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Objectives While encountering daily hassles is a normative experience, it poses a threat to individuals' daily affective well-being. However, physical activity engagement may help to reduce the current stress-related impact on affective well-being (i.e. stress buffering), which we investigate in this study. Furthermore, we examined the possible moderating role of people's global stress context (i.e. exposure to major life events and chronic stress) on this within-person stress-buffering effect. Design We approached these ideas using six-times-a-day experience sampling assessments over a period of 22 days. Methods Drawing on a broad national sample of 156 middle-aged adults from the EE-SOEP-IS study, we aimed to elucidate the naturally occurring within-person dynamics of current stress, physical activity engagement, and momentary affect within individuals' everyday lives. Major life events and chronic stress were measured as between-person variables. Results Multilevel analyses revealed significant within-person associations of current stress and physical activity engagement with momentary affect. Stress-related negative affect was lower when individuals engaged in physical activity, in accordance with the idea of a within-person stress-buffering effect of physical activity engagement. For individuals exposed to more severe major life events, the stress-buffering effect of physical activity engagement for negative affect was lower. Chronic stress did not moderate the within-person stress-buffering effect. Conclusions Overall, results add to the existing literature that links physical activity to increased stress resilience and emphasizes the need for taking the global between-person stress context into account., Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Peer Reviewed

This study addresses the lack of organizational research considering the functionality of employees’ work-related affective experiences. More precisely, this research relied on person-centered analyses to gain a better understanding of the various configurations taken by the intensity and direction (i.e., seen as facilitating performance, or as interfering with it) of positive and negative affect among nurses. We also documented the stability of these profiles over time and their longitudinal associations with theoretically relevant predictors (job demands and resources) and outcomes (somatic complaints and musculoskeletal disorders). Questionnaires were completed twice, three months apart, by a sample of 1143 French nurses. Five distinct affective profiles were identified, and found to be rather stable over time. Nurses' perceptions of their job demands and resources showed well-differentiated patterns of associations with these profiles. Finally, nurses' levels of somatic complaints and musculoskeletal disorders were more pronounced among nurses corresponding to a profile dominated by high levels of negative affect seen as interfering with performance. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of jointly considering affect intensity and direction, their combinations, and the role played by job characteristics, in order to understand the development of physical health problems among nurses.

It is well known that writing about traumatic life events has both physical and psychological long term benefits. James Pennebaker and his colleagues (Pennebaker, Mayne, & Francis, 1997; Pennebaker & Seagal, 1999) suggested that both negative and positive disclosure writing instructions could be useful in understanding positive life events, not only the negative life events. The purpose of this study is to experimentally investigate the order in which participants write about their positive or negative perspectives of life events through an expressive writing paradigm and manipulate the order of instructions that includes negative-only expression, negative to positive expression, positive negative expression, and neutral writing expression. It is hypothesized that writing about negative events then positive events could allow for a greater increase in positive affect, in contrast to writing about strictly negative events or strictly positive events. Once individuals have written about a negative topic then a positive topic, it could help make individuals gain an understanding about a negative event and view positive events with great meaning, without allowing for rumination and negative mood. Undergraduate students were instructed to complete a writing task for fifteen minutes for two days. Follow up evaluations were administered two weeks after the second writing task, asking participants to rate their meaning in life, their health and wellbeing, and positive and negative effectiveness (PANAS). This experiment could determine that the order in which participants write could change the writing paradigm from the completely separating life experiences into strictly negative expression and strictly positive expression. In conclusion, results showed that writing about negative and positive events created further benefits of writing allowing individuals to put negative events in perspective while focusing on the presence of positive life events.

It is well known that writing about traumatic life events has both physical and psychological long term benefits. James Pennebaker and his colleagues (Pennebaker, Mayne, & Francis, 1997; Pennebaker & Seagal, 1999) suggested that both negative and positive disclosure writing instructions could be useful in understanding positive life events, not only the negative life events. The purpose of this study is to experimentally investigate the order in which participants write about their positive or negative perspectives of life events through an expressive writing paradigm and manipulate the order of instructions that includes negative-only expression, negative to positive expression, positive negative expression, and neutral writing expression. It is hypothesized that writing about negative events then positive events could allow for a greater increase in positive affect, in contrast to writing about strictly negative events or strictly positive events. Once individuals have written about a negative topic then a positive topic, it could help make individuals gain an understanding about a negative event and view positive events with great meaning, without allowing for rumination and negative mood. Undergraduate students were instructed to complete a writing task for fifteen minutes for two days. Follow up evaluations were administered two weeks after the second writing task, asking participants to rate their meaning in life, their health and wellbeing, and positive and negative effectiveness (PANAS). This experiment could determine that the order in which participants write could change the writing paradigm from the completely separating life experiences into strictly negative expression and strictly positive expression. In conclusion, results showed that writing about negative and positive events created further benefits of writing allowing individuals to put negative events in perspective while focusing on the presence of positive life events.

