA); obstrucción de vía aérea por cuerpo extraño (OVACE); PPAA; traslado de accidentados; e ictus. A lo largo de todas las etapas educativas fueron veintisiete las veces en que aparecían explícitamente contenidos vinculados con la prevención de accidentes o al aprendizaje de PPAA. CONCLUSIONES // El currículo actual dota de contenido en materia de PPAA desde los ocho-nueve años (3º de Educación Primaria). Al finalizar la Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria, todo el alumnado debería saber identificar la parada cardíaca, alertar a los servicios de emergencias, iniciar las maniobras de reanimación, usar el desfibrilador y saber actuar ante un atragantamiento.

Trafikverket har under många år arbetat med klimatanpassning av infrastrukturen, i många fall i samarbete med andra myndigheter. Rapporten sammanfattar perspektiv på roller, mandat och samarbete från intervjuer med ett stort antal tjänstepersoner på kommuner, kommunalförbund, länsstyrelser och Trafikverket i Värmlands län, Hallands län och Västra Götalands län. En slutsats är att det regionala samarbetet behöver öka, under den lärande fas många myndigheter fortfarande befinner sig i.

As climate change progresses, extreme weather events such as heatwaves, heavy rainfall, and flooding are expected to become more common and frequent. Increased climate-related risks pose multiple threats to society, including damage to properties and infrastructure, loss of human lives, and economic instability. This necessitates property owners to adapt to future climate scenarios. To direct capital towards sustainable investments and contribute to a green transition, the EU has introduced measures such as the EU Taxonomy, and the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), which an increasing number of companies will gradually be covered by. Many companies are unprepared for the growing demands of the CSRD, which must be reported according to the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS). The purpose of this report is to identify the climate-related risks faced by real estate companies, focusing on properties for public use, and to highlight the economic consequences of these risks. Furthermore, the report aims to contribute to the development of methods for ongoing management of climate risks, including prioritization and action planning, as well as exploring how real estate companies can integrate climate adaptation in line with ESRS. The development of the model for climate and vulnerability analyses is based on previous analyses conducted by various actors and adapted to ESRS. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with industry players to gain insight into how the work on climate adaptation of properties is progressing and its financial impact. To investigate how market value can be affected by preventive climate adaptation measures compared to post-climate event costs, a Discounted Cash Flow Analysis was performed. A five-step model has been developed, including: mapping of the property portfolio, identifying climate-related risks, risk analysis and property-specific characteristics, risk assessment, and implementation of climate a, I takt med klimatförändringarna förväntas extremväder som värmeböljor, skyfall och översvämningar bli allt vanligare och mer frekventa. Ökade klimatrelaterade risker hotar samhället på många sätt, såsom skador på fastigheter och infrastruktur, människoliv och ekonomisk stabilitet. Vilket ställer krav på fastighetsägare att klimatanpassa utifrån framtida klimatscenarier. För att styra kapital mot hållbara investeringar och bidra till en grön omställning har EU bland annat infört EU-taxonomin, och Corporate Sustainabilty Reporting Directive (CSRD), som allt fler företag successivt kommer att omfattas av. Många företag är inte förberedda på de ökande kraven från CSRD som ska redovisas enligt European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS). Syftet med rapporten är att identifiera klimatrelaterade risker som fastighetsbolag, med fokus på samhällsfastigheter, står inför samt att belysa de ekonomiska konsekvenserna av dessa risker. Vidare syftar rapporten till att bidra till utvecklingen av metoder för löpande hantering av klimatrisker, inklusive prioritering och åtgärdsplanering, samt att undersöka hur fastighetsbolag kan integrera klimatanpassning i linje med ESRS. Utvecklingen av modellen för klimat- och sårbarhetsanalyser baseras på tidigare analyser utförda av olika aktörer samt anpassning till ESRS. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med branschaktörer för att få en inblick i hur arbetet med klimatanpassning av fastigheter pågår och dess finansiella påverkan. För att undersöka hur marknadsvärdet kan påverkas av förebyggande klimatanpassningsåtgärder jämfört med kostnader efter en klimathändelse, genomfördes en kassaflödesanalys (Discounted Cashflow Analysis). En 5-stegsmodell har utvecklats som inkluderar: kartläggning av fastighetsbeståndet, identifiering av klimatrelaterade risker, riskanalys och fastighetsspecifika egenskaper, riskbedömning samt implementering av klimatanpassningsåtgärder. Investeringar i klimatanpassningsåtgärder är billigare i län

As climate change progresses, extreme weather events such as heatwaves, heavy rainfall, and flooding are expected to become more common and frequent. Increased climate-related risks pose multiple threats to society, including damage to properties and infrastructure, loss of human lives, and economic instability. This necessitates property owners to adapt to future climate scenarios. To direct capital towards sustainable investments and contribute to a green transition, the EU has introduced measures such as the EU Taxonomy, and the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), which an increasing number of companies will gradually be covered by. Many companies are unprepared for the growing demands of the CSRD, which must be reported according to the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS). The purpose of this report is to identify the climate-related risks faced by real estate companies, focusing on properties for public use, and to highlight the economic consequences of these risks. Furthermore, the report aims to contribute to the development of methods for ongoing management of climate risks, including prioritization and action planning, as well as exploring how real estate companies can integrate climate adaptation in line with ESRS. The development of the model for climate and vulnerability analyses is based on previous analyses conducted by various actors and adapted to ESRS. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with industry players to gain insight into how the work on climate adaptation of properties is progressing and its financial impact. To investigate how market value can be affected by preventive climate adaptation measures compared to post-climate event costs, a Discounted Cash Flow Analysis was performed. A five-step model has been developed, including: mapping of the property portfolio, identifying climate-related risks, risk analysis and property-specific characteristics, risk assessment, and implementation of climate a, I takt med klimatförändringarna förväntas extremväder som värmeböljor, skyfall och översvämningar bli allt vanligare och mer frekventa. Ökade klimatrelaterade risker hotar samhället på många sätt, såsom skador på fastigheter och infrastruktur, människoliv och ekonomisk stabilitet. Vilket ställer krav på fastighetsägare att klimatanpassa utifrån framtida klimatscenarier. För att styra kapital mot hållbara investeringar och bidra till en grön omställning har EU bland annat infört EU-taxonomin, och Corporate Sustainabilty Reporting Directive (CSRD), som allt fler företag successivt kommer att omfattas av. Många företag är inte förberedda på de ökande kraven från CSRD som ska redovisas enligt European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS). Syftet med rapporten är att identifiera klimatrelaterade risker som fastighetsbolag, med fokus på samhällsfastigheter, står inför samt att belysa de ekonomiska konsekvenserna av dessa risker. Vidare syftar rapporten till att bidra till utvecklingen av metoder för löpande hantering av klimatrisker, inklusive prioritering och åtgärdsplanering, samt att undersöka hur fastighetsbolag kan integrera klimatanpassning i linje med ESRS. Utvecklingen av modellen för klimat- och sårbarhetsanalyser baseras på tidigare analyser utförda av olika aktörer samt anpassning till ESRS. Semi-strukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med branschaktörer för att få en inblick i hur arbetet med klimatanpassning av fastigheter pågår och dess finansiella påverkan. För att undersöka hur marknadsvärdet kan påverkas av förebyggande klimatanpassningsåtgärder jämfört med kostnader efter en klimathändelse, genomfördes en kassaflödesanalys (Discounted Cashflow Analysis). En 5-stegsmodell har utvecklats som inkluderar: kartläggning av fastighetsbeståndet, identifiering av klimatrelaterade risker, riskanalys och fastighetsspecifika egenskaper, riskbedömning samt implementering av klimatanpassningsåtgärder. Investeringar i klimatanpassningsåtgärder är billigare i län

Here we share the data underlaying the publication 'How nutrient retention and TN:TP ratios depend on ecosystem state in thousands of Chinese lakes' https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170690. In this study, we used data for analysis, models and R-scripts. The dataset contains data for the historic (2012) situation, and data for an economic-focused scenario and a sustainability-focused scenario for 2050. Raw input data originates from 1) Climate scenario variables: HydroLAKES (Messager et al., 2016) 2) Historic climate variables: https://doi.org/10.4121/13348004 3) Nutrient losses to land for the SSP scenarios: Wang et al. 2020 Model input and output data can be found in this database 1) Simulated climate variables: folder 1 2) Scenario specific parameter values: folder 1 3) PCLake+ model output: folder 3 R-scripts, as well as the used model (PCLake+), can be found in this database 1) R-script to run PCLake+: folder 2 and 6 2) R-script to process PCLake+ output data: folder 4 3) PCLake+ software: folder 5: GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE, Version 3, 29 June 2007 Data used for analysis can be found in this database 1) ProcessedData.cvs: folder 4

Deltas play a critical role in the ambition to achieve global sustainable development given their relatively large shares in population and productive croplands, as well as their precarious low-lying position between upstream river basin development and rising seas. The large pressures on these systems risk undermining the persistence of delta societies, economies, and ecosystems. We analyse possible future development in 49 deltas around the globe under the Shared Socio-economic and Representative Concentration Pathways until 2100. Population density, urban fraction, and total and irrigated cropland fraction are three to twelve times greater in these deltas, on average, than in the rest of the world. Maximum river water discharges are projected to increase by 11–33 % and river sediment discharges are projected to decrease 26–37 % on average, depending on the scenario. Regional sea-level rise reaches almost 1.0 m by 2100 for certain deltas in the worst-case scenario, increasing to almost 2.0 m of relative rise considering land subsidence. Extreme sea levels could be much higher still—reaching over 4.0 m by 2100 for six of the 49 deltas analysed. Socio-economic conditions to support adaptation are the weakest among deltas with the greatest pressures, compounding the challenge of sustainable development. Asian and African deltas stand out as having heightened socio-economic challenges—huge population and land use pressures in most Asian deltas and the Nile delta; low capacity for adaptation in most African deltas and the Irrawaddy delta. Although, deltas in other parts of the world are not immune from these and other pressures, either. Because of unique pressures and processes operating in deltas, as in other “hotspots” such as small islands, mountains, and semi-arid areas, we recommend greater consideration and conceptualisation of environmental processes in global sustainable development agendas and in the Integrated Assessment Models used to guide global policy.

