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The pulp and paper industry produces several calcite-rich by-products including Green Liquor Dregs (GLDs), lime mud, grits, sludges, etc. Presently, majority of these by-products are managed by landfilling. The GLD used in this study is mainly dominated by calcite (∼80 %) and Hydrotalcite like compounds (HTlc, ∼12 %). It is used to produced OPC clinkers by using them as 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % replacement of limestone used for clinker production. TGA-DSC analysis of the clinker raw meals up to 1350 ℃ indicates that increase in GLD leads to slight reduction in the decomposition temperature for the raw meals, and a slight change in the formation temperatures for C2S and C3S. The mineral phase compositions of all the clinkers are comparable with a slightly decreasing C3S and C2S with increasing GLD. Compared to the Bogue calculated compositions, C3S and C2S are slightly lower, while the C3A is significantly lower and C4AF is significantly higher. The environmental leaching of GLD and the clinkers are all within the limits set by EN-12457-2. The environmental impact of clinker production and effect of GLD is analyzed for cradle-to-gate scenario with system boundaries. This analysis shows that by using GLD as replacement for limestone can lower the impact on diversity as well as CO2 related to transportation can also be reduced., This research was a part of the MIMEPRO-project (7935/35/2019), which is a Business Finland funded Co-Innovation Project, together with the following companies: Stora Enso Oyj, Metsä Fibre Oy, Valmet Oy, Fortum Waste Solutions Oy, Matnur Oy, Betoniteollisuus ry, and Parma-Consolis Oy. D.D. Ramteke and P. Kinnunen would like to acknowledge the support by the Academy of Finland – Academy Project (CEMGLASS-243033041).

The pulp and paper industry produces several calcite-rich by-products including Green Liquor Dregs (GLDs), lime mud, grits, sludges, etc. Presently, majority of these by-products are managed by landfilling. The GLD used in this study is mainly dominated by calcite (∼80 %) and Hydrotalcite like compounds (HTlc, ∼12 %). It is used to produced OPC clinkers by using them as 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % replacement of limestone used for clinker production. TGA-DSC analysis of the clinker raw meals up to 1350 ℃ indicates that increase in GLD leads to slight reduction in the decomposition temperature for the raw meals, and a slight change in the formation temperatures for C2S and C3S. The mineral phase compositions of all the clinkers are comparable with a slightly decreasing C3S and C2S with increasing GLD. Compared to the Bogue calculated compositions, C3S and C2S are slightly lower, while the C3A is significantly lower and C4AF is significantly higher. The environmental leaching of GLD and the clinkers are all within the limits set by EN-12457-2. The environmental impact of clinker production and effect of GLD is analyzed for cradle-to-gate scenario with system boundaries. This analysis shows that by using GLD as replacement for limestone can lower the impact on diversity as well as CO2 related to transportation can also be reduced., This research was a part of the MIMEPRO-project (7935/35/2019), which is a Business Finland funded Co-Innovation Project, together with the following companies: Stora Enso Oyj, Metsä Fibre Oy, Valmet Oy, Fortum Waste Solutions Oy, Matnur Oy, Betoniteollisuus ry, and Parma-Consolis Oy. D.D. Ramteke and P. Kinnunen would like to acknowledge the support by the Academy of Finland – Academy Project (CEMGLASS-243033041).

Traditional pulp convective drying (CD) is time-consuming and energy-intensive. This study aimed to assess the drying performance of pulp using ultrasound-assisted drying (UAD) and compared it with CD to intensify moisture separation. UAD was found to be fast and efficient with high effective moisture diffusivity of 2.77 × 10–10 ∼ 3.20 × 10–10 m2/s, low activation energy of 20.2 kJ/mol, and short drying time of 21.0 ∼ 16.5 min. It demonstrated that applying ultrasound could promote moisture separation with 26 %∼42 % reductions in drying time and 42 %∼22 % savings in energy consumption. The constant rate period was not presented and no significant differences in drying rates were observed when the moisture ratio was below 0.43 under the investigated conditions. The kinetics modeling results indicated that the Page model was the best to predict the pulp drying kinetics for both methods. It may lead to an alternative efficient approach for decarbonizing the drying process in pulp and paper production.

Las plantas ofrecen una amplia gama de posibilidades para extraer principios activos con potencial farmacológico. Gran parte de los principios activos presentan capacidad antimicrobiana. El fruto de Tamarindus indica está conformado por sacáridos, ácidos orgánicos como es el ácido tartárico, ácido málico y ascórbico, sales de potasio, hierro y fósforo. Los extractos acuosos de las flores exhiben actividad antimicrobiana en hongos patógenos y bacterias. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de extractos obtenidos de pulpa de tamarindo (Tamarindus indica) en microorganismos patógenos para el ser humano. Se aplicó un estudio experimental y estadístico no paramétrico, la investigación incluye experimentación para obtención de extractos por tres métodos; infusión, maceración y arrastre de vapor. Se realizó la determinación de actividad antimicrobiana contra los microorganismos: Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Shigella sonnei y Staphylococcus aureus. Se obtuvieron los extractos por los tres métodos, se confirmó la capacidad antimicrobiana de los extractos frente a los microorganismos. Por lo tanto, el incremento de cantidad de pulpa de tamarindo que se obtuvo con el método de arrastre de vapor no mejoró los efectos antimicrobianos. Mientras que el aumento de la cantidad pesada de pulpa de tamarindo para los métodos de infusión y maceración, se encontró una mejor respuesta antimicrobiana determinada por el aumento en halos de inhibición.

Den vanligaste biopolymeren på jorden är cellulosa och det är ett viktigt material i utvecklingen mot ett hållbart samhälle. Cellulosan och dess egenskaper kan modifieras genom kemiska reaktioner. Reaktiviteten hos cellulosans OH-grupper är låg på grund av en tät kristallstruktur, men kan förbättras genom t.ex. svällning eller upplösning följt av utfällning. I det här projeket kommer cellulosa från tre källor, microkristallin cellulose (Avicel), lövedsmassa (björk och asp) och barrvedsmassa (tall och gran) att lösas upp i natriumhydroxid och sedan fällas ut med två olika syror och ett organiskt lösningsmedel. Syrorna som användes var ättiksyra och svavelsyra och det organiska lösningsmedlet var etanol. Därefter jämfördes utbytet av den utfällda cellulosan. Upplösning av Avicel 2.5 viktprocent gjordes i natriumhydroxid-lösning (10%) vid 5 oC och fälldes ut med de tre fällningsmedlen för att bestämma vilket som gav högst utbyte. Ättiksyra gav de bästa resultaten och användes i följande experiment på massa. Massornas löslighet var låg och den olösta massan var tvungen att separeras genom centrifugering innan utfällning av lösningen kunde göras. Hydrolys av massorna utfördes för att öka lösligheten och utfällningsutbytet. Upplösning av Avicel i kall natriumhydroxid och utfällning var framgångsrik. Utbytet vid utfällning med syror var högt. Det fanns ingen topp för maximalt utbyte när syrorna användes som antilösningsmedel, men etanol hade ett maximalt utbyte men lägre än för syrorna. Resultaten med massa var inte lika bra som för Avicel. De separerade olösta delarna var stora för båda massorna, men HW hade större del olöst material. Utbytet av fällning var lågt eftersom det fanns mindre cellulosa upplöst som kunde fällas ut. Hydrolysen av HW och SW var framgångsrik. Detta gjorde det möjligt att lösa upp och fälla ut mer cellulosa från massan., Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on earth and is an important material in developing a sustainable society. The properties of cellulose can be modified by chemical treatment or reactions. The reactivity is fairly low in crystalline cellulose but can be increased if the dense crystal structure is disrupted by e.g. swelling or dissolution followed by precipitation. Dissolution of cellulose is difficult and this project aims to dissolve cellulose from three sources (Avicel and two sulfate pulps). One of the pulps had a tiny fraction of softwood and mostly birch and aspen, hardwood pulp (HW). The other of the pulps was made of pine and spruce, softwood pulp (SW). The raw materials were dissolved in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and then precipitated with two acids and an anti-solvent (acetic acid (HOAc), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), or ethanol (EtOH)). The yields of the precipitated products were compared. Avicel 2.5 wt% was dissolved in NaOH solution (10%) at 5 oC and precipitated with the two acids and EtOH to determine the highest yield. HOAc gave the best results and was used in the following experiments on pulp. The solubility of pulps was low and the undissolved pulp had to be separated by centrifugation before precipitation of the solution. Hydrolyzation of the pulps was performed to increase the solubility and the precipitation yield. Dissolution of Avicel in cold NaOH and precipitation was successful. The yield at precipitation with acids was high. There was no peak of maximal yield when the acids were used to precipitate, but EtOH had a maximal yield but lower than for the acids. The results with pulp were not as good as for Avicel. The separated undissolved parts were big for both pulps, but HW was the worst. The yield of precipitation was low as there was less cellulose dissolved that could be precipitated. The hydrolysis of HW and SW was successful. This made it possible to dissolve and precipitate more cellulose from the pulp.

