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A projection of the Mexican economic growth in the face of SARS COV-2 was made, using a Cobb-Douglas production function and annual information from 1980 to 2022. The results of the elasticities of labor (0.60) and capital (0.37) indicate that the Mexican economy has a very close relationship with its labor force. The Solow residual (-10.26), which explains the factors that promote the economic development of a region, derived from technical progress; Being negative indicates in part the lack of consistency in gross capital formation in Mexico, which has had an impact on the growth rate, even when the labor factor has continued to rise, Foi feita uma projeção do crescimento econômico mexicano frente ao SARS COV-2, usando uma função de produção CobbDouglas e informações anuais de 1980 a 2022. Os resultados das elasticidades do trabalho (0,60) e do capital (0,37) indicam que a economia mexicana tem uma relação muito próxima com sua força de trabalho. O resíduo de Solow (-10,26), que explica os fatores que promovem o desenvolvimento econômico de uma região, derivados do progresso técnico; Ser negativo indica, em parte, a falta de consistência da formação bruta de capital no México, que teve impacto sobre a taxa de crescimento, mesmo quando o fator trabalho continuou aumentando., Se hizo una proyección del crecimiento económico mexicano ante el SARS COV-2, utilizando una función de producción Cobb-Douglas e información anual de 1980 a 2022. Los resultados de las elasticidades de la mano de obra (0.60) y del capital (0.37) indican que, la economía mexicana tiene una relación muy estrecha con su fuerza laboral. El residuo de Solow (-10.26), que da explicación a los factores que propician el desarrollo económico de una región, derivados del progreso técnico; al ser negativo indica en parte la falta de constancia en la formación bruta de capital en México, lo cual ha repercutido en la tasa de crecimiento, aun cuando el factor laboral se haya mantenido al alza.

Objective: To map the temporal evolution of overweight and obesity in Brazilian adults and estimate the prevalence of obesity for 2025 and 2030, evaluating the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Data were collected on the nutritional status of adults from 2008 to 2021 from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN), from which we calculated the prevalence and average annual rates of the variation of overweight and obesity. The projection of obesity, using linear regression, was analyzed in three scenarios: PP: with data from the pre-pandemic period (2008- 2019); outlier: with adjustment of the data trend (2008-2021), including the pandemic period, considering a return of scenario PP for projections from 2022; P: adjustment of pandemic data (2019-2021) to estimate the projection. Result: In the period 2008– 2021, we observed an average annual rate of overweight increase of 0.48 %/year. The prevalence of obesity more than doubled during this period, from 14.5% in 2008 to 32.9% in 2021 (i.e., an increase of 1.42). In the outlier scenario, the prevalence projections for obesity are 38.8% and 45.5% for 2015 and 2030, respectively. In the PP scenario (without the pandemic), the expected prevalence for the same period would be approximately 36.8% and 43.4%, respectively. Conclusion: Obesity and overweight follow an increasing trend. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the increase in the prevalence of obesity in Brazil and impacted its projections for the coming years.

Objective: To map the temporal evolution of overweight and obesity in Brazilian adults and estimate the prevalence of obesity for 2025 and 2030, evaluating the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Data were collected on the nutritional status of adults from 2008 to 2021 from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN), from which we calculated the prevalence and average annual rates of the variation of overweight and obesity. The projection of obesity, using linear regression, was analyzed in three scenarios: PP: with data from the pre-pandemic period (2008- 2019); outlier: with adjustment of the data trend (2008-2021), including the pandemic period, considering a return of scenario PP for projections from 2022; P: adjustment of pandemic data (2019-2021) to estimate the projection. Result: In the period 2008– 2021, we observed an average annual rate of overweight increase of 0.48 %/year. The prevalence of obesity more than doubled during this period, from 14.5% in 2008 to 32.9% in 2021 (i.e., an increase of 1.42). In the outlier scenario, the prevalence projections for obesity are 38.8% and 45.5% for 2015 and 2030, respectively. In the PP scenario (without the pandemic), the expected prevalence for the same period would be approximately 36.8% and 43.4%, respectively. Conclusion: Obesity and overweight follow an increasing trend. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the increase in the prevalence of obesity in Brazil and impacted its projections for the coming years.

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is a promising solution for voltage control of distribution grids with high penetration of inverter-based renewable energy sources (RESs). Yet, when adopting the DRL-based control method, the safe and optimal operation of the system cannot be guaranteed at the same time, as the conventional DRL agent is not designed to solve the hard constraint problem. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a deep neural network (DNN) assisted projection based DRL method for safe control of distribution grids. First, a finite iteration projection algorithm is proposed to guarantee hard constraints by converting a non-convex optimization problem into a finite iteration problem. Next, a DNN assisted projection method is proposed to accelerate the calculation of projection and achieve the practical implementation of hard constraints in DRL problem. Finally, a DNN Projection embedded twin-delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (DPe-TD3) method is proposed to achieve optimal operation of distribution grids with guaranteed 100% safety of the distribution grid. The safety of the DRL training is guaranteed via the embedded Projection DNN in TD3 with participation in gradient return process, which could smoothly and effectively project the DRL agent actions into the feasible area, thus guaranteeing the safety of data driven control and the optimal operation at the same time. The case studies and comparisons are conducted in the IEEE 33 bus system to show the effectiveness of the proposed method., QC 20240709

In recent years, biofuels have played an important role in the economic development of Thailand as a clean and environmentally-friendly source of energy that can be produced in the agricultural sector. Thailand has particularly high efficiency in energy crop production, making the country a valuable reserve energy source. The main purpose of this study is to examine the potential impact of climate change on energy crop productivity in Thailand, specifically for sugarcane, cassava, and oil palm, using panel data analysis from 1995 to 2020 at the provincial level throughout the country. The expected yield and variance of the yield are estimated using Just and Pope’s procedure. The empirical results reveal that temperature and rainfall have different effects on the efficiency of energy crop production. The estimated potential impact indicates that higher temperatures above the average level affect energy crop productivity more than rainfall changes in different directions. The findings conclude that in order to maximize domestic energy crop productivity, it is necessary to prepare the cultivation areas to suit the local climate and weather conditions.

[Resumen]: El término microbioma se refiere al conjunto de comunidades de microorganismos (como hongos, bacterias y virus) que existen en un entorno en particular. Estas comunidades son cada vez más estudiadas con el objetivo de investigar su papel en numerosos hábitats. Sin embargo, estos estudios por lo general son difíciles de reproducir debido a la existencia de fuentes de variación no deseada y no relacionadas con ningún factor de interés, que pueden conducir a conclusiones inexactas y/o erróneas. A estas fuentes de variación se les conoce como efectos de lote (batch effects). Entre los numerosos estudios existentes acerca del microbioma y su funcionamiento, el microbioma humano ha cobrado en los últimos años un gran interés, debido a los resultados de varios estudios que demuestran la existencia de una estrecha relación entre el equilibrio del mismo y el riesgo del desarrollo de diferentes tipos de cáncer. Entre ellos, el cáncer colorectal. El objetivo de este trabajo está centrado en la búsqueda de la forma más adecuada de eliminación de los ya nombrados efectos de lote en cohortes de microbioma para estudios de cáncer colorectal., [Abstract]: The term microbiome refers to the set of microbial communities (such as fungi, bacteria, and viruses) existing in a particular environment. These communities are increasingly being studied to investigate their role in numerous habitats. However, these studies are generally difficult to reproduce due to the existence of sources of unwanted variation unrelated to any factor of interest, which can lead to inaccurate and/or erroneous conclusions. These sources of variation are known as batch effects. Among the numerous existing studies on the microbiome and its functioning, the human microbiome has garnered significant interest in recent years, due to the results of several studies demonstrating the existence of a close relationship between its balance and the risk of developing different types of cancer, including colorectal cancer. The objective of this work is focused on finding the most appropriate way to eliminate the aforementioned batch effects in microbiome cohorts for colorectal cancer studies.