This master thesis examines how buildings should be designed in the future, in terms of facades and cooling systems, in order to achieve desired indoor temperatures. The basis of the thesis is the expected increase in outside temperature, due to climate change, and the fact that several hundred people died in 2018, as a result of the heat wave that was in Sweden that year. To examine future indoor temperatures, a model of an apartment building in southern Stockholm was created in the software IDA Indoor Climate and Energy, IDA ICE, as well as future climate files for the same geographic position. The climate files were based on future climate scenarios and local data, in order to be as realistic as possible. The model of the building was simulated during the summer months, beginning of June to end of August, with the focus of receiving the indoor temperatures for year 2030 and 2060. For the year 2060 a sensitivity analysis was made in order to see how a change in building design, to analyze how it may affect the indoor temperatures.The results indicates that the indoor temperatures will continue to increase, as a result of the climate change, and that building design played a small role in lowering the indoor temperatures when it comes to changes in facades, but a bigger role for cooling systems. Peaks of 33°C for the year 2060 was lowered to 25°C when cooling systems where implemented, while changes in facades only lowered the peaks to 32°C.The conclusion for this master thesis is therefore that when it comes to buildings in the future, cooling systems should be considered, as well as changes in the facades, in order to achieve desired indoor temperature. Solar film on the windows and awnings can be used to reduce the indoor temperature, but the balance between daylight admission and heat transmission is important to consider. Rotation of the building and the presence of shading objects, such as balconies and surrounding buildings, also affect the indoor temperatur

Climate change and socio-economic development are greatly affecting the quality of freshwater, especially the excessive accumulation of nutrients (N and P), which eventually leads to the occurrence of eutrophication. Lake Vomb is one of the main sources of drinking water in southern Sweden and the nutrient load from the catchment makes it a eutrophic lake with recurring algal blooms. This project developed a hydrological model by Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to model the impact of climate and socio-economic changes on nutrient dynamics on Lake Vomb. Two combinations of future scenarios were selected as combinations of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP): 1) SSP1/RCP4.5 and 2) SSP5/RCP8.5. For the calibration and validation period, satisfactory results were obtained for monthly flow (R2 and NSE were 0.92 and 0.82, respectively) and yearly nutrient load simulation obtained overall convincing results (R2, NSE and PBIAS were 0.67, 0, 17% for total nitrogen (TN) and 0.78, -0.11, -1% for total phosphorus (TP) at the main inflow and R2, NSE and PBIAS were 0.46, 0.27, 15% for TN and 0.62, -0.01, -0.06% for TP at the second inflow). Simulation results of increased future flow scenarios showed higher peaks under the RCP8.5 scenario than under RCP4.5. Also, there was an increasing trend that flow will continuously rise during the simulation period. Results from future nutrient load simulation showed that the TN load was below the baseline in most scenarios and the TP load was all above the baseline. Besides, nutrient loading is more sensitive to the combination of SSPs and RCPs and got the highest loads under RCP4.5/SSP1. The challenge of reducing nutrient load increases over time, especially for P because the simulated load was higher for 2090-2100 than the load for 2040-2050. This project has limitations such as uncertain agriculture activities input and nutrient observations. This project provides projections of flows

This master thesis examines how buildings should be designed in the future, in terms of facades and cooling systems, in order to achieve desired indoor temperatures. The basis of the thesis is the expected increase in outside temperature, due to climate change, and the fact that several hundred people died in 2018, as a result of the heat wave that was in Sweden that year. To examine future indoor temperatures, a model of an apartment building in southern Stockholm was created in the software IDA Indoor Climate and Energy, IDA ICE, as well as future climate files for the same geographic position. The climate files were based on future climate scenarios and local data, in order to be as realistic as possible. The model of the building was simulated during the summer months, beginning of June to end of August, with the focus of receiving the indoor temperatures for year 2030 and 2060. For the year 2060 a sensitivity analysis was made in order to see how a change in building design, to analyze how it may affect the indoor temperatures.The results indicates that the indoor temperatures will continue to increase, as a result of the climate change, and that building design played a small role in lowering the indoor temperatures when it comes to changes in facades, but a bigger role for cooling systems. Peaks of 33°C for the year 2060 was lowered to 25°C when cooling systems where implemented, while changes in facades only lowered the peaks to 32°C.The conclusion for this master thesis is therefore that when it comes to buildings in the future, cooling systems should be considered, as well as changes in the facades, in order to achieve desired indoor temperature. Solar film on the windows and awnings can be used to reduce the indoor temperature, but the balance between daylight admission and heat transmission is important to consider. Rotation of the building and the presence of shading objects, such as balconies and surrounding buildings, also affect the indoor temperatur

Background: The current protocol for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been established by integrating various processes studied for over a century. Due to the success of these maneuvers, the medical community believes that blood circulation should be preserved during CPR. Methods and Results: A total of 202 experienced CPR doctors were asked to complete a two-part survey to evaluate statements on CPR quality from the American Heart Association (AHA). Subsequently, they were given a review of physiological principles and presented with the hypothesis that effective blood circulation is unlikely during CPR. Doctors were asked to reevaluate their previous responses after the physiology review. Initially, over 70% of surveyed doctors considered chest compressions capable of distributing oxygenated blood throughout the body. However, only 32.7% believed this statement to be accurate after reconsidering key concepts about circulatory physiology Conclusion: After reviewing physiological principles of the circulatory system, 67% of 202 experienced CPR doctors considered it doubtful or false that blood can circulate during CPR maneuvers. 51.5% of surveyed doctors believe in the following hypothesis about CPR: during current cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers, it is unlikely that blood circulates through the heart chambers, travels to the lungs for oxygen, and returns to the heart to be pumped to other organs like the brain. A broader survey among more doctors is needed to assess the consistency of these results and guide future research on the hydrodynamics of CPR., Antecedentes: El protocolo actual de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) se ha establecido integrando varios procesos que se han estudiado durante más de un siglo. Debido al éxito de estas maniobras, la comunidad médica considera que se debe preservar la circulación sanguínea durante la RCP. Métodos y resultados: se pidió a 202 médicos con experiencia en RCP que completaran una encuesta de dos partes para evaluar las declaraciones sobre la calidad de la RCP de la Asociación Americana del Corazón (AHA). Posteriormente, se les dio una revisión de los principios de fisiología y se les presentó la hipótesis de que es poco probable que la RCP genera una circulación sanguínea efectiva. Se pidió a los médicos que volvieran a evaluar sus respuestas anteriores después de la revisión de fisiología. Inicialmente, más del 70% de los médicos encuestados consideraban las compresiones torácicas capaces de distribuir sangre oxigenada por todo el cuerpo. Sin embargo, solo el 32,7% creía que esta afirmación era correcta después de reconsiderar conceptos clave sobre la fisiología circulatoria. Conclusión: Después de revisar los principios fisiológicos del sistema circulatorio, el 67% de 202 médicos con experiencia en RCP consideraron dudoso o falso que la sangre pueda circular durante las maniobras de RCP. El 51,5% de los médicos encuestados considera cierta la siguiente hipótesis sobre la RCP: durante las maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonar actuales, es poco probable que la sangre circule por las cámaras del corazón, viaje al pulmón en busca de oxígeno y regrese al corazón para ser impulsada a otros órganos. como el cerebro. Es necesario extender la encuesta a un número más amplio de médicos para evaluar la consistencia de estos resultados y orientar futuras investigaciones sobre la hidrodinámica de la RCP.

Deltas play a critical role in the ambition to achieve global sustainable development given their relatively large shares in population and productive croplands, as well as their precarious low-lying position between upstream river basin development and rising seas. The large pressures on these systems risk undermining the persistence of delta societies, economies, and ecosystems. We analyse possible future development in 49 deltas around the globe under the Shared Socio-economic and Representative Concentration Pathways until 2100. Population density, urban fraction, and total and irrigated cropland fraction are three to twelve times greater in these deltas, on average, than in the rest of the world. Maximum river water discharges are projected to increase by 11–33 % and river sediment discharges are projected to decrease 26–37 % on average, depending on the scenario. Regional sea-level rise reaches almost 1.0 m by 2100 for certain deltas in the worst-case scenario, increasing to almost 2.0 m of relative rise considering land subsidence. Extreme sea levels could be much higher still—reaching over 4.0 m by 2100 for six of the 49 deltas analysed. Socio-economic conditions to support adaptation are the weakest among deltas with the greatest pressures, compounding the challenge of sustainable development. Asian and African deltas stand out as having heightened socio-economic challenges—huge population and land use pressures in most Asian deltas and the Nile delta; low capacity for adaptation in most African deltas and the Irrawaddy delta. Although, deltas in other parts of the world are not immune from these and other pressures, either. Because of unique pressures and processes operating in deltas, as in other “hotspots” such as small islands, mountains, and semi-arid areas, we recommend greater consideration and conceptualisation of environmental processes in global sustainable development agendas and in the Integrated Assessment Models used to guide global policy.

Probability and uncertainty maps showing the potential current and future natural vegetation on a global scale under three different climate change scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5) predicted using ensemble machine learning. Current (2022 - 2023) conditions are calculated on historical long term averages (1979 - 2013), while future projections cover two different epochs: 2040 - 2060 and 2061 - 2080. Files are named according to the following naming convention, e.g.: biomes_graminoid.and.forb.tundra.rcp85_p_1km_a_20610101_20801231_go_epsg.4326_v20230410 with the following fields: generic theme: biomes, variable name: graminoid.and.forb.tundra.rcp85, variable type, e.g. probability ("p"), hard class ("c"), model deviation ("md") spatial resolution: 1km, depth reference, e.g. below ("b"), above ("a") ground or at surface ("s"), begin time (YYYYMMDD): 20610101, end time: 20801231, bounding box, e.g. global land without Antarctica ("go"), EPSG code: epsg.4326, version code, e.g. creation date: v20230410. We provide probability and hard class layers using a revised classification system of the BIOME 6000 project explained in the work of Hengl et al. (2018). The 20 classes from this classification system have then been aggregated in 6 biome classes following the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology classification system. For probability layers, the uncertainty (model deviation: md) is calculated as the standard deviation of the predicted values of the base learners of the ensemble model. The higher the standard deviation the more uncertain the model is regarding the right value to assign to the pixel. For hard class layers the uncertainty is calculated using the margin of victory (Calderón-Loor et al., 2021) defined as the difference between the first and the second highest class probability value in a given pixel. High values would be measures of low uncertainty, while low values would indicate a high uncertainty. It is highly recommended to use the md layers to properly

Climate change and socio-economic development are greatly affecting the quality of freshwater, especially the excessive accumulation of nutrients (N and P), which eventually leads to the occurrence of eutrophication. Lake Vomb is one of the main sources of drinking water in southern Sweden and the nutrient load from the catchment makes it a eutrophic lake with recurring algal blooms. This project developed a hydrological model by Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to model the impact of climate and socio-economic changes on nutrient dynamics on Lake Vomb. Two combinations of future scenarios were selected as combinations of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP): 1) SSP1/RCP4.5 and 2) SSP5/RCP8.5. For the calibration and validation period, satisfactory results were obtained for monthly flow (R2 and NSE were 0.92 and 0.82, respectively) and yearly nutrient load simulation obtained overall convincing results (R2, NSE and PBIAS were 0.67, 0, 17% for total nitrogen (TN) and 0.78, -0.11, -1% for total phosphorus (TP) at the main inflow and R2, NSE and PBIAS were 0.46, 0.27, 15% for TN and 0.62, -0.01, -0.06% for TP at the second inflow). Simulation results of increased future flow scenarios showed higher peaks under the RCP8.5 scenario than under RCP4.5. Also, there was an increasing trend that flow will continuously rise during the simulation period. Results from future nutrient load simulation showed that the TN load was below the baseline in most scenarios and the TP load was all above the baseline. Besides, nutrient loading is more sensitive to the combination of SSPs and RCPs and got the highest loads under RCP4.5/SSP1. The challenge of reducing nutrient load increases over time, especially for P because the simulated load was higher for 2090-2100 than the load for 2040-2050. This project has limitations such as uncertain agriculture activities input and nutrient observations. This project provides projections of flows