Objectives: Social contact is known to be beneficial for humans’ mental health. Individuals with psychotic symptoms (PS) tend to show poorer social and interpersonal functioning. However, in this patient population, social contact may be crucial for their mental wellbeing and treatment success. Additionally, closeness of social contact (familiar versus less familiar others), rather than only the presence or absence of social contacts, may play an important role. Empathy may heighten the beneficial effects of social/close contact on mental health, facilitating interactions. We investigated the association between social contact and closeness of contact on mental health, defined as positive symptoms, positive affect and negative affect in PS and control participants, with empathy as a moderator. Methods: Participants were 16–30 years old. Information regarding social/close contact and mental health was obtained using the experience sampling method in individuals with PS (n = 29) and healthy controls (n = 28). Empathy was measured using a self-report questionnaire. Results: Social contact was associated with higher positive affect in the total sample. Contact with close as opposed to less close others was related to better mental health: It was associated with lower positive symptoms in the PS group, and with more positive affect in the total sample. Empathy moderated the association between closeness of contact and positive affect in the total sample, in which the combination of higher levels of empathy combined with the presence of close contact was associated with higher positive affect in the total sample. However, the direct association between empathy and positive affect was not significant per group of contact. Conclusion: The results suggest that social contact, but especially contact with a close other is important for mental health outcomes: Contact with close others is beneficial for positive affect in the total sample and for posi

While affect is frequently measured with experience sampling methodology (ESM), the affective structure at the between-and within-person level has not been thoroughly investigated. We investigated the affective structure at the between-and within-person level, its invariance across different ESM protocols, and its reliability. Participants (N = 147) were randomly assigned to receive either a 30 or 60 item questionnaire three, six, or nine times per day, resulting in 72-75 participants per questionnaire length and 48-50 participants per sampling frequency. Momentary affect was assessed with 8 or 18 items. At both levels, a structure with two correlated factors showed the best fit compared to an orthogonal and a unidimensional model. A structure with additional freed residual correlations was invariant across protocols at the within-person level and showed high reliability. We observed indications of a more discrete affective structure within than between persons.(c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Extraverts are more likely than introverts to emerge as leaders, however little is known about the explicit behaviours that cause such an advantage and what introverts can do to overcome their relative disadvantage. Utilising an experiment (n = 601) in a group context, we assessed the effects of manipulating state extraversion on peer-rated emergent leadership, self-rated emergent leadership, and post-activity affect. Participants completed a big five personality measure and were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a control condition, an ‘act extraverted’ treatment, or an ‘act introverted’ treatment. Results confirmed extraverts' emergent leadership advantage but demonstrated that state extraversion was the proximal cause of emergent leadership, with both extraverts and introverts emerging as leaders when instructed to act extraverted. Acting introverted i) had a particularly deleterious effect on self-rated emergent leadership regardless of trait extraversion, ii) caused a reduction in positive affect for ambiverts and extraverts but not for introverts, and iii) caused an increase in negative affect for ambiverts and extraverts but not for introverts.

While affect is frequently measured with experience sampling methodology (ESM), the affective structure at the between- and within-person level has not been thoroughly investigated. We investigated the affective structure at the between- and within-person level, its invariance across different ESM protocols, and its reliability. Participants (N = 147) were randomly assigned to receive either a 30 or 60 item questionnaire three, six, or nine times per day, resulting in 72–75 participants per questionnaire length and 48–50 participants per sampling frequency. Momentary affect was assessed with 8 or 18 items. At both levels, a structure with two correlated factors showed the best fit compared to an orthogonal and a unidimensional model. A structure with additional freed residual correlations was invariant across protocols at the within-person level and showed high reliability. We observed indications of a more discrete affective structure within than between persons.

The literature has discussions about variables that can moderate test anxiety, such as academic motivation (Hawash 2004), the domestic climate (Abdul Hamid, Journal of Educational Studies, 8(3), 97–104, 1993) and class climate (Friedman and Bendes-Jacob 1997) The purpose of the study is to examine the relationships between personal resources (positive and negative effects, personal control and social support) and the relief of test anxiety among Israeli Arab teens. The sample includes 446 Arab students. The study uses a quantitative research method which is the systematic empirical investigation of observable data using statistical techniques. There is a significant negative relationship between the level of self-control exhibited by the students and test anxiety. There is a significant negative relationship between the level of social support given to the students and test anxiety. There is a significant negative relationship between positive and negative affects and test anxiety. The findings reveal that in general, students with high self-control abilities tend to show less anxiety; a negative relationship between high social support and positive and negative effects with test anxiety. The results of this study contribute to the theoretical literature related to examining the test anxiety among students in general, but particularly among adolescent students.

This thesis investigated the measures of emotional labour surface acting and deep acting, emotional intelligence, emotional regulation and positive and negative affect as influences on employee wellbeing outcomes of job satisfaction and burnout. A questionnaire was administered to over 2,000 client-facing employees in the USA and Canada. Results from the data analysis found that employees subjected to high levels of emotional labour in client facing roles experienced higher levels of negative affect or outlook. Those scoring higher on the emotional labour surface acting subscale scored significantly higher for negative effect. Additionally, higher scores in deep acting emotional labour were also correlated with higher positive outlook, however, counter to prediction, those scoring lower in emotional labour did not report higher levels of positive outlook. The measures of emotional intelligence were found to better predict job satisfaction while measures of emotional regulation, better predicted employee burnout, however, affect plays a complex and important role in influencing the correlation sizes to these wellbeing outcomes. Further work will need to be done to explore the potential mediating role of affect. Research examining positive and negative affects influence on job satisfaction and burnout without other confounding factors may assist in confirming these results. This pattern of results suggests that a combination of both emotional regulation and emotional intelligence measures may be optimal in assessing and improving employee suitability and wellbeing

This thesis investigated the measures of emotional labour surface acting and deep acting, emotional intelligence, emotional regulation and positive and negative affect as influences on employee wellbeing outcomes of job satisfaction and burnout. A questionnaire was administered to over 2,000 client-facing employees in the USA and Canada. Results from the data analysis found that employees subjected to high levels of emotional labour in client facing roles experienced higher levels of negative affect or outlook. Those scoring higher on the emotional labour surface acting subscale scored significantly higher for negative effect. Additionally, higher scores in deep acting emotional labour were also correlated with higher positive outlook, however, counter to prediction, those scoring lower in emotional labour did not report higher levels of positive outlook. The measures of emotional intelligence were found to better predict job satisfaction while measures of emotional regulation, better predicted employee burnout, however, affect plays a complex and important role in influencing the correlation sizes to these wellbeing outcomes. Further work will need to be done to explore the potential mediating role of affect. Research examining positive and negative affects influence on job satisfaction and burnout without other confounding factors may assist in confirming these results. This pattern of results suggests that a combination of both emotional regulation and emotional intelligence measures may be optimal in assessing and improving employee suitability and wellbeing