How can we create a collaborative filmmaking method within the creative constraints caused by COVID pandemic-related lockdowns? The Covers Are the Eyelids was made using a method of projecting moving images onto objects and then re-filming the projections. The method of synthesis of components is made visible as the multiple layers can be seen simultaneously. This layering through a video projection method was used to combine components made by practitioners from diverse disciplines. The combination of components is a creative event that results in the frames towards the completed film. The film could be written about in many ways. This text concentrates on the layering-in because this filmmaking method produced a mode of collaborative practice. This text describes the practical method of creative collaboration involving filming layered projections onto objects. Moreover, it outlines the creative combination involved in the selection of projected images and objects. The finished film explores this method of creative imbrication through practice. This imbrication can be understood as a practice which makes visible a ‘production of novel togetherness’, which Alfred North Whitehead terms ‘concrescence’ (1928/1978 pg.31). The core proposition is that the film acts as a tacit exposition of a process of concrescence. To make this claim, we first summarise the proposition of concrescence from Whitehead, we then articulate the filmmaking challenge as a research question. In the methods section we describe the creative practices that come together in filmmaking. In the outcomes section, we further apply Whitehead’s proposition of concrescence in order to articulate how the process is made apparent by the method of filming projections.

In this paper, we build on the work of Hughes and Sangalli (2007) dealing with the explicit computation of the Fine-Scale Greens’ function. The original approach chooses a set of functionals associated with a projector to compute the Fine-Scale Greens’ function. The construction of these functionals, however, does not generalise to arbitrary projections, higher dimensions, or Spectral Element methods. We propose to generalise the construction of the required functionals by using dual functions. These dual functions can be directly derived from the chosen projector and are explicitly computable. We show how to find the dual functions for both the L2 and the H01 projections. We then go on to demonstrate that the Fine-Scale Greens’ functions constructed with the dual basis functions consistently reproduce the unresolved scales removed by the projector. The methodology is tested using one-dimensional Poisson and advection–diffusion problems, as well as a two-dimensional Poisson problem. We present the computed components of the Fine-Scale Greens’ function, and the Fine-Scale Greens’ function itself. These results show that the method works for arbitrary projections, in arbitrary dimensions. Moreover, the methodology can be applied to any Finite/Spectral Element or Isogeometric framework., Aerodynamics, Numerical Analysis, Ship Hydromechanics and Structures

Climate change has had a significant impact on the seasonal transition dates of Arctic tundra ecosystems, causing diverse variations between distinct land surface classes. However, the combined effect of multiple controls as well as their individual effects on these dates remains unclear at various scales and across diverse land surface classes. Here we quantified spatiotemporal variations of three seasonal transition dates (start of spring, maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVImax) day, end of fall) for five dominating land surface classes in the ice-free Greenland. Using a distributed snow model, structural equation modeling, and a random forest model, based on ground observations and remote sensing data, we assessed the indirect and direct effects of climate, snow, and terrain on seasonal transition dates. We then presented new projections of likely changes in seasonal transition dates under six future climate scenarios. The coupled climate, snow cover, and terrain conditions explained up to 61% of seasonal transition dates across different land surface classes. Snow ending day played a crucial role in the start of spring and timing of NDVImax. A warmer June and a decline in wind could advance the NDVImax day. Increased precipitation and temperature during July–August are the most important for delaying the end of fall. We projected that a 1–4.5°C increase in temperature and a 5%–20% increase in precipitation would lengthen the spring-to-fall period for all five land surface classes by 2050, thus the current order of spring-to-fall lengths for the five land surface classes could undergo notable changes. Tall shrubs and fens would have a longer spring-to-fall period under the warmest and wettest scenario, suggesting a competitive advantage for these vegetation communities. This study's results illustrate controls on seasonal transition dates and portend potential changes in vegetation composition in the Arctic und

Climate change has had a significant impact on the seasonal transition dates of Arctic tundra ecosystems, causing diverse variations between distinct land surface classes. However, the combined effect of multiple controls as well as their individual effects on these dates remains unclear at various scales and across diverse land surface classes. Here we quantified spatiotemporal variations of three seasonal transition dates (start of spring, maximum normalized difference vegetation index (NDVImax) day, end of fall) for five dominating land surface classes in the ice-free Greenland. Using a distributed snow model, structural equation modeling, and a random forest model, based on ground observations and remote sensing data, we assessed the indirect and direct effects of climate, snow, and terrain on seasonal transition dates. We then presented new projections of likely changes in seasonal transition dates under six future climate scenarios. The coupled climate, snow cover, and terrain conditions explained up to 61% of seasonal transition dates across different land surface classes. Snow ending day played a crucial role in the start of spring and timing of NDVImax. A warmer June and a decline in wind could advance the NDVImax day. Increased precipitation and temperature during July–August are the most important for delaying the end of fall. We projected that a 1–4.5°C increase in temperature and a 5%–20% increase in precipitation would lengthen the spring-to-fall period for all five land surface classes by 2050, thus the current order of spring-to-fall lengths for the five land surface classes could undergo notable changes. Tall shrubs and fens would have a longer spring-to-fall period under the warmest and wettest scenario, suggesting a competitive advantage for these vegetation communities. This study's results illustrate controls on seasonal transition dates and portend potential changes in vegetation composition in the Arctic und

This research was supported by The FH Dean’s Reserve for International Research Collaboration, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Grant number 1-ZVB34)., This paper reports on a crosslinguistic corpus-based investigation of linguistic strategies of quoting and reporting of speech and thought across six genetically unrelated languages (Arabic, English, Dagaare, Hindi, Spanish and Japanese). Specifically, the study draws on Michael Halliday's concept of projection that covers the traditional categories of quoting and reporting as a type of logico-semantic relation. The study also examines projection 'trinocularly', by viewing quoting and reporting from three viewpoints, namely their semantics, their lexicogrammatical realisations and the structural configuration they display. The use of projection as a unified domain of inquiry and the trinocular perspective ensures a systematic accounting of the generality and specificity of projection across the languages. Section 1 specifies our investigation, relating it to the traditional account of quoting and reporting. Section 2 describes our corpus data. Section 3 introduces the theoretical and descriptive categories used to describe verbal and mental projection as a type of logico-semantic relation, using English for illustration. Section 4 examines data from each language in question. Finally, Section 5 compares and contrasts the results of this study, discusses the general and language-specific features of projection, and concludes by commenting on how our approach to quoting and reporting extends previous approaches., Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Depto. de Estudios Ingleses: Lingüística y Literatura, Fac. de Filología, TRUE, pub

Discrete tomography deals with the reconstruction of images from a (usually small) set of X-ray projections. This is achieved by modeling the tomographic problem as a linear system of equations and then applying a suitable discrete reconstruction algorithm based on iterations. In this paper we adopt the well-known grid model and prove some geometric properties of integer solutions consisting of $p\geq 2$ gray levels. In particular, we show that all gray-scale solutions having the same two-norm belong to a same hypersphere, centered at the uniform image related to the data and having radius ranging in an interval whose bounds are explicitly computed. Moving from a uniqueness theorem for gray-scale images, we compute special sets of directions that guarantee uniqueness of reconstruction and exploit them as the input of the Conjugate Gradient Least Squares algorithm. Then we apply an integer rounding to the resulting output and, basing on previously described geometric parameters, we test the quality of the obtained reconstructions for an increasing number of iterations, which leads to a progressive improvement of the percentage of correctly reconstructed pixels, until perfect reconstruction is achieved. Differently, using sets of directions which are classically employed, but far from being sets of uniqueness, only partial reconstructions are obtained.

This paper shows the light effects and geometric alignments created by the sunlight passing through the stained glasses of the eastern rose window in Mallorca Cathedral and projecting on the inner side of the cathedral's main façade and on the cathedral's floor. As well as providing more accurate information about these already known light effects, this paper makes use of laser scanning techniques and astronomical and geographical concepts in order to graphically display other novel effects which occur in coincidence with certain religious festivities throughout the year.