Background: The current protocol for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) has been established by integrating various processes studied for over a century. Due to the success of these maneuvers, the medical community believes that blood circulation should be preserved during CPR. Methods and Results: A total of 202 experienced CPR doctors were asked to complete a two-part survey to evaluate statements on CPR quality from the American Heart Association (AHA). Subsequently, they were given a review of physiological principles and presented with the hypothesis that effective blood circulation is unlikely during CPR. Doctors were asked to reevaluate their previous responses after the physiology review. Initially, over 70% of surveyed doctors considered chest compressions capable of distributing oxygenated blood throughout the body. However, only 32.7% believed this statement to be accurate after reconsidering key concepts about circulatory physiology Conclusion: After reviewing physiological principles of the circulatory system, 67% of 202 experienced CPR doctors considered it doubtful or false that blood can circulate during CPR maneuvers. 51.5% of surveyed doctors believe in the following hypothesis about CPR: during current cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers, it is unlikely that blood circulates through the heart chambers, travels to the lungs for oxygen, and returns to the heart to be pumped to other organs like the brain. A broader survey among more doctors is needed to assess the consistency of these results and guide future research on the hydrodynamics of CPR., Antecedentes: El protocolo actual de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) se ha establecido integrando varios procesos que se han estudiado durante más de un siglo. Debido al éxito de estas maniobras, la comunidad médica considera que se debe preservar la circulación sanguínea durante la RCP. Métodos y resultados: se pidió a 202 médicos con experiencia en RCP que completaran una encuesta de dos partes para evaluar las declaraciones sobre la calidad de la RCP de la Asociación Americana del Corazón (AHA). Posteriormente, se les dio una revisión de los principios de fisiología y se les presentó la hipótesis de que es poco probable que la RCP genera una circulación sanguínea efectiva. Se pidió a los médicos que volvieran a evaluar sus respuestas anteriores después de la revisión de fisiología. Inicialmente, más del 70% de los médicos encuestados consideraban las compresiones torácicas capaces de distribuir sangre oxigenada por todo el cuerpo. Sin embargo, solo el 32,7% creía que esta afirmación era correcta después de reconsiderar conceptos clave sobre la fisiología circulatoria. Conclusión: Después de revisar los principios fisiológicos del sistema circulatorio, el 67% de 202 médicos con experiencia en RCP consideraron dudoso o falso que la sangre pueda circular durante las maniobras de RCP. El 51,5% de los médicos encuestados considera cierta la siguiente hipótesis sobre la RCP: durante las maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonar actuales, es poco probable que la sangre circule por las cámaras del corazón, viaje al pulmón en busca de oxígeno y regrese al corazón para ser impulsada a otros órganos. como el cerebro. Es necesario extender la encuesta a un número más amplio de médicos para evaluar la consistencia de estos resultados y orientar futuras investigaciones sobre la hidrodinámica de la RCP.

It seems sensible to establish that TTE in laboratories for each cyclist and for each specific physiologic event, involves a very high cost in human resources, time, and materials, as well as been highly demanding for cyclists from the physiological and physiological point of view. These facts preclude its widespread use for most of them. However, it is also evident that although the use of potentiometers in the field and the analysis of power profiles based on specific times represent the future, it must be recognized that, without the basic research carried out in laboratories around the world during the last three decades, this future would lack of the sufficient scientific support.

We present the case of a 65-year-old man with a gastric perforation secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers after undergoing cardiorespiratory arrest at home. Gastric rupture after cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers is a very rare complication, with an estimated incidence of 0,1%, being the cases attributed to mouth-to-mouth ventilation especially rare, with few cases published in the scientific literature. Despite its low frequency, this event requires a rapid diagnosis and treatment, due to the connotations of morbidity and mortality that it entails., Presentamos el caso de un varón de 65 años que sufre una perforación gástrica secundaria a maniobras de reanimación cardiopulmonares tras sufrir una parada cardiorespiratoria en su domicilio. La rotura gástrica tras RCP es una complicación muy infrecuente, con una incidencia estimada del 0,1%, siendo especialmente raros los casos atribuidos a la ventilación boca a boca, con muy pocos casos publicados en la literatura científica. Pese a su baja frecuencia este evento requiere de un diagnóstico y tratamiento rápido, debido a las connotaciones sobre la morbilidad y la mortalidad que conlleva.

Introduction and objective: Cerebrospinal fluid leaks can occur after trauma, this leads to a disruption between the arachnoid and the dura, frequently associated with a bone defect. The global epidemic produced by COVID-19 has generated the need for rapid tests to detect the virus in the nasal and oropharyngeal mucosa. Nasal swabs (NS) have proven to be useful in collecting nasopharyngeal specimens and therefore their use has become widespread. The objective of this article is to describe a potential complication of the NS PCR test, such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, by reporting a clinical case. Method: The case of a patient who suffers a CSF leak after performing a PCR test using a NS is presented, the diagnosis and management are explained, detailing the complementary tests and the final treatment. Discussion: CSF leaks is a rare complication of NS tests. Despite this, persistent unilateral rhinorrhea does exist and should be considered first after performing this test. Currently, there are few cases published in the literature that describe this possible complication. Conclusions: Although the NS test for the diagnosis of COVID-19 is considered safe, it can sometimes lead to complications. The appearance of unilateral clear rhinorrhea or post-nasal drip with a salty or metallic taste after performing a NS should alert us when diagnosing a possible CSF leaks. It is extremely important to adequately instruct the health workers to perform the test, indicating the correct direction and orientation of the swab. In addition, the patient should be informed of the warning signs and symptoms. In patients with previous skull base alterations, distortion of the nasal anatomy or previous sinus surgeries, it may be advisable to use other types of tests available to diagnose COVID-19., Introducción y objetivo: Las fístulas de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) pueden producirse tras un traumatismo, esto conlleva una disrupción entre la aracnoides y la duramadre, frecuentemente asociado a un defecto óseo. La epidemia mundial producida por la COVID-19 ha generado la necesidad de disponer de test rápidos para la detección del virus en mucosa nasal y orofaríngea. Los hisopos nasales (HN) han demostrado ser útiles a la hora de recoger muestras nasofaríngeas y por lo tanto se ha generalizado su uso. El objetivo de este artículo recae en describir una potencial complicación del test PCR mediante HN, como es la fístula de LCR, mediante el reporte de un caso clínico. Método: Se expone el caso de una paciente que sufre una fístula de LCR tras realización de test PCR mediante HN, se explica el diagnostico y manejo detallando las pruebas complementarias y el tratamiento final. Discusión: La fístula de LCR es una complicación poco frecuente de los test con HN. A pesar de esto, existen y hay que pensar en ella ante una rinorrea unilateral persistente tras realizar este test. En la actualidad tan sólo hay escasos casos en la publicados literatura que describan esta complicación. Conclusiones: Aunque la prueba de HN para diagnostico de la COVID-19 se considera segura, en ocasiones puede conllevar complicaciones. La aparición de rinorrea clara unilateral o goteo post nasal de sabor salado o metálico tras la realización de un HN nos debe poner en alerta a la hora de diagnosticar una posible fístula de LCR. Es de suma importancia instruir adecuadamente al personal sanitario que realiza el test, indicando la dirección y orientación correcta del hisopo. Además, se debe informar al paciente sobre los síntomas y signos de alarma. En pacientes con alteraciones previas de la base del cráneo, distorsión de la anatomía nasal o cirugías previas nasosinusales puede ser recomendable utilizar en ellos otro tipo de pruebas disponibles para diagnosticar la COVID-19.

Introduction and objective: Cerebrospinal fluid leaks (CSF) can occur after trauma, this leads to a disruption between the arachnoid and the dura, frequently associated with a bone defect. The global epidemic produced by COVID-19 has generated the need for rapid tests to detect the virus in the nasal and oropharyngeal mucosa. Nasal swabs (NS) have proven to be useful in collecting nasopharyngeal specimens and therefore their use has become widespread. This diagnostic method is considered safe, but there are a number of possible complications, including one of the most feared; CSF leak. The objective of this article is to carry out an exhaustive bibliographic review of available articles that describe this complication, investigating the predisposing factors and describe a safe technique to avoid it. Method: PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched according to PRISMA guidelines, from March 2020 to November 2021. Studies reporting clinical data of patients with CSF leak after being subjected to NS were reviewed. We focus on the alarm symptoms presented, diagnostic strategies and therapeutic management. Results: To date, eleven published cases have been reported of patients with a diagnosis of CSF leaks caused by performig a PCR test using a nasal swab. All the articles were included in this systematic review. Each article described this complication in one patient, so we have a total of eleven patients. The average age at diagnosis was 45 years, with 8 women and 3 men. The cribriform plate is the most frequently affected anatomical location. In five patients, 45,5%, the preexistance of malformation at the level of the skull base was known, which corresponds to a risk factor when suffering a CSF leaks after NS. Conclusion: Although the nasal swab test for the diagnosis of COVID-19 is considered safe, it can sometimes lead to complications. The appearance of unilateral clear rhinorrhea or post-nasal drip with a salty or metallic taste after performing, Introducción y objetivo: Las fístulas de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) pueden producirse tras un traumatismo, esto conlleva una disrupción entre la aracnoides y la duramadre, frecuentemente asociado a un defecto óseo. La epidemia mundial producida por la COVID-19 ha generado la necesidad de disponer de test rápidos para la detección del virus en mucosa nasal y orofaríngea. Los hisopos nasales (HN) han demostrado ser útiles a la hora de recoger muestras nasofaríngeas y por lo tanto se ha generalizado su uso. Este método diagnostico se considera seguro, pero existen una serie de posibles complicaciones entre las que se encuentra una de las más temidas; la fístula de LCR. El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva de artículos disponibles que describan esta complicación, investigando los factores predisponentes y a su vez describir una técnica segura para evitarla. Método: Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos de PubMed, Web of Science y Scopus de acuerdo con las pautas de PRISMA desde marzo de 2020 hasta noviembre de 2021. Se revisaron los estudios que informaron datos clínicos de pacientes con fistulas de LCR tras ser sometidos a frotis nasales mediante hisopos. Nos centramos en los síntomas de alarma presentados, las estrategias diagnosticas y el manejo terapéutico. Resultados: Hasta la fecha se han reportado once casos publicados de pacientes con diagnostico de fistula de LCR segundaria a la realización de test PCR mediante HN. En esta revisión sistemática se incluyen estos artículos. Cada artículo describe esta complicación en un paciente diferente, por lo que en total disponemos de once pacientes. La edad promedio al diagnostico fue de 45 años, siendo 8 mujeres y 3 hombres. La lámina cribosa fue la localización anatómica más frecuentemente afectada. En cinco pacientes (45,5%), se conocía la preexistencia de una malformación a nivel de la base de cráneo, lo cual corresponde un factor de riesgo a la hora de sufrir una fís