This thesis investigated the measures of emotional labour surface acting and deep acting, emotional intelligence, emotional regulation and positive and negative affect as influences on employee wellbeing outcomes of job satisfaction and burnout. A questionnaire was administered to over 2,000 client-facing employees in the USA and Canada. Results from the data analysis found that employees subjected to high levels of emotional labour in client facing roles experienced higher levels of negative affect or outlook. Those scoring higher on the emotional labour surface acting subscale scored significantly higher for negative effect. Additionally, higher scores in deep acting emotional labour were also correlated with higher positive outlook, however, counter to prediction, those scoring lower in emotional labour did not report higher levels of positive outlook. The measures of emotional intelligence were found to better predict job satisfaction while measures of emotional regulation, better predicted employee burnout, however, affect plays a complex and important role in influencing the correlation sizes to these wellbeing outcomes. Further work will need to be done to explore the potential mediating role of affect. Research examining positive and negative affects influence on job satisfaction and burnout without other confounding factors may assist in confirming these results. This pattern of results suggests that a combination of both emotional regulation and emotional intelligence measures may be optimal in assessing and improving employee suitability and wellbeing

This thesis investigated the measures of emotional labour surface acting and deep acting, emotional intelligence, emotional regulation and positive and negative affect as influences on employee wellbeing outcomes of job satisfaction and burnout. A questionnaire was administered to over 2,000 client-facing employees in the USA and Canada. Results from the data analysis found that employees subjected to high levels of emotional labour in client facing roles experienced higher levels of negative affect or outlook. Those scoring higher on the emotional labour surface acting subscale scored significantly higher for negative effect. Additionally, higher scores in deep acting emotional labour were also correlated with higher positive outlook, however, counter to prediction, those scoring lower in emotional labour did not report higher levels of positive outlook. The measures of emotional intelligence were found to better predict job satisfaction while measures of emotional regulation, better predicted employee burnout, however, affect plays a complex and important role in influencing the correlation sizes to these wellbeing outcomes. Further work will need to be done to explore the potential mediating role of affect. Research examining positive and negative affects influence on job satisfaction and burnout without other confounding factors may assist in confirming these results. This pattern of results suggests that a combination of both emotional regulation and emotional intelligence measures may be optimal in assessing and improving employee suitability and wellbeing

This thesis investigated the measures of emotional labour surface acting and deep acting, emotional intelligence, emotional regulation and positive and negative affect as influences on employee wellbeing outcomes of job satisfaction and burnout. A questionnaire was administered to over 2,000 client-facing employees in the USA and Canada. Results from the data analysis found that employees subjected to high levels of emotional labour in client facing roles experienced higher levels of negative affect or outlook. Those scoring higher on the emotional labour surface acting subscale scored significantly higher for negative effect. Additionally, higher scores in deep acting emotional labour were also correlated with higher positive outlook, however, counter to prediction, those scoring lower in emotional labour did not report higher levels of positive outlook. The measures of emotional intelligence were found to better predict job satisfaction while measures of emotional regulation, better predicted employee burnout, however, affect plays a complex and important role in influencing the correlation sizes to these wellbeing outcomes. Further work will need to be done to explore the potential mediating role of affect. Research examining positive and negative affects influence on job satisfaction and burnout without other confounding factors may assist in confirming these results. This pattern of results suggests that a combination of both emotional regulation and emotional intelligence measures may be optimal in assessing and improving employee suitability and wellbeing

ObjectiveTo analyze 1) the independent association of physical fitness, positive affect, and negative affect with the different dimensions of fatigue (general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduced activity, reduced motivation, and mental fatigue) and 2) whether the interactions of physical fitness, positive affect, and negative affect were associated with fatigue over and above the independent association.DesignCross-sectional study in 420 women with fibromyalgia.SettingFibromyalgia associations from southern Spain.MethodsPhysical fitness was measured by performance-based tests, and questionnaires were used to measure positive affect, negative affect, and different dimensions of fatigue (general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduced activity, reduced motivation, and mental fatigue). Age, body mass index, and current pain level were included as potential confounders in all analyses.ResultsPhysical fitness was independently associated with general fatigue, physical fatigue, and reduced activity (all P ≤ 0.02). Positive affect was independently associated with all fatigue dimensions (all P < 0.001). Negative affect was independently associated with general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduced motivation, and mental fatigue (all P ≤ 0.04). The interaction of overall physical fitness and positive affect was related to general fatigue and physical fatigue (all P ≤ 0.02). Women with fibromyalgia with higher levels of overall physical fitness and positive affect showed the lowest general fatigue and physical fatigue.ConclusionsIn women with fibromyalgia, positive affect was independently and consistently associated with all dimensions of fatigue. The combination of higher levels of overall physical fitness and positive affect might serve as a buffer against general and physical fatigue in women with fibromyalgia.

