Search

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) solutions are the most frequently used software tool in companies in all industries. Therefore, the labour market requires the knowledge and skills for usage of ERP solutions from graduates – future employees. The main objective of our paper is therefore the identification of important factors that contribute to the acceptance of ERP solutions by students in economics and business and that shape their intentions to use this knowledge in the future. The model of our research is based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), extended by identified important multidimensional external factors that refer to (1) students’ personal characteristics and information literacy, (2) perceived system and technological characteristics of ERP solutions and (3) perceived support within the study process. Research results revealed that several dimensions of the three multidimensonal factors play an important role in shaping the attitudes towards acceptance of ERP solutions by students.

Nowadays, the development of Internet technology and the effects of digital transformation are leading to the need for more skillful information and communications technology (ICT) specialists in almost every sector of the economy, in order to benefit from technological innovations. That also leads to the need for every employee to be prepared for new changes in production and service delivery processes. In this study, the factors of digital skills in enterprises that significantly affect the digital entrepreneurship start-up sub-index and digital entrepreneurship scale-up sub-index in the EU countries, are identified and the models are designed to analyse the relationships between the factors. In an increasingly digital world, where production processes and service delivery are continuously evolving, EU countries, that is, policymakers and entrepreneurs should be aware of the digital transformation and, thus, pay attention to the digital skills and provide learning opportunities and supportive environment for the workers in acquiring the new skills and knowledge.

Nowadays, the development of Internet technology and the effects of digital transformation are leading to the need for more skillful information and communications technology (ICT) specialists in almost every sector of the economy, in order to benefit from technological innovations. That also leads to the need for every employee to be prepared for new changes in production and service delivery processes. In this study, the factors of digital skills in enterprises that significantly affect the digital entrepreneurship start-up sub-index and digital entrepreneurship scale-up sub-index in the EU countries, are identified and the models are designed to analyse the relationships between the factors. In an increasingly digital world, where production processes and service delivery are continuously evolving, EU countries, that is, policymakers and entrepreneurs should be aware of the digital transformation and, thus, pay attention to the digital skills and provide learning opportunities and supportive environment for the workers in acquiring the new skills and knowledge.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) solutions are the most frequently used software tool in companies in all industries. Therefore, the labour market requires the knowledge and skills for usage of ERP solutions from graduates – future employees. The main objective of our paper is therefore the identification of important factors that contribute to the acceptance of ERP solutions by students in economics and business and that shape their intentions to use this knowledge in the future. The model of our research is based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), extended by identified important multidimensional external factors that refer to (1) students’ personal characteristics and information literacy, (2) perceived system and technological characteristics of ERP solutions and (3) perceived support within the study process. Research results revealed that several dimensions of the three multidimensonal factors play an important role in shaping the attitudes towards acceptance of ERP solutions by students.

In our paper we study the perceived innovativeness of entrepreneurs, i.e. owners and managers of start-ups in three neighboring countries—Slovenia, Croatia, and Hungary—based on the research framework and adult population surveys within the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) research cycles in 2016 and 2017. Innovativeness is studied as a multidimensional process: from the perspective of technologies, product innovations, and competition. Our results show that higher innovativeness of products/services produced by early-stage entrepreneurs is associated with higher levels of technological innovativeness and with lower levels of market competition. Neither gender nor age shows a statistically significant relationship with the product/service innovativeness of early-stage entrepreneurs. The results also show that the specific institutional environment in each country does not moderate the relationships between the innovativeness of products/services on one hand, and technological and market competition viewpoints of innovativeness, on the other.

This paper focuses on the diversity of financial resources for Slovenian early-stage entrepreneurs. In the empirical study, we examined whether early-stage entrepreneurs with different characteristics regarding innovativeness also differ regarding the mode of obtaining financial resources, where the average number of used financial resource types and the average share of owned financial resources provided were analysed. Demographic characteristics (age and gender) of early-stage entrepreneurs were also taken into account. As results suggest, there are differences in the diversity of financial resources used between groups of early-stage entrepreneurs in relation to various aspects of their innovativeness. However, a statistically significant difference occurred only when analysing innovativeness in terms of technology. Results also indicate that there are statistically significant differences between groups of entrepreneurs according to their age, in both the number of financial resources used and the share of own financial resources provided. On the other hand, results don’t indicate any statistically significant gender differences, either in the number of financial resources used or in the share of own financial resources provided. This paper is based on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data for Slovenia; the large number of countries participating in the world-wide GEM research enables the international comparability of the topic analysed. As such, this research provides important insights into early-stage entrepreneurs’ behaviour in a country context.