Strategic plans for waste management require information on the current and future waste generation as a primary data source. Over the years, various approaches and methods for waste generation modeling have been presented and applied. This review provides a summary of the tasks that require information on waste generation that are most frequently handled in waste management. It is hypothesized that there is not currently a modeling approach universally suitable for forecasting any fraction of waste. It is also hypothesized that most models do not allow for modeling different scenarios of future development. Almost 360 publications were examined in detail, and all of the tracked attributes are included in the supplementary. A general step-by-step guide to waste generation forecasting, comprising data preparation, pre-processing, processing, and post-processing, was proposed. The problems that occurred in the individual steps were specified, and the authors’ recommendations for their solution were provided. A forecasting approach based on a short time series is presented, due to insufficient options of approaches for this problem. An approach is presented for creating projections of waste generation depending on the expected system changes. Researchers and stakeholders can use this document as a supporting material when deciding on a suitable approach to waste generation modeling or waste management plans.

Midlatitude atmospheric blocking events are important drivers of long-lasting extreme weather conditions at regional to continental scales. However, modern climate models consistently underestimate their frequency of occurrence compared to observations, casting doubt on future projections of climate extremes. Using the prominent and largely underestimated winter blocking events in Europe as a test case, this study first introduces a spatio-temporal approach to study blocking activity based on a clustering technique, allowing to assess models’ ability to simulate both realistic frequencies and locations of blocking events. A sensitivity analysis from an ensemble of 49 simulations from 24 coupled climate models shows that the presence of a mesoscale eddy-permitting ocean model increases the realism of simulated blocking events for almost all types of patterns clustered from observations. This finding is further explained and supported by concomitant reductions in well-documented biases in Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current positions, as well as in the midlatitude jet stream variability.

Globally, sea levels are rising due to climate change caused by humans. Current and future sea level rise will have a variety of effects, particularly on coastal infrastructure. This study analysed the tidal level trend and projected sea level rise along the western coast of peninsular Malaysia using tide level records collected between 1986 and 2012. The seasonal Mann-Kendall test and linear trend were used to determine the tide level trend over time and to predict sea level rise for 2050 and 2100. Based on a confidence interval of 95%, the results of the analysis indicated a rising trend at all stations. Tau values for the Mann-Kendall test range between 0.16 and 0.33, while seasonal Mann-Kendall values range between 0.18 and 0.41. Based on the sea level projection analysis, the mean sea level will rise between 8.77 cm and 14.29 cm in 2050, and between 20.44 cm and 33.20 cm in 2100. In conclusion, the sea level trend at all stations on the west coasts of peninsular Malaysia exhibits an upward trend.

City Aggregation Machine- Project for HousingThe core concept of the project is Ambi-formalism. The main content of the design is urban morphology and an urban system of collective communities. Aim at creating a non-single perspective of reading, I call this intuitive experience, to increase presence to position “ourselves".Based on the generative logic of the Fengshui map and the European fortification map of the city wall, the origami method is used to decompose its shape, and the visual scale is used to decompose the schema into units and become a procedural grid of urban aggregation. Transform inoperable forms into operable urban unit systems. As an autonomous urban structure that can accommodate multiple reading views, in turn , which can trigger people's intuitive schema in it. so as to position ourselves.Residential district is the object designed to operate the system and skeleton of urban aggregation which mix of private and public volumes can accommodate a series of events, it aiso in itself constitutes an event. The visual layer is the schematic route(events) into a dwelling, to identify each neighborhood.

City Aggregation Machine- Project for HousingThe core concept of the project is Ambi-formalism. The main content of the design is urban morphology and an urban system of collective communities. Aim at creating a non-single perspective of reading, I call this intuitive experience, to increase presence to position “ourselves".Based on the generative logic of the Fengshui map and the European fortification map of the city wall, the origami method is used to decompose its shape, and the visual scale is used to decompose the schema into units and become a procedural grid of urban aggregation. Transform inoperable forms into operable urban unit systems. As an autonomous urban structure that can accommodate multiple reading views, in turn , which can trigger people's intuitive schema in it. so as to position ourselves.Residential district is the object designed to operate the system and skeleton of urban aggregation which mix of private and public volumes can accommodate a series of events, it aiso in itself constitutes an event. The visual layer is the schematic route(events) into a dwelling, to identify each neighborhood.

The paper starts out with a figure of speech –avant la lettre– and points, through a review of literature, to a variety of disciplinary explanations regarding processes before language was ever spoken. This leads to three categories regarding the relationship of images and language in the context of visual arts and visual communication. Some images depend on the linguistic message, some are framed by a linguistic message, and some are independent of a linguistic message. Images which are independent of language are used in the paper to differentiate processes avant la lettre in two case studies. The first case study is an in-depth discussion of the projection of individual traits through the ink-blot images of the Rorschach test. The 10 plates of this psychometric test are supposed to reveal processes avant la lettre that are characteristic for an individual psyche. The second case study shows how ink-blot images are used to train communication designers and how the projection of individual traits is a means to develop a unique result. To conclude the discussion, projection, as a process avant la lettre, is employed in order to describe the effect of ink-blot images as a dimension of any aesthetic experience.

ObjectivesTo make projections of cigarette consumption that incorporate state-specific trends in smoking behaviors, assess the potential for states to reach an ideal target, and identify State-specific targets for cigarette consumption.MethodsWe used 70 years (1950-2020) of annual state-specific estimates of per capita cigarette consumption (expressed as packs per capita or "ppc") from the Tax Burden on Tobacco reports (N = 3550). We summarized trends within each state by linear regression models and the variation in rates across states by the Gini coefficient. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models were used to make state-specific forecasts of ppc from 2021 through 2035.ResultsSince 1980, the average rate of decline in US per capita cigarette consumption was 3.3% per year, but rates of decline varied considerably across US states (SD = 1.1% per year). The Gini coefficient showed growing inequity in cigarette consumption across US states. After reaching its lowest level in 1984 (Gini = 0.09), the Gini coefficient began increasing by 2.8% (95% CI: 2.5%, 3.1%) per year from 1985 to 2020 and is projected to continue to increase by 48.1% (95% PI = 35.3%, 64.2%) from 2020 to 2035 (Gini = 0.35; 95% PI: 0.32, 0.39). Forecasts from ARIMA models suggested that only 12 states have a realistic chance (≥50%) of reaching very low levels of per capita cigarette consumption (≤13 ppc) by 2035, but that all US states have opportunity to make some progress.ConclusionWhile ideal targets may be out of reach for most US states within the next decade, every US state has the potential to lower its per capita cigarette consumption, and our identification of more realistic targets may provide a helpful incentive.

The increasing dependence on digital infrastructure leaves individuals, societies and even nations vulnerable in the case of a cyberattack. To prepare for threats and attacks, cyberattacks be simulated in environments called cyber ranges. CYBER RANGE AND TRAINING ENVIRONMENT (CRATE), Sweden's cyber range, is an example of such an environment. This environment is sophisticated and complex, but challenges remain for the operatives in how to interpret the multitude of information items that are produced during a simulation. An emerging field of study is the study of situational awareness in the cyber domain, which describes how an operative can render an accurate mental picture, which enables for quick assessment and decision-making in a situation where a multitude of data or information items are involved. An integral part of situational awareness is effective visualization. Visualization can form the linkage in the human-computer interaction and has been demonstrated in other industries and fields to facilitate situational awareness. However, the linkage between situational awareness and visualization in the unique context of a cyber range was a new topic of study. This thesis aim was to provide insight and advance the knowledge of visualization for situational awareness in the unique context of the cyber range CRATE. Conclusively, in the development of a visualization software, the abstraction levels and time frame of the information items collected should be considered. Each information item is of different relevance depending on both the operative's role and in which time frame through which the information is analyzed. A visualization technique that recognizes the abstraction level and the time frame increases the situational awareness for the operative conducting the simulation because it renders both an estimation of critical core processes, current events that are unfolding and enables for the future projection of events.

Imposition methods of interface conditions for the second-order wave equation with non-conforming grids is considered. The spatial discretization is based on high order finite differences with summation-by-parts properties. Previously presented solution methods for this problem, based on the simultaneous approximation term (SAT) method, have shown to introduce significant stiffness. This can lead to highly inefficient schemes. Here, two new methods of imposing the interface conditions to avoid the stiffness problems are presented: (1) a projection method and (2) a hybrid between the projection method and the SAT method. Numerical experiments are performed using traditional and order-preserving interpolation operators. Both of the novel methods retain the accuracy and convergence behavior of the previously developed SAT method but are significantly less stiff.