The purpose of the present study is to examine when and how leaders’ emotional intelligence translates into particular work outcomes for followers, namely job satisfaction, turnover intention and organizational commitment. Specifically, the study aims to identify the mediating mechanism between leaders’ emotional intelligence and followers’ outcomes, and the boundary conditions associated with this relationship. Accordingly, this study examines “emotional contagion” as a moderator variable that influences leader affect and follower effect in order to measure the participants’ susceptibility to emotional contagion. Accordingly, if leaders can communicate positive affect to their followers, then the followers’ positive effect should result in more positive attributions of leadership and better organizational outcomes. The findings of the current study suggest that emotional intelligence plays a significant role in leaders’ success in the workplace: leaders’ emotional intelligence and affect at work relate to their subordinates’ work attitudes and behaviours. The study hypotheses are based on Affective Events Theory and emotional contagion theory, which provides an in-depth understanding of the role of leaders’ emotional intelligence in the Arab world, particularly in the UAE context. A quantitative methodology is used to test the hypotheses and to answer the research questions. The data are acquired from organizational leaders and their employees in various UAE government and public sector organizations. The study contributes to the literature on emotional intelligence and in the UAE context by testing the extent to which leaders’ emotional intelligence engenders negative and positive affect in followers, which subsequently impacts on followers’ work attitudes and behaviours.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between affect in its two commonly used theoretical categories, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA), and social functioning dimensions (school performance, family relationships, peer relationships and home duties/self-care). The sample comprised 390 students of primary education aged 8–11 years (M = 9.39; SD = 1.15). The short-form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for children (PANAS-C-SF) and the Child and Adolescent Social Adaptive Functioning Scale (CASAFS) were used. Student’s t tests indicated that those reporting high levels on all the social functioning dimensions also reported significantly higher levels of PA than peers who reported low levels; by contrast, students reporting high levels of social functioning reported significantly lower levels of NA than peers who reported low levels. Similarly, logistic regression analyses showed that an increase in PA increased probability of high levels of social functioning, and that an increase in NA decreased the probability of presenting high levels of social functioning dimensions, with the exception of school performance. These results expand the PA and NA relationship with social functioning reported in adults to Spanish children, which is potentially of interest in the fields of Education and Psychology.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between affect in its two commonly used theoretical categories, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA), and social functioning dimensions (school performance, family relationships, peer relationships and home duties/self-care). The sample comprised 390 students of primary education aged 8–11 years (M = 9.39; SD = 1.15). The short-form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for children (PANAS-C-SF) and the Child and Adolescent Social Adaptive Functioning Scale (CASAFS) were used. Student’s t tests indicated that those reporting high levels on all the social functioning dimensions also reported significantly higher levels of PA than peers who reported low levels; by contrast, students reporting high levels of social functioning reported significantly lower levels of NA than peers who reported low levels. Similarly, logistic regression analyses showed that an increase in PA increased probability of high levels of social functioning, and that an increase in NA decreased the probability of presenting high levels of social functioning dimensions, with the exception of school performance. These results expand the PA and NA relationship with social functioning reported in adults to Spanish children, which is potentially of interest in the fields of Education and Psychology.

Background: The effect of yoga in the reduction of depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress, anger as well as in the increased ability of behavioral control has been shown. These effects of yoga are highly relevant for prison inmates who often have poor mental health and low impulse control. While it has been shown that yoga and mediation can be effective in improving subjective well-being, mental health, and executive functioning within prison populations, only a limited number of studies have proved this, using randomized controlled settings. Methods: A total of 152 participants from nine Swedish correctional facilities were randomly assigned to a 10-week yoga group (one class a week; N=77) or a control group (N=75). Before and after the intervention period, participants answered questionnaires measuring stress, aggression, affective states, sleep-quality and psychological well-being, and completed a computerized test measuring attention and impulsivity. Results: After the intervention period, significant improvements were found on 13 of the 16 variables within the yoga group. (e.g., less perceived stress, better sleep quality, an increased psychological and emotional well-being, less aggressive and antisocial behavior) and on two within the control group. Compared to the control group, yoga class participants reported significantly improved emotional well-being and less antisocial behavior after ten weeks of yoga. They also showed improved performance on the computerized test that measures attention and impulse control. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the yoga practiced in Swedish correctional facilities has positive effects on inmates’ well-being and on considerable risk factors associated with recidivism, such as impulsivity and antisocial behavior. Accordingly, the results show that yoga practice can play an important part in the rehabilitation of prison inmates., Published: 16 October 2017Funders: Kriminalvården, 2012-251

Background: The effect of yoga in the reduction of depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress, anger as well as in the increased ability of behavioral control has been shown. These effects of yoga are highly relevant for prison inmates who often have poor mental health and low impulse control. While it has been shown that yoga and mediation can be effective in improving subjective well-being, mental health, and executive functioning within prison populations, only a limited number of studies have proved this, using randomized controlled settings. Methods: A total of 152 participants from nine Swedish correctional facilities were randomly assigned to a 10-week yoga group (one class a week; N=77) or a control group (N=75). Before and after the intervention period, participants answered questionnaires measuring stress, aggression, affective states, sleep-quality and psychological well-being, and completed a computerized test measuring attention and impulsivity. Results: After the intervention period, significant improvements were found on 13 of the 16 variables within the yoga group. (e.g., less perceived stress, better sleep quality, an increased psychological and emotional well-being, less aggressive and antisocial behavior) and on two within the control group. Compared to the control group, yoga class participants reported significantly improved emotional well-being and less antisocial behavior after ten weeks of yoga. They also showed improved performance on the computerized test that measures attention and impulse control. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the yoga practiced in Swedish correctional facilities has positive effects on inmates’ well-being and on considerable risk factors associated with recidivism, such as impulsivity and antisocial behavior. Accordingly, the results show that yoga practice can play an important part in the rehabilitation of prison inmates., Published: 16 October 2017Funders: Kriminalvården, 2012-251