Cruise tourism generates different types of cruise consumption and related indirect, direct and induced expenditure effects, in homeports as well as in ports of call. Cruise passengers’ expenditures produce positive economic effects for destinations, from increasing the incomes and employment, to tax incomes, duties, etc. Therefore, it is no doubt that cruise stakeholders and local economies can benefit from increased cruise passenger consumption. To stimulate higher consumption and passengers’ satisfaction, it is necessary to design the supportive policy framework and build appropriate quality of products and services. Identifying influential variables of cruise passengers’ expenditures in this sense enables the design of appropriate policies and measures. In the current research, based on a survey of 357 cruise passengers, several variables included in a new theoretical model of the expenditures determinants, such as gender, nationality, frequency of cruising and frequency of visits, were found to be statistically significantly associated with cruise passengers’ expenditures. Several conclusions and suggestions to stimulate cruise passenger expenditures based on research findings are provided.

Cruise tourism generates different types of cruise consumption and related indirect, direct and induced expenditure effects, in homeports as well as in ports of call. Cruise passengers’ expenditures produce positive economic effects for destinations, from increasing the incomes and employment, to tax incomes, duties, etc. Therefore, it is no doubt that cruise stakeholders and local economies can benefit from increased cruise passenger consumption. To stimulate higher consumption and passengers’ satisfaction, it is necessary to design the supportive policy framework and build appropriate quality of products and services. Identifying influential variables of cruise passengers’ expenditures in this sense enables the design of appropriate policies and measures. In the current research, based on a survey of 357 cruise passengers, several variables included in a new theoretical model of the expenditures determinants, such as gender, nationality, frequency of cruising and frequency of visits, were found to be statistically significantly associated with cruise passengers’ expenditures. Several conclusions and suggestions to stimulate cruise passenger expenditures based on research findings are provided.

Since the current International Accounting Standard 36 introduced substantial subjectivity while testing goodwill for impairment, this study aims to establish if management exploits the discretion and performs the impairment test of goodwill opportunistically. The presence of discretion, while applying impairment test, is tested on the sample of Italian publicly traded companies in the period of the current financial crisis. Despite the fact that the sample of companies consists of those with market to book ratio less than one, only 26% of the companies recorded a goodwill write-off. The logistic regression was used to test contracting and reporting incentives. The results of the analysis indicate that even in the case of IFRS users some incentives exist, while recognising the impairment losses of goodwill.

In this article, we investigate how entrepreneurial intentions of individuals in the eight countries of the Danube region are shaped by different components of individuals’ personal attitudes, the subjective norm and personal behavioral control. We analyze the internal structure of these components as well as some demographic and human capital factors. Cultural and developmental differences influencing variation in causal effects among variables in the model are analyzed. Structural equation modeling is used for data obtained by adult population surveys within the GEM research. Results of our study show that the entrepreneurial intention model is applicable across countries and that the internal effects among components of motivational antecedents exist, although not all hypothesized relationships are confirmed. Our study suggests that the process from perception to intention is similarly shaped across the eight countries of the Danube region, although there are several differences in the magnitude of causal effects as well as differences regarding influential factors.

While entrepreneurship research is usually focused on early-stage or established entrepreneurship, in this article we are taking a step back to earlier stages in the entrepreneurial process and focus on the opportunity identification and resources that might support it. The article provides a clearer insight into the extent of resources possessed by adults in Slovenia and Croatia, into gender differences in the opportunity identification process and the usage of resources within this process. Our research shows that women possess on average lower levels of resources, which explain their lower opportunity identification prevalence. Results show that the increase in resources, especially in the area of human capital consisting of skills, knowledge and experiences for entrepreneurship, has a significant and positive effect on opportunity identification among women.

Higher education institutions in Europe have been recently faced with a rapidly changing external framework for developing new study programmes and their curricula. The main contribution of our paper is to provide a better insight into the skills and competences of business school graduates needed at the labour market, as seen by employers, graduates of business schools, and academics. The paper attempts to enhance our understanding of different aspects of curriculum revision by incorporating professional competences into the early stages of the curriculum development process. In this paper, the experience of the Faculty of Economics and Business from Maribor (Slovenia), which has transformed its bachelor and master study programmes according to the principles set out in the Bologna Declaration, also is presented and discussed.

Higher education institutions in Europe have been recently faced with a rapidly changing external framework for developing new study programmes and their curricula. The main contribution of our paper is to provide a better insight into the skills and competences of business school graduates needed at the labour market, as seen by employers, graduates of business schools, and academics. The paper attempts to enhance our understanding of different aspects of curriculum revision by incorporating professional competences into the early stages of the curriculum development process. In this paper, the experience of the Faculty of Economics and Business from Maribor (Slovenia), which has transformed its bachelor and master study programmes according to the principles set out in the Bologna Declaration, also is presented and discussed.