The increasing dependence on digital infrastructure leaves individuals, societies and even nations vulnerable in the case of a cyberattack. To prepare for threats and attacks, cyberattacks be simulated in environments called cyber ranges. CYBER RANGE AND TRAINING ENVIRONMENT (CRATE), Sweden's cyber range, is an example of such an environment. This environment is sophisticated and complex, but challenges remain for the operatives in how to interpret the multitude of information items that are produced during a simulation. An emerging field of study is the study of situational awareness in the cyber domain, which describes how an operative can render an accurate mental picture, which enables for quick assessment and decision-making in a situation where a multitude of data or information items are involved. An integral part of situational awareness is effective visualization. Visualization can form the linkage in the human-computer interaction and has been demonstrated in other industries and fields to facilitate situational awareness. However, the linkage between situational awareness and visualization in the unique context of a cyber range was a new topic of study. This thesis aim was to provide insight and advance the knowledge of visualization for situational awareness in the unique context of the cyber range CRATE. Conclusively, in the development of a visualization software, the abstraction levels and time frame of the information items collected should be considered. Each information item is of different relevance depending on both the operative's role and in which time frame through which the information is analyzed. A visualization technique that recognizes the abstraction level and the time frame increases the situational awareness for the operative conducting the simulation because it renders both an estimation of critical core processes, current events that are unfolding and enables for the future projection of events.

This study deals with turn-taking in human-robot interactions (HRI). Based on 15 sessions ofvideo-recorded interactions between pairs of human participants and a social robot called Furhat, we explore how human participants orient to violations of the normative order of turn-taking in social interaction and how they handle those violations. As a case in point, we present sequences of HRI to show particular features of turn-taking with the robot and also how the robot may fail to respond to the human participants’ bid to take a turn. In these sequences, the participants either complete the turn in progress and ignore the overlap caused by the robot’s continuation of its turn, or they cut short their own turn and restart in the next possible turn-transition place. In all cases in our data, the overlaps and failed smooth turn-transitions are oriented to as accountable and in some sense interactionally problematic. The results of the study point not only to improvables in robot engineering, but also to routine practices of projection and the ways in which human subjects orient toward normative expectations of ordinary social interactions, even whenconversing with a robot.

Imposition methods of interface conditions for the second-order wave equation with non-conforming grids is considered. The spatial discretization is based on high order finite differences with summation-by-parts properties. Previously presented solution methods for this problem, based on the simultaneous approximation term (SAT) method, have shown to introduce significant stiffness. This can lead to highly inefficient schemes. Here, two new methods of imposing the interface conditions to avoid the stiffness problems are presented: (1) a projection method and (2) a hybrid between the projection method and the SAT method. Numerical experiments are performed using traditional and order-preserving interpolation operators. Both of the novel methods retain the accuracy and convergence behavior of the previously developed SAT method but are significantly less stiff.

Strategic plans for waste management require information on the current and future waste generation as a primary data source. Over the years, various approaches and methods for waste generation modeling have been presented and applied. This review provides a summary of the tasks that require information on waste generation that are most frequently handled in waste management. It is hypothesized that there is not currently a modeling approach universally suitable for forecasting any fraction of waste. It is also hypothesized that most models do not allow for modeling different scenarios of future development. Almost 360 publications were examined in detail, and all of the tracked attributes are included in the supplementary. A general step-by-step guide to waste generation forecasting, comprising data preparation, pre-processing, processing, and post-processing, was proposed. The problems that occurred in the individual steps were specified, and the authors’ recommendations for their solution were provided. A forecasting approach based on a short time series is presented, due to insufficient options of approaches for this problem. An approach is presented for creating projections of waste generation depending on the expected system changes. Researchers and stakeholders can use this document as a supporting material when deciding on a suitable approach to waste generation modeling or waste management plans.

Imposition methods of interface conditions for the second-order wave equation with non-conforming grids is considered. The spatial discretization is based on high order finite differences with summation-by-parts properties. Previously presented solution methods for this problem, based on the simultaneous approximation term (SAT) method, have shown to introduce significant stiffness. This can lead to highly inefficient schemes. Here, two new methods of imposing the interface conditions to avoid the stiffness problems are presented: (1) a projection method and (2) a hybrid between the projection method and the SAT method. Numerical experiments are performed using traditional and order-preserving interpolation operators. Both of the novel methods retain the accuracy and convergence behavior of the previously developed SAT method but are significantly less stiff.

Strategic plans for waste management require information on the current and future waste generation as a primary data source. Over the years, various approaches and methods for waste generation modeling have been presented and applied. This review provides a summary of the tasks that require information on waste generation that are most frequently handled in waste management. It is hypothesized that there is not currently a modeling approach universally suitable for forecasting any fraction of waste. It is also hypothesized that most models do not allow for modeling different scenarios of future development. Almost 360 publications were examined in detail, and all of the tracked attributes are included in the supplementary. A general step-by-step guide to waste generation forecasting, comprising data preparation, pre-processing, processing, and post-processing, was proposed. The problems that occurred in the individual steps were specified, and the authors’ recommendations for their solution were provided. A forecasting approach based on a short time series is presented, due to insufficient options of approaches for this problem. An approach is presented for creating projections of waste generation depending on the expected system changes. Researchers and stakeholders can use this document as a supporting material when deciding on a suitable approach to waste generation modeling or waste management plans.

BackgroundBiological invasions threaten the functioning of ecosystems, biodiversity, and human well-being by degrading ecosystem services and eliciting massive economic costs. The European Union has historically been a hub for cultural development and global trade, and thus, has extensive opportunities for the introduction and spread of alien species. While reported costs of biological invasions to some member states have been recently assessed, ongoing knowledge gaps in taxonomic and spatio-temporal data suggest that these costs were considerably underestimated.ResultsWe used the latest available cost data in InvaCost (v4.1)-the most comprehensive database on the costs of biological invasions-to assess the magnitude of this underestimation within the European Union via projections of current and future invasion costs. We used macroeconomic scaling and temporal modelling approaches to project available cost information over gaps in taxa, space, and time, thereby producing a more complete estimate for the European Union economy. We identified that only 259 out of 13,331 (similar to 1%) known invasive alien species have reported costs in the European Union. Using a conservative subset of highly reliable, observed, country-level cost entries from 49 species (totalling US$4.7 billion; 2017 value), combined with the establishment data of alien species within European Union member states, we projected unreported cost data for all member states.ConclusionsOur corrected estimate of observed costs was potentially 501% higher (US$28.0 billion) than currently recorded. Using future projections of current estimates, we also identified a substantial increase in costs and costly species (US$148.2 billion) by 2040. We urge that cost reporting be improved to clarify the economic impacts of greatest concern, concomitant with coordinated international action to prevent and mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species in the European Union and globally.

Imposition methods of interface conditions for the second-order wave equation with non-conforming grids is considered. The spatial discretization is based on high order finite differences with summation-by-parts properties. Previously presented solution methods for this problem, based on the simultaneous approximation term (SAT) method, have shown to introduce significant stiffness. This can lead to highly inefficient schemes. Here, two new methods of imposing the interface conditions to avoid the stiffness problems are presented: (1) a projection method and (2) a hybrid between the projection method and the SAT method. Numerical experiments are performed using traditional and order-preserving interpolation operators. Both of the novel methods retain the accuracy and convergence behavior of the previously developed SAT method but are significantly less stiff.