Den vanligaste biopolymeren på jorden är cellulosa och det är ett viktigt material i utvecklingen mot ett hållbart samhälle. Cellulosan och dess egenskaper kan modifieras genom kemiska reaktioner. Reaktiviteten hos cellulosans OH-grupper är låg på grund av en tät kristallstruktur, men kan förbättras genom t.ex. svällning eller upplösning följt av utfällning. I det här projeket kommer cellulosa från tre källor, microkristallin cellulose (Avicel), lövedsmassa (björk och asp) och barrvedsmassa (tall och gran) att lösas upp i natriumhydroxid och sedan fällas ut med två olika syror och ett organiskt lösningsmedel. Syrorna som användes var ättiksyra och svavelsyra och det organiska lösningsmedlet var etanol. Därefter jämfördes utbytet av den utfällda cellulosan. Upplösning av Avicel 2.5 viktprocent gjordes i natriumhydroxid-lösning (10%) vid 5 oC och fälldes ut med de tre fällningsmedlen för att bestämma vilket som gav högst utbyte. Ättiksyra gav de bästa resultaten och användes i följande experiment på massa. Massornas löslighet var låg och den olösta massan var tvungen att separeras genom centrifugering innan utfällning av lösningen kunde göras. Hydrolys av massorna utfördes för att öka lösligheten och utfällningsutbytet. Upplösning av Avicel i kall natriumhydroxid och utfällning var framgångsrik. Utbytet vid utfällning med syror var högt. Det fanns ingen topp för maximalt utbyte när syrorna användes som antilösningsmedel, men etanol hade ett maximalt utbyte men lägre än för syrorna. Resultaten med massa var inte lika bra som för Avicel. De separerade olösta delarna var stora för båda massorna, men HW hade större del olöst material. Utbytet av fällning var lågt eftersom det fanns mindre cellulosa upplöst som kunde fällas ut. Hydrolysen av HW och SW var framgångsrik. Detta gjorde det möjligt att lösa upp och fälla ut mer cellulosa från massan., Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on earth and is an important material in developing a sustainable society. The properties of cellulose can be modified by chemical treatment or reactions. The reactivity is fairly low in crystalline cellulose but can be increased if the dense crystal structure is disrupted by e.g. swelling or dissolution followed by precipitation. Dissolution of cellulose is difficult and this project aims to dissolve cellulose from three sources (Avicel and two sulfate pulps). One of the pulps had a tiny fraction of softwood and mostly birch and aspen, hardwood pulp (HW). The other of the pulps was made of pine and spruce, softwood pulp (SW). The raw materials were dissolved in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and then precipitated with two acids and an anti-solvent (acetic acid (HOAc), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), or ethanol (EtOH)). The yields of the precipitated products were compared. Avicel 2.5 wt% was dissolved in NaOH solution (10%) at 5 oC and precipitated with the two acids and EtOH to determine the highest yield. HOAc gave the best results and was used in the following experiments on pulp. The solubility of pulps was low and the undissolved pulp had to be separated by centrifugation before precipitation of the solution. Hydrolyzation of the pulps was performed to increase the solubility and the precipitation yield. Dissolution of Avicel in cold NaOH and precipitation was successful. The yield at precipitation with acids was high. There was no peak of maximal yield when the acids were used to precipitate, but EtOH had a maximal yield but lower than for the acids. The results with pulp were not as good as for Avicel. The separated undissolved parts were big for both pulps, but HW was the worst. The yield of precipitation was low as there was less cellulose dissolved that could be precipitated. The hydrolysis of HW and SW was successful. This made it possible to dissolve and precipitate more cellulose from the pulp.

Bakalářská práce na téma Stanovení aniontů v odpadních vodách z výroby buničiny, pojednává o problematice stanovení síranů a chloridů pomocí izotachoforézy (ITP). Metoda ITP se řadí do skupiny elektromigračních separačních metoda. Pro ověření správnosti výsledků získaných metodou ITP, byly použity analytické metody založeny na jiném principu stanovení, konkrétně gravimetrie a titrace. Pro stanovení obsahu síranu byla použitá i metoda kyvetového testu (KIT) od firmy HACH. V bakalářské páci je také ve stručnosti popsán technologický proces výroby celulózy, specifikace odpadní vody a proces čištění., Bachelor's thesis on the topic Determination of anions in wastewater from pulp production, discusses the problem of determination of sulfates and chlorides using isotachophoresis (ITP). The ITP method belongs to group of electromigration separation methods. To verify correctness of results obtained by the ITP method, analytical methods based on a different determination principle, namely gravimetry and titration, were used. The cuvette test (KIT) method from the HACH company was used to determine the sulfate content as well. The bachelor's thesis also briefly describes the technological process of cellulose production, wastewater specifications and the cleaning process., Fakulta chemicko-technologická, Posluchačka seznámila komisi se svojí bakalářskou prací. Dále reagovala na připomínky a zodpověděla otázky členů komise: Upřesněte kalibrační křivku a mez stanovitelnosti. Jaká je cena analýzy na izotachoforéze? Upřesněte stanovení chloridů a síranů. Co bylo 100 %?, Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

The recovery of kraft lignin from black liquor allows an increasing of the pulp production of a kraft mill (marginal tonnage) and at the same time provide a valuable material that can be used as energy or chemical feedstock. However, because lignin precipitation is an energy- and material-consuming process, the environmental consequences from a life cycle perspective are under discourse. The aim of this study is to investigate, through the application of consequential life cycle assessment, the potential environmental benefits of kraft lignin recovery and its subsequent use as an energy or chemical feedstock. A newly developed chemical recovery strategy was assessed. The results revealed how the use of lignin as energy feedstock is not environmentally advantageous compared to producing energy directly from the pulp mill's recovery boiler. However, the best results were observed when lignin was used as a chemical feedstock in four applications to replace bitumen, carbon black, phenol, and bisphenol-A.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka inverkan av förbehandlingar på ljushetsstabiliteten av Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK) som har blekts enligt (OO) (OP) D/Dn (PO) bleksekvensen. Effekten av förbehandling med xylanas (X), mild sur (A), DTPA (Q) samt ett kombinerad DTPA- & xylanassteg (Q+X) har studerats. Resultaten indikerar att Q+X förbehandlingen var mest effektiv i minskningen av skadliga metalljoner i massan. Den Q+X förbehandlade massan hade dessutom lägst kappa och högst ljushetsvärde bland förbehandlingarna. Kemisk sammansättningsanalys av de förbehandlade massorna visar vidare att den Q+X förbehandlingen ledde till den högsta minskningen av såväl xylan som lignin. Det milda A förbehandlingen var inte effektivt för att avlägsna alla viktiga skadliga metalljoner och visade ingen effekt på reduktionen av xylan eller lignin. Den X behandlade massan visade ingen förmåga att ta bort metaller och är därför ofördelaktigt. Q och Q+X förbehandlade massaströmmar har blekts vidare för att studera effekterna av dessa förbehandlingar på den slutliga massakvaliteten samt för att jämföra ett konventionellt klordioxidsteg (D) och en nästan neutral pH klordioxidsteg (Dn). Resultaten bekräftar att Dn-steget ledder till en reducerad grad av AOX. Ljusheten direkt efter klordioxidsteget är vidare högre för de Dn-behandlade massorna, men processen är begränsad med avseende på ljushetsstabilitet, vilket är en viktig nackdel. Q+X (OP) D (PO) blekningssekvensen visade den högsta ljushetsstabilitet, medan den Q+X (OP) Dn (PO) blekningssekvensen visade ingen förbättring jämfört med Q (OP) Dn (OP) blekningssekvensen. Slutsatsen är att den enzymatisk medförda kvalitetsförbättringen inte räcker för att kompensera för bristerna i ett Dn-steg., This is a study on Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK) and the (OO) (OP) D/Dn (PO) bleaching sequence. The effects of a xylanase (X), mild acidic (A), DTPA (Q), and a combined DTPA & xylanase (Q+X) pre-treatments have been studied. The results indicate that the Q+X pre-treatment most effectively reduced the presence of harmful metal ions in the pulp. The Q+X pre-treated pulp furthermore yielded the lowest kappa number and highest brightness values among the pre-treatments tested. Chemical analysis of this pulp also shows the highest reduction in xylans and lignin. The mild A stage was ineffective in removing all harmful metal ions and showed no effect on the reduction of xylans or lignin. The X stage cannot meanwhile remove metals and is thus disadvantageous. Subsequently, the Q+X pre-treated pulp as well as a Q-treated pulp stream were further bleached to study the effects of these pre-treatments on the final pulp quality as well as to compare these streams of pulp bleached using a conventional chlorine dioxide stage (D) and a near neutral pH chlorine dioxide (Dn) stage. The results confirmed that the Dn stage causes a reduced degree of AOX in the effluent. Furthermore, the brightness directly after the chlorine dioxide stage is higher for the Dn-treated pulps but the process is limited in brightness stability which is a significant drawback. The Q+X (OP) D (PO) bleaching sequence showed the highest brightness stability while the Q+X (OP) Dn (PO) bleaching sequence displayed no improvement over the Q (OP) Dn (OP) bleaching sequence. The conclusion can be made that the enzymatic boost in bleaching is not enough to compensate for the shortcomings of a Dn stage.

Domsjö Fabriker AB har under en tid haft en stigande vattenförbrukning utan att kunna peka på någon bidragande faktor. Som ett led i denna utredning har en dataanalys över blekeriet med fokus på variabeln Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) genomförts. Ett antal olika regressionsmodeller skapades med syftet att utreda om ljusheten uppmätt efter kokeriet påverkade halterna COD kort därefter. Men även med syftet att förklara vad som påverkar den slutliga blekningen av cellulosamassan i blekeriet, och framförallt om COD-halten är en bidragande faktor. Resultatet av detta var att ljusheten efter kokeriet inte hade någon påverkan på COD, samt att COD-halten troligen inte har någon påverkan på blekningen då COD inte var del av en accepterad modell som förklarade ljusheten. Då labbproverna av COD är kostsamma och inte har någon påverkan på ljusheten rekommenderas nyttan av labbproverna att ses över. Sammanfattningsvis är det utmanande att modellera sambandet mellan ljushet och övriga variabler i blekeriet. Detta beror på osäkerhet i mätningarna, avsaknaden av samtliga potentiella oberoende variabler, samt att fabriken tros ha stor variation i processen., Domsjö Fabriker AB has experienced an increase in water consumption over a period of time, without being able to identify any contributing factors. As part of this investigation, a data analysis of the bleachery, focusing on the variable Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) has been conducted. Several different regression models were constructed with the aim of exploring whether the brightness measured after the cooking process affected the COD levels shortly thereafter. Furthermore, the models aimed to find the factors influencing the final bleaching of the cellulose pulp in the bleachery, particularly with regard to whether COD contributed or not. The results of this analysis revealed that the brightness after the cooking process had no impact on COD, and it was also determined that COD likely does not influence the bleaching process, as COD was not part of an accepted model explaining brightness. Considering that laboratory tests of COD are costly and do not affect brightness, a reconsideration of the utility of these tests is recommended. In conclusion, it is challenging to model the relationship between brightness and other variables in the bleachery due to measurement uncertainty, the absence of all potential independent variables, and the factory's presumed significant variability in the process.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka inverkan av förbehandlingar på ljushetsstabiliteten av Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK) som har blekts enligt (OO) (OP) D/Dn (PO) bleksekvensen. Effekten av förbehandling med xylanas (X), mild sur (A), DTPA (Q) samt ett kombinerad DTPA- & xylanassteg (Q+X) har studerats. Resultaten indikerar att Q+X förbehandlingen var mest effektiv i minskningen av skadliga metalljoner i massan. Den Q+X förbehandlade massan hade dessutom lägst kappa och högst ljushetsvärde bland förbehandlingarna. Kemisk sammansättningsanalys av de förbehandlade massorna visar vidare att den Q+X förbehandlingen ledde till den högsta minskningen av såväl xylan som lignin. Det milda A förbehandlingen var inte effektivt för att avlägsna alla viktiga skadliga metalljoner och visade ingen effekt på reduktionen av xylan eller lignin. Den X behandlade massan visade ingen förmåga att ta bort metaller och är därför ofördelaktigt. Q och Q+X förbehandlade massaströmmar har blekts vidare för att studera effekterna av dessa förbehandlingar på den slutliga massakvaliteten samt för att jämföra ett konventionellt klordioxidsteg (D) och en nästan neutral pH klordioxidsteg (Dn). Resultaten bekräftar att Dn-steget ledder till en reducerad grad av AOX. Ljusheten direkt efter klordioxidsteget är vidare högre för de Dn-behandlade massorna, men processen är begränsad med avseende på ljushetsstabilitet, vilket är en viktig nackdel. Q+X (OP) D (PO) blekningssekvensen visade den högsta ljushetsstabilitet, medan den Q+X (OP) Dn (PO) blekningssekvensen visade ingen förbättring jämfört med Q (OP) Dn (OP) blekningssekvensen. Slutsatsen är att den enzymatisk medförda kvalitetsförbättringen inte räcker för att kompensera för bristerna i ett Dn-steg., This is a study on Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft (NBSK) and the (OO) (OP) D/Dn (PO) bleaching sequence. The effects of a xylanase (X), mild acidic (A), DTPA (Q), and a combined DTPA & xylanase (Q+X) pre-treatments have been studied. The results indicate that the Q+X pre-treatment most effectively reduced the presence of harmful metal ions in the pulp. The Q+X pre-treated pulp furthermore yielded the lowest kappa number and highest brightness values among the pre-treatments tested. Chemical analysis of this pulp also shows the highest reduction in xylans and lignin. The mild A stage was ineffective in removing all harmful metal ions and showed no effect on the reduction of xylans or lignin. The X stage cannot meanwhile remove metals and is thus disadvantageous. Subsequently, the Q+X pre-treated pulp as well as a Q-treated pulp stream were further bleached to study the effects of these pre-treatments on the final pulp quality as well as to compare these streams of pulp bleached using a conventional chlorine dioxide stage (D) and a near neutral pH chlorine dioxide (Dn) stage. The results confirmed that the Dn stage causes a reduced degree of AOX in the effluent. Furthermore, the brightness directly after the chlorine dioxide stage is higher for the Dn-treated pulps but the process is limited in brightness stability which is a significant drawback. The Q+X (OP) D (PO) bleaching sequence showed the highest brightness stability while the Q+X (OP) Dn (PO) bleaching sequence displayed no improvement over the Q (OP) Dn (OP) bleaching sequence. The conclusion can be made that the enzymatic boost in bleaching is not enough to compensate for the shortcomings of a Dn stage.