This paper focuses on differences in male and female early- -stage entrepreneurship in Hungary, Croatia and Slovenia. The analysis was performed on two levels: cross-country analysis and inter-country analysis. The paper focuses on three main characteristics of early-stage entrepreneurial activity among adults: entrepre-neurial capacity, analysed through entrepreneurial awareness and risk aversion, motivation for entrepreneurship, by analysing opportunity-driven and necessity-pushed entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurial growth aspirations of male and female early-stage entrepreneurs in Hungary, Croatia and Slovenia. Despite sharing a long history of adjoining living, countries differ significantly in various aspects. Significant gender differences were identified within each of the three countries. Some of the most interesting results include: lower entrepreneurial awareness also lowers risk aversion among adults in a country; men are more likely to perceive and exploit business opportunities than women; women are, on average, less likely to start new firms; however, once started, female entrepreneurs have similar growth aspirations as their male counterparts., Ovaj rad usmjeren je na razlike između muškaraca i žena pri pokretanju poduzetništva u Mađarskoj, Hrvatskoj i Sloveniji. Analiza je provedena na dvije razine: na razini analize između zemalja i analize unutar zemalja. Rad se bavi trima glavnim karakteristikama početne poduzetničke djelatnosti među odraslima: poduzetničkim kapacitetom, koji se analizira poduzetničkom sviješću i nesklonošću prema riziku, poduzetničkom motivacijom, analiziranim poduzetništvom što ga stvara prilika ili poduzetništvom što ga potiče nužnost, i težnjom za poduzetničkim rastom muških i ženskih poduzetnika-početnika u Mađarskoj, Hrvatskoj i Sloveniji. Usprkos dugotrajnom susjedskom suživotu, ove se zemlje međusobno značajno razlikuju u mnogim aspektima. Značajne razlike među spolovima otkrivene su u svim zemljama. Najzanimljiviji rezultati pokazuju da niža poduzetnička svijest također smanjuje nesklonost prema riziku među odraslima u pojedinoj zemlji muškarci će prije uočiti i iskoristiti dobru poslovnu priliku nego žene; žene će u prosjeku rjeđe pokretati nove tvrtke; međutim, jednom kada krenu u posao, poduzetnice će imati slične težnje za rastom kao i poduzetnici., Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich den Unterschieden zwischen Männern und Frauen, die in Ungarn, Kroatien und Slowenien ihr eigenes Unternehmen gründen. Die Analyse wurde auf zwei Ebenen durchgeführt: zwischen den Ländern und innerhalb der einzelnen Länder. Untersucht werden drei Hauptmerkmale, die bei der Unternehmensgründung sowohl auf Seiten der Männer als auch der Frauen zutage treten: die Unternehmerkapazität, analysiert anhand des Bewusstseinsniveaus und der Fähigkeit zur Risikoeinschätzung; die Unternehmermotivation, analysiert durch marktgerechte Reaktionen (als Antwort auf sich ergebende Chancen oder Notwendigkeiten), und Wachstumsstreben. Trotz ihrer langjährigen Nachbarschaft unterscheiden sich Ungarn, Kroatien und Slowenien in verschiedenen Aspekten sehr. Bedeutende Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern konnten in allen Ländern aufgedeckt werden. Zu den interessantesten Erkenntnissen gehört die Entdeckung, dass ein weniger stark ausgeprägtes Unternehmerbewusstsein einhergeht mit größerer Risikobereitschaft; Marktlücken werden von Männern eher erkannt und genutzt als von Frauen. Des Weiteren neigen Frauen im Durchschnitt weniger dazu, ein eigenes Unternehmen zugründen; haben sie sich jedoch einmal dazu entschlossen, zeigen sie ein ähnliches Wachstumsstreben wie Männer.