This article argues for an expansion of the concepts of true open depths [vraies profundeurs franches] and destroyed open depths [vraies profundeurs detruites] proposed by Raymond Bellour in his analysis of cinematographic space (1997). Thus, we argue for the notion of falsehood as a pertinent analytic category, which serves as a way to approach both diegetic spatiality and thespecific space of film projection. Therefore, we analyze films and the use of film projection in contemporary art deploying Lev Manovich’s compositingand montageaesthetics (2005), Andre Bazin’s notions of expressionism and realism (1990), Vivian Sobchack’s phenomenological reading of the cinematic(2004), and Eduardo Grüner’s analysis of representational space (2021), Este artigo pretende expandir as noções de verdadeiras profundidades abertas e verdadeiras profundidades destruídas, propostas por Raymond Bellour (1997) em sua análise sobre o espaço cinematográfico. Nesse sentido, discorre-seacerca da relevância teórica da falsidade como categoria de análise, visando abordar tanto a espacialidade diegética do filme quanto a espacialidade específica no âmbito da projeção. Para tal finalidade, são tomados como referência alguns filmes, bem como o uso de projeção fílmica em obras de arte contemporâneas. Como ferramentas de análise, tomam-se as estéticas de composição e montagem propostas por Lev Manovich (2021), a periodização de estilos cinematográficos de André Bazin (2005), a leitura fenomenológica do cinemático de Vivian Sobchack (2021) e a análise do espaço representativo de Eduardo Grüner (2021)., Este artículo buscará expandir las nociones de verdaderas profundidades abiertas y verdaderas profundidades destruidas propuestas por Raymond Bellour (1997) en su análisis del espacio cinematográfico. Se argumentará en este sentido por la pertinencia teórica de la falsedad como categoría de análisis, permitiendo abordar tanto la espacialidad diegética del film como la espacialidad específica del ámbito de proyección. A estos fines se recurrirá tanto a films como al uso de proyección fílmica en obras de arte contemporáneo, sirviendo como herramientas de análisis las estéticas de composición [compositing] y montaje propuestas por Lev Manovich (2001), las categorizaciones de expresionismo y realismo de André Bazin (1990), la lectura fenomenológica de lo cinemático de Vivian Sobchack (2004), y el análisis del espacio representativo de Eduardo Grüner (2021).

The purpose of this research study is to describe the variation in the volume of productive credit in Ecuador and determine its effect on GDP during the period 2016-2021 at the national level. It was developed through a mixed approach and with a study population that encompasses all the institutions of the financial system that grant productive credit. The information was collected through the databases of competent and reliable agencies, such as the Central Bank and the Superintendence of Popular and Solidarity Economy, available on their websites. Data processing required the use of descriptive and econometric statistics. The main results indicate that productive credit had an increase in the acceptance of members and clients due to the intervention of the Ecuadorian State through programs to reactivate the economy after the incidents caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Next, a direct effect was established between the two study variables, so that the increase in productive credit represents an increase in GDP. Also, a growth of 9.42% and 13.02% in the volume of productive credit was projected for the years 2023 and 2024, respectively, and an increase of 0.18% and 1.07% in GDP. Finally, it is generally concluded that productive credit placements increased due to the government's action and that they do contribute to Ecuador's economic growth., El presente estudio de investigación tiene como objetivo describir la variación del volumen de crédito productivo en el Ecuador y determinar su efecto en el PIB durante el periodo 2016-2021 a nivel nacional. Se desarrolló mediante un enfoque mixto y con una población de estudio que abarca todas las instituciones del sistema financiero que otorgan créditos productivos. La información se recopiló a través de las bases de datos de organismos competentes y fiables, como el Banco Central y la Superintendencia de Economía Popular y Solidaria, disponibles en sus páginas webs. Para el procesamiento de los datos fue necesario el uso de la estadística descriptiva y econométrica. Los principales resultados indican que el crédito productivo tuvo un incremento en la aceptación de los socios y clientes debido a la intervención del estado ecuatoriano mediante programas para reactivar la economía después de los incidentes provocados por la pandemia Covid-19. Seguidamente, se estableció un efecto directo entre las dos variables de estudio, por lo que, el aumento del crédito productivo representa una ampliación en el PIB. También, se proyectó un crecimiento para los años 2023 y 2024 del volumen de crédito productico en 9,42% y 13,02% respectivamente, y un aumento del PIB en 0,18% y 1,07%. Finalmente, se concluye de forma general que las colocaciones del crédito productivo aumentaron por las acciones del gobierno y que éstas sí contribuyen al crecimiento económico del Ecuador.

The purpose of this research study is to describe the variation in the volume of productive credit in Ecuador and determine its effect on GDP during the period 2016-2021 at the national level. It was developed through a mixed approach and with a study population that encompasses all the institutions of the financial system that grant productive credit. The information was collected through the databases of competent and reliable agencies, such as the Central Bank and the Superintendence of Popular and Solidarity Economy, available on their websites. Data processing required the use of descriptive and econometric statistics. The main results indicate that productive credit had an increase in the acceptance of members and clients due to the intervention of the Ecuadorian State through programs to reactivate the economy after the incidents caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Next, a direct effect was established between the two study variables, so that the increase in productive credit represents an increase in GDP. Also, a growth of 9.42% and 13.02% in the volume of productive credit was projected for the years 2023 and 2024, respectively, and an increase of 0.18% and 1.07% in GDP. Finally, it is generally concluded that productive credit placements increased due to the government's action and that they do contribute to Ecuador's economic growth., El presente estudio de investigación tiene como objetivo describir la variación del volumen de crédito productivo en el Ecuador y determinar su efecto en el PIB durante el periodo 2016-2021 a nivel nacional. Se desarrolló mediante un enfoque mixto y con una población de estudio que abarca todas las instituciones del sistema financiero que otorgan créditos productivos. La información se recopiló a través de las bases de datos de organismos competentes y fiables, como el Banco Central y la Superintendencia de Economía Popular y Solidaria, disponibles en sus páginas webs. Para el procesamiento de los datos fue necesario el uso de la estadística descriptiva y econométrica. Los principales resultados indican que el crédito productivo tuvo un incremento en la aceptación de los socios y clientes debido a la intervención del estado ecuatoriano mediante programas para reactivar la economía después de los incidentes provocados por la pandemia Covid-19. Seguidamente, se estableció un efecto directo entre las dos variables de estudio, por lo que, el aumento del crédito productivo representa una ampliación en el PIB. También, se proyectó un crecimiento para los años 2023 y 2024 del volumen de crédito productico en 9,42% y 13,02% respectivamente, y un aumento del PIB en 0,18% y 1,07%. Finalmente, se concluye de forma general que las colocaciones del crédito productivo aumentaron por las acciones del gobierno y que éstas sí contribuyen al crecimiento económico del Ecuador.

The purpose of this research study is to describe the variation in the volume of productive credit in Ecuador and determine its effect on GDP during the period 2016-2021 at the national level. It was developed through a mixed approach and with a study population that encompasses all the institutions of the financial system that grant productive credit. The information was collected through the databases of competent and reliable agencies, such as the Central Bank and the Superintendence of Popular and Solidarity Economy, available on their websites. Data processing required the use of descriptive and econometric statistics. The main results indicate that productive credit had an increase in the acceptance of members and clients due to the intervention of the Ecuadorian State through programs to reactivate the economy after the incidents caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Next, a direct effect was established between the two study variables, so that the increase in productive credit represents an increase in GDP. Also, a growth of 9.42% and 13.02% in the volume of productive credit was projected for the years 2023 and 2024, respectively, and an increase of 0.18% and 1.07% in GDP. Finally, it is generally concluded that productive credit placements increased due to the government's action and that they do contribute to Ecuador's economic growth., El presente estudio de investigación tiene como objetivo describir la variación del volumen de crédito productivo en el Ecuador y determinar su efecto en el PIB durante el periodo 2016-2021 a nivel nacional. Se desarrolló mediante un enfoque mixto y con una población de estudio que abarca todas las instituciones del sistema financiero que otorgan créditos productivos. La información se recopiló a través de las bases de datos de organismos competentes y fiables, como el Banco Central y la Superintendencia de Economía Popular y Solidaria, disponibles en sus páginas webs. Para el procesamiento de los datos fue necesario el uso de la estadística descriptiva y econométrica. Los principales resultados indican que el crédito productivo tuvo un incremento en la aceptación de los socios y clientes debido a la intervención del estado ecuatoriano mediante programas para reactivar la economía después de los incidentes provocados por la pandemia Covid-19. Seguidamente, se estableció un efecto directo entre las dos variables de estudio, por lo que, el aumento del crédito productivo representa una ampliación en el PIB. También, se proyectó un crecimiento para los años 2023 y 2024 del volumen de crédito productico en 9,42% y 13,02% respectivamente, y un aumento del PIB en 0,18% y 1,07%. Finalmente, se concluye de forma general que las colocaciones del crédito productivo aumentaron por las acciones del gobierno y que éstas sí contribuyen al crecimiento económico del Ecuador.