Domsjö Fabriker AB har under en tid haft en stigande vattenförbrukning utan att kunna peka på någon bidragande faktor. Som ett led i denna utredning har en dataanalys över blekeriet med fokus på variabeln Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) genomförts. Ett antal olika regressionsmodeller skapades med syftet att utreda om ljusheten uppmätt efter kokeriet påverkade halterna COD kort därefter. Men även med syftet att förklara vad som påverkar den slutliga blekningen av cellulosamassan i blekeriet, och framförallt om COD-halten är en bidragande faktor. Resultatet av detta var att ljusheten efter kokeriet inte hade någon påverkan på COD, samt att COD-halten troligen inte har någon påverkan på blekningen då COD inte var del av en accepterad modell som förklarade ljusheten. Då labbproverna av COD är kostsamma och inte har någon påverkan på ljusheten rekommenderas nyttan av labbproverna att ses över. Sammanfattningsvis är det utmanande att modellera sambandet mellan ljushet och övriga variabler i blekeriet. Detta beror på osäkerhet i mätningarna, avsaknaden av samtliga potentiella oberoende variabler, samt att fabriken tros ha stor variation i processen., Domsjö Fabriker AB has experienced an increase in water consumption over a period of time, without being able to identify any contributing factors. As part of this investigation, a data analysis of the bleachery, focusing on the variable Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) has been conducted. Several different regression models were constructed with the aim of exploring whether the brightness measured after the cooking process affected the COD levels shortly thereafter. Furthermore, the models aimed to find the factors influencing the final bleaching of the cellulose pulp in the bleachery, particularly with regard to whether COD contributed or not. The results of this analysis revealed that the brightness after the cooking process had no impact on COD, and it was also determined that COD likely does not influence the bleaching process, as COD was not part of an accepted model explaining brightness. Considering that laboratory tests of COD are costly and do not affect brightness, a reconsideration of the utility of these tests is recommended. In conclusion, it is challenging to model the relationship between brightness and other variables in the bleachery due to measurement uncertainty, the absence of all potential independent variables, and the factory's presumed significant variability in the process.

Kraftliner is the unbleached pulp used in the outermost layer of corrugated cardboard. Like other types of paper, it is produced from wood chips as a raw material. Kraftliner is known for its high tensile strength, tear resistance, compressive strength, etc., making it suitable for packaging material for heavy objects. When paper is exposed to moisture, there is usually a dimensional change within the fiber structure as it is a porous material. Thus, paper can absorb water from the environment and swell, called hygro-expansion. When exposed to moisture, corrugated cardboard boxes used for high-quality boxes, packaging, and protective layers in transport packaging suffer as well. By boiling wood chips to different kappa numbers (lignin content) and reducing the hemicellulose content in some of the pulp samples, the influence of the chemical composition on the tensile strength, compressive strength, and hygroexpansion of the number of produced sheets was experimentally determined. A fiber test was also performed to compare fiber properties and identify any relationships between them. Tensile strength, compressive strength, and hygroexpansion were found to increase with increased sheet density. Removal of hemicellulose was shown to decrease tensile strength by up to 72% and increase hygroexpansion by up to 17%, but did not significantly affect compressive strength. Finally, the effect of lignin's chromophore groups on the brightness of the sheets was also studied, which resulted in a significant decrease of about 15-18% when removing the chromophores.

[ES] Existen diferentes fuentes de células madre mesenquimales en la cavidad oral. Éstas se caracterizan por su potencial de autorenovación y propiedades de multidiferenciación y han demostrado ser una opción prometedora en las terapias de regeneración en el campo de la odontología y la medicina general. El objetivo del trabajo es realizar una revisión sistemática relativa a las células madre mesenquimales de origen dental., sus principales fuentes, potencial de diferenciacion y aplicaciones médicas y odontológicas. Dar a conocer un nuevo servicio que pueden proporcionar las clínicas odontológicas a sus pacientes vinculado a la obtención y almacenamiento de sus células madre mesenquimales en una empresa especializada durante un período de tiempo para su posible uso terapéutico futuro. Se dividen en dos partes: una relativa a la revisión sistemática y otra relativa a la obtención, transporte y almacenamiento de las células madre dentales. Para la revisión sistemática realiza una búsqueda manual y electrónica en las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo y Cochrane. Se incluyeron artículos relacionados con células madre de origen dental humanas, escritos en inglés o español y disponibles a texto completo que hubieran sido publicados en los últimos 10 años. Para la realización del protocolo clínico de obtención y almacenamiento de las células madre dentales se contactó con el laboratorio Biobanco Celular S.L. En la revisión sistemática se incluyeron 34 artículos para su análisis. Los resultados obtenidos en el campo de la odontología demuestran que las células madre mesenquimales de origen dental han logrado regenerar el complejo dentino-pulpar, el tejido periodontal y el tejido óseo siendo una alternativa terapéutica en el campo de la endodoncia, la periodoncia y la cirugía. Así mismo han demostrado efectos terapéuticos en numerosos procesos patológicos sistémicos. La conclusión más relevante es que las células madre mesenquimales han demostrado una alta capacidad proliferativ

Cellulose fibers come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. The heterogeneity of the fiber length, width, wall thickness, curl and external fibrillation is detrimental to the mechanical performance of products such as paper and paperboard. Although micro-mechanical models of these materials sometimes incorporate features of this heterogeneity, so far there is no standardized method of fully incorporating this. We examine a large number of industrial mechanical fiber pulps to determine what information such a standardized method would have to have. We find that the method must allow for both non-Gaussian distributions and dependence between the variables. We present a method of characterizing mechanical pulp under these conditions that views the individual fiber as outcome of a sampling process from a multivariate distribution function. The method is generally applicable to any dataset, even a non-Gaussian one with dependencies. Using a micro-mechanical model of a paper sheet the proposed method is compared with previously presented methods to study whether incorporating both a varying fiber size and dependencies is necessary to match the response of a sheet modeled with measured characterization data. The results demonstrate that micro-mechanical models of paper and paperboard should not neglect the influence of the dependence between the characteristic shape features of the fibers if the model is meant to match physical experiments. © 2022 The Authors

This work presents the results obtained at a laboratory scale for the use of coffee pulp (residues), in the wet milling process applying the concept of biorefinery. The results showed that it is possible to treat this residue through fermentative processes and obtain bioethanol through simple distillation with an alcohol content between 3.85% to 6.90% for each 250ml of biomass with a solid-liquid ratio of 4 to 1 to environmental conditions. It was observed in all the tests that an important variable is the fermentation time and the initial structure of the residue since this influences the yield obtained in terms of alcohol produced. This work is part of the preliminary study for the implementation of the biorefinery concept to the residues generated in the wet coffee mill. The search for alternatives that allow the use of coffee residues constitutes a current problem. These residues, when not treated, are generally dumped into water sources and sometimes used as agricultural amendments in crops, which can cause serious contamination problems. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out research in this field that allows its treatment or comprehensive use., Este trabajo presenta los resultados obtenidos a escala de laboratorio para el aprovechamiento de la pulpa de café (residuos), en el proceso de beneficio húmedo aplicando el concepto de biorrefinería. Los resultados mostraron que es posible tratar este residuo mediante procesos fermentativos y obtener bioetanol separado por medio de la destilación simple con un contenido en alcohol entre 3,85% al 6,90% por cada 250ml de biomasa tratada en condiciones ambientales. Se observó en todos los ensayos que una variable importante es el tiempo de fermentación y la estructura inicial del residuo ya que esto influye sobre el rendimiento obtenido en términos del bioalcohol producido. Este trabajo forma parte del estudio preliminar para la implementación del concepto de biorrefinería a los residuos generados en el beneficio húmedo del café. La búsqueda de alternativas que permitan el aprovechamiento de los residuos del café constituye una problemática actual. Estos residuos al no ser tratados, por lo general son vertidos a las fuentes hídricas y en ocasiones utilizados como enmiendas agrícolas en los cultivos, lo cual puede causar graves problemas de contaminación. Por este motivo es necesario realizar investigaciones en este campo que permitan su tratamiento o aprovechamiento integral., Este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos em escala de laboratório para o aproveitamento da polpa de café (resíduos), no processo de moagem úmida aplicando o conceito de biorrefinaria. Os resultados mostraram que é possível tratar esse resíduo por processos fermentativos e obter bioetanol por destilação simples com teor de álcool entre 3,85% a 6,90% para cada 250ml de biomassa com relação sólido-líquido de 4 para 1 para as condições ambientais. Observou-se em todos os testes que uma variável importante é o tempo de fermentação e a estrutura inicial do resíduo, pois isso influencia no rendimento obtido em termos de álcool produzido. Este trabalho faz parte do estudo preliminar para a implementação do conceito de biorrefinaria aos resíduos gerados no moinho de café úmido. A busca por alternativas que permitam o aproveitamento dos resíduos do café constitui um problema atual. Esses resíduos, quando não tratados, geralmente são despejados em mananciais e, às vezes, utilizados como aditivos agrícolas nas lavouras, o que pode causar sérios problemas de contaminação. Por este motivo, é necessária a realização de pesquisas nesta área que permitam seu tratamento ou utilização integral.