Background: The effect of yoga in the reduction of depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress, anger as well as in the increased ability of behavioral control has been shown. These effects of yoga are highly relevant for prison inmates who often have poor mental health and low impulse control. While it has been shown that yoga and mediation can be effective in improving subjective well-being, mental health, and executive functioning within prison populations, only a limited number of studies have proved this, using randomized controlled settings. Methods: A total of 152 participants from nine Swedish correctional facilities were randomly assigned to a 10-week yoga group (one class a week; N=77) or a control group (N=75). Before and after the intervention period, participants answered questionnaires measuring stress, aggression, affective states, sleep-quality and psychological well-being, and completed a computerized test measuring attention and impulsivity. Results: After the intervention period, significant improvements were found on 13 of the 16 variables within the yoga group. (e.g., less perceived stress, better sleep quality, an increased psychological and emotional well-being, less aggressive and antisocial behavior) and on two within the control group. Compared to the control group, yoga class participants reported significantly improved emotional well-being and less antisocial behavior after ten weeks of yoga. They also showed improved performance on the computerized test that measures attention and impulse control. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the yoga practiced in Swedish correctional facilities has positive effects on inmates’ well-being and on considerable risk factors associated with recidivism, such as impulsivity and antisocial behavior. Accordingly, the results show that yoga practice can play an important part in the rehabilitation of prison inmates., Published: 16 October 2017Funders: Kriminalvården, 2012-251

Background: The effect of yoga in the reduction of depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress, anger as well as in the increased ability of behavioral control has been shown. These effects of yoga are highly relevant for prison inmates who often have poor mental health and low impulse control. While it has been shown that yoga and mediation can be effective in improving subjective well-being, mental health, and executive functioning within prison populations, only a limited number of studies have proved this, using randomized controlled settings. Methods: A total of 152 participants from nine Swedish correctional facilities were randomly assigned to a 10-week yoga group (one class a week; N=77) or a control group (N=75). Before and after the intervention period, participants answered questionnaires measuring stress, aggression, affective states, sleep-quality and psychological well-being, and completed a computerized test measuring attention and impulsivity. Results: After the intervention period, significant improvements were found on 13 of the 16 variables within the yoga group. (e.g., less perceived stress, better sleep quality, an increased psychological and emotional well-being, less aggressive and antisocial behavior) and on two within the control group. Compared to the control group, yoga class participants reported significantly improved emotional well-being and less antisocial behavior after ten weeks of yoga. They also showed improved performance on the computerized test that measures attention and impulse control. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the yoga practiced in Swedish correctional facilities has positive effects on inmates’ well-being and on considerable risk factors associated with recidivism, such as impulsivity and antisocial behavior. Accordingly, the results show that yoga practice can play an important part in the rehabilitation of prison inmates., Published: 16 October 2017Funders: Kriminalvården, 2012-251

Background: The effect of yoga in the reduction of depressive symptoms, anxiety, stress, anger as well as in the increased ability of behavioral control has been shown. These effects of yoga are highly relevant for prison inmates who often have poor mental health and low impulse control. While it has been shown that yoga and mediation can be effective in improving subjective well-being, mental health, and executive functioning within prison populations, only a limited number of studies have proved this, using randomized controlled settings. Methods: A total of 152 participants from nine Swedish correctional facilities were randomly assigned to a 10-week yoga group (one class a week; N=77) or a control group (N=75). Before and after the intervention period, participants answered questionnaires measuring stress, aggression, affective states, sleep-quality and psychological well-being, and completed a computerized test measuring attention and impulsivity. Results: After the intervention period, significant improvements were found on 13 of the 16 variables within the yoga group. (e.g., less perceived stress, better sleep quality, an increased psychological and emotional well-being, less aggressive and antisocial behavior) and on two within the control group. Compared to the control group, yoga class participants reported significantly improved emotional well-being and less antisocial behavior after ten weeks of yoga. They also showed improved performance on the computerized test that measures attention and impulse control. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the yoga practiced in Swedish correctional facilities has positive effects on inmates’ well-being and on considerable risk factors associated with recidivism, such as impulsivity and antisocial behavior. Accordingly, the results show that yoga practice can play an important part in the rehabilitation of prison inmates., Published: 16 October 2017Funders: Kriminalvården, 2012-251

Exposure to war and ongoing political violence increases mental health risks among children, especially in terms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depressive or somatic symptoms. However, an exclusive focus on negative functioning can lead to underestimating the coping abilities and natural potential for adjusting to trauma of war-affected children at different developmental phases. Using structural equation modelling, we tested the extent to which data gathered in a predominantly nonclinical sample of Palestinian children (N = 1276) living in refugee camps supported a conceptual model in which the relationship between subjective wellbeing and the effects of trauma is mainly top-down in direction. The cross-sectional design adopted showed that feelings of life satisfaction contributed to better affect balance in children (aged 6–11 years), which in turn, mitigated the impact of traumatic events. These findings point up the importance of dimensions of subjective well-being in children involved in traumatic events and may inspire intervention and treatment focused on the ability to activate positive emotions as a crucial resource for dealing with traumatic reactions.

In the present study, we examined whether individual differences in the use of cognitive reappraisal predict the experience of more positive and less negative emotions prior to an evaluative task, as well as whether reappraisal is associated with better performance. In a longitudinal design, 130 students were asked to report their spontaneous use of reappraisal as well as the emotions experienced at three time points prior to an academic exam. Results showed that the use of cognitive reappraisal measured when students began to study predicted less negative and more positive emotions in the following two weeks. Further, positive and negative affect were significant predictors of the grade achieved. Finally, cognitive reappraisal had a significant indirect effect on the grade students achieved. These findings suggest that cognitive reappraisal can be effective in regulating emotions while approaching evaluative stressors.