This essay reads Simone de Beauvoir together with Friedrich Nietzsche on ‘becoming’ a woman. Drawing on mythology, quite as de Beauvoir does in The Second Sex, connections can be made with Georges Bataille but also with Sarah Kofman’s own engagement with Nietzsche’s Ecce Homo. Death and limitation are part of Nietzsche’s own reflections and correspond to what de Beauvoir highlights in terms of «mysteries, orgies, and bacchanals», in addition to ««sacred frenzy», and the conjunction of marriage and lightning strikes., En este ensayo se hace una lectura conjunta de Simone de Beauvoir y Friedrich Nietzsche sobre el «llegar a ser» mujer. Recurriendo a la mitología, al igual que hace de Beauvoir en El segundo sexo, se pueden establecer conexiones con Georges Bataille, pero también con el propio compromiso de Sarah Kofman con el Ecce Homo de Nietzsche. La muerte y la limitación forman parte de las reflexiones del propio Nietzsche y se corresponden con lo que de Beauvoir destaca en términos de «misterios, orgías y bacanales», además del «frenesí sagrado» y la conjunción del matrimonio y el relámpago.

The purpose of this research study is to describe the variation in the volume of productive credit in Ecuador and determine its effect on GDP during the period 2016-2021 at the national level. It was developed through a mixed approach and with a study population that encompasses all the institutions of the financial system that grant productive credit. The information was collected through the databases of competent and reliable agencies, such as the Central Bank and the Superintendence of Popular and Solidarity Economy, available on their websites. Data processing required the use of descriptive and econometric statistics. The main results indicate that productive credit had an increase in the acceptance of members and clients due to the intervention of the Ecuadorian State through programs to reactivate the economy after the incidents caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Next, a direct effect was established between the two study variables, so that the increase in productive credit represents an increase in GDP. Also, a growth of 9.42% and 13.02% in the volume of productive credit was projected for the years 2023 and 2024, respectively, and an increase of 0.18% and 1.07% in GDP. Finally, it is generally concluded that productive credit placements increased due to the government's action and that they do contribute to Ecuador's economic growth., El presente estudio de investigación tiene como objetivo describir la variación del volumen de crédito productivo en el Ecuador y determinar su efecto en el PIB durante el periodo 2016-2021 a nivel nacional. Se desarrolló mediante un enfoque mixto y con una población de estudio que abarca todas las instituciones del sistema financiero que otorgan créditos productivos. La información se recopiló a través de las bases de datos de organismos competentes y fiables, como el Banco Central y la Superintendencia de Economía Popular y Solidaria, disponibles en sus páginas webs. Para el procesamiento de los datos fue necesario el uso de la estadística descriptiva y econométrica. Los principales resultados indican que el crédito productivo tuvo un incremento en la aceptación de los socios y clientes debido a la intervención del estado ecuatoriano mediante programas para reactivar la economía después de los incidentes provocados por la pandemia Covid-19. Seguidamente, se estableció un efecto directo entre las dos variables de estudio, por lo que, el aumento del crédito productivo representa una ampliación en el PIB. También, se proyectó un crecimiento para los años 2023 y 2024 del volumen de crédito productico en 9,42% y 13,02% respectivamente, y un aumento del PIB en 0,18% y 1,07%. Finalmente, se concluye de forma general que las colocaciones del crédito productivo aumentaron por las acciones del gobierno y que éstas sí contribuyen al crecimiento económico del Ecuador.

The purpose of this research study is to describe the variation in the volume of productive credit in Ecuador and determine its effect on GDP during the period 2016-2021 at the national level. It was developed through a mixed approach and with a study population that encompasses all the institutions of the financial system that grant productive credit. The information was collected through the databases of competent and reliable agencies, such as the Central Bank and the Superintendence of Popular and Solidarity Economy, available on their websites. Data processing required the use of descriptive and econometric statistics. The main results indicate that productive credit had an increase in the acceptance of members and clients due to the intervention of the Ecuadorian State through programs to reactivate the economy after the incidents caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Next, a direct effect was established between the two study variables, so that the increase in productive credit represents an increase in GDP. Also, a growth of 9.42% and 13.02% in the volume of productive credit was projected for the years 2023 and 2024, respectively, and an increase of 0.18% and 1.07% in GDP. Finally, it is generally concluded that productive credit placements increased due to the government's action and that they do contribute to Ecuador's economic growth., El presente estudio de investigación tiene como objetivo describir la variación del volumen de crédito productivo en el Ecuador y determinar su efecto en el PIB durante el periodo 2016-2021 a nivel nacional. Se desarrolló mediante un enfoque mixto y con una población de estudio que abarca todas las instituciones del sistema financiero que otorgan créditos productivos. La información se recopiló a través de las bases de datos de organismos competentes y fiables, como el Banco Central y la Superintendencia de Economía Popular y Solidaria, disponibles en sus páginas webs. Para el procesamiento de los datos fue necesario el uso de la estadística descriptiva y econométrica. Los principales resultados indican que el crédito productivo tuvo un incremento en la aceptación de los socios y clientes debido a la intervención del estado ecuatoriano mediante programas para reactivar la economía después de los incidentes provocados por la pandemia Covid-19. Seguidamente, se estableció un efecto directo entre las dos variables de estudio, por lo que, el aumento del crédito productivo representa una ampliación en el PIB. También, se proyectó un crecimiento para los años 2023 y 2024 del volumen de crédito productico en 9,42% y 13,02% respectivamente, y un aumento del PIB en 0,18% y 1,07%. Finalmente, se concluye de forma general que las colocaciones del crédito productivo aumentaron por las acciones del gobierno y que éstas sí contribuyen al crecimiento económico del Ecuador.

Strategic plans for waste management require information on the current and future waste generation as a primary data source. Over the years, various approaches and methods for waste generation modeling have been presented and applied. This review provides a summary of the tasks that require information on waste generation that are most frequently handled in waste management. It is hypothesized that there is not currently a modeling approach universally suitable for forecasting any fraction of waste. It is also hypothesized that most models do not allow for modeling different scenarios of future development. Almost 360 publications were examined in detail, and all of the tracked attributes are included in the supplementary. A general step-by-step guide to waste generation forecasting, comprising data preparation, pre-processing, processing, and post-processing, was proposed. The problems that occurred in the individual steps were specified, and the authors’ recommendations for their solution were provided. A forecasting approach based on a short time series is presented, due to insufficient options of approaches for this problem. An approach is presented for creating projections of waste generation depending on the expected system changes. Researchers and stakeholders can use this document as a supporting material when deciding on a suitable approach to waste generation modeling or waste management plans.

This research work analyzes the case of the site-specific multimedia performance titled dentro, which has pieces and audiovisual projections that represent most of the meanings that a screen can have on stage and whose screens add meaning to the show itself. In its first representation dentro only had a single projection. Currently, after several site-specific performances, dentro has: a projection, an independent underwater video, a video as scenography and a video with which the performer interacts. The result of the study reveals that the use of screens in multimedia performance reinforces and multiplies the dramatic mode of representation, generates a greater impact on the audience, increases public interest and multiplies meanings in the audiovisual and dramatic double narrative; it brings together theatrical, video art and audiovisual audiences and because it is site specific in an art space, a visual arts audience., Este trabajo de investigación analiza el caso de la performance multimedia site specific titulada dentro que cuenta con piezas y proyecciones audiovisuales que representan la mayoría de significados que una pantalla puede tener en escena y cuyas pantallas aportan en sí mismas significado propio al espectáculo. En su primera representación dentro solo tenía una única proyección. Actualmente, tras varias representaciones site specific, dentro cuenta con: una proyección, un vídeo subacuático independiente, un vídeo como escenografía y un vídeo con el que la performer interactúa. El resultado del estudio revela que el uso de las pantallas en la performance multimedia refuerza y multiplica el modo de representación dramático, genera un mayor impacto en la audiencia, aumenta el interés del público y multiplica significados en la doble narrativa audiovisual y dramática; aglutina audiencia teatral, videoartística y audiovisual y por tratarse de site specific en un espacio de arte, audiencia de artes plásticas.