In countries with a long history of entrepreneurship and market economy, significant research efforts have been devoted to family business succession. Such studies are rare in former communist countries, mainly because private enterprises were outlawed during the socialist economy era. Considering reports on the importance and complexity of succession issues, and taking into account the ageing of owners-managers of family enterprises, it is expected that an increasing number of family enterprises are going to face succession problems in transition countries in the near future. This paper reports on the rebirth of family enterprises in transition countries, and on results of a survey among 350 Slovenian Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Family enterprises are still controlled mainly by the founding generation with no succession experiences, no role- -models, and almost no possibility of sharing succession experiences with others, since the majority of their colleagues’ owners-managers are the founders (not successors). Besides raising owners-managers’ awareness, also providing information on support available for facilitating business transfers, offering special training programs on business transfers, including succession topics in study programs, special counseling on business transfers, and the creation of a business sellers and buyers database/market place are urgently needed in transition economies., U zemljama s dugom poviješću poduzetništva i tržišne ekonomije zamjetni istraživački napori posvećeni su sukcesiji u obiteljskim poduzećima. Takve su studije rijetke u bivšim komunističkim zemljama uglavnom stoga što su privatna poduzeća bila izvan zakona u razdoblju socijalističke privrede. Razmatrajući izvještaje o važnosti i složenosti pitanja sukcesije, i uzimajući u obzir starenje vlasnika- menadžera obiteljskih poduzeća, očekuje se da će se u tranzicijskim zemljama sve veći broj obiteljskih poduzeća u bliskoj budućnosti suočiti s problemom sukcesije. Ovaj članak izvještava o ponovnom stvaranju obiteljskih poduzeća u tranzicijskim zemljama i o rezultatima istraživanja među 350 malih i srednjih slovenskih poduzeća (SME). Obiteljskim poduzećima uglavnom još upravljaju generacije osnivača koje nemaju iskustava sukcesije, jasnih uzora u tome, kao ni gotovo nikakve mogućnosti dijeljenja iskustava o sukcesiji s drugima, jer većinu njihovih kolega vlasnika-menadžera također čine osnivači (a ne sljednici). Osim razvijanja svijesti vlasnika-menadžera i pružanja informacija o raspoloživoj podršci koja može olakšati poslovne transfere, u tranzicijskim privredama prijeko je potrebno ponuditi posebne programe usavršavanja u poslovnim transferima, uključujući sukcesijske teme u studijskim programima, posebne savjetodavne usluge o poslovnim transferima i stvaranje baze podataka/tržišta poslovnih ponuđača i kupaca., In Ländern, in denen Unternehmertum und Marktwirtschaft auf eine lange Geschichte zurückblicken, widmet sich die Forschung in beträchtlichem Umfang der Frage der Sukzession in Familienbetrieben. In ex-kommunistischen Staaten sind solche Untersuchungen vor allem deshalb selten, weil sich in der sozialistischen Planwirtschaft private Betriebe außerhalb des Gesetzes befanden. In Anlehnung an Berichte über die Bedeutung und Komplexität der Sukzessionsfrage sowie im Hinblick auf das zunehmende Alter der Eigentümer und Manager von Familienbetrieben wird erwartet, dass in absehbarer Zeit eine immer größere Zahl von Familienbetrieben in den Transitionsländern mit dem Problem der Sukzession konfrontiert sein wird. Der vorliegende Artikel berichtet über die Wiederaufnahme von familieneigenen Betriebsgründungen in den Transitionsländern sowie über die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung, die in 350 slowenischen Klein- und Mittelbetrieben durchgeführt wurde. Im Großen und Ganzen steht den Familienbetrieben immer noch die Generation ihrer Gründer voran, die keinerlei Erfahrung mit der Sukzession haben noch aber klare Vorstellungen davon, ebensowenig die Möglichkeit zum diesbezüglichen Erfahrungsaustausch mit anderen, da ja die Mehrzahl ihrer Kollegen, wie sie selbst auch, Betriebsgründer sind (und nicht den Betrieb von jemandem übernommen haben). Die Transitionsländer müssen sich darum bemühen, auf der Seite der in Betriebseigentümer das Bewusstsein von Managern heranzubilden und ihnen Unterstützung beim Unternehmenstransfer anzubieten. Des Weiteren müssen Sonderprogramme angeboten werden, um Unternehmer über Betriebsübernahmen zu informieren, für entsprechende Schulungsprogramme und Ratgeberdienstleistungen zu werben und eine Datenbank für Unternehmensanbieter und -käufer zu gründen.