This study examined the mediating effects of affect on the relationship between core self-evaluations (CSE) and life satisfaction in people with intellectual disabilities. The participants comprised 134 people (79 men and 55 women from southern Spain) with intellectual disabilities. All participants completed the core self-evaluations scale (CSES), the positive and negative affect scale (PANAS), and the satisfaction with life scale (SWLS). The results showed that high scores on the CSE were associated with higher life satisfaction. Moreover, positive and negative affect partially mediated the relationship between CSE and life satisfaction. The final model also showed two significant paths from CSE through positive and negative affect to life satisfaction. We present the limitations of the study and discuss the implications of the results for enhancing life satisfaction in people with intellectual disabilities., Este estudio examina el efecto mediacional del afecto en la relación entre las autoevaluaciones centrales (CSE) y la satisfacción vital en personas con discapacidad intelectual. Ciento treinta y cuatro personas con discapacidad intelectual (79 hombres y 55 mujeres) del sur de España completaron la escala de autoevaluaciones centrales (CSES), la escala de afecto positivo y afecto negativo (PANAS), y la escala de satisfacción con la vida (SWLS). La investigación reveló que altos niveles de CSE se asociaban a una mayor satisfacción con la vida. Además, el afecto positivo medió parcialmente la relación entre CSE y satisfacción vital. El modelo final indicó una vía significativa mediante la cual las CSE afectan a la satisfacción vital a través del afecto positivo. Se consideran las limitaciones del estudio y se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados para la mejora de la satisfacción vital en personas con discapacidad intelectual.

Receiving report card grades is psychologically salient to most students and can elicit a range of affective reactions. A 3-wave longitudinal study examined how grades shape students' (N = 375; M age at Wave 1 = 12.6 years) school engagement through the affective reactions they elicit. Emotional and behavioral engagement were measured at the start of secondary school and 6 months later. Halfway through this period, students' positive and negative affective reactions to their 1st report card in secondary school were assessed. As expected, lower report card grades predicted lower emotional and behavioral engagement in spring, when controlling for prior levels of engagement. These links were mediated by students' affective reactions. Boys and children who perceived the performance norms in their class to be high were more affectively reactive to their grades, which resulted in a stronger indirect effect of grades via negative affect on emotional engagement. Complementing the traditional view that grades are consequences of school engagement, the current findings suggest that grades function also as antecedents of school engagement.

This study tested whether the structure of affect observed on the basis of between-person (BP) differences is equivalent to the affect structures that organize the variability of affective states within persons (WP) over time. Further aims were to identify individual differences in the degree of divergence between the WP and BP structure and examine its association to dispositional and contextual variables (neuroticism, extraversion, well-being and stress). In 100 daily sessions, 101 younger adults rated their mood on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Variability of five negative affect items across time was so low that they were excluded from the analyses. We thus worked with a modified negative affect subscale. WP affect structures diverged reliably from the BP structure, with individual differences in the degree of divergence. Differences in the WP structural characteristics and the degree of divergence could be predicted by well-being and stress. We conclude that BP and WP structures of affect are not equivalent and that BP and WP variation should be considered as distinct phenomena. It would be wrong, for example, to conceive of positive and negative affect as independent at the WP level, as suggested by BP findings. Yet, individual differences in WP structural characteristics are related to stable BP differences, and the degree to which individuals' affect structures diverge from the BP structure can provide important insights into intraindividual functioning., AuthorCount:5

This paper analyzes the structure and the temporal invariance of the Portuguese version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Previous studies are not consensual whether PANAS measures two or three affect factors and whether such factors are independent or correlated. In order to fill in this gap, we compared the original PANAS, as an independent bi-dimensional structure, with several other alternative structures. Two hundred forty five university students and professional trainees answered the questionnaire in two distinct moments with a two month interval. The model of PANAS with a structure of two independent factors, Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA), as proposed by the authors of the scale, was tested. However, the best model consisted of two independent factors, PA and NA, with the cross-loading of the item "excited" between PA and NA, and specified error correlations between the same categories of emotions. Another gap in the literature is the temporal invariance analysis of the PANAS. This paper assesses the temporal invariance of the scale, using the structural equation modeling analysis. Although it was used in its state form version, the PANAS scale showed temporal stability in a two month interval.

This paper analyzes the structure and the temporal invariance of the Portuguese version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Previous studies are not consensual whether PANAS measures two or three affect factors and whether such factors are independent or correlated. In order to fill in this gap, we compared the original PANAS, as an independent bi-dimensional structure, with several other alternative structures. Two hundred forty five university students and professional trainees answered the questionnaire in two distinct moments with a two month interval. The model of PANAS with a structure of two independent factors, Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA), as proposed by the authors of the scale, was tested. However, the best model consisted of two independent factors, PA and NA, with the cross-loading of the item "excited" between PA and NA, and specified error correlations between the same categories of emotions. Another gap in the literature is the temporal invariance analysis of the PANAS. This paper assesses the temporal invariance of the scale, using the structural equation modeling analysis. Although it was used in its state form version, the PANAS scale showed temporal stability in a two month interval.

This paper analyzes the structure and the temporal invariance of the Portuguese version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Previous studies are not consensual whether PANAS measures two or three affect factors and whether such factors are independent or correlated. In order to fill in this gap, we compared the original PANAS, as an independent bi-dimensional structure, with several other alternative structures. Two hundred forty five university students and professional trainees answered the questionnaire in two distinct moments with a two month interval. The model of PANAS with a structure of two independent factors, Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA), as proposed by the authors of the scale, was tested. However, the best model consisted of two independent factors, PA and NA, with the cross-loading of the item "excited" between PA and NA, and specified error correlations between the same categories of emotions. Another gap in the literature is the temporal invariance analysis of the PANAS. This paper assesses the temporal invariance of the scale, using the structural equation modeling analysis. Although it was used in its state form version, the PANAS scale showed temporal stability in a two month interval.