[ES] Existen diferentes fuentes de células madre mesenquimales en la cavidad oral. Éstas se caracterizan por su potencial de autorenovación y propiedades de multidiferenciación y han demostrado ser una opción prometedora en las terapias de regeneración en el campo de la odontología y la medicina general. El objetivo del trabajo es realizar una revisión sistemática relativa a las células madre mesenquimales de origen dental., sus principales fuentes, potencial de diferenciacion y aplicaciones médicas y odontológicas. Dar a conocer un nuevo servicio que pueden proporcionar las clínicas odontológicas a sus pacientes vinculado a la obtención y almacenamiento de sus células madre mesenquimales en una empresa especializada durante un período de tiempo para su posible uso terapéutico futuro. Se dividen en dos partes: una relativa a la revisión sistemática y otra relativa a la obtención, transporte y almacenamiento de las células madre dentales. Para la revisión sistemática realiza una búsqueda manual y electrónica en las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo y Cochrane. Se incluyeron artículos relacionados con células madre de origen dental humanas, escritos en inglés o español y disponibles a texto completo que hubieran sido publicados en los últimos 10 años. Para la realización del protocolo clínico de obtención y almacenamiento de las células madre dentales se contactó con el laboratorio Biobanco Celular S.L. En la revisión sistemática se incluyeron 34 artículos para su análisis. Los resultados obtenidos en el campo de la odontología demuestran que las células madre mesenquimales de origen dental han logrado regenerar el complejo dentino-pulpar, el tejido periodontal y el tejido óseo siendo una alternativa terapéutica en el campo de la endodoncia, la periodoncia y la cirugía. Así mismo han demostrado efectos terapéuticos en numerosos procesos patológicos sistémicos. La conclusión más relevante es que las células madre mesenquimales han demostrado una alta capacidad proliferativ

Nanocellulose is a sustainable material and has shown interesting properties in various applications. One such application is Pickering emulsion, where the nanocellulose stabilizes the oil and water interface. Thus, this project aimed to evaluate a new type of nanocellulose, cellulose oxalate (COX), derived from different sources, dissolving pulp and bark, as a potential emulsifier. The properties of the nanocellulose, such as the chemical composition, morphology, aspect ratio, viscosity, and surface tension, are analyzed to determine how it affects the Pickering emulsion. Pectin has reported having emulsifying properties. Therefore, pectin derived from the bark was also studied as a potential emulsifier. The emulsion capacity and emulsion stability of the Pickering emulsion were estimated. Additionally, the emulsions were observed and visualized in an optical microscope, and it showed that all Pickering emulsions were successful. The COX and pectin particles were successfully adsorbed at the interface to form individual droplets which were stable enough not to coalescence. With the images from AFM, the aspect ratio and morphology of the particles were measured. COX pulp had an average width of 5.5 nm and an average length of 372 nm. COX bark had an average width of 3.9 nm and an average length of 257 nm. Notably, COX pulp does have a slightly higher aspect ratio than COX bark. DLS was another way the particle size was measured. However, it was not a suitable technique because both COX did indicate a relatively polydisperse system and are therefore not suitable to be measured by DLS. Furthermore, the viscosity of the COX pulp and COX bark suspensions were measured with an Ubbelohde capillary viscometer which was not an ideal method because the COX suspensions were too thick and gel-like for the instrument and got clogged constantly. As expected, the surface tension decreased steadily, more so for COX pulp than COX bark with increasing concentration. Then again, thi, Nanocellulosa är ett hållbart material som har visat intressanta egenskaper i olika applikationer. En specifik applikation är Pickering emulsion, där nanocellulosan stabiliserar gränsytan mellan olje-och vatten fasen. Därav var syftet med detta projekt att utvärdera en ny typ av nanocellulosa, cellulosaoxalat (COX) producerad från olika källor såsom förhandlad pappersmassa och bark som ett potentiellt emulgeringsmedel. De olika egenskaperna hos nanocellulosan dvs. den kemiska sammansättningen, morfologin, partikelstorlek, viskositet och ytspänning undersöktes för att bestämma hur de påverkar Pickering emulsionen. Pektin har också rapporterats att ha emulgerande egenskaper. Därför studerades även pektin producerad från bark som ett potentiellt emulgeringsmedel. Emulsionskapaciteten och emulsionsstabiliteten hos Pickering emulsionen uppskattades. Dessutom observerades och visualiserades emulsionerna i ett optiskt mikroskop som visade att alla Pickering emulsioner var successiva. Det innebär att COX- och pektinpartiklarna adsorberades successivt vid gränsytan för att bilda individuella droppar som var stabila nog att inte koalescensera. Med hjälp av bilderna från AFM mättes storleken på partiklarna och dess morfologi bestämdes. COX-massa hade en genomsnittlig bredd på 5,5 nm en medellängd på 372 nm. COX-bark hade en genomsnittlig bredd på 3,9 nm och en medellängd på 257 nm. Från resultatet, kan det noteras att COX-massa har något större partikelstorlek är COX-bark. DLS var ett annat sätt att mäta partikelstorleken. Dock, var det inte en lämplig teknik eftersom både COX-massa och COX-bark visade ett relativt polydisperst system och är därav inte lämplig att mättas i DLS. Vidare så mättes viskositeten för COX-massa och COX-bark med en Ubbelohde kapillärviskometer, vilket inte heller var en idealisk metod att mäta med eftersom COX lösningen var för tjock och gel-liknande och täppte till instrumentet. Däremot, som f

Cellulose fibers come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. The heterogeneity of the fiber length, width, wall thickness, curl and external fibrillation is detrimental to the mechanical performance of products such as paper and paperboard. Although micro-mechanical models of these materials sometimes incorporate features of this heterogeneity, so far there is no standardized method of fully incorporating this. We examine a large number of industrial mechanical fiber pulps to determine what information such a standardized method would have to have. We find that the method must allow for both non-Gaussian distributions and dependence between the variables. We present a method of characterizing mechanical pulp under these conditions that views the individual fiber as outcome of a sampling process from a multivariate distribution function. The method is generally applicable to any dataset, even a non-Gaussian one with dependencies. Using a micro-mechanical model of a paper sheet the proposed method is compared with previously presented methods to study whether incorporating both a varying fiber size and dependencies is necessary to match the response of a sheet modeled with measured characterization data. The results demonstrate that micro-mechanical models of paper and paperboard should not neglect the influence of the dependence between the characteristic shape features of the fibers if the model is meant to match physical experiments. © 2022 The Authors

Cellulose fibers come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. The heterogeneity of the fiber length, width, wall thickness, curl and external fibrillation is detrimental to the mechanical performance of products such as paper and paperboard. Although micro-mechanical models of these materials sometimes incorporate features of this heterogeneity, so far there is no standardized method of fully incorporating this. We examine a large number of industrial mechanical fiber pulps to determine what information such a standardized method would have to have. We find that the method must allow for both non-Gaussian distributions and dependence between the variables. We present a method of characterizing mechanical pulp under these conditions that views the individual fiber as outcome of a sampling process from a multivariate distribution function. The method is generally applicable to any dataset, even a non-Gaussian one with dependencies. Using a micro-mechanical model of a paper sheet the proposed method is compared with previously presented methods to study whether incorporating both a varying fiber size and dependencies is necessary to match the response of a sheet modeled with measured characterization data. The results demonstrate that micro-mechanical models of paper and paperboard should not neglect the influence of the dependence between the characteristic shape features of the fibers if the model is meant to match physical experiments. © 2022 The Authors

[ES] Existen diferentes fuentes de células madre mesenquimales en la cavidad oral. Éstas se caracterizan por su potencial de autorenovación y propiedades de multidiferenciación y han demostrado ser una opción prometedora en las terapias de regeneración en el campo de la odontología y la medicina general. El objetivo del trabajo es realizar una revisión sistemática relativa a las células madre mesenquimales de origen dental., sus principales fuentes, potencial de diferenciacion y aplicaciones médicas y odontológicas. Dar a conocer un nuevo servicio que pueden proporcionar las clínicas odontológicas a sus pacientes vinculado a la obtención y almacenamiento de sus células madre mesenquimales en una empresa especializada durante un período de tiempo para su posible uso terapéutico futuro. Se dividen en dos partes: una relativa a la revisión sistemática y otra relativa a la obtención, transporte y almacenamiento de las células madre dentales. Para la revisión sistemática realiza una búsqueda manual y electrónica en las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo y Cochrane. Se incluyeron artículos relacionados con células madre de origen dental humanas, escritos en inglés o español y disponibles a texto completo que hubieran sido publicados en los últimos 10 años. Para la realización del protocolo clínico de obtención y almacenamiento de las células madre dentales se contactó con el laboratorio Biobanco Celular S.L. En la revisión sistemática se incluyeron 34 artículos para su análisis. Los resultados obtenidos en el campo de la odontología demuestran que las células madre mesenquimales de origen dental han logrado regenerar el complejo dentino-pulpar, el tejido periodontal y el tejido óseo siendo una alternativa terapéutica en el campo de la endodoncia, la periodoncia y la cirugía. Así mismo han demostrado efectos terapéuticos en numerosos procesos patológicos sistémicos. La conclusión más relevante es que las células madre mesenquimales han demostrado una alta capacidad proliferativ