In countries with a long history of entrepreneurship and market economy, significant research efforts have been devoted to family business succession. Such studies are rare in former communist countries, mainly because private enterprises were outlawed during the socialist economy era. Considering reports on the importance and complexity of succession issues, and taking into account the ageing of owners-managers of family enterprises, it is expected that an increasing number of family enterprises are going to face succession problems in transition countries in the near future. This paper reports on the rebirth of family enterprises in transition countries, and on results of a survey among 350 Slovenian Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs). Family enterprises are still controlled mainly by the founding generation with no succession experiences, no role- -models, and almost no possibility of sharing succession experiences with others, since the majority of their colleagues’ owners-managers are the founders (not successors). Besides raising owners-managers’ awareness, also providing information on support available for facilitating business transfers, offering special training programs on business transfers, including succession topics in study programs, special counseling on business transfers, and the creation of a business sellers and buyers database/market place are urgently needed in transition economies., U zemljama s dugom poviješću poduzetništva i tržišne ekonomije zamjetni istraživački napori posvećeni su sukcesiji u obiteljskim poduzećima. Takve su studije rijetke u bivšim komunističkim zemljama uglavnom stoga što su privatna poduzeća bila izvan zakona u razdoblju socijalističke privrede. Razmatrajući izvještaje o važnosti i složenosti pitanja sukcesije, i uzimajući u obzir starenje vlasnika- menadžera obiteljskih poduzeća, očekuje se da će se u tranzicijskim zemljama sve veći broj obiteljskih poduzeća u bliskoj budućnosti suočiti s problemom sukcesije. Ovaj članak izvještava o ponovnom stvaranju obiteljskih poduzeća u tranzicijskim zemljama i o rezultatima istraživanja među 350 malih i srednjih slovenskih poduzeća (SME). Obiteljskim poduzećima uglavnom još upravljaju generacije osnivača koje nemaju iskustava sukcesije, jasnih uzora u tome, kao ni gotovo nikakve mogućnosti dijeljenja iskustava o sukcesiji s drugima, jer većinu njihovih kolega vlasnika-menadžera također čine osnivači (a ne sljednici). Osim razvijanja svijesti vlasnika-menadžera i pružanja informacija o raspoloživoj podršci koja može olakšati poslovne transfere, u tranzicijskim privredama prijeko je potrebno ponuditi posebne programe usavršavanja u poslovnim transferima, uključujući sukcesijske teme u studijskim programima, posebne savjetodavne usluge o poslovnim transferima i stvaranje baze podataka/tržišta poslovnih ponuđača i kupaca., In Ländern, in denen Unternehmertum und Marktwirtschaft auf eine lange Geschichte zurückblicken, widmet sich die Forschung in beträchtlichem Umfang der Frage der Sukzession in Familienbetrieben. In ex-kommunistischen Staaten sind solche Untersuchungen vor allem deshalb selten, weil sich in der sozialistischen Planwirtschaft private Betriebe außerhalb des Gesetzes befanden. In Anlehnung an Berichte über die Bedeutung und Komplexität der Sukzessionsfrage sowie im Hinblick auf das zunehmende Alter der Eigentümer und Manager von Familienbetrieben wird erwartet, dass in absehbarer Zeit eine immer größere Zahl von Familienbetrieben in den Transitionsländern mit dem Problem der Sukzession konfrontiert sein wird. Der vorliegende Artikel berichtet über die Wiederaufnahme von familieneigenen Betriebsgründungen in den Transitionsländern sowie über die Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung, die in 350 slowenischen Klein- und Mittelbetrieben durchgeführt wurde. Im Großen und Ganzen steht den Familienbetrieben immer noch die Generation ihrer Gründer voran, die keinerlei Erfahrung mit der Sukzession haben noch aber klare Vorstellungen davon, ebensowenig die Möglichkeit zum diesbezüglichen Erfahrungsaustausch mit anderen, da ja die Mehrzahl ihrer Kollegen, wie sie selbst auch, Betriebsgründer sind (und nicht den Betrieb von jemandem übernommen haben). Die Transitionsländer müssen sich darum bemühen, auf der Seite der in Betriebseigentümer das Bewusstsein von Managern heranzubilden und ihnen Unterstützung beim Unternehmenstransfer anzubieten. Des Weiteren müssen Sonderprogramme angeboten werden, um Unternehmer über Betriebsübernahmen zu informieren, für entsprechende Schulungsprogramme und Ratgeberdienstleistungen zu werben und eine Datenbank für Unternehmensanbieter und -käufer zu gründen.

This paper focuses on differences in male and female early- -stage entrepreneurship in Hungary, Croatia and Slovenia. The analysis was performed on two levels: cross-country analysis and inter-country analysis. The paper focuses on three main characteristics of early-stage entrepreneurial activity among adults: entrepre-neurial capacity, analysed through entrepreneurial awareness and risk aversion, motivation for entrepreneurship, by analysing opportunity-driven and necessity-pushed entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurial growth aspirations of male and female early-stage entrepreneurs in Hungary, Croatia and Slovenia. Despite sharing a long history of adjoining living, countries differ significantly in various aspects. Significant gender differences were identified within each of the three countries. Some of the most interesting results include: lower entrepreneurial awareness also lowers risk aversion among adults in a country; men are more likely to perceive and exploit business opportunities than women; women are, on average, less likely to start new firms; however, once started, female entrepreneurs have similar growth aspirations as their male counterparts., Ovaj rad usmjeren je na razlike između muškaraca i žena pri pokretanju poduzetništva u Mađarskoj, Hrvatskoj i Sloveniji. Analiza je provedena na dvije razine: na razini analize između zemalja i analize unutar zemalja. Rad se bavi trima glavnim karakteristikama početne poduzetničke djelatnosti među odraslima: poduzetničkim kapacitetom, koji se analizira poduzetničkom sviješću i nesklonošću prema riziku, poduzetničkom motivacijom, analiziranim poduzetništvom što ga stvara prilika ili poduzetništvom što ga potiče nužnost, i težnjom za poduzetničkim rastom muških i ženskih poduzetnika-početnika u Mađarskoj, Hrvatskoj i Sloveniji. Usprkos dugotrajnom susjedskom suživotu, ove se zemlje međusobno značajno razlikuju u mnogim aspektima. Značajne razlike među spolovima otkrivene su u svim zemljama. Najzanimljiviji rezultati pokazuju da niža poduzetnička svijest također smanjuje nesklonost prema riziku među odraslima u pojedinoj zemlji muškarci će prije uočiti i iskoristiti dobru poslovnu priliku nego žene; žene će u prosjeku rjeđe pokretati nove tvrtke; međutim, jednom kada krenu u posao, poduzetnice će imati slične težnje za rastom kao i poduzetnici., Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich den Unterschieden zwischen Männern und Frauen, die in Ungarn, Kroatien und Slowenien ihr eigenes Unternehmen gründen. Die Analyse wurde auf zwei Ebenen durchgeführt: zwischen den Ländern und innerhalb der einzelnen Länder. Untersucht werden drei Hauptmerkmale, die bei der Unternehmensgründung sowohl auf Seiten der Männer als auch der Frauen zutage treten: die Unternehmerkapazität, analysiert anhand des Bewusstseinsniveaus und der Fähigkeit zur Risikoeinschätzung; die Unternehmermotivation, analysiert durch marktgerechte Reaktionen (als Antwort auf sich ergebende Chancen oder Notwendigkeiten), und Wachstumsstreben. Trotz ihrer langjährigen Nachbarschaft unterscheiden sich Ungarn, Kroatien und Slowenien in verschiedenen Aspekten sehr. Bedeutende Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern konnten in allen Ländern aufgedeckt werden. Zu den interessantesten Erkenntnissen gehört die Entdeckung, dass ein weniger stark ausgeprägtes Unternehmerbewusstsein einhergeht mit größerer Risikobereitschaft; Marktlücken werden von Männern eher erkannt und genutzt als von Frauen. Des Weiteren neigen Frauen im Durchschnitt weniger dazu, ein eigenes Unternehmen zugründen; haben sie sich jedoch einmal dazu entschlossen, zeigen sie ein ähnliches Wachstumsstreben wie Männer.