Introducción: La parada cardiorrespiratoria es un importante problema de salud pública y una patología tiempo dependiente, cada minuto que se retrasa la reanimación cardiopulmonar disminuimos la probabilidad de supervivencia. Los asistentes de voz son utilizados en el mundo de la medicina para facilitar y mejorar el trabajo realizado por las personas, en este caso, para salvar vidas. Objetivos: Evaluar la utilidad de un chatbot como asistente durante la atención a una PCR por la población general. Otros objetivos también propuestos fueron analizar la calidad de las compresiones torácicas realizadas siguiendo las indicaciones del asistente de voz y evaluar la usabilidad de un asistente de voz como ayuda durante la atención a una PCR. Metodología: Se trata de un estudio cuaxi experimental en el que se ha seleccionado una muestra de conveniencia compuesta por personas mayores de 26 años usuarios de la asociación ATEGAL y un grupo de voluntarios de Vilanova de Arousa. La prueba consistió en la asistencia a una parada simulada mediante la realización de compresiones torácicas interaccionando y siguiendo las indicaciones del asistente de voz. Se utilizó un maniquí Little Anne, un móvil con App QCRP instructor, un ordenador con el Chatbot, una hoja de evaluación y un cuestionario de usabilidad. Resultados: En este estudio participaron 26 personas. El 100% de la muestra fue capaz de seguir las instrucciones del asistente de voz para poder resolver un caso de PCR, ningún participante tuvo dificultades para interaccionar con el asistente de voz. 25 personas (96,2%) realizaron una RCP válida y todos ellos refieren que usarían el asistente de voz en un supuesto caso de PCR real. Conclusiones: El uso de un asistente de voz es útil para que personas sin entrenamiento previo realicen de manera correcta la identificación y primera asistencia a la parada cardiorrespiratoria., Introducción: A parada cardiorrespiratoria é un importante problema de saúde pública e una pataloxía dependente do tempo. Cada minuto que atrasamos a reanimación cardiopulmonar, diminuímos a probabilidade de supervivencia. Os asistentes de voz utilízanse no mundo da medicina para facilitar e mellorar o traballo que realizan as persoas, neste caso, para salvar vidas. Obxectivos: Avaliar a utilidade dun chatbot como asistente durante o coidado dunha PCR por parte da poboación xeral. Outros obxectivos propostos tamén foron analizar a calidad das compresións torácicas realizadas seguindo as instrucción do asistente de voz e avaliar a usabilidade dun asistente de voz como axuda durante a atención dunha PCR. Metodoloxía: Trátase dun estudo cuaxi-experimental no que se seleccionou una mostra de conveniencia formada por persoas maiores de 26 anos, usuarios da asociación ATEGAL e un grupo de voluntarios de Vilanova de Arousa. A proba consistiu na asistencia a unha parada simulada mediante a realización de compresións torácicas interaccionando e seguindo as indicacións do asistente de voz. Utilizáronse un maniquí Little Anne, un teléfono móbil coa App QCRP instructor, un ordenador co Chatbot, unha folla de avaliación e un cuestionario de usabilidade. Resultados: Neste estudio participaron 26 persoas. O 100% da mostra foi capaz de seguir as instruccións do asistente de voz para poder resolver un caso de parada cardíaca, ningún participante tivo dificultades para interactuar co asistente de voz. 25 persoas (96,2%) realizaron unha reanimación válida e todos eles refiren que usarían o asistente de voz nun suposto caso de parada cardiorrespiratoria real. Conclusións: O uso dun asistente de voz é útil para que as persoas sen entrenamento previo realicen correctamente a identificación e primeira asistencia á parada cardiorrespiratoria., Introduction: The cardiorespiratory arrest is an important problema of public health and a time-dependent pathology. Every minute we delay cardiopulmonary resuscitation we decrease the probability of survival. Voice assistants are used in the medical world to facilitate and improve the work performed by people, in this case, to save lives. Objectives: To evaluate the usefulness of a chatbot as an assistant during cardiopulmonary resuscitation care in the general population. Other proposed objectives were to analyze the quality of chest compressions performed following the voice assistant's indications and to evaluate the usability of a voice assistant as an aid during cardiopulmonary resuscitation care. Methodology: This is a quaxi-experimental study in which a convenience sample was selected, composed of people over 26 years of age, users of the ATEGAL association and a group of volunteers from Vilanova de Arousa. The proof consisted in the assistance to a mock stop by means of the realisation of thoracic compressions interacting and following the indications of the assistant of voice. A Little Anne dummy, a cell phone with QCRP instructor App, a computer with the Chatbot, an evaluation sheet and a usability questionnaire were used. Results: 26 people participed in this study. 100% of the sample was able to follow the instructions of the voice assistant to be able to resolve a case of PCR, any participant had difficulties to interact with the assistant of voice. 25 people (96,2%) performed a cardiopulmonary resuscitation valid and all they refer that they would use the assistant of voice in a supposed case of cardiorrespiratory arrest real. Conclusions: The use of a voice assistant is useful for people with no previous training to correctly identify and provide first aid for cardiorespiratory arrest.

The impact of climate change at the end of the 21st century was evaluated in the Lurín river basin, a representative coastal basin of the Pacific Ocean slope in Peru, with a seasonal precipitation regime influenced by the Andes mountain range. The statistical downscaling of precipitation and temperature projections of six global climate models (GCM) of the CMIP5, under three representative concentration pathways of greenhouse gas emissions increasing intensities (RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5) were entered into a distributed hydrological model, together with geographic information of the study area. The correction of the error by statistical downscaling was carried out by delta change, distribution mapping and scaling; which were compared with the reference period (1950-2018). By the end of the 21st century, it is expected in the upper zone that precipitation will decrease; meanwhile, in the middle and lower zones, it will increase, reaching values of 95 to 221 mm in the lower zone compared to the 17 mm of reference precipitation; moreover, an increasing temperature and various variations in vapotranspiration are expected throughout the basin. In the projected annual flow in the upper zone, a decrease of 36% to 50% is expected and in the middle zone, an increase of 14% to 44%; whereas, in the low zone, both trends are expected, possibly influenced by the uncertainty dependent on the reduction of scale and resolution of the GCM. These results will make it possible to formulate development and adaptation strategies that include water and irrigation regulation; and thus, have adequate and timely availability of water resources for optimal human development in the future., Se evaluó el impacto del cambio climático para fines del siglo XXI en la cuenca del río Lurín, cuenca costera representativa de la vertiente del océano Pacífico en Perú, con régimen estacional de precipitación influenciada por la cordillera de los Andes. El downscaling estadístico de las proyecciones de precipitación y temperatura de seis modelos climáticos globales (MCG) del CMIP5, bajo tres trayectorias de concentración representativas de crecientes intensidades de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (RCP 2,6; 4,5 y 8,5), se ingresó a un modelo hidrológico distribuido, junto con información geográfica de la zona de estudio. La corrección del error por downscaling estadístico se realizó por delta change, distribution mapping y scaling, los cuales fueron comparados con el periodo de referencia (1950-2018). Para fines del siglo XXI se espera en la zona alta que la precipitación disminuya, mientras que en las zonas media y baja aumente, llegando en la zona baja hasta valores de 95 a 221 mm en comparación con los 17 mm de precipitación de referencia. Además, se estima que la temperatura aumente y se produzcan diversas variaciones en la evapotranspiración en toda la cuenca. En el caudal anual proyectado en la zona alta se prevé una disminución del 36 al 50% y en la zona media un aumento del 14 al 44%, mientras que en la zona baja se esperan ambas tendencias, posiblemente influenciadas por la incertidumbre dependiente de la reducción de escala y resolución de los MCG. Estos resultados permitirán formular estrategias de desarrollo y adaptación, que incluyan sistemas de regulación hídrica y de riego, y así contar con adecuada y oportuna disponibilidad del recurso hídrico para el óptimo desarrollo humano en el futuro.

It seems sensible to establish that TTE in laboratories for each cyclist and for each specific physiologic event, involves a very high cost in human resources, time, and materials, as well as been highly demanding for cyclists from the physiological and physiological point of view. These facts preclude its widespread use for most of them. However, it is also evident that although the use of potentiometers in the field and the analysis of power profiles based on specific times represent the future, it must be recognized that, without the basic research carried out in laboratories around the world during the last three decades, this future would lack of the sufficient scientific support.

Video explicativo sobre cómo aplicar el algoritmo del soporte vital básico del adulto.

Video explicativo sobre la historia y evolución de la RCP desde la época prerromana hasta la actualidad.

How can sea-level rise affect territory? Has territorial planning adjusted to this new situation? This paper analyses the possible ramifications of changes in tidal recurrence over the course of this century in a potentially vulnerable marsh environment, such as the Bay of Cádiz, in southern Spain, where sea-level rise is already a fact. For that purpose, the regionalisation criterion is used as a basis for adjusting the magnitude of global problems to subregional scale. Geographic information systems are applied to portray the forecasted territorial changes according to the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the years 2050 and 2100. Projections of sea-level rise show that the tide is travelling farther inland, not just invading unoccupied areas of marshes and beaches but also reaching urban and productive areas. Estimates indicate that the floodable area could expand by more than 20% in 2050, with a further 2,000 ha of flooded areas added in 2100 for either of the two scenarios used. The occurrence of these changes, regardless of the model used, would therefore entail an alteration of the environmental, social, cultural and economic values and elements of the Bay of Cádiz, with the Natural Park being the most affected area. In response to these consequences, the need to apply the resulting projections to other variables is insisted on, with a view to introducing territorial management tailored to this new and already present reality. Application of the regionalisation criterion to study repercussions of the climate crisis in the Bay of Cádiz could serve as a precedent for the development of adaptation strategies in other marsh environments at subregional or local level.