This paper analyzes the structure and the temporal invariance of the Portuguese version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Previous studies are not consensual whether PANAS measures two or three affect factors and whether such factors are independent or correlated. In order to fill in this gap, we compared the original PANAS, as an independent bi-dimensional structure, with several other alternative structures. Two hundred forty five university students and professional trainees answered the questionnaire in two distinct moments with a two month interval. The model of PANAS with a structure of two independent factors, Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA), as proposed by the authors of the scale, was tested. However, the best model consisted of two independent factors, PA and NA, with the cross-loading of the item "excited" between PA and NA, and specified error correlations between the same categories of emotions. Another gap in the literature is the temporal invariance analysis of the PANAS. This paper assesses the temporal invariance of the scale, using the structural equation modeling analysis. Although it was used in its state form version, the PANAS scale showed temporal stability in a two month interval.

This paper analyzes the structure and the temporal invariance of the Portuguese version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Previous studies are not consensual whether PANAS measures two or three affect factors and whether such factors are independent or correlated. In order to fill in this gap, we compared the original PANAS, as an independent bi-dimensional structure, with several other alternative structures. Two hundred forty five university students and professional trainees answered the questionnaire in two distinct moments with a two month interval. The model of PANAS with a structure of two independent factors, Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA), as proposed by the authors of the scale, was tested. However, the best model consisted of two independent factors, PA and NA, with the cross-loading of the item "excited" between PA and NA, and specified error correlations between the same categories of emotions. Another gap in the literature is the temporal invariance analysis of the PANAS. This paper assesses the temporal invariance of the scale, using the structural equation modeling analysis. Although it was used in its state form version, the PANAS scale showed temporal stability in a two month interval.

The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between Perceived Emotional Intelligence (PEI) as measured by the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS), Subjective Well-Being (SWB), and dispositional optimism/pessimism. In addition, we assessed whether PEI can be considered an adequate predictor of the SWB. Participants were 518 adults, 434 males and 84 females who anonymously completed measures of satisfaction with life, positive and negative affect, perceived emotional intelligence, and dispositional optimism/pessimism. The Johnson's method was used for estimating the relative weight of predictor variables in multiple regression. Our results support that two dimensions of PEI (Clarity and Repair) are good predictors of SWB, whereas the third dimension, Emotional Attention, seems not adequate as a predictor.

This study tested whether a brief manipulation consisting of positive future thinking can temporarily increase optimism. Participants in the positive future thinking condition (n = 44) wrote about their best possible self (BPS) for 15 min, followed by 5 min of mental imagery. Participants in the control condition (n = 38) wrote about and imagined a typical day in their life. Positive and negative future expectancies and positive and negative affect were measured before and after each manipulation. Compared to the control manipulation, the positive future thinking manipulation led to significantly larger increase in positive affect and positive future expectancies. The increase in positive expectancies was not dependent on the mood effect. The results indicate that imagining a positive future can indeed increase expectancies for a positive future.

This study tested whether a brief manipulation consisting of positive future thinking can temporarily increase optimism. Participants in the positive future thinking condition (n = 44) wrote about their best possible self (BPS) for 15 min, followed by 5 min of mental imagery. Participants in the control condition (n = 38) wrote about and imagined a typical day in their life. Positive and negative future expectancies and positive and negative affect were measured before and after each manipulation. Compared to the control manipulation, the positive future thinking manipulation led to significantly larger increase in positive affect and positive future expectancies. The increase in positive expectancies was not dependent on the mood effect. The results indicate that imagining a positive future can indeed increase expectancies for a positive future.

This study tested whether a brief manipulation consisting of positive future thinking can temporarily increase optimism. Participants in the positive future thinking condition (n = 44) wrote about their best possible self (BPS) for 15 min, followed by 5 min of mental imagery. Participants in the control condition (n = 38) wrote about and imagined a typical day in their life. Positive and negative future expectancies and positive and negative affect were measured before and after each manipulation. Compared to the control manipulation, the positive future thinking manipulation led to significantly larger increase in positive affect and positive future expectancies. The increase in positive expectancies was not dependent on the mood effect. The results indicate that imagining a positive future can indeed increase expectancies for a positive future.

Currently there are numerous publications demonstrating that psychological intervention in patients with cancer is beneficial. Our objective is to study the within-subjects effect of the psychological intervention on the positive and negative affect during adjuvant chemotherapy cycles in women with breast cancer. In addition, we study the effect of the interaction between psychotherapy and psychological resistance/ vulnerability of patients on the same dependent variables. Method: The sample consists of 119 patients diagnosed with a localized breast cancer that received adjuvant chemotherapy treatment. All the patients were evaluated and received psychological intervention throughout the treatment. Dependent variables: positive and negative affect were evaluated in five intervals: chemotherapy pre-treatment, second, fourth, sixth cycle of chemotherapy and two-month post-treatment. The two groups of resistant and vulnerable patients were divided by Cluster Analysis of two measures of anxiety and depression before and after of chemotherapy. Measures used were the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (Sánchez-Cánovas, 1994) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) of Zigmond and Snaith (1983). Descriptive analysis of data and a multivariate analysis of variance with repeated-measures (MANOVA-RM) were performed to compare within-subjects and the mixed factorial design to compare betweensubjects (resistant/vulnerable). Results: demonstrate the main within-subjects effect of the psychological intervention in the positive affect (p<0.05), existing no effect between psychological intervention and psychological resistance /vulnerability interaction. In relation to the negative affect, the effect of the within-subjects psychological intervention and its interaction with the resistant/vulnerable group of patients is significant in both cases (p<0.05). Within-subjects contrasts among the five intervals show significant differences between the pre-treatment inter, En la actualidad hay numerosos estudios que demuestran que la intervención psicológica es beneficiosa para los pacientes con cáncer. Nuestro objetivo es investigar el efecto intra-sujetos de la intervención psicológica sobre el afecto positivo y negativo durante los ciclos de tratamiento de quimioterapia adyuvante en mujeres con cáncer de mama. Además estudiamos el efecto de la interacción entre la psicoterapia y la resistencia/vulnerabilidad psicológica de las pacientes en las mismas variables dependientes. Método: La muestra está formada por 119 pacientes diagnosticadas de un cáncer de mama localizado que recibieron tratamiento adyuvante con quimioterapia. Todas las pacientes fueron evaluadas y recibieron intervención psicológica a lo largo del tratamiento. Las variables dependientes: el afecto positivo y negativo fueron evaluadas en cinco intervalos: previamente al tratamiento quimioterápico, 2º, 4º, 6º ciclo de quimioterapia y a los dos meses post-tratamiento. El factor entresujetos resistencia/vulnerabilidad psicológica se derivó de un Análisis de Cluster a partir de cuatro medidas, pre y post, de ansiedad y depresión. Los instrumentos de evaluación utilizados fueron la Escala de Afecto Positivo y Negativo (Sánchez-Cánovas, 1994), y la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión (HADS) de Zigmond y Snaith (1983). Se realizó análisis descriptivo de los datos, Análisis Múltiple de la Varianza (MANOVA) de medias repetidas para la comparación intra-sujetos y el diseño factorial mixto para la comparación entre-sujetos (resistentes /vulnerables) Resultados: muestran el efecto principal intra-sujetos de la intervención psicológica en el afecto positivo (p<0.05), no existiendo efecto de la interacción entre la intervención psicológica y la resistencia/vulnerabilidad psicológica. Respecto del afecto negativo, el efecto de la intervención psicológica intra-sujetos y la interacción de ésta con los grupos de pacientes resistentes/vulnerables es significativo en ambos ca