Deep eutectic solvents are characterized as natural, green, biodegradable, non-flammable, non-volatile, non-toxic, odorless, colorless, easy to prepare, and easy to recycle after use. They present an opportunity to introduce new techniques for the pulping process. This study investigated the possibility of using a green deep eutectic solvents from sorghum stalks for pulp and paper production. Choline chloride/ethylene glycol was used in the preparation of eutectic mixtures in molar ratios of 4/10, 5/10, and 6/10. These eutectic mixtures were then applied as cooking liquor to sorghum stalks at two different cooking times (140 and 160 minutes). In addition, the traditional pulping methods of soda and kraft cookings were carried out using sorghum stalks and the pulps were compared with the deep eutectic solvents pulps. The results showed that the pulp production using deep eutectic solvents was accomplished successfully. Some properties of deep eutectic solvents pulps were comparable to those of the soda and kraft pulps. deep eutectic solvents can play an essential role in cleaner pulp production

Nanocellulose is a sustainable material and has shown interesting properties in various applications. One such application is Pickering emulsion, where the nanocellulose stabilizes the oil and water interface. Thus, this project aimed to evaluate a new type of nanocellulose, cellulose oxalate (COX), derived from different sources, dissolving pulp and bark, as a potential emulsifier. The properties of the nanocellulose, such as the chemical composition, morphology, aspect ratio, viscosity, and surface tension, are analyzed to determine how it affects the Pickering emulsion. Pectin has reported having emulsifying properties. Therefore, pectin derived from the bark was also studied as a potential emulsifier. The emulsion capacity and emulsion stability of the Pickering emulsion were estimated. Additionally, the emulsions were observed and visualized in an optical microscope, and it showed that all Pickering emulsions were successful. The COX and pectin particles were successfully adsorbed at the interface to form individual droplets which were stable enough not to coalescence. With the images from AFM, the aspect ratio and morphology of the particles were measured. COX pulp had an average width of 5.5 nm and an average length of 372 nm. COX bark had an average width of 3.9 nm and an average length of 257 nm. Notably, COX pulp does have a slightly higher aspect ratio than COX bark. DLS was another way the particle size was measured. However, it was not a suitable technique because both COX did indicate a relatively polydisperse system and are therefore not suitable to be measured by DLS. Furthermore, the viscosity of the COX pulp and COX bark suspensions were measured with an Ubbelohde capillary viscometer which was not an ideal method because the COX suspensions were too thick and gel-like for the instrument and got clogged constantly. As expected, the surface tension decreased steadily, more so for COX pulp than COX bark with increasing concentration. Then again, thi, Nanocellulosa är ett hållbart material som har visat intressanta egenskaper i olika applikationer. En specifik applikation är Pickering emulsion, där nanocellulosan stabiliserar gränsytan mellan olje-och vatten fasen. Därav var syftet med detta projekt att utvärdera en ny typ av nanocellulosa, cellulosaoxalat (COX) producerad från olika källor såsom förhandlad pappersmassa och bark som ett potentiellt emulgeringsmedel. De olika egenskaperna hos nanocellulosan dvs. den kemiska sammansättningen, morfologin, partikelstorlek, viskositet och ytspänning undersöktes för att bestämma hur de påverkar Pickering emulsionen. Pektin har också rapporterats att ha emulgerande egenskaper. Därför studerades även pektin producerad från bark som ett potentiellt emulgeringsmedel. Emulsionskapaciteten och emulsionsstabiliteten hos Pickering emulsionen uppskattades. Dessutom observerades och visualiserades emulsionerna i ett optiskt mikroskop som visade att alla Pickering emulsioner var successiva. Det innebär att COX- och pektinpartiklarna adsorberades successivt vid gränsytan för att bilda individuella droppar som var stabila nog att inte koalescensera. Med hjälp av bilderna från AFM mättes storleken på partiklarna och dess morfologi bestämdes. COX-massa hade en genomsnittlig bredd på 5,5 nm en medellängd på 372 nm. COX-bark hade en genomsnittlig bredd på 3,9 nm och en medellängd på 257 nm. Från resultatet, kan det noteras att COX-massa har något större partikelstorlek är COX-bark. DLS var ett annat sätt att mäta partikelstorleken. Dock, var det inte en lämplig teknik eftersom både COX-massa och COX-bark visade ett relativt polydisperst system och är därav inte lämplig att mättas i DLS. Vidare så mättes viskositeten för COX-massa och COX-bark med en Ubbelohde kapillärviskometer, vilket inte heller var en idealisk metod att mäta med eftersom COX lösningen var för tjock och gel-liknande och täppte till instrumentet. Däremot, som f

[ES] Existen diferentes fuentes de células madre mesenquimales en la cavidad oral. Éstas se caracterizan por su potencial de autorenovación y propiedades de multidiferenciación y han demostrado ser una opción prometedora en las terapias de regeneración en el campo de la odontología y la medicina general. El objetivo del trabajo es realizar una revisión sistemática relativa a las células madre mesenquimales de origen dental., sus principales fuentes, potencial de diferenciacion y aplicaciones médicas y odontológicas. Dar a conocer un nuevo servicio que pueden proporcionar las clínicas odontológicas a sus pacientes vinculado a la obtención y almacenamiento de sus células madre mesenquimales en una empresa especializada durante un período de tiempo para su posible uso terapéutico futuro. Se dividen en dos partes: una relativa a la revisión sistemática y otra relativa a la obtención, transporte y almacenamiento de las células madre dentales. Para la revisión sistemática realiza una búsqueda manual y electrónica en las bases de datos PubMed, Scielo y Cochrane. Se incluyeron artículos relacionados con células madre de origen dental humanas, escritos en inglés o español y disponibles a texto completo que hubieran sido publicados en los últimos 10 años. Para la realización del protocolo clínico de obtención y almacenamiento de las células madre dentales se contactó con el laboratorio Biobanco Celular S.L. En la revisión sistemática se incluyeron 34 artículos para su análisis. Los resultados obtenidos en el campo de la odontología demuestran que las células madre mesenquimales de origen dental han logrado regenerar el complejo dentino-pulpar, el tejido periodontal y el tejido óseo siendo una alternativa terapéutica en el campo de la endodoncia, la periodoncia y la cirugía. Así mismo han demostrado efectos terapéuticos en numerosos procesos patológicos sistémicos. La conclusión más relevante es que las células madre mesenquimales han demostrado una alta capacidad proliferativ

In this study, avocados of the Hass variety cultivated in Almuñécar (Granada, Spain) are analyzed after soil mulching with pruning debris. The mulch treatment assay was composed of pruning wastes from subtropical crops (avocado, cherimoya, and mango) and garden wastes from the surrounding areas. The aim of this work is to analyze the nutrient content in avocado fruit and the effect of pruning-waste mulching on fruit development over four years. Avocado fruits collected in 2013, 2016, and 2017 were weighed, their volume and their sugar content were calculated, and macro- and micronutrients were analyzed in the peel, pulp, and stone (endocarp and seed). The pulp contained the highest concentration of nutrients, especially Cu, Zn, P, Na, and Ca. The peel presented high concentrations of Mn, K, and N, while the stone recorded the lowest values in nutrients, with the greatest decreases in years with the lowest precipitations registered. Over the study period, a decline was detected in the nutrient concentrations related to the alternation of high and low yields, typical of this crop, due to environmental factors. In the years 2016 and 2017, avocados accumulated higher amounts of micronutrients and P, presumably because of greater water availability in the soil. During the study period, the application of pruning wastes did not affect the nutrient concentration of fruits except for the garden pruning waste in certain elements in the pulp during the last study year.

Cellulose fibers come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. The heterogeneity of the fiber length, width, wall thickness, curl and external fibrillation is detrimental to the mechanical performance of products such as paper and paperboard. Although micro-mechanical models of these materials sometimes incorporate features of this heterogeneity, so far there is no standardized method of fully incorporating this. We examine a large number of industrial mechanical fiber pulps to determine what information such a standardized method would have to have. We find that the method must allow for both non-Gaussian distributions and dependence between the variables. We present a method of characterizing mechanical pulp under these conditions that views the individual fiber as outcome of a sampling process from a multivariate distribution function. The method is generally applicable to any dataset, even a non-Gaussian one with dependencies. Using a micro-mechanical model of a paper sheet the proposed method is compared with previously presented methods to study whether incorporating both a varying fiber size and dependencies is necessary to match the response of a sheet modeled with measured characterization data. The results demonstrate that micro-mechanical models of paper and paperboard should not neglect the influence of the dependence between the characteristic shape features of the fibers if the model is meant to match physical experiments. © 2022 The Authors

Deep eutectic solvents are characterized as natural, green, biodegradable, non-flammable, non-volatile, non-toxic, odorless, colorless, easy to prepare, and easy to recycle after use. They present an opportunity to introduce new techniques for the pulping process. This study investigated the possibility of using a green deep eutectic solvents from sorghum stalks for pulp and paper production. Choline chloride/ethylene glycol was used in the preparation of eutectic mixtures in molar ratios of 4/10, 5/10, and 6/10. These eutectic mixtures were then applied as cooking liquor to sorghum stalks at two different cooking times (140 and 160 minutes). In addition, the traditional pulping methods of soda and kraft cookings were carried out using sorghum stalks and the pulps were compared with the deep eutectic solvents pulps. The results showed that the pulp production using deep eutectic solvents was accomplished successfully. Some properties of deep eutectic solvents pulps were comparable to those of the soda and kraft pulps. deep eutectic solvents can play an essential role in cleaner pulp production

In recent years there has been an extensive search for nature-based products with functional potential. All structural parts of Physalis alkekengi (bladder cherry), including fruits, pulp, and less-explored parts, such as seeds and peel, can be considered sources of functional macro- and micronutrients, bioactive compounds, such as vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietetic fiber. The chemical composition of all fruit structural parts (seeds, peel, and pulp) of two phenotypes of P. alkekengi were studied. The seeds were found to be a rich source of oil, yielding 14-17%, with abundant amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (over 88%) and tocopherols, or vitamin E (up to 5378 mg/kg dw; dry weight). The predominant fatty acid in the seed oils was linoleic acid, followed by oleic acid. The seeds contained most of the fruit's protein (16-19% dw) and fiber (6-8% dw). The peel oil differed significantly from the seed oil in fatty acid and tocopherol composition. Seed cakes, the waste after oil extraction, contained arginine and aspartic acid as the main amino acids; valine, phenylalanine, threonine, and isoleucine were present in slightly higher amounts than the other essential amino acids. They were also rich in key minerals, such as K, Mg, Fe, and Zn. From the peel and pulp fractions were extracted fruit concretes, aromatic products with specific fragrance profiles, of which volatile compositions (GC-MS) were identified. The major volatiles in peel and pulp concretes were beta-linalool, alpha-pinene, and gamma-terpinene. The results from the investigation substantiated the potential of all the studied fruit structures as new sources of bioactive compounds that could be used as prospective sources in human and animal nutrition, while the aroma-active compounds in the concretes supported the plant's potential in perfumery and cosmetics.