Climate change is an increasingly important issue affecting natural resources. Rising temperatures, reductions in snow cover, and variability in precipitation depths and intensities are altering the accepted normal approaches for predicting runoff, soil erosion, and chemical losses from upland areas and watersheds. It is, therefore, essential to comprehend the future possible scenario of climate change in terms of global warming. Previous standards for natural resources planning may no longer apply in the near future, if local weather varies greatly from long-term historical records. General Circulation Models (GCMs) operate at large scales to estimate changes in atmospheric conditions (temperatures, wind speeds, precipitation, etc.) due to projected increase in greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. The project described in this paper utilized the MarkSim DSSAT Weather Generator, Google Earth and a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet. In this study, future impact of climate change on temperature of Rajshahi city in the year of 2030, 2050, and 2080 have been assessed based on four RCP scenarios (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) and ensemble 17 GCM models of a new MarkSim web version for IPCC AR5 data (CMIP5). As a result of multi-model combinations (RCPs and GCM projections) of future average temperature changes in 2030, 2050, and 2080 with respect to present climate condition, it has been observed that the winter months in Rajshahi city might become warmer in future at a faster rate than other months, and the trend of temperature increase might continue on a monthly basis in future. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Climate change is an increasingly important issue affecting natural resources. Rising temperatures, reductions in snow cover, and variability in precipitation depths and intensities are altering the accepted normal approaches for predicting runoff, soil erosion, and chemical losses from upland areas and watersheds. It is, therefore, essential to comprehend the future possible scenario of climate change in terms of global warming. Previous standards for natural resources planning may no longer apply in the near future, if local weather varies greatly from long-term historical records. General Circulation Models (GCMs) operate at large scales to estimate changes in atmospheric conditions (temperatures, wind speeds, precipitation, etc.) due to projected increase in greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. The project described in this paper utilized the MarkSim DSSAT Weather Generator, Google Earth and a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet. In this study, future impact of climate change on temperature of Rajshahi city in the year of 2030, 2050, and 2080 have been assessed based on four RCP scenarios (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) and ensemble 17 GCM models of a new MarkSim web version for IPCC AR5 data (CMIP5). As a result of multi-model combinations (RCPs and GCM projections) of future average temperature changes in 2030, 2050, and 2080 with respect to present climate condition, it has been observed that the winter months in Rajshahi city might become warmer in future at a faster rate than other months, and the trend of temperature increase might continue on a monthly basis in future. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

This paper presents the development and testing of a Rapid Control Prototyping (RCP) platform for PV systems. The proposed platform is intended to support the evaluation of both PV voltage controllers and MPPT algorithms, devoted to PV systems, without the need of constructing a testbench for each application. Instead, the platform provides a unified experimental environment, easy-to-use, for testing control strategies under realistic conditions, prior to their final implementation in commercial devices. The proposed RCP system is capable of measuring, in real-time, physical variables needed to evaluate the behavior of the control strategies, without constructing dedicated sensors or using costly equipment. The platform is based on the combination of low-cost hardware (Arduino board) and commonly available software (Matlab/Simulink), which provides an easy-to-use environment for non-experts in programming embedded devices. The RCP system usability is validated using a classical PI voltage controller and perturb and observe MPPT algorithm, but any other control strategies can be tested. Finally, the results show that the proposed platform provide similar results in comparison with detailed simulations, which confirms the correct implementation of both the voltage controller and MPPT algorithm by means of the RCP platform, En este documento se presenta el desarrollo y ensayo de una plataforma de prototipos de control rápido (RCP) para sistemas fotovoltaicos. La plataforma propuesta tiene por objeto apoyar la evaluación tanto de los controladores de tensión de los sistemas fotovoltaicos como de los algoritmos MPPT, dedicados a los sistemas fotovoltaicos, sin necesidad de construir un banco de pruebas para cada aplicación. En cambio, la plataforma proporciona un entorno experimental unificado, fácil de utilizar, para probar las estrategias de control en condiciones realistas, antes de su aplicación final en los dispositivos comerciales. El sistema RCP propuesto es capaz de medir, en tiempo real, las variables físicas necesarias para evaluar el comportamiento de las estrategias de control, sin necesidad de construir sensores dedicados o utilizar equipos costosos. La plataforma se basa en la combinación de hardware de bajo costo (placa Arduino) y software comúnmente disponible (Matlab/Simulink), que proporciona un entorno fácil de usar para los no expertos en la programación de dispositivos incorporados. La usabilidad del sistema RCP se valida utilizando un controlador de tensión PI clásico y perturba y observa el algoritmo MPPT, pero se puede probar cualquier otra estrategia de control. Por último, los resultados muestran que la plataforma propuesta proporciona resultados similares en comparación con las simulaciones detalladas, lo que confirma la correcta implementación tanto del controlador de tensión como del algoritmo MPPT mediante la plataforma RCP

This paper presents the development and testing of a Rapid Control Prototyping (RCP) platform for PV systems. The proposed platform is intended to support the evaluation of both PV voltage controllers and MPPT algorithms, devoted to PV systems, without the need of constructing a testbench for each application. Instead, the platform provides a unified experimental environment, easy-to-use, for testing control strategies under realistic conditions, prior to their final implementation in commercial devices. The proposed RCP system is capable of measuring, in real-time, physical variables needed to evaluate the behavior of the control strategies, without constructing dedicated sensors or using costly equipment. The platform is based on the combination of low-cost hardware (Arduino board) and commonly available software (Matlab/Simulink), which provides an easy-to-use environment for non-experts in programming embedded devices. The RCP system usability is validated using a classical PI voltage controller and perturb and observe MPPT algorithm, but any other control strategies can be tested. Finally, the results show that the proposed platform provide similar results in comparison with detailed simulations, which confirms the correct implementation of both the voltage controller and MPPT algorithm by means of the RCP platform, En este documento se presenta el desarrollo y ensayo de una plataforma de prototipos de control rápido (RCP) para sistemas fotovoltaicos. La plataforma propuesta tiene por objeto apoyar la evaluación tanto de los controladores de tensión de los sistemas fotovoltaicos como de los algoritmos MPPT, dedicados a los sistemas fotovoltaicos, sin necesidad de construir un banco de pruebas para cada aplicación. En cambio, la plataforma proporciona un entorno experimental unificado, fácil de utilizar, para probar las estrategias de control en condiciones realistas, antes de su aplicación final en los dispositivos comerciales. El sistema RCP propuesto es capaz de medir, en tiempo real, las variables físicas necesarias para evaluar el comportamiento de las estrategias de control, sin necesidad de construir sensores dedicados o utilizar equipos costosos. La plataforma se basa en la combinación de hardware de bajo costo (placa Arduino) y software comúnmente disponible (Matlab/Simulink), que proporciona un entorno fácil de usar para los no expertos en la programación de dispositivos incorporados. La usabilidad del sistema RCP se valida utilizando un controlador de tensión PI clásico y perturba y observa el algoritmo MPPT, pero se puede probar cualquier otra estrategia de control. Por último, los resultados muestran que la plataforma propuesta proporciona resultados similares en comparación con las simulaciones detalladas, lo que confirma la correcta implementación tanto del controlador de tensión como del algoritmo MPPT mediante la plataforma RCP

How can sea-level rise affect territory? Has territorial planning adjusted to this new situation? This paper analyses the possible ramifications of changes in tidal recurrence over the course of this century in a potentially vulnerable marsh environment, such as the Bay of Cádiz, in southern Spain, where sea-level rise is already a fact. For that purpose, the regionalisation criterion is used as a basis for adjusting the magnitude of global problems to subregional scale. Geographic information systems are applied to portray the forecasted territorial changes according to the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the years 2050 and 2100. Projections of sea-level rise show that the tide is travelling farther inland, not just invading unoccupied areas of marshes and beaches but also reaching urban and productive areas. Estimates indicate that the floodable area could expand by more than 20% in 2050, with a further 2,000 ha of flooded areas added in 2100 for either of the two scenarios used. The occurrence of these changes, regardless of the model used, would therefore entail an alteration of the environmental, social, cultural and economic values and elements of the Bay of Cádiz, with the Natural Park being the most affected area. In response to these consequences, the need to apply the resulting projections to other variables is insisted on, with a view to introducing territorial management tailored to this new and already present reality. Application of the regionalisation criterion to study repercussions of the climate crisis in the Bay of Cádiz could serve as a precedent for the development of adaptation strategies in other marsh environments at subregional or local level., ¿Cómo el ascenso del nivel del mar puede afectar al territorio? ¿Está la planificación territorial adaptada a esta nueva coyuntura? En este trabajo se analizan las implicaciones que podrían suponer los cambios en la recurrencia mareal a lo largo del presente siglo, sobre un entorno marismeño y potencialmente vulnerable como el de la Bahía de Cádiz, al sur de España, donde el ascenso del nivel del mar ya es un hecho. Para ello, se emplea el criterio de regionalización como base para ajustar la magnitud de los problemas globales a una escala subregional y la aplicación de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica para representar las alteraciones territoriales previstas según los escenarios RCP4.5 y RCP8.5 planteados por el Panel Intergubernamental del Cambio Climático (IPCC) para los años 2050 y 2100. Las proyecciones del ascenso del nivel del mar ilustran un incremento del espacio recorrido por la marea tierra adentro, invadiendo no solo zonas desocupadas de las marismas y las playas, sino también alcanzando las áreas urbanas y productivas. De acuerdo con las estimaciones, la superficie inundable se expandiría en más de un 20% en 2050, y se sumarían 2.000 ha de zonas inundadas en 2100 para cualquiera de los dos escenarios empleados. Por tanto, la ocurrencia de estos cambios, con independencia del modelo utilizado, implicaría una alteración de los valores y elementos ambientales, sociales, culturales y económicos de la Bahía de Cádiz, siendo el Parque Natural el espacio más afectado. En respuesta a estas consecuencias, se insiste en la necesidad de implementar las proyecciones resultantes a otras variables de cara a la instauración de una gestión territorial adaptada a esta nueva -y ya presente- realidad. La aplicación del criterio de regionalización para el estudio de las repercusiones de la crisis climática en la Bahía de Cádiz, podría servir de precedente para la elaboración de estrategias de adaptación en otros entornos de marisma a escala subregional o local.

Jordens temperaturökning ökar genom utsläpp av växthusgaser. Ökningen smälter inlandsisarna och Antarktis samt expanderar havet vilket höjer havsnivån och påverkar erosion. Denna havsnivåhöjning med tilläggande stormar höjer havsnivån markant och påverkar kustkommuner. Olika RCP scenarion är framtagna för att förutse hur framtiden kommer att se ut år 2100. Vilken av RCP scenarion som kan inträffa beror på hur klimatpolitiken och utsläppen fortskrider. Syftet är att skapa ett kunskapsunderlag för Halmstad kommun med föreslagna naturbaserade klimatanpassningsåtgärder utmed kusten. Arbetet fokuseras på omvärldsanalys, vilket genomförts i form av intervjuer från kustkommuner och litteraturstudie från rapporter. Naturbaserade klimatanpassningsåtgärder har funktionen att skydda mot havshöjning och erosion men ökar även biologisk mångfald samt skapar rekreation. Redovisade åtgärder är sandstaket, ålgräs, vegetation på strandplanet, klitterövergångar och kustnära våtmarker. Genom att introducera dessa åtgärder skyddas kusten genom att de binder sand, skapar dynor, stärker dynor från nedtrampning och minskar vågenergin. Åtgärdernas för- och nackdelar, kostnad, underhåll, effekt och risker sammanfattas i en avslutande tabell. Genom att analysera Halmstads kust i erosion och havshöjning grundas rekommendationer till föreslagna åtgärder. Implementering av ätgärderna efterfrågar noga studier i lokala förutsättningar för att åtgärden ska nå sin fulla funktion. Kommunens arbete med att genomföra klimatanpassningsåtgärder berör flera aktörer vilket gemensamhetsanläggningar rekommenderas som en del i det strategiska arbetet. Gemensamhetsanläggningar skapar finansieringslättnader genom att fler bekostar åtgärden och ökar samverkan i kommunen, vilket gynnar kommunens framtidsvision med att nå 150 000 invånare år 2050.