Currently there are numerous publications demonstrating that psychological intervention in patients with cancer is beneficial. Our objective is to study the within-subjects effect of the psychological intervention on the positive and negative affect during adjuvant chemotherapy cycles in women with breast cancer. In addition, we study the effect of the interaction between psychotherapy and psychological resistance/ vulnerability of patients on the same dependent variables. Method: The sample consists of 119 patients diagnosed with a localized breast cancer that received adjuvant chemotherapy treatment. All the patients were evaluated and received psychological intervention throughout the treatment. Dependent variables: positive and negative affect were evaluated in five intervals: chemotherapy pre-treatment, second, fourth, sixth cycle of chemotherapy and two-month post-treatment. The two groups of resistant and vulnerable patients were divided by Cluster Analysis of two measures of anxiety and depression before and after of chemotherapy. Measures used were the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (Sánchez-Cánovas, 1994) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) of Zigmond and Snaith (1983). Descriptive analysis of data and a multivariate analysis of variance with repeated-measures (MANOVA-RM) were performed to compare within-subjects and the mixed factorial design to compare betweensubjects (resistant/vulnerable). Results: demonstrate the main within-subjects effect of the psychological intervention in the positive affect (p<0.05), existing no effect between psychological intervention and psychological resistance /vulnerability interaction. In relation to the negative affect, the effect of the within-subjects psychological intervention and its interaction with the resistant/vulnerable group of patients is significant in both cases (p<0.05). Within-subjects contrasts among the five intervals show significant differences between the pre-treatment inter, En la actualidad hay numerosos estudios que demuestran que la intervención psicológica es beneficiosa para los pacientes con cáncer. Nuestro objetivo es investigar el efecto intra-sujetos de la intervención psicológica sobre el afecto positivo y negativo durante los ciclos de tratamiento de quimioterapia adyuvante en mujeres con cáncer de mama. Además estudiamos el efecto de la interacción entre la psicoterapia y la resistencia/vulnerabilidad psicológica de las pacientes en las mismas variables dependientes. Método: La muestra está formada por 119 pacientes diagnosticadas de un cáncer de mama localizado que recibieron tratamiento adyuvante con quimioterapia. Todas las pacientes fueron evaluadas y recibieron intervención psicológica a lo largo del tratamiento. Las variables dependientes: el afecto positivo y negativo fueron evaluadas en cinco intervalos: previamente al tratamiento quimioterápico, 2º, 4º, 6º ciclo de quimioterapia y a los dos meses post-tratamiento. El factor entresujetos resistencia/vulnerabilidad psicológica se derivó de un Análisis de Cluster a partir de cuatro medidas, pre y post, de ansiedad y depresión. Los instrumentos de evaluación utilizados fueron la Escala de Afecto Positivo y Negativo (Sánchez-Cánovas, 1994), y la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión (HADS) de Zigmond y Snaith (1983). Se realizó análisis descriptivo de los datos, Análisis Múltiple de la Varianza (MANOVA) de medias repetidas para la comparación intra-sujetos y el diseño factorial mixto para la comparación entre-sujetos (resistentes /vulnerables) Resultados: muestran el efecto principal intra-sujetos de la intervención psicológica en el afecto positivo (p<0.05), no existiendo efecto de la interacción entre la intervención psicológica y la resistencia/vulnerabilidad psicológica. Respecto del afecto negativo, el efecto de la intervención psicológica intra-sujetos y la interacción de ésta con los grupos de pacientes resistentes/vulnerables es significativo en ambos ca

Few studies have examined whether performance feedback on a given task can have implications for motivational processes on an altogether distinct task. The present study proposes and tests a model for motivational spillover in a goal-setting context. Participants (N = 201) were provided with goal-performance discrepancy feedback (GPD) on a creativity task (CT) and were subsequently asked to complete an unrelated stock-predicting task (SPT). Results indicate that GPD feedback on the CTs was positively associated with positive affect such that negative GPDs resulted in low levels of positive affect and positive GPDs resulted in high levels of positive affect. This positive affect was in turn positively related to self-efficacy for the SPT. Self-efficacy was positively associated with personal goals, and goals were positively related to performance on the SPT. These findings provide initial evidence for the occurrence of positive and negative motivational spillover in a natural performance setting.

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