This paper aims at describing and explaining the differences in the growth aspirations of male and female entrepreneurs in Slovenia, in particular of those who are in the early stage of their entrepreneurial activity. This paper is based on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data. Explanatory variables affecting the growth aspirations of early-stage entrepreneurs are related to the personal characteristics of entrepreneurs – their entrepreneurial capacity (skills and motivation), as well as to the environmental characteristics regarding cultural and social support for entrepreneurship and, to some extent, also to firm characteristics, especially the age of the firm. All these topics are analysed on the basis of gender differences.

This paper aims at describing and explaining the differences in the growth aspirations of male and female entrepreneurs in Slovenia, in particular of those who are in the early stage of their entrepreneurial activity. This paper is based on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data. Explanatory variables affecting the growth aspirations of early-stage entrepreneurs are related to the personal characteristics of entrepreneurs – their entrepreneurial capacity (skills and motivation), as well as to the environmental characteristics regarding cultural and social support for entrepreneurship and, to some extent, also to firm characteristics, especially the age of the firm. All these topics are analysed on the basis of gender differences.

The main part of our paper presents an analysis of women’s participation in the entrepreneurial process in the earliest stage – we were interested in gender differences with regard to the ability to create or start a new business. Our research is based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project. The results of this analysis revealed that there are evident differences between male and female entrepreneurs in the earliest stage of the entrepreneurship process, as well as among the 37 countries included in the GEM. There are a number of factors suggesting that dissimilar processes lead to opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship, which holds for men and women, and that processes that affect female entrepreneurship are different from those affecting male entrepreneurship. Specific attention in this paper is given, primarily, to Slovenia as well as to Croatia., Osnovu na{ega rada ~ini analiza sudjelovanja `ena u najranijem razdoblju poduzetni~koga procesa – zanimale su nas spolne razlike s obzirom na sposobnost otvaranja novih poslova (businesses). Na{e istra`ivanje temelji se na projektu Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM ili Globalno pra}enje poduzetni{tva). Rezultati ove analize otkrili su da postoje o~igledne razlike izme|u mu{kih i `enskih poduzetnika u najranijem razdoblju poduzetni~koga procesa, kao i me|u 37 zemalja uklju~enih u projekt GEM. ^itav niz ~inilaca upu}uje na razne procese koji pogoduju poduzetni{tvu iz prilike (opportunity entrepreneurship) ili nu`nosti (necessity entrepreneurship), {to vrijedi i za mu{karce i za `ene, i da se procesi koji utje~u na `ensko poduzetni{tvo razlikuju od onih koji djeluju na mu{ko poduzetni{tvo. Posebnu pozornost u ovom radu poklonili smo prije svega Sloveniji i Hrvatskoj., Die Grundlage dieses Artikels ist eine Analyse über die Beteiligung von Frauen in der frühesten Phase privaten Unternehmertums. Das Interesse der Verfasser galt hierbei geschlechtsgebundenen Unterschieden bezüglich der Fähigkeit zur Unternehmensgründung. Diese Untersuchung entstand im Rahmen des Projekts Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM oder Unternehmensgründungen im weltweiten Vergleich*). Die Analyseergebnisse erbrachten, dass es zwischen Unternehmerinnen und Unternehmern in der frühesten Phase privaten Unternehmertums offenkundige Unterschiede gibt, ebenso zwischen den 37 Ländern, die in das GEM-Projekt eingebunden sind. Eine Reihe von Faktoren verweist auf das Bestehen verschiedener Prozesse, die der Unternehmensgründung aus Gelegenheit (opportunity entrepreneurship) oder jener aus Notwendigkeit (necessity entrepreneurship) förderlich sind, was für Männer und Frauen gleichermaßen gilt. Des Weiteren erkannte man, dass die Unternehmungsgründung durch Frauen anderen Prozessen unterliegt als die Unternehmungsgründung durch Männer. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit widmeten die Verfasser den diesbezüglichen Entwicklungen in Slowenien und Kroatien. * koordiniert durch das Babson College/USA und die London Business School (Anm. d. Üb.)