Att industrier påverkar klimatet negativt var känt, men för att få veta hur klimatförändringarna fram till år 2050 kunde påverka massa- och pappersbruket BillerudKorsnäs i Karlsborg krävdes en riskinventering. Syftet var att ta reda på hur förändrad havsnivå, förändrade vindförhållande, förändrad temperatur och förändrad nederbördsmängd kunde påverka bioreningsdammarna och avloppssystemet på området. Av de fyra klimatscenarier som forskare tagit fram användes två av dessa, RCP 4,5 scenario och RCP 8,5 scenario för att jämföras med ett normalvärde. Genom en platsspecifik undersökning kunde riskerna listas och jämföras med den scenariodata som SMHI redovisade för samtliga klimatförändringar. Resultatet av riskinventeringen visade att en förändring i havsnivån hade flest risker kopplade till bioreningsdammarna och avloppssystemet. För att anpassa sig efter klimatförändringarna behövde BillerudKorsnäs i Karlsborg beakta och i framtiden bygga om vissa delar av bioreningsdammarna och avloppssystemet., It is known that industries negatively affect the climate and contribute to climate change, but to find out how climate change till year 2050 could affect the pulp and paper mill BillerudKorsnäs in Karlsborg, a risk inventory was required. The purpose was to find out how changes in sea level, changes in wind conditions, changes in temperature and changes in precipitation could affect the aerated lagoons and the sewage system at the site. Out of the four climate scenarios developed by researchers, two scenarios i.e., RCP 4,5 scenario and RCP 8,5 scenario were used in a comparison to normal conditions. Throug a site-specific study, the risks could be listed and compared with the scenario data SMHI reported for all climate changes. The results of the risk inventory illustrate that changes in sea level poses most risk to the aerated lagoons and the sewage system. In order to adapt to climate change, BillerudKorsnäs in Karlsborg needed to consider and rebuild certain parts of the aerated lagoons and the sewage system in the future.

How can sea-level rise affect territory? Has territorial planning adjusted to this new situation? This paper analyses the possible ramifications of changes in tidal recurrence over the course of this century in a potentially vulnerable marsh environment, such as the Bay of Cádiz, in southern Spain, where sea-level rise is already a fact. For that purpose, the regionalisation criterion is used as a basis for adjusting the magnitude of global problems to subregional scale. Geographic information systems are applied to portray the forecasted territorial changes according to the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the years 2050 and 2100. Projections of sea-level rise show that the tide is travelling farther inland, not just invading unoccupied areas of marshes and beaches but also reaching urban and productive areas. Estimates indicate that the floodable area could expand by more than 20% in 2050, with a further 2,000 ha of flooded areas added in 2100 for either of the two scenarios used. The occurrence of these changes, regardless of the model used, would therefore entail an alteration of the environmental, social, cultural and economic values and elements of the Bay of Cádiz, with the Natural Park being the most affected area. In response to these consequences, the need to apply the resulting projections to other variables is insisted on, with a view to introducing territorial management tailored to this new and already present reality. Application of the regionalisation criterion to study repercussions of the climate crisis in the Bay of Cádiz could serve as a precedent for the development of adaptation strategies in other marsh environments at subregional or local level., ¿Cómo el ascenso del nivel del mar puede afectar al territorio? ¿Está la planificación territorial adaptada a esta nueva coyuntura? En este trabajo se analizan las implicaciones que podrían suponer los cambios en la recurrencia mareal a lo largo del presente siglo, sobre un entorno marismeño y potencialmente vulnerable como el de la Bahía de Cádiz, al sur de España, donde el ascenso del nivel del mar ya es un hecho. Para ello, se emplea el criterio de regionalización como base para ajustar la magnitud de los problemas globales a una escala subregional y la aplicación de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica para representar las alteraciones territoriales previstas según los escenarios RCP4.5 y RCP8.5 planteados por el Panel Intergubernamental del Cambio Climático (IPCC) para los años 2050 y 2100. Las proyecciones del ascenso del nivel del mar ilustran un incremento del espacio recorrido por la marea tierra adentro, invadiendo no solo zonas desocupadas de las marismas y las playas, sino también alcanzando las áreas urbanas y productivas. De acuerdo con las estimaciones, la superficie inundable se expandiría en más de un 20% en 2050, y se sumarían 2.000 ha de zonas inundadas en 2100 para cualquiera de los dos escenarios empleados. Por tanto, la ocurrencia de estos cambios, con independencia del modelo utilizado, implicaría una alteración de los valores y elementos ambientales, sociales, culturales y económicos de la Bahía de Cádiz, siendo el Parque Natural el espacio más afectado. En respuesta a estas consecuencias, se insiste en la necesidad de implementar las proyecciones resultantes a otras variables de cara a la instauración de una gestión territorial adaptada a esta nueva -y ya presente- realidad. La aplicación del criterio de regionalización para el estudio de las repercusiones de la crisis climática en la Bahía de Cádiz, podría servir de precedente para la elaboración de estrategias de adaptación en otros entornos de marisma a escala subregional o local.

How can sea-level rise affect territory? Has territorial planning adjusted to this new situation? This paper analyses the possible ramifications of changes in tidal recurrence over the course of this century in a potentially vulnerable marsh environment, such as the Bay of Cádiz, in southern Spain, where sea-level rise is already a fact. For that purpose, the regionalisation criterion is used as a basis for adjusting the magnitude of global problems to subregional scale. Geographic information systems are applied to portray the forecasted territorial changes according to the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the years 2050 and 2100. Projections of sea-level rise show that the tide is travelling farther inland, not just invading unoccupied areas of marshes and beaches but also reaching urban and productive areas. Estimates indicate that the floodable area could expand by more than 20% in 2050, with a further 2,000 ha of flooded areas added in 2100 for either of the two scenarios used. The occurrence of these changes, regardless of the model used, would therefore entail an alteration of the environmental, social, cultural and economic values and elements of the Bay of Cádiz, with the Natural Park being the most affected area. In response to these consequences, the need to apply the resulting projections to other variables is insisted on, with a view to introducing territorial management tailored to this new and already present reality. Application of the regionalisation criterion to study repercussions of the climate crisis in the Bay of Cádiz could serve as a precedent for the development of adaptation strategies in other marsh environments at subregional or local level., ¿Cómo el ascenso del nivel del mar puede afectar al territorio? ¿Está la planificación territorial adaptada a esta nueva coyuntura? En este trabajo se analizan las implicaciones que podrían suponer los cambios en la recurrencia mareal a lo largo del presente siglo, sobre un entorno marismeño y potencialmente vulnerable como el de la Bahía de Cádiz, al sur de España, donde el ascenso del nivel del mar ya es un hecho. Para ello, se emplea el criterio de regionalización como base para ajustar la magnitud de los problemas globales a una escala subregional y la aplicación de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica para representar las alteraciones territoriales previstas según los escenarios RCP4.5 y RCP8.5 planteados por el Panel Intergubernamental del Cambio Climático (IPCC) para los años 2050 y 2100. Las proyecciones del ascenso del nivel del mar ilustran un incremento del espacio recorrido por la marea tierra adentro, invadiendo no solo zonas desocupadas de las marismas y las playas, sino también alcanzando las áreas urbanas y productivas. De acuerdo con las estimaciones, la superficie inundable se expandiría en más de un 20% en 2050, y se sumarían 2.000 ha de zonas inundadas en 2100 para cualquiera de los dos escenarios empleados. Por tanto, la ocurrencia de estos cambios, con independencia del modelo utilizado, implicaría una alteración de los valores y elementos ambientales, sociales, culturales y económicos de la Bahía de Cádiz, siendo el Parque Natural el espacio más afectado. En respuesta a estas consecuencias, se insiste en la necesidad de implementar las proyecciones resultantes a otras variables de cara a la instauración de una gestión territorial adaptada a esta nueva -y ya presente- realidad. La aplicación del criterio de regionalización para el estudio de las repercusiones de la crisis climática en la Bahía de Cádiz, podría servir de precedente para la elaboración de estrategias de adaptación en otros entornos de marisma a escala subregional o local.

How can sea-level rise affect territory? Has territorial planning adjusted to this new situation? This paper analyses the possible ramifications of changes in tidal recurrence over the course of this century in a potentially vulnerable marsh environment, such as the Bay of Cádiz, in southern Spain, where sea-level rise is already a fact. For that purpose, the regionalisation criterion is used as a basis for adjusting the magnitude of global problems to subregional scale. Geographic information systems are applied to portray the forecasted territorial changes according to the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the years 2050 and 2100. Projections of sea-level rise show that the tide is travelling farther inland, not just invading unoccupied areas of marshes and beaches but also reaching urban and productive areas. Estimates indicate that the floodable area could expand by more than 20% in 2050, with a further 2,000 ha of flooded areas added in 2100 for either of the two scenarios used. The occurrence of these changes, regardless of the model used, would therefore entail an alteration of the environmental, social, cultural and economic values and elements of the Bay of Cádiz, with the Natural Park being the most affected area. In response to these consequences, the need to apply the resulting projections to other variables is insisted on, with a view to introducing territorial management tailored to this new and already present reality. Application of the regionalisation criterion to study repercussions of the climate crisis in the Bay of Cádiz could serve as a precedent for the development of adaptation strategies in other marsh environments at subregional or local level., ¿Cómo el ascenso del nivel del mar puede afectar al territorio? ¿Está la planificación territorial adaptada a esta nueva coyuntura? En este trabajo se analizan las implicaciones que podrían suponer los cambios en la recurrencia mareal a lo largo del presente siglo, sobre un entorno marismeño y potencialmente vulnerable como el de la Bahía de Cádiz, al sur de España, donde el ascenso del nivel del mar ya es un hecho. Para ello, se emplea el criterio de regionalización como base para ajustar la magnitud de los problemas globales a una escala subregional y la aplicación de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica para representar las alteraciones territoriales previstas según los escenarios RCP4.5 y RCP8.5 planteados por el Panel Intergubernamental del Cambio Climático (IPCC) para los años 2050 y 2100. Las proyecciones del ascenso del nivel del mar ilustran un incremento del espacio recorrido por la marea tierra adentro, invadiendo no solo zonas desocupadas de las marismas y las playas, sino también alcanzando las áreas urbanas y productivas. De acuerdo con las estimaciones, la superficie inundable se expandiría en más de un 20% en 2050, y se sumarían 2.000 ha de zonas inundadas en 2100 para cualquiera de los dos escenarios empleados. Por tanto, la ocurrencia de estos cambios, con independencia del modelo utilizado, implicaría una alteración de los valores y elementos ambientales, sociales, culturales y económicos de la Bahía de Cádiz, siendo el Parque Natural el espacio más afectado. En respuesta a estas consecuencias, se insiste en la necesidad de implementar las proyecciones resultantes a otras variables de cara a la instauración de una gestión territorial adaptada a esta nueva -y ya presente- realidad. La aplicación del criterio de regionalización para el estudio de las repercusiones de la crisis climática en la Bahía de Cádiz, podría servir de precedente para la elaboración de estrategias de adaptación en otros entornos de marisma a escala subregional o local.