BackgroundBiological invasions threaten the functioning of ecosystems, biodiversity, and human well-being by degrading ecosystem services and eliciting massive economic costs. The European Union has historically been a hub for cultural development and global trade, and thus, has extensive opportunities for the introduction and spread of alien species. While reported costs of biological invasions to some member states have been recently assessed, ongoing knowledge gaps in taxonomic and spatio-temporal data suggest that these costs were considerably underestimated.ResultsWe used the latest available cost data in InvaCost (v4.1)-the most comprehensive database on the costs of biological invasions-to assess the magnitude of this underestimation within the European Union via projections of current and future invasion costs. We used macroeconomic scaling and temporal modelling approaches to project available cost information over gaps in taxa, space, and time, thereby producing a more complete estimate for the European Union economy. We identified that only 259 out of 13,331 (similar to 1%) known invasive alien species have reported costs in the European Union. Using a conservative subset of highly reliable, observed, country-level cost entries from 49 species (totalling US$4.7 billion; 2017 value), combined with the establishment data of alien species within European Union member states, we projected unreported cost data for all member states.ConclusionsOur corrected estimate of observed costs was potentially 501% higher (US$28.0 billion) than currently recorded. Using future projections of current estimates, we also identified a substantial increase in costs and costly species (US$148.2 billion) by 2040. We urge that cost reporting be improved to clarify the economic impacts of greatest concern, concomitant with coordinated international action to prevent and mitigate the impacts of invasive alien species in the European Union and globally.

The Kaczmarz method is an iterative method for solving linear systems of equations. The Kaczmarz method has been around since it was developed by Kaczmarz 1937. The main idea behind the original Kaczmarz method is to orthogonally project the previous x_k onto the solution space given by a row of the system. The block Kaczmarz on the other hand orthogonally projects the previous x_k onto the solution space given by a sub system of equations. Both the original Kaczmarz method and block Kaczmarz method can only solve consistent systems, however the extended Kaczmarz method is an adaptation that makes it possible to solve inconsistent systems. We will look at both deterministic and randomized, row and block selection processes then compare them on both consistent and inconsistent systems of equations.

The estimation of displacement vectors for (objects on) the Earth's surface using satellite InSAR requires geometric transformations of the observables based on orbital viewing geometries. Usually, there are insufficient viewing geometries available for full 3-D reconstruction, leading to nonunique solutions. Currently, there is no standardized approach to deal with this problem, resulting in products that are based on haphazard and/or oversimplified assumptions with biased estimates and reduced interpretability. Here, we show that a clear definition of - and subsequent adherence to - enabling conditions guarantees the validity and quality of displacement vector estimates leading to standardized interferometric products with improved interpretability. We introduce the concept of the null line as a key metric for InSAR geometry and bias estimation, assess its impact and orientation for all positions on Earth, and propose a novel reference system that is inherently unbiased. We evaluate current operational practice, leading to a taxonomy of frequently encountered misconceptions and to recommendations for InSAR product generation and interpretation. We also propose new subscript notation to uniquely distinguish different projection and decomposition products. Our propositions contribute to further standardization of InSAR product definition, improved map annotation, and robust interpretability., Mathematical Geodesy and Positioning

“Generative Splatter Painting” és una exhibició audiovisual d’art generatiu que s’ha elaborat mitjançant Processing. Ha estat inspirada en l’estil visual que seguia l’artista contemporani Jackson Pollock en les seves obres anomenades “Splatter Painting”. Tant l’art generatiu com Processing són dos àmbits que estan força treballats i explotats, però poc coneguts pel públic general. Tot i existir exhibicions d’art generatiu arreu del món, hi ha dos aspectes que tiren enrere al públic a participar en aquest tipus d’exposicions, que són el preu de l’entrada i la poca informació que es té sobre l’art generatiu. Amb aquest projecte es pretén realitzar una exposició accessible al públic, a més de simular aquesta en una ubicació específica i amb un públic objectiu, per així poder aproximar el projecte el màxim possible a un cas real. Per poder dur a terme aquest projecte inicialment van ser necessàries moltes hores de recerca i investigació sobre art contemporani i art generatiu, a més d’analitzar els artistes i les exhibicions més destacats de cada època. A més, va ser necessari obtenir coneixements en Java per poder realitzar tota la programació en Processing. Posteriorment, es va passar a l’elaboració de projecte amb Processing, on una vegada completat es va realitzar la instal·lació física al laboratori de realitat virtual del CITM, per d’aquesta manera poder dur a terme els testejos a usuaris. El fet de realitzar proves és de vital importància per un projecte com aquest, d’aquesta manera es pot obtenir feedback directe dels espectadors i entendre quins són els punts forts i els punts dèbils del projecte. L’exhibició resultant una vegada realitzats els testejos a usuaris, va complir amb tots els objectius plantejats inicialment, i es van plantejar possibles línies de futur amb les quals el projecte es podria veure millorat.

Globally, sea levels are rising due to climate change caused by humans. Current and future sea level rise will have a variety of effects, particularly on coastal infrastructure. This study analysed the tidal level trend and projected sea level rise along the western coast of peninsular Malaysia using tide level records collected between 1986 and 2012. The seasonal Mann-Kendall test and linear trend were used to determine the tide level trend over time and to predict sea level rise for 2050 and 2100. Based on a confidence interval of 95%, the results of the analysis indicated a rising trend at all stations. Tau values for the Mann-Kendall test range between 0.16 and 0.33, while seasonal Mann-Kendall values range between 0.18 and 0.41. Based on the sea level projection analysis, the mean sea level will rise between 8.77 cm and 14.29 cm in 2050, and between 20.44 cm and 33.20 cm in 2100. In conclusion, the sea level trend at all stations on the west coasts of peninsular Malaysia exhibits an upward trend.