Дисертаційна робота присвячена розробці ресурсоощадної технології отриманню із недеревної рослинної сировини наноцелюлози та композиційних матеріалів на її основі. Доведена можливість отримання целюлози для виробництва наноцелюлози термохімічною обробкою недеревної рослинної сировини в органічних розчинниках. Розраховано константи швидкості та енергія активації процесу делігніфікації пшеничної соломи. Удосконалено процес гідролізу органосольвентної целюлози розчинами сульфатної кислоти зниженої концентрації. Розраховано математичні моделі процесу гідролізу целюлози із НДРС та ефективні значення технологічних параметрів отримання наноцелюлози. Встановлено позитивний вплив наноцелюлози як зміцнюючої добавки у композиції картонно-паперової продукції. Доцільність введення наноцелюлози в цементну композицію підтверджено актом впровадження на підприємстві цементної промисловості.

[ES] La globalización y el crecimiento de la población mundial en países como China e India hacen que grandes multinacionales dentro del sector agrícola se vean obligadas a reorientar sus redes de distribución para abarcar más cuota de mercado y competir por una mayor tasa de crecimiento de sus ventas. A su vez, la apertura a nuevos mercados va vinculada a retos más complicados, cómo, por ejemplo, hacer llegar el producto al cliente sin que esto suponga un sobrecoste para la empresa. En este punto, entra la gran relevancia que tiene la logística dentro de una compañía que persigue la internacionalización como estrategia de crecimiento. La logística, como ciencia que busca la mejora de la eficiencia y la eficacia todas las actividades que implican un flujo de materiales y recursos, así como de información; tiene mucha importancia para el sector de la maquinaria agrícola; dónde los productos fabricados son de gran tamaño, forma irregular y gran peso, por lo que los procesos de configuración de carga son bastante complejos y es el principal reto al que se enfrenta la empresa de estudio. La cadena de suministro en la que se encuentra inmersa esta empresa pertenece al grupo Deere & Co., fabricante mundial de maquinaria agrícola muy heterogénea, desde tractores agrícolas hasta tecnología para monitorización de parámetros en las diferentes fases de cultivo. Concretamente, la delegación sobre la que se realiza este estudio se encuentra en la comunidad autónoma de Madrid, España. Las instalaciones de esta sede se conocen como John Deere Ibérica o JDI. JDI fabrica componentes que más tarde se ensamblan en los productos finales o en los motores diésel. Estos componentes son diseñados y montados de manera exclusiva como parte de su estrategia de negocio, es decir, son marca John Deere y, por lo tanto, son productos críticos. Por otro lado, la cadena de suministro de JDI tiene la particularidad de que compite con otras delegaciones de Deere & Co. del mundo, las cuales fabrican l, [EN] The globalization and the growth of the world population in countries such as China and India mean that large companies of the agricultural sector are forced to reorient their distribution networks to cover more market share and compete for a higher growth rate of their sales. In turn, opening up to new markets is linked to more complicated challenges, for example, to deliver the product to the customer reducing as much as possible the extra cost for the company. At this point, the logistics has a great relevance within a company which pursues internationalization as a main growth strategy. Logistics, as a science that seeks to improve efficiency and effectiveness, includes all the activities related to the flow of materials and resources, as well as information; so, it is very important for the agricultural machinery sector; where the manufactured products are large, irregular in shape and heavy, so the load configuration processes are quite complex and this is the main challenge of the assessed company in this project. The supply chain of this company, belongs to the Deere & Co. group, a global manufacturer of very heterogeneous agricultural machinery; such as agricultural tractors and technology for monitoring parameters in the different phases of life cycle of crops. Specifically, this study is focused on the delegation located in Madrid, Spain; which covers the marketing activities of Spain and Portugal. The facilities at this headquarters are known as John Deere Ibérica or JDI. JDI manufactures components which are later assembled into final products or diesel engines. These components are exclusively designed and assembled as part of its business strategy, that is, all of them are John Deere brand¿s products, therefore, they are critical. On the other hand, JDI's supply chain competes with other Deere & Co. delegations around the world, which manufacture the same components, to deliver them to the same client factories. This makes it necessary for JDI to

Дисертаційна робота присвячена розробці ресурсоощадної технології отриманню із недеревної рослинної сировини наноцелюлози та композиційних матеріалів на її основі. Доведена можливість отримання целюлози для виробництва наноцелюлози термохімічною обробкою недеревної рослинної сировини в органічних розчинниках. Розраховано константи швидкості та енергія активації процесу делігніфікації пшеничної соломи. Удосконалено процес гідролізу органосольвентної целюлози розчинами сульфатної кислоти зниженої концентрації. Розраховано математичні моделі процесу гідролізу целюлози із НДРС та ефективні значення технологічних параметрів отримання наноцелюлози. Встановлено позитивний вплив наноцелюлози як зміцнюючої добавки у композиції картонно-паперової продукції. Доцільність введення наноцелюлози в цементну композицію підтверджено актом впровадження на підприємстві цементної промисловості., The dissertation is devoted to the production from non-wood plant raw materials of nanocellulose and composite materials based on it. The processes of cooking pulp from non-wood plant raw materials in organic solvents in order to obtain cellulose suitable for chemical processing have been studied. It was found that preliminary alkaline treatment of plant raw materials with a 5% NaOH solution at a temperature of (97 ± 2) °С for 90 min leads to the removal of more than 50% of lignin and about 80% of minerals from plant materials, which contributes to subsequent efficient delignification in the process of organosolv pulping. Organosolv pulping in a mixture of peracetic acid for 180 min allows to obtain pulp with a minimum content of lignin (up to 0.61%) and minerals (up to 0.09%), which is suitable for subsequent production of nanocellulose from it. The process of hydrolysis of organosolv pulp with sulfuric acid solutions has been improved. Effective parameters of technological factors of nanocellulose production were obtained experimentally and with the use of mathematical methods. It has been proven that as a result of the hydrolysis of organosolv pulp from non-wood plant raw materials and the treatment of the suspension with ultrasound, nanoparticles with a transverse size of 10-60 nm and a crystallinity index of up to 80% were obtained. The obtained nanocellulose films are characterized by tensile strength up to 70 MPa and transparency up to 74% in the visible region of the spectrum. It were established, dependences of the quality indicators of nanocellulose (density, thickness, transparency, physical and mechanical parameters) of the main technological parameters: temperature, duration of hydrolysis and ultrasound treatment, concentration of sulfuric acid. In order to determine the quality indicators of organosolv cellulose and nanocellulose, a number of chemical and instrumental methods of analysis were performed. Analysis of the chemical composition of non-wood

[ES] La globalización y el crecimiento de la población mundial en países como China e India hacen que grandes multinacionales dentro del sector agrícola se vean obligadas a reorientar sus redes de distribución para abarcar más cuota de mercado y competir por una mayor tasa de crecimiento de sus ventas. A su vez, la apertura a nuevos mercados va vinculada a retos más complicados, cómo, por ejemplo, hacer llegar el producto al cliente sin que esto suponga un sobrecoste para la empresa. En este punto, entra la gran relevancia que tiene la logística dentro de una compañía que persigue la internacionalización como estrategia de crecimiento. La logística, como ciencia que busca la mejora de la eficiencia y la eficacia todas las actividades que implican un flujo de materiales y recursos, así como de información; tiene mucha importancia para el sector de la maquinaria agrícola; dónde los productos fabricados son de gran tamaño, forma irregular y gran peso, por lo que los procesos de configuración de carga son bastante complejos y es el principal reto al que se enfrenta la empresa de estudio. La cadena de suministro en la que se encuentra inmersa esta empresa pertenece al grupo Deere & Co., fabricante mundial de maquinaria agrícola muy heterogénea, desde tractores agrícolas hasta tecnología para monitorización de parámetros en las diferentes fases de cultivo. Concretamente, la delegación sobre la que se realiza este estudio se encuentra en la comunidad autónoma de Madrid, España. Las instalaciones de esta sede se conocen como John Deere Ibérica o JDI. JDI fabrica componentes que más tarde se ensamblan en los productos finales o en los motores diésel. Estos componentes son diseñados y montados de manera exclusiva como parte de su estrategia de negocio, es decir, son marca John Deere y, por lo tanto, son productos críticos. Por otro lado, la cadena de suministro de JDI tiene la particularidad de que compite con otras delegaciones de Deere & Co. del mundo, las cuales fabrican l, [EN] The globalization and the growth of the world population in countries such as China and India mean that large companies of the agricultural sector are forced to reorient their distribution networks to cover more market share and compete for a higher growth rate of their sales. In turn, opening up to new markets is linked to more complicated challenges, for example, to deliver the product to the customer reducing as much as possible the extra cost for the company. At this point, the logistics has a great relevance within a company which pursues internationalization as a main growth strategy. Logistics, as a science that seeks to improve efficiency and effectiveness, includes all the activities related to the flow of materials and resources, as well as information; so, it is very important for the agricultural machinery sector; where the manufactured products are large, irregular in shape and heavy, so the load configuration processes are quite complex and this is the main challenge of the assessed company in this project. The supply chain of this company, belongs to the Deere & Co. group, a global manufacturer of very heterogeneous agricultural machinery; such as agricultural tractors and technology for monitoring parameters in the different phases of life cycle of crops. Specifically, this study is focused on the delegation located in Madrid, Spain; which covers the marketing activities of Spain and Portugal. The facilities at this headquarters are known as John Deere Ibérica or JDI. JDI manufactures components which are later assembled into final products or diesel engines. These components are exclusively designed and assembled as part of its business strategy, that is, all of them are John Deere brand¿s products, therefore, they are critical. On the other hand, JDI's supply chain competes with other Deere & Co. delegations around the world, which manufacture the same components, to deliver them to the same client factories. This makes it necessary for JDI to