Climate change is an increasingly important issue affecting natural resources. Rising temperatures, reductions in snow cover, and variability in precipitation depths and intensities are altering the accepted normal approaches for predicting runoff, soil erosion, and chemical losses from upland areas and watersheds. It is, therefore, essential to comprehend the future possible scenario of climate change in terms of global warming. Previous standards for natural resources planning may no longer apply in the near future, if local weather varies greatly from long-term historical records. General Circulation Models (GCMs) operate at large scales to estimate changes in atmospheric conditions (temperatures, wind speeds, precipitation, etc.) due to projected increase in greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. The project described in this paper utilized the MarkSim DSSAT Weather Generator, Google Earth and a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet. In this study, future impact of climate change on temperature of Rajshahi city in the year of 2030, 2050, and 2080 have been assessed based on four RCP scenarios (2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) and ensemble 17 GCM models of a new MarkSim web version for IPCC AR5 data (CMIP5). As a result of multi-model combinations (RCPs and GCM projections) of future average temperature changes in 2030, 2050, and 2080 with respect to present climate condition, it has been observed that the winter months in Rajshahi city might become warmer in future at a faster rate than other months, and the trend of temperature increase might continue on a monthly basis in future. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Att industrier påverkar klimatet negativt var känt, men för att få veta hur klimatförändringarna fram till år 2050 kunde påverka massa- och pappersbruket BillerudKorsnäs i Karlsborg krävdes en riskinventering. Syftet var att ta reda på hur förändrad havsnivå, förändrade vindförhållande, förändrad temperatur och förändrad nederbördsmängd kunde påverka bioreningsdammarna och avloppssystemet på området. Av de fyra klimatscenarier som forskare tagit fram användes två av dessa, RCP 4,5 scenario och RCP 8,5 scenario för att jämföras med ett normalvärde. Genom en platsspecifik undersökning kunde riskerna listas och jämföras med den scenariodata som SMHI redovisade för samtliga klimatförändringar. Resultatet av riskinventeringen visade att en förändring i havsnivån hade flest risker kopplade till bioreningsdammarna och avloppssystemet. För att anpassa sig efter klimatförändringarna behövde BillerudKorsnäs i Karlsborg beakta och i framtiden bygga om vissa delar av bioreningsdammarna och avloppssystemet., It is known that industries negatively affect the climate and contribute to climate change, but to find out how climate change till year 2050 could affect the pulp and paper mill BillerudKorsnäs in Karlsborg, a risk inventory was required. The purpose was to find out how changes in sea level, changes in wind conditions, changes in temperature and changes in precipitation could affect the aerated lagoons and the sewage system at the site. Out of the four climate scenarios developed by researchers, two scenarios i.e., RCP 4,5 scenario and RCP 8,5 scenario were used in a comparison to normal conditions. Throug a site-specific study, the risks could be listed and compared with the scenario data SMHI reported for all climate changes. The results of the risk inventory illustrate that changes in sea level poses most risk to the aerated lagoons and the sewage system. In order to adapt to climate change, BillerudKorsnäs in Karlsborg needed to consider and rebuild certain parts of the aerated lagoons and the sewage system in the future.

La primera parte es una recopilación de conocimientos médicos que se pueden aplicar en caso de emergencia en un buque (incluye medicina psiquiátrica). la segunda parte es un diseño de prácticas para adquirir ciertas técnicas específicas (como rcp o posición lateral de seguirdad entre otras).

River deltas are low lying areas that will likely experience significant land loss because of relative sea-level rise. Most future projections of delta land loss, however, assume passive coastal inundation (using so-called "bath-tub" models) and as such they tend to be unvalidated and exclude morphodynamic processes such as sedimentation. To improve future projections of delta land area change, here we apply a morphodynamic model of delta response to RSLR to all 10,000 deltas globally. We use historic RSLR, sediment supply, and observed delta land area change from 1985-2015 to calibrate and validate this model for all these deltas. Applying our model using future RSLR scenarios, we find that by the end of this century deltas globally will have lost land under all RCP scenarios. Land loss is aggravated by river dams that have diminished sediment supply to many deltas. RSLR expected under RCP8.5 will force delta land loss at at rates exceeding 900 km2/yr by 2100. We predict cumulative land loss under RCP8.5 up to 2100 of ~35,000 km2, or about 4% of total global delta area.

Introducción: La reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) es una técnica realizada con frecuencia en el Servicio de Urgencias que genera mucho estrés, para la cual los sanitarios deben mantener actualizados sus conocimientos. Al mismo tiempo se deben tener en cuenta sus pensamientos sobre el tema. Objetivo: Identificar las sensaciones del equipo sanitario involucrado en la realización de RCP en el servicio de urgencias con el fin de proponer mejoras. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. Para ello, se realizó una encuesta de elaboración propia a 83 profesionales sanitarios del Servicio de Urgencias. Resultados: Un 91,6% de los encuestados había participado en una RCP, existiendo disparidad de opiniones en algunos aspectos, pero semejanza en otros como los factores de estrés más comunes, siendo estos la carga emocional o un episodio traumático. Un 80,3% valora su autoeficacia frente a una RCP con una puntuación entre 6-9. Conclusiones: Los profesionales manifiestan insatisfacción propia y con los compañeros durante las maniobras de RCP. Las sensaciones más destacadas son realización personal y tristeza. Los aspectos más estresantes: episodio traumático y carga emocional., Grado en Enfermería

[EN] Climate change is expected to increase rainfall and temperature in the tropical areas of the Ecuadorian coast. The increase in temperature will also increase evapotranspiration therefore, future water balance on Ecuadorian coast will have a slight variation. Changes in precipitation patterns and evapotranspiration will produce an increase in the water requirements for current crops, so an imbalance in the water resources systems between natural resources and water demands is expected. This study presents water resources management as an adaptation measure to climate change for reducing vulnerability in tropical areas. Twelve bias-corrected climate projections are used, from: two AR5 General Circulation Models (GCMs), two Representative Concentration Pathways, 4.5¿8.5 scenarios, and three time periods, short-term (2010¿2039), medium-term (2040¿2069) and long-term (2070¿2099). These data were incorporated into the Lumped Témez Hydrological Model. Climate change scenarios predict for the long-term period both a mean rainfall and temperature increases up to 22%-2.8¿°C, respectively. Besides, the potential evapotranspiration will increase until 12% by Penman-Monteith method and 60% by Thornthwaite method. Therefore, natural water resources will finally have an increase of 19% [8¿30%]. Additionally, water requirements for crops will increase around 4% and 45%. As this research shows, in tropical regions, currently viable water resources systems could become unsustainable under climate change scenarios. To guarantee the water supply in the future additional measures are required as reservoir operation rules and irrigation efficiency improvement of system from 0.43 to 0.65, which it involves improving the distribution and application system. In study area future irrigation areas have been estimated for 13,268¿ha, which under climate change scenarios is unsustainable, only 11,500¿ha could be expanded with a very high irrigation efficiency of 0.73. Therefore, in tropical

[ES] Latinoamérica presenta una alta disponibilidad y un elevado volumen de recurso hídrico. Este hecho, combinado con una abrupta topografía, permite generar importantes aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos con estructuras relativamente reducidas, lo que ha hecho proliferar este tipo de explotaciones. De manera reciente, sin embargo, ha comenzado a manifestarse inquietud respecto a los efectos que el cambio climático pueda tener sobre las centrales hidroeléctricas, y cómo esto pueda afectar a la disponibilidad y distribución de energía eléctrica en los distintos países. En el presente trabajo presentamos la metodología y principales resultados obtenidos en el estudio Vulnerabilidad al cambio climático y medidas de adaptación de sistemas hidroeléctricos en países andinos que ha cubierto los sistemas hidroeléctricos de Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú. Focalizaremos nuestros esfuerzos en el análisis del recurso hídrico, paso previo al análisis de la evolución del recurso hidroeléctrico, a nivel regional, donde se han generado unas bases de datos homogéneas para toda el área de estudio mediante reconstrucción temporal y espacial, haciendo uso de técnicas de krigeado. También se ha procedido a homogeneizar la información sobre tipos de suelo y usos del suelo. La hidrología se ha resuelto con el modelo hidrológico semidistribuido VIC. Se ha analizado el periodo histórico 1980-2010, y se han generado proyecciones de cambio climático para el corto plazo (2011-2040), el medio plazo (2041-2070) y el largo plazo (2071-2100) para los escenarios RCP4.5 y RCP8.5 utilizados en el 5° informe del IPCC (Panel Intergubernamental para el Cambio Climático). Se ha tenido en cuenta además la posible evolución socioeconómica y su impacto sobre los usos del suelo., [EN] Latin America is characterized by a highly available, large amount of water resources. This fact, combined with an abrupt topography allows the creation of important hydropower stations with relatively small structures, what has fostered this kind of infrastructures. Recently, however, some worries have started to appear related to the effects that climate change may have on hydropower stations, and how these effects may change the spatial distribution of energy generation in the region. In this work, we present a methodology and the main results obtained in the study Climate change vulnerability and adaptation measures of hydropower stations in Andean countries that has studied the hydropower systems of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. The main focus of this work is on the regional analysis of the water resources, a previous step to the analysis of the evolution of hydropower resources, where homogeneous databases of hydroclimatic variables have been generated for the whole study area, making use of spatio-temporal reconstruction through Kriging. Land use and soil type information has also been homogenized for the whole study area. Hydrology has been resolved with the semi distributed hydrologic model VIC. We have analyzed the historic period 1980-2010 and have generated climate change projections for the short term (2011-2040), the medium term (2041-2070) and the long term (2071-2100) for scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 of the 5th Assessment Report of the IPCC. We have also considered the socio-economic evolution and its impact on land use.