[EN]Projection is a type of relationship between clauses whereby, at a primary level in which there are only two clauses forming the complex, the secondary clause is projected through the primary clause as a locution or an idea (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004: 377). It is easier to illustrate the way in which projection works by exemplifying it through a clause: “Martha said that you would be here”; in this instance, the primary clause “Martha said” is projecting a locution “that you would be here”, which was produced by someone (i. e., Martha) in the past, and it is now being recreated by the speaker. Humans use this type of construction frequently, people project ideas, thoughts or even dialogue on a daily basis. Due to its high rate of usage, the study of projection has diverse manifestations in both written and oral discourse. In this thesis, we will focus on the former by comparing the use of projection in journalistic and narrative discourse. We have chosen these two genres because, according to previous studies (Caldas-Coulthard, 2008; Saragih, Murni & Meisuri, 2021; Couto-Vale, 2015), projection relations are frequently used in both, which will allow us to establish any emerging divergences and similarities. The descriptive framework will be founded on thoroughly tested models, namely Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) and Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), which have provided the foundation for the analysis of projection and other logico-semantic rhetorical relations in clause complexing. Additionally, the study will follow a corpus linguistics methodology based on the analysis of real empirical data that will enable us to determine the factors involved in projection variation across the genres scrutinised., [ES]La proyección es un tipo de relación entre cláusulas en la que, considerando un caso en el que solo hay dos cláusulas formando el conjunto, la cláusula secundaria se proyecta a través de la cláusula primaria bien como una locución o como una idea (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004: 377). Es más fácil ilustrar el funcionamiento de la proyección con un ejemplo: "Marta dijo que estarías aquí"; en este caso, la cláusula primaria "Marta dijo" está proyectando una locución "que estarías aquí", que fue producida por alguien (en este caso, Marta) en el pasado, y ahora es proyectada por el emisor. Utilizamos este tipo de construcción con frecuencia, la gente proyecta ideas, pensamientos o incluso diálogos a diario. Debido a su elevado índice de uso, el estudio de la proyección tiene diversas manifestaciones tanto en el discurso escrito como en el oral. En este trabajo nos centraremos en el primero, comparando el uso de la proyección en el discurso periodístico y en el narrativo. Hemos elegido estos dos géneros porque, según estudios previos (Caldas-Coulthard, 2008; Saragih, Murni & Meisuri, 2021; Couto-Vale, 2015), las relaciones de proyección se utilizan con frecuencia en ambos, lo que nos permitirá establecer las diferencias y similitudes que surjan. El marco descriptivo se basará en modelos generalmente aceptados, la Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) y la Lingüística Funcional Sistémica (SFL), que han proporcionado la base para el análisis de la proyección y otras relaciones retóricas lógico-semánticas en la complejización de cláusulas. Además, el estudio seguirá una metodología de lingüística de corpus basada en el análisis de datos empíricos reales que nos permitirán determinar los factores implicados en la variación de la proyección a través de los géneros estudiados., [GL]A proxección é un tipo de relación entre cláusulas na que, considerando un caso no que só hai dúas cláusulas formando o conxunto, a cláusula secundaria proxéctase a través da cláusula primaria ben como locución ou como idea (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004: 377). É máis fácil ilustrar o funcionamento da proxección cun exemplo: “Marta dixo que estarías aquí”; neste caso, a frase primaria “Marta dixo” está proxectando unha locución “que estarías aquí”, que fora producida por alguén (neste caso, Marta) no pasado, e agora é proxectada polo emisor. Utilizamos este tipo de construción con frecuencia, a xente proxecta ideas, pensamentos ou incluso diálogos a diario. Debido ao seu elevado índice de uso, o estudo da proxección ten diversas manifestacións tanto no discurso escrito como no oral. Neste traballo, centrarémonos no primeiro, comparando o uso da proxección no discurso periodístico e no narrativo. Escollemos estes dous xéneros porque, segundo estudos previos (Caldas-Coulthard, 2008; Saragih, Murni & Meisuri, 2021; Couto-Vale, 2015), as relacións de proxección utilízanse con frecuencia en ambos, o que nos permitirá establecer as diferencias e similitudes que xurdan. O marco descritivo basearase en modelos xeralmente aceptados, a Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) e a Lingüística Funcional Sistémica (SFL), que proporcionaron a base para a análise da proxección e outras relacións retóricas lóxico-semánticas na formación de complexos de cláusulas. Ademais, o estudo seguirá unha metodoloxía de lingüística de corpus baseada na análise de datos empíricos reais que nos permitirán determinar os factores implicados na variación da proxección a través dos xéneros estudados.

Rodrigo García’s stage performances (1964), specifically those of the last two decades, are characterized by the presence of the resource of the screenings and, with them, the creation of filmic spaces in the stage space. He has included pre-recorded complete pieces, used the projection screen for the retransmission of scenes outside or inside the stage during the performance, shown the vision of the actors, shared texts... Screening time occupies a large part of the staging, with the stop of other actions to observe the images, with the projection above other scenic elements. About this aspect, the use of audiovisual in performances according to certain standards of multimedia dramaturgy comes into dispute, with the relationship of subordination between the filmic and stage spaces blurred, with the pertinent questioning of proper dramaturgical or theatrical use and of its possible cataloguing as another type of show with the combination of live arts and mediated arts., Las puestas en escena de Rodrigo García (1964), las de las dos últimas décadas en concreto, se caracterizan por la presencia y la profusión del recurso de la proyección y, con ella, la creación de espacios fílmicos en el espacio escénico. Como ejemplo, ha incluido piezas completas pregrabadas, utilizado la pantalla de proyección para la retransmisión de escenas fuera o dentro del escenario durante la función, mostrado la visión de los actores, compartido textos... Ocupan una gran parte de la puesta en escena, hasta la detención de las demás acciones para observar las imágenes, con la proyección por encima de otros elementos escénicos. Por este aspecto, entra en disputa el uso de los audiovisuales en las representaciones según ciertos estándares de la dramaturgia con recursos multimedia, con la relación de subordinación entre los espacios fílmicos y escénicos difuminada y con el pertinente cuestionamiento de correcto uso dramatúrgico o teatral y de su posible catalogación como otro tipo de espectáculos con la combinación de artes vivas y artes mediadas.

The purpose of this research study is to describe the variation in the volume of productive credit in Ecuador and determine its effect on GDP during the period 2016-2021 at the national level. It was developed through a mixed approach and with a study population that encompasses all the institutions of the financial system that grant productive credit. The information was collected through the databases of competent and reliable agencies, such as the Central Bank and the Superintendence of Popular and Solidarity Economy, available on their websites. Data processing required the use of descriptive and econometric statistics. The main results indicate that productive credit had an increase in the acceptance of members and clients due to the intervention of the Ecuadorian State through programs to reactivate the economy after the incidents caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Next, a direct effect was established between the two study variables, so that the increase in productive credit represents an increase in GDP. Also, a growth of 9.42% and 13.02% in the volume of productive credit was projected for the years 2023 and 2024, respectively, and an increase of 0.18% and 1.07% in GDP. Finally, it is generally concluded that productive credit placements increased due to the government's action and that they do contribute to Ecuador's economic growth., El presente estudio de investigación tiene como objetivo describir la variación del volumen de crédito productivo en el Ecuador y determinar su efecto en el PIB durante el periodo 2016-2021 a nivel nacional. Se desarrolló mediante un enfoque mixto y con una población de estudio que abarca todas las instituciones del sistema financiero que otorgan créditos productivos. La información se recopiló a través de las bases de datos de organismos competentes y fiables, como el Banco Central y la Superintendencia de Economía Popular y Solidaria, disponibles en sus páginas webs. Para el procesamiento de los datos fue necesario el uso de la estadística descriptiva y econométrica. Los principales resultados indican que el crédito productivo tuvo un incremento en la aceptación de los socios y clientes debido a la intervención del estado ecuatoriano mediante programas para reactivar la economía después de los incidentes provocados por la pandemia Covid-19. Seguidamente, se estableció un efecto directo entre las dos variables de estudio, por lo que, el aumento del crédito productivo representa una ampliación en el PIB. También, se proyectó un crecimiento para los años 2023 y 2024 del volumen de crédito productico en 9,42% y 13,02% respectivamente, y un aumento del PIB en 0,18% y 1,07%. Finalmente, se concluye de forma general que las colocaciones del crédito productivo aumentaron por las acciones del gobierno y que éstas sí contribuyen al crecimiento económico del Ecuador.

Multiparty session types is a typing discipline used to write specifications, known as global types, for branching and recursive message-passing systems. A necessary operation on global types is projection to abstractions of local behaviour, called local types. Typically, this is a computable partial function that given a global type and a role erases all details irrelevant to this role. Computable projection functions in the literature are either unsound or too restrictive when dealing with recursion and branching. Recent work has taken a more general approach to projection defining it as a coinductive, but not computable, relation. Our work defines a new computable projection function that is sound and complete with respect to its coinductive counterpart and, hence, equally expressive. All results have been mechanised in the Coq proof assistant.

The Anthropocene is characterized by a rapid pace of environmental change and is causing a multitude of biotic responses, including those that affect the spatial distribution of species. Lagged responses are frequent and species distributions and assemblages are consequently pushed into a disequilibrium state. How the characteristics of environmental change—for example, gradual ‘press’ disturbances such as rising temperatures due to climate change versus infrequent ‘pulse’ disturbances such as extreme events—affect the magnitude of responses and the relaxation times of biota has been insufficiently explored. It is also not well understood how widely used approaches to assess or project the responses of species to changing environmental conditions can deal with time lags. It, therefore, remains unclear to what extent time lags in species distributions are accounted for in biodiversity assessments, scenarios and models; this has ramifications for policymaking and conservation science alike. This perspective piece reflects on lagged species responses to environmental change and discusses the potential consequences for species distribution models (SDMs), the tools of choice in biodiversity modelling. We suggest ways to better account for time lags in calibrating these models and to reduce their leverage effects in projections for improved biodiversity science and policy.