[ES] La globalización y el crecimiento de la población mundial en países como China e India hacen que grandes multinacionales dentro del sector agrícola se vean obligadas a reorientar sus redes de distribución para abarcar más cuota de mercado y competir por una mayor tasa de crecimiento de sus ventas. A su vez, la apertura a nuevos mercados va vinculada a retos más complicados, cómo, por ejemplo, hacer llegar el producto al cliente sin que esto suponga un sobrecoste para la empresa. En este punto, entra la gran relevancia que tiene la logística dentro de una compañía que persigue la internacionalización como estrategia de crecimiento. La logística, como ciencia que busca la mejora de la eficiencia y la eficacia todas las actividades que implican un flujo de materiales y recursos, así como de información; tiene mucha importancia para el sector de la maquinaria agrícola; dónde los productos fabricados son de gran tamaño, forma irregular y gran peso, por lo que los procesos de configuración de carga son bastante complejos y es el principal reto al que se enfrenta la empresa de estudio. La cadena de suministro en la que se encuentra inmersa esta empresa pertenece al grupo Deere & Co., fabricante mundial de maquinaria agrícola muy heterogénea, desde tractores agrícolas hasta tecnología para monitorización de parámetros en las diferentes fases de cultivo. Concretamente, la delegación sobre la que se realiza este estudio se encuentra en la comunidad autónoma de Madrid, España. Las instalaciones de esta sede se conocen como John Deere Ibérica o JDI. JDI fabrica componentes que más tarde se ensamblan en los productos finales o en los motores diésel. Estos componentes son diseñados y montados de manera exclusiva como parte de su estrategia de negocio, es decir, son marca John Deere y, por lo tanto, son productos críticos. Por otro lado, la cadena de suministro de JDI tiene la particularidad de que compite con otras delegaciones de Deere & Co. del mundo, las cuales fabrican l, [EN] The globalization and the growth of the world population in countries such as China and India mean that large companies of the agricultural sector are forced to reorient their distribution networks to cover more market share and compete for a higher growth rate of their sales. In turn, opening up to new markets is linked to more complicated challenges, for example, to deliver the product to the customer reducing as much as possible the extra cost for the company. At this point, the logistics has a great relevance within a company which pursues internationalization as a main growth strategy. Logistics, as a science that seeks to improve efficiency and effectiveness, includes all the activities related to the flow of materials and resources, as well as information; so, it is very important for the agricultural machinery sector; where the manufactured products are large, irregular in shape and heavy, so the load configuration processes are quite complex and this is the main challenge of the assessed company in this project. The supply chain of this company, belongs to the Deere & Co. group, a global manufacturer of very heterogeneous agricultural machinery; such as agricultural tractors and technology for monitoring parameters in the different phases of life cycle of crops. Specifically, this study is focused on the delegation located in Madrid, Spain; which covers the marketing activities of Spain and Portugal. The facilities at this headquarters are known as John Deere Ibérica or JDI. JDI manufactures components which are later assembled into final products or diesel engines. These components are exclusively designed and assembled as part of its business strategy, that is, all of them are John Deere brand¿s products, therefore, they are critical. On the other hand, JDI's supply chain competes with other Deere & Co. delegations around the world, which manufacture the same components, to deliver them to the same client factories. This makes it necessary for JDI to

It is known that, currently sugar is obtained from sugar beets or sugar cane. The need for sugar in our republic is more than 500 thousand tons per year, this includes both consumption by the private sector and industrial consumption. The lion's share of this amount is imported from Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and others. There are no own sugar factories in Uzbekistan, with the exception of Khorezm, which refuses cane yellow sugar coming from Iran [1].

It is known that, currently sugar is obtained from sugar beets or sugar cane. The need for sugar in our republic is more than 500 thousand tons per year, this includes both consumption by the private sector and industrial consumption. The lion's share of this amount is imported from Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and others. There are no own sugar factories in Uzbekistan, with the exception of Khorezm, which refuses cane yellow sugar coming from Iran [1].

It is known that, currently sugar is obtained from sugar beets or sugar cane. The need for sugar in our republic is more than 500 thousand tons per year, this includes both consumption by the private sector and industrial consumption. The lion's share of this amount is imported from Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and others. There are no own sugar factories in Uzbekistan, with the exception of Khorezm, which refuses cane yellow sugar coming from Iran [1].

It is known that, currently sugar is obtained from sugar beets or sugar cane. The need for sugar in our republic is more than 500 thousand tons per year, this includes both consumption by the private sector and industrial consumption. The lion's share of this amount is imported from Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and others. There are no own sugar factories in Uzbekistan, with the exception of Khorezm, which refuses cane yellow sugar coming from Iran [1].

It is known that, currently sugar is obtained from sugar beets or sugar cane. The need for sugar in our republic is more than 500 thousand tons per year, this includes both consumption by the private sector and industrial consumption. The lion's share of this amount is imported from Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and others. There are no own sugar factories in Uzbekistan, with the exception of Khorezm, which refuses cane yellow sugar coming from Iran [1].

It is known that, currently sugar is obtained from sugar beets or sugar cane. The need for sugar in our republic is more than 500 thousand tons per year, this includes both consumption by the private sector and industrial consumption. The lion's share of this amount is imported from Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and others. There are no own sugar factories in Uzbekistan, with the exception of Khorezm, which refuses cane yellow sugar coming from Iran [1].

Object of research of article is the drawing of bars plate in the refiners at refining of chips and wood pulp. On the basis of the theory of contact interaction of bars influence of the drawing of plate on characteristics of contact processes is investigated. The friction coefficient between plate decreases at increase in density of contact of bars. At increase in an angle of crossing of bars rotor and stator and refining of pulp with concentration up to 6% the coefficient of friction decreases. At increase in an angle of crossing of bars chips and pulp with concentration over 10% the coefficient of friction increases. Therefore it is recommended to increase the angle of crossing of bars rotor and stator at refining of pulp of low concentration, and at refining of pulp of concentration over 10% and chips - to reduce, up to a radial arrangement. © 2021 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.

This work presents the results obtained at a laboratory scale for the use of coffee pulp (residues) in the wet milling process applying the concept of biorefinery. The results showed that it is possible to treat this residue through fermentative processes and obtain bioethanol through simple distillation with an alcohol content between 3.85% to 6.90% for each 250ml of biomass with a solid-liquid ratio of 4 to 1 to environmental conditions. It was observed in all the tests that the fermentation time and the initial structure of the residue are important variables since they influence the yield obtained in terms of produced alcohol. This work is part of a preliminary study for the implementation of the biorefinery concept to the residues generated in the wet coffee mill. The search of alternatives that allow the use of coffee residues is a current problem. These residues, when not treated, are generally dumped into water sources and sometimes used as agricultural amendments in crops, which can cause serious contamination problems. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out research in this field for its treatment or comprehensive use., Este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos em escala de laboratório para o aproveitamento da polpa de café (resíduos), no processo de moagem úmida aplicando o conceito de biorrefinaria. Os resultados mostraram que é possível tratar esse resíduo por processos fermentativos e obter bioetanol por destilação simples com teor de álcool entre 3,85% a 6,90% para cada 250ml de biomassa com relação sólido-líquido de 4 para 1 para as condições ambientais. Observou-se em todos os testes que uma variável importante é o tempo de fermentação e a estrutura inicial do resíduo, pois isso influencia no rendimento obtido em termos de álcool produzido. Este trabalho faz parte do estudo preliminar para a implementação do conceito de biorrefinaria aos resíduos gerados no moinho de café úmido. A busca por alternativas que permitam o aproveitamento dos resíduos do café constitui um problema atual. Esses resíduos, quando não tratados, geralmente são despejados em mananciais e, às vezes, utilizados como aditivos agrícolas nas lavouras, o que pode causar sérios problemas de contaminação. Por este motivo, é necessária a realização de pesquisas nesta área que permitam seu tratamento ou utilização integral, Este trabajo presenta los resultados obtenidos a escala de laboratorio para el aprovechamiento de la pulpa de café (residuos) en el proceso de beneficio húmedo aplicando el concepto de biorrefinería. Los resultados mostraron que es posible tratar este residuo mediante procesos fermentativos y obtener bioetanol separado por medio de la destilación simple con un contenido de alcohol entre 3,85 % al 6,90 % por cada 250 ml de biomasa tratada en condiciones ambientales. Se observó en todos los ensayos que una variable importante es el tiempo de fermentación y la estructura inicial del residuo ya que esto influye sobre el rendimiento obtenido en términos del bioalcohol producido. Este trabajo forma parte de un estudio preliminar para la implementación del concepto de biorrefinería a los residuos generados en el beneficio húmedo del café. La búsqueda de alternativas que permitan el aprovechamiento de los residuos del café constituye una problemática actual. Estos residuos al no ser tratados, por lo general son vertidos a las fuentes hídricas y en ocasiones utilizados como enmiendas agrícolas en los cultivos, lo cual puede causar graves problemas de contaminación. Por este motivo es necesario realizar investigaciones en este campo que permitan su tratamiento o aprovechamiento integral.

It is known that, currently sugar is obtained from sugar beets or sugar cane. The need for sugar in our republic is more than 500 thousand tons per year, this includes both consumption by the private sector and industrial consumption. The lion's share of this amount is imported from Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and others. There are no own sugar factories in Uzbekistan, with the exception of Khorezm, which refuses cane yellow sugar coming from Iran [1].

Object of research of article is the drawing of bars plate in the refiners at refining of chips and wood pulp. On the basis of the theory of contact interaction of bars influence of the drawing of plate on characteristics of contact processes is investigated. The friction coefficient between plate decreases at increase in density of contact of bars. At increase in an angle of crossing of bars rotor and stator and refining of pulp with concentration up to 6% the coefficient of friction decreases. At increase in an angle of crossing of bars chips and pulp with concentration over 10% the coefficient of friction increases. Therefore it is recommended to increase the angle of crossing of bars rotor and stator at refining of pulp of low concentration, and at refining of pulp of concentration over 10% and chips - to reduce, up to a radial arrangement. © 2021 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.