The main part of our paper presents an analysis of women’s participation in the entrepreneurial process in the earliest stage – we were interested in gender differences with regard to the ability to create or start a new business. Our research is based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) project. The results of this analysis revealed that there are evident differences between male and female entrepreneurs in the earliest stage of the entrepreneurship process, as well as among the 37 countries included in the GEM. There are a number of factors suggesting that dissimilar processes lead to opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship, which holds for men and women, and that processes that affect female entrepreneurship are different from those affecting male entrepreneurship. Specific attention in this paper is given, primarily, to Slovenia as well as to Croatia., Osnovu na{ega rada ~ini analiza sudjelovanja `ena u najranijem razdoblju poduzetni~koga procesa – zanimale su nas spolne razlike s obzirom na sposobnost otvaranja novih poslova (businesses). Na{e istra`ivanje temelji se na projektu Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM ili Globalno pra}enje poduzetni{tva). Rezultati ove analize otkrili su da postoje o~igledne razlike izme|u mu{kih i `enskih poduzetnika u najranijem razdoblju poduzetni~koga procesa, kao i me|u 37 zemalja uklju~enih u projekt GEM. ^itav niz ~inilaca upu}uje na razne procese koji pogoduju poduzetni{tvu iz prilike (opportunity entrepreneurship) ili nu`nosti (necessity entrepreneurship), {to vrijedi i za mu{karce i za `ene, i da se procesi koji utje~u na `ensko poduzetni{tvo razlikuju od onih koji djeluju na mu{ko poduzetni{tvo. Posebnu pozornost u ovom radu poklonili smo prije svega Sloveniji i Hrvatskoj., Die Grundlage dieses Artikels ist eine Analyse über die Beteiligung von Frauen in der frühesten Phase privaten Unternehmertums. Das Interesse der Verfasser galt hierbei geschlechtsgebundenen Unterschieden bezüglich der Fähigkeit zur Unternehmensgründung. Diese Untersuchung entstand im Rahmen des Projekts Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM oder Unternehmensgründungen im weltweiten Vergleich*). Die Analyseergebnisse erbrachten, dass es zwischen Unternehmerinnen und Unternehmern in der frühesten Phase privaten Unternehmertums offenkundige Unterschiede gibt, ebenso zwischen den 37 Ländern, die in das GEM-Projekt eingebunden sind. Eine Reihe von Faktoren verweist auf das Bestehen verschiedener Prozesse, die der Unternehmensgründung aus Gelegenheit (opportunity entrepreneurship) oder jener aus Notwendigkeit (necessity entrepreneurship) förderlich sind, was für Männer und Frauen gleichermaßen gilt. Des Weiteren erkannte man, dass die Unternehmungsgründung durch Frauen anderen Prozessen unterliegt als die Unternehmungsgründung durch Männer. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit widmeten die Verfasser den diesbezüglichen Entwicklungen in Slowenien und Kroatien. * koordiniert durch das Babson College/USA und die London Business School (Anm. d. Üb.)