[EN] Climate change is expected to increase rainfall and temperature in the tropical areas of the Ecuadorian coast. The increase in temperature will also increase evapotranspiration therefore, future water balance on Ecuadorian coast will have a slight variation. Changes in precipitation patterns and evapotranspiration will produce an increase in the water requirements for current crops, so an imbalance in the water resources systems between natural resources and water demands is expected. This study presents water resources management as an adaptation measure to climate change for reducing vulnerability in tropical areas. Twelve bias-corrected climate projections are used, from: two AR5 General Circulation Models (GCMs), two Representative Concentration Pathways, 4.5¿8.5 scenarios, and three time periods, short-term (2010¿2039), medium-term (2040¿2069) and long-term (2070¿2099). These data were incorporated into the Lumped Témez Hydrological Model. Climate change scenarios predict for the long-term period both a mean rainfall and temperature increases up to 22%-2.8¿°C, respectively. Besides, the potential evapotranspiration will increase until 12% by Penman-Monteith method and 60% by Thornthwaite method. Therefore, natural water resources will finally have an increase of 19% [8¿30%]. Additionally, water requirements for crops will increase around 4% and 45%. As this research shows, in tropical regions, currently viable water resources systems could become unsustainable under climate change scenarios. To guarantee the water supply in the future additional measures are required as reservoir operation rules and irrigation efficiency improvement of system from 0.43 to 0.65, which it involves improving the distribution and application system. In study area future irrigation areas have been estimated for 13,268¿ha, which under climate change scenarios is unsustainable, only 11,500¿ha could be expanded with a very high irrigation efficiency of 0.73. Therefore, in tropical

[ES] Latinoamérica presenta una alta disponibilidad y un elevado volumen de recurso hídrico. Este hecho, combinado con una abrupta topografía, permite generar importantes aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos con estructuras relativamente reducidas, lo que ha hecho proliferar este tipo de explotaciones. De manera reciente, sin embargo, ha comenzado a manifestarse inquietud respecto a los efectos que el cambio climático pueda tener sobre las centrales hidroeléctricas, y cómo esto pueda afectar a la disponibilidad y distribución de energía eléctrica en los distintos países. En el presente trabajo presentamos la metodología y principales resultados obtenidos en el estudio Vulnerabilidad al cambio climático y medidas de adaptación de sistemas hidroeléctricos en países andinos que ha cubierto los sistemas hidroeléctricos de Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú. Focalizaremos nuestros esfuerzos en el análisis del recurso hídrico, paso previo al análisis de la evolución del recurso hidroeléctrico, a nivel regional, donde se han generado unas bases de datos homogéneas para toda el área de estudio mediante reconstrucción temporal y espacial, haciendo uso de técnicas de krigeado. También se ha procedido a homogeneizar la información sobre tipos de suelo y usos del suelo. La hidrología se ha resuelto con el modelo hidrológico semidistribuido VIC. Se ha analizado el periodo histórico 1980-2010, y se han generado proyecciones de cambio climático para el corto plazo (2011-2040), el medio plazo (2041-2070) y el largo plazo (2071-2100) para los escenarios RCP4.5 y RCP8.5 utilizados en el 5° informe del IPCC (Panel Intergubernamental para el Cambio Climático). Se ha tenido en cuenta además la posible evolución socioeconómica y su impacto sobre los usos del suelo., [EN] Latin America is characterized by a highly available, large amount of water resources. This fact, combined with an abrupt topography allows the creation of important hydropower stations with relatively small structures, what has fostered this kind of infrastructures. Recently, however, some worries have started to appear related to the effects that climate change may have on hydropower stations, and how these effects may change the spatial distribution of energy generation in the region. In this work, we present a methodology and the main results obtained in the study Climate change vulnerability and adaptation measures of hydropower stations in Andean countries that has studied the hydropower systems of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. The main focus of this work is on the regional analysis of the water resources, a previous step to the analysis of the evolution of hydropower resources, where homogeneous databases of hydroclimatic variables have been generated for the whole study area, making use of spatio-temporal reconstruction through Kriging. Land use and soil type information has also been homogenized for the whole study area. Hydrology has been resolved with the semi distributed hydrologic model VIC. We have analyzed the historic period 1980-2010 and have generated climate change projections for the short term (2011-2040), the medium term (2041-2070) and the long term (2071-2100) for scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 of the 5th Assessment Report of the IPCC. We have also considered the socio-economic evolution and its impact on land use.

[ES] Latinoamérica presenta una alta disponibilidad y un elevado volumen de recurso hídrico. Este hecho, combinado con una abrupta topografía, permite generar importantes aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos con estructuras relativamente reducidas, lo que ha hecho proliferar este tipo de explotaciones. De manera reciente, sin embargo, ha comenzado a manifestarse inquietud respecto a los efectos que el cambio climático pueda tener sobre las centrales hidroeléctricas, y cómo esto pueda afectar a la disponibilidad y distribución de energía eléctrica en los distintos países. En el presente trabajo presentamos la metodología y principales resultados obtenidos en el estudio Vulnerabilidad al cambio climático y medidas de adaptación de sistemas hidroeléctricos en países andinos que ha cubierto los sistemas hidroeléctricos de Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú. Focalizaremos nuestros esfuerzos en el análisis del recurso hídrico, paso previo al análisis de la evolución del recurso hidroeléctrico, a nivel regional, donde se han generado unas bases de datos homogéneas para toda el área de estudio mediante reconstrucción temporal y espacial, haciendo uso de técnicas de krigeado. También se ha procedido a homogeneizar la información sobre tipos de suelo y usos del suelo. La hidrología se ha resuelto con el modelo hidrológico semidistribuido VIC. Se ha analizado el periodo histórico 1980-2010, y se han generado proyecciones de cambio climático para el corto plazo (2011-2040), el medio plazo (2041-2070) y el largo plazo (2071-2100) para los escenarios RCP4.5 y RCP8.5 utilizados en el 5° informe del IPCC (Panel Intergubernamental para el Cambio Climático). Se ha tenido en cuenta además la posible evolución socioeconómica y su impacto sobre los usos del suelo., [EN] Latin America is characterized by a highly available, large amount of water resources. This fact, combined with an abrupt topography allows the creation of important hydropower stations with relatively small structures, what has fostered this kind of infrastructures. Recently, however, some worries have started to appear related to the effects that climate change may have on hydropower stations, and how these effects may change the spatial distribution of energy generation in the region. In this work, we present a methodology and the main results obtained in the study Climate change vulnerability and adaptation measures of hydropower stations in Andean countries that has studied the hydropower systems of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. The main focus of this work is on the regional analysis of the water resources, a previous step to the analysis of the evolution of hydropower resources, where homogeneous databases of hydroclimatic variables have been generated for the whole study area, making use of spatio-temporal reconstruction through Kriging. Land use and soil type information has also been homogenized for the whole study area. Hydrology has been resolved with the semi distributed hydrologic model VIC. We have analyzed the historic period 1980-2010 and have generated climate change projections for the short term (2011-2040), the medium term (2041-2070) and the long term (2071-2100) for scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 of the 5th Assessment Report of the IPCC. We have also considered the socio-economic evolution and its impact on land use.

[ES] Latinoamérica presenta una alta disponibilidad y un elevado volumen de recurso hídrico. Este hecho, combinado con una abrupta topografía, permite generar importantes aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos con estructuras relativamente reducidas, lo que ha hecho proliferar este tipo de explotaciones. De manera reciente, sin embargo, ha comenzado a manifestarse inquietud respecto a los efectos que el cambio climático pueda tener sobre las centrales hidroeléctricas, y cómo esto pueda afectar a la disponibilidad y distribución de energía eléctrica en los distintos países. En el presente trabajo presentamos la metodología y principales resultados obtenidos en el estudio Vulnerabilidad al cambio climático y medidas de adaptación de sistemas hidroeléctricos en países andinos que ha cubierto los sistemas hidroeléctricos de Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú. Focalizaremos nuestros esfuerzos en el análisis del recurso hídrico, paso previo al análisis de la evolución del recurso hidroeléctrico, a nivel regional, donde se han generado unas bases de datos homogéneas para toda el área de estudio mediante reconstrucción temporal y espacial, haciendo uso de técnicas de krigeado. También se ha procedido a homogeneizar la información sobre tipos de suelo y usos del suelo. La hidrología se ha resuelto con el modelo hidrológico semidistribuido VIC. Se ha analizado el periodo histórico 1980-2010, y se han generado proyecciones de cambio climático para el corto plazo (2011-2040), el medio plazo (2041-2070) y el largo plazo (2071-2100) para los escenarios RCP4.5 y RCP8.5 utilizados en el 5° informe del IPCC (Panel Intergubernamental para el Cambio Climático). Se ha tenido en cuenta además la posible evolución socioeconómica y su impacto sobre los usos del suelo., [EN] Latin America is characterized by a highly available, large amount of water resources. This fact, combined with an abrupt topography allows the creation of important hydropower stations with relatively small structures, what has fostered this kind of infrastructures. Recently, however, some worries have started to appear related to the effects that climate change may have on hydropower stations, and how these effects may change the spatial distribution of energy generation in the region. In this work, we present a methodology and the main results obtained in the study Climate change vulnerability and adaptation measures of hydropower stations in Andean countries that has studied the hydropower systems of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. The main focus of this work is on the regional analysis of the water resources, a previous step to the analysis of the evolution of hydropower resources, where homogeneous databases of hydroclimatic variables have been generated for the whole study area, making use of spatio-temporal reconstruction through Kriging. Land use and soil type information has also been homogenized for the whole study area. Hydrology has been resolved with the semi distributed hydrologic model VIC. We have analyzed the historic period 1980-2010 and have generated climate change projections for the short term (2011-2040), the medium term (2041-2070) and the long term (2071-2100) for scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 of the 5th Assessment Report of the IPCC. We have also considered the socio-economic evolution and its impact on land use.

[ES] Latinoamérica presenta una alta disponibilidad y un elevado volumen de recurso hídrico. Este hecho, combinado con una abrupta topografía, permite generar importantes aprovechamientos hidroeléctricos con estructuras relativamente reducidas, lo que ha hecho proliferar este tipo de explotaciones. De manera reciente, sin embargo, ha comenzado a manifestarse inquietud respecto a los efectos que el cambio climático pueda tener sobre las centrales hidroeléctricas, y cómo esto pueda afectar a la disponibilidad y distribución de energía eléctrica en los distintos países. En el presente trabajo presentamos la metodología y principales resultados obtenidos en el estudio Vulnerabilidad al cambio climático y medidas de adaptación de sistemas hidroeléctricos en países andinos que ha cubierto los sistemas hidroeléctricos de Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú. Focalizaremos nuestros esfuerzos en el análisis del recurso hídrico, paso previo al análisis de la evolución del recurso hidroeléctrico, a nivel regional, donde se han generado unas bases de datos homogéneas para toda el área de estudio mediante reconstrucción temporal y espacial, haciendo uso de técnicas de krigeado. También se ha procedido a homogeneizar la información sobre tipos de suelo y usos del suelo. La hidrología se ha resuelto con el modelo hidrológico semidistribuido VIC. Se ha analizado el periodo histórico 1980-2010, y se han generado proyecciones de cambio climático para el corto plazo (2011-2040), el medio plazo (2041-2070) y el largo plazo (2071-2100) para los escenarios RCP4.5 y RCP8.5 utilizados en el 5° informe del IPCC (Panel Intergubernamental para el Cambio Climático). Se ha tenido en cuenta además la posible evolución socioeconómica y su impacto sobre los usos del suelo., [EN] Latin America is characterized by a highly available, large amount of water resources. This fact, combined with an abrupt topography allows the creation of important hydropower stations with relatively small structures, what has fostered this kind of infrastructures. Recently, however, some worries have started to appear related to the effects that climate change may have on hydropower stations, and how these effects may change the spatial distribution of energy generation in the region. In this work, we present a methodology and the main results obtained in the study Climate change vulnerability and adaptation measures of hydropower stations in Andean countries that has studied the hydropower systems of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. The main focus of this work is on the regional analysis of the water resources, a previous step to the analysis of the evolution of hydropower resources, where homogeneous databases of hydroclimatic variables have been generated for the whole study area, making use of spatio-temporal reconstruction through Kriging. Land use and soil type information has also been homogenized for the whole study area. Hydrology has been resolved with the semi distributed hydrologic model VIC. We have analyzed the historic period 1980-2010 and have generated climate change projections for the short term (2011-2040), the medium term (2041-2070) and the long term (2071-2100) for scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 of the 5th Assessment Report of the IPCC. We have also considered the socio-economic evolution and its impact on land use.