Kartongbruket AB has a supplier of bale pulp which is transitioning to an RFID marking of its bales. Due to this, new perspectives are requested on an RFID implementation regarding the handling of bales. This study focuses on the inbound logistics process and the pulp bale handling process. Furthermore, traceability-related problems are noted due to the fact that the current scanning methodology does not work with sufficient precision. The coexistence between the current barcode reading system and the RFID reading system is also something that is identified as topic which needs to be studied. This study’s choice of the process industry and the cardboard industry is based on a theoretical gap regarding the above-mentioned concepts and problems in this specific industry. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to be helpful to Kartongbruket AB in their upcoming RFID implementation, and to fill the identified theoretical gaps. Method: This is a case study at Kartongbruket AB. Empirics have been collected through semi-structured interviews with relevant internal actors, where the respondents have been identified using a snowball selection method. The study is of a qualitative nature and the theoretical frame of reference has been created through a literature study. Conclusion: This study concludes that RFID can be used in the inbound logistics process to make stock balances more reliable in several potential ways. In addition to this, it can be concluded that an RFID-based system can lead to a centralized traceability system in the pulpbale handling process where internal actors can gain a greater knowledge base in customer complaints cases. The study's presented implementation model may be used as a support for the upcoming RFID implementation. The study also establishes that the merging model is the most suitable coexistence model for Kartongbruket AB when RFID and barcodes are to be run together in the pulp bale handling process.

Esta revisión bibliográfica tiene como objetivo analizar el papel de la revascularización pulpar y sus principios básicos, así como los factores que influyen en ella constatando que es una alternativa real al tratamiento de conductos convencional, teniendo en cuenta las innovaciones producidas en los últimos cinco años en cuanto a los distintos procedimientos clínicos y materiales incluyendo su tasa de éxito, realizándose una doble búsqueda de las publicaciones existentes en PubMed, siendo seleccionados 14 artículos, de su estudio y análisis se colige que dichas innovaciones favorecen la revascularización pulpar en dientes permanentes inmaduros, This literature review aims to analyse the role of pulp revascularisation and its basic principles, as well as the factors that influence it, confirming that it is a real alternative to conventional root canal treatment, taking into account the innovations produced in the last five years in terms of the different clinical procedures and materials, including their success rate. A double search of the existing publications in PubMed was carried out, and 14 articles were selected, from their study and analysis it is clear that these innovations favour pulp revascularisation in immature permanent teeth.

This work presents the results obtained at a laboratory scale for the use of coffee pulp (residues) in the wet milling process applying the concept of biorefinery. The results showed that it is possible to treat this residue through fermentative processes and obtain bioethanol through simple distillation with an alcohol content between 3.85% to 6.90% for each 250ml of biomass with a solid-liquid ratio of 4 to 1 to environmental conditions. It was observed in all the tests that the fermentation time and the initial structure of the residue are important variables since they influence the yield obtained in terms of produced alcohol. This work is part of a preliminary study for the implementation of the biorefinery concept to the residues generated in the wet coffee mill. The search of alternatives that allow the use of coffee residues is a current problem. These residues, when not treated, are generally dumped into water sources and sometimes used as agricultural amendments in crops, which can cause serious contamination problems. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out research in this field for its treatment or comprehensive use., Este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos em escala de laboratório para o aproveitamento da polpa de café (resíduos), no processo de moagem úmida aplicando o conceito de biorrefinaria. Os resultados mostraram que é possível tratar esse resíduo por processos fermentativos e obter bioetanol por destilação simples com teor de álcool entre 3,85% a 6,90% para cada 250ml de biomassa com relação sólido-líquido de 4 para 1 para as condições ambientais. Observou-se em todos os testes que uma variável importante é o tempo de fermentação e a estrutura inicial do resíduo, pois isso influencia no rendimento obtido em termos de álcool produzido. Este trabalho faz parte do estudo preliminar para a implementação do conceito de biorrefinaria aos resíduos gerados no moinho de café úmido. A busca por alternativas que permitam o aproveitamento dos resíduos do café constitui um problema atual. Esses resíduos, quando não tratados, geralmente são despejados em mananciais e, às vezes, utilizados como aditivos agrícolas nas lavouras, o que pode causar sérios problemas de contaminação. Por este motivo, é necessária a realização de pesquisas nesta área que permitam seu tratamento ou utilização integral, Este trabajo presenta los resultados obtenidos a escala de laboratorio para el aprovechamiento de la pulpa de café (residuos) en el proceso de beneficio húmedo aplicando el concepto de biorrefinería. Los resultados mostraron que es posible tratar este residuo mediante procesos fermentativos y obtener bioetanol separado por medio de la destilación simple con un contenido de alcohol entre 3,85 % al 6,90 % por cada 250 ml de biomasa tratada en condiciones ambientales. Se observó en todos los ensayos que una variable importante es el tiempo de fermentación y la estructura inicial del residuo ya que esto influye sobre el rendimiento obtenido en términos del bioalcohol producido. Este trabajo forma parte de un estudio preliminar para la implementación del concepto de biorrefinería a los residuos generados en el beneficio húmedo del café. La búsqueda de alternativas que permitan el aprovechamiento de los residuos del café constituye una problemática actual. Estos residuos al no ser tratados, por lo general son vertidos a las fuentes hídricas y en ocasiones utilizados como enmiendas agrícolas en los cultivos, lo cual puede causar graves problemas de contaminación. Por este motivo es necesario realizar investigaciones en este campo que permitan su tratamiento o aprovechamiento integral.

This work presents the results obtained at a laboratory scale for the use of coffee pulp (residues) in the wet milling process applying the concept of biorefinery. The results showed that it is possible to treat this residue through fermentative processes and obtain bioethanol through simple distillation with an alcohol content between 3.85% to 6.90% for each 250ml of biomass with a solid-liquid ratio of 4 to 1 to environmental conditions. It was observed in all the tests that the fermentation time and the initial structure of the residue are important variables since they influence the yield obtained in terms of produced alcohol. This work is part of a preliminary study for the implementation of the biorefinery concept to the residues generated in the wet coffee mill. The search of alternatives that allow the use of coffee residues is a current problem. These residues, when not treated, are generally dumped into water sources and sometimes used as agricultural amendments in crops, which can cause serious contamination problems. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out research in this field for its treatment or comprehensive use., Este trabalho apresenta os resultados obtidos em escala de laboratório para o aproveitamento da polpa de café (resíduos), no processo de moagem úmida aplicando o conceito de biorrefinaria. Os resultados mostraram que é possível tratar esse resíduo por processos fermentativos e obter bioetanol por destilação simples com teor de álcool entre 3,85% a 6,90% para cada 250ml de biomassa com relação sólido-líquido de 4 para 1 para as condições ambientais. Observou-se em todos os testes que uma variável importante é o tempo de fermentação e a estrutura inicial do resíduo, pois isso influencia no rendimento obtido em termos de álcool produzido. Este trabalho faz parte do estudo preliminar para a implementação do conceito de biorrefinaria aos resíduos gerados no moinho de café úmido. A busca por alternativas que permitam o aproveitamento dos resíduos do café constitui um problema atual. Esses resíduos, quando não tratados, geralmente são despejados em mananciais e, às vezes, utilizados como aditivos agrícolas nas lavouras, o que pode causar sérios problemas de contaminação. Por este motivo, é necessária a realização de pesquisas nesta área que permitam seu tratamento ou utilização integral, Este trabajo presenta los resultados obtenidos a escala de laboratorio para el aprovechamiento de la pulpa de café (residuos) en el proceso de beneficio húmedo aplicando el concepto de biorrefinería. Los resultados mostraron que es posible tratar este residuo mediante procesos fermentativos y obtener bioetanol separado por medio de la destilación simple con un contenido de alcohol entre 3,85 % al 6,90 % por cada 250 ml de biomasa tratada en condiciones ambientales. Se observó en todos los ensayos que una variable importante es el tiempo de fermentación y la estructura inicial del residuo ya que esto influye sobre el rendimiento obtenido en términos del bioalcohol producido. Este trabajo forma parte de un estudio preliminar para la implementación del concepto de biorrefinería a los residuos generados en el beneficio húmedo del café. La búsqueda de alternativas que permitan el aprovechamiento de los residuos del café constituye una problemática actual. Estos residuos al no ser tratados, por lo general son vertidos a las fuentes hídricas y en ocasiones utilizados como enmiendas agrícolas en los cultivos, lo cual puede causar graves problemas de contaminación. Por este motivo es necesario realizar investigaciones en este campo que permitan su tratamiento o aprovechamiento integral.

In this study an integrated pre-treatment stage of waste banana peel biosorbent and sonication was investigated to qualify a mixture of brewery (BE) and restaurant (RE) effluents for photo fermentative hydrogen production without using standard medium. Different blending ratios of brewery and restaurant effluents and different sonication amplitudes (30, 60, and 90%) and sonication time (15, 25, 35, and 45 min) were investigated. The experimental results demonstrated that applying the proposed integrated pre-treatment (2 g L−1 waste banana peel biosorbent and 35 min sonication at 60% amplitude) for a mixture of 70% RE and 30% BE enhanced the cumulative biohydrogen production to 110 ± 4 mL (144% enhanced), while applying single pre-treatment stage (2 g L-1 banana peels waste biosorbent) enhanced the cumulative biohydrogen production to 83 mL (84% enhanced). Furthermore, more than 46% of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) removal was achieved during photo-fermentative hydrogen production process. The results also demonstrated that the proposed integrated pre-treatment stage is a promising technique not only for enhancing the biohydrogen production but also contributes in the treatment of the wastewater by reducing the COD.

Kartongbruket AB has a supplier of bale pulp which is transitioning to an RFID marking of its bales. Due to this, new perspectives are requested on an RFID implementation regarding the handling of bales. This study focuses on the inbound logistics process and the pulp bale handling process. Furthermore, traceability-related problems are noted due to the fact that the current scanning methodology does not work with sufficient precision. The coexistence between the current barcode reading system and the RFID reading system is also something that is identified as topic which needs to be studied. This study’s choice of the process industry and the cardboard industry is based on a theoretical gap regarding the above-mentioned concepts and problems in this specific industry. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to be helpful to Kartongbruket AB in their upcoming RFID implementation, and to fill the identified theoretical gaps. Method: This is a case study at Kartongbruket AB. Empirics have been collected through semi-structured interviews with relevant internal actors, where the respondents have been identified using a snowball selection method. The study is of a qualitative nature and the theoretical frame of reference has been created through a literature study. Conclusion: This study concludes that RFID can be used in the inbound logistics process to make stock balances more reliable in several potential ways. In addition to this, it can be concluded that an RFID-based system can lead to a centralized traceability system in the pulpbale handling process where internal actors can gain a greater knowledge base in customer complaints cases. The study's presented implementation model may be used as a support for the upcoming RFID implementation. The study also establishes that the merging model is the most suitable coexistence model for Kartongbruket AB when RFID and barcodes are to be run together in the pulp bale handling process.