In this paper we analyze some aspects of the gender-based earnings disparities in Slovenia. With the data available we first compare some characteristics of women's employment in Slovenia, Croatia and some European countries: femaleness of occupations; women's average level of professional skill as a percentage of men's; and women's average earnings as a percentage of men's. In the second part of the paper the gender wage gap1 in Slovenia is analyzed. The results of our analysis pointed out that the percent of women employed and the ratio between women's and men's average professional skill in an occupation statistically significantly influence the ratio between women's and men's average earnings. The effect of variables in male-dominated occupations differs from their effect in female-dominated and integrated occupations., U ovom se radu proučavaju neki pokazatelji nejednakosti zarada u Sloveniji koji se temelje na razlici u spolu. Raspoloživi podaci omogućuju usporedbu nekih obilježja zaposlenosti žena u Sloveniji, Hrvatskoj i nekim europskim zemljama: ženska zanimanja; prosječna razina stručne spreme žena izražena u odnosu na postotak spreme muškaraca i prosječne zarade žena izražene u odnosu na postotak zarade muškaraca. U drugom dijelu članka analizira se nejednakost plaća po spolovima u Sloveniji. Rezultati ove analize pokazuju da postotak zaposlenih žena i omjer između prosječnih stručnih sprema žena i muškaraca u nekom zanimanju statistički značajno utječu na omjer zarada žena i muškaraca. Učinak varijabla u zanimanjima u kojima su više zastupljeni muškarci razlikuje se od njihova učinka u integriranim zanimanjima i onima u kojima dominiraju žene., Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht bestimmte Merkmale, die für die geschlechterbedingte Ungleichheit bei der Entlohnung in Slowenien charakteristisch sind. Die verfügbaren Daten ermöglichen einen Vergleich von Merkmalen, die die Berufstätigkeit von Frauen in Slowenien, Kroatien und einigen anderen europäischen Ländern begleiten. Dazu gehören: Frauenberufe; durchschnittlicher Ausbildungsgrad weiblicher Arbeitskräfte im Verhältnis zum Ausbildungsgrad männlicher Arbeitskräfte; Durchschnittsgehälter von Frauen im Verhältnis zu Durchschnittsgehältern von Männern. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird die Ungleichheit bei der Entlohnung von Frauen und Männern in Slowenien analysiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Analyse zeigen, dass der Prozentsatz berufstätiger Frauen und das in einem Beruf herrschende Verhältnis zwischen dem durchschnittlichen Ausbildungsgrad von Frauen einerseits und dem von Männern andererseits auf statistisch relevante Weise die unterschiedliche Entlohnung von Frauen und Männern beeinflusst. Die genannten Variablen wirken sich anders aus in Berufen, die überwiegend von Männern ausgeübt werden, und wiederum anders in sog. Frauenberufen sowie solchen, die von beiden Geschlechtern gleichermaßen ausgeübt werden.

In this paper we analyze some aspects of the gender-based earnings disparities in Slovenia. With the data available we first compare some characteristics of women's employment in Slovenia, Croatia and some European countries: femaleness of occupations; women's average level of professional skill as a percentage of men's; and women's average earnings as a percentage of men's. In the second part of the paper the gender wage gap1 in Slovenia is analyzed. The results of our analysis pointed out that the percent of women employed and the ratio between women's and men's average professional skill in an occupation statistically significantly influence the ratio between women's and men's average earnings. The effect of variables in male-dominated occupations differs from their effect in female-dominated and integrated occupations., U ovom se radu proučavaju neki pokazatelji nejednakosti zarada u Sloveniji koji se temelje na razlici u spolu. Raspoloživi podaci omogućuju usporedbu nekih obilježja zaposlenosti žena u Sloveniji, Hrvatskoj i nekim europskim zemljama: ženska zanimanja; prosječna razina stručne spreme žena izražena u odnosu na postotak spreme muškaraca i prosječne zarade žena izražene u odnosu na postotak zarade muškaraca. U drugom dijelu članka analizira se nejednakost plaća po spolovima u Sloveniji. Rezultati ove analize pokazuju da postotak zaposlenih žena i omjer između prosječnih stručnih sprema žena i muškaraca u nekom zanimanju statistički značajno utječu na omjer zarada žena i muškaraca. Učinak varijabla u zanimanjima u kojima su više zastupljeni muškarci razlikuje se od njihova učinka u integriranim zanimanjima i onima u kojima dominiraju žene., Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht bestimmte Merkmale, die für die geschlechterbedingte Ungleichheit bei der Entlohnung in Slowenien charakteristisch sind. Die verfügbaren Daten ermöglichen einen Vergleich von Merkmalen, die die Berufstätigkeit von Frauen in Slowenien, Kroatien und einigen anderen europäischen Ländern begleiten. Dazu gehören: Frauenberufe; durchschnittlicher Ausbildungsgrad weiblicher Arbeitskräfte im Verhältnis zum Ausbildungsgrad männlicher Arbeitskräfte; Durchschnittsgehälter von Frauen im Verhältnis zu Durchschnittsgehältern von Männern. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird die Ungleichheit bei der Entlohnung von Frauen und Männern in Slowenien analysiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Analyse zeigen, dass der Prozentsatz berufstätiger Frauen und das in einem Beruf herrschende Verhältnis zwischen dem durchschnittlichen Ausbildungsgrad von Frauen einerseits und dem von Männern andererseits auf statistisch relevante Weise die unterschiedliche Entlohnung von Frauen und Männern beeinflusst. Die genannten Variablen wirken sich anders aus in Berufen, die überwiegend von Männern ausgeübt werden, und wiederum anders in sog. Frauenberufen sowie solchen, die von beiden Geschlechtern gleichermaßen ausgeübt werden.