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In this work, we present a review of Energy-Momentum Squared Gravity (EMSG) -- more specifically, $f(R,T_{\mu\nu}T^{\mu\nu})$ gravity, where $R$ represents the Ricci scalar and $T_{\mu\nu}$ denotes the energy-momentum tensor. The inclusion of quadratic contributions from the energy-momentum components has intriguing cosmological implications, particularly during the Universe's early epochs. These effects dominate under high-energy conditions, enabling EMSG to potentially address unresolved issues in General Relativity (GR), such as the initial singularity and aspects of big-bang nucleosynthesis in certain models. The theory's explicit non-minimal coupling between matter and geometry leads to the non-conservation of the energy-momentum tensor, which prompts the investigation of cosmological scenarios through the framework of irreversible thermodynamics of open systems. By employing this formalism, we interpret the energy-balance equations within EMSG from a thermodynamic perspective, viewing them as descriptions of irreversible matter creation processes. Since EMSG converges to GR in a vacuum and differences emerge only in the presence of an energy-momentum distribution, these distinctions become significant in high-curvature regions. Therefore, deviations from GR are expected to be pronounced in the dense cores of compact objects. This review delves into these facets of EMSG, highlighting its potential to shed light on some of the fundamental questions in modern cosmology and gravitational theory., Comment: 40 pages, 4 figures, published version in Universe

In a recent paper (Lacombe, Mukohyama, and Seitz, JCAP {\bf 2024}, 05, 064 (2024)), the authors provided an in-depth analysis of a class of modified gravity theories, generally called $f(R,{\rm Matter})$ theories, which assume the existence of a non-minimal coupling between geometry and matter. It was argued that if the matter sector consists of Standard Model particles, then these theories suffer from the presence of ghosts, or are just scalar/vector-tensor theories. Hence, the relevance of these theories for cosmology was questioned. It is the goal of the present work to carefully analyze, discuss, and assess the line of arguments proposed in Lacombe et al. JCAP {\bf 2024}, 05, 064 (2024). After a qualitative critical discussion of the five general arguments proposed for the validity of a gravitational theory, we present the theoretical foundations of the $f(R,{\rm Matter})$ theories, including their possible relations with quantum gravity, and discuss in detail the role of matter. The matter source discussed in Lacombe et al., consisting predominantly of a massless scalar field, is extremely restrictive, and rather irrelevant for cosmology and the description of the observational data. We also devote a detailed discussion of the problem of the energy scales of the $f(R,{\rm Matter})$ theories. To test the observational relevance of this type of theories we present the comparison of a simple theoretical model with a small set of observational data and with the $\Lambda$CDM paradigm. We conclude by pointing out that the analysis of Lacombe et al., JCAP {\bf 2024}, 05, 064 (2024), even very useful for the understanding of some limited aspects of the $f(R,{\rm Matter})$ theories, and of their theoretical foundations, cannot be considered as a valid or definite criticism of these approaches to gravity., Comment: 20 pages, 3 figures

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In this work, we analyze the possibility of gravitationally induced matter creation in the so-called Energy-Momentum-Squared gravity (EMSG), i.e. $f(R,T_{\mu\nu}T^{\mu\nu})$ gravity, in its dynamically equivalent scalar-tensor representation. Given the explicit nonminimal coupling between matter and geometry in this theory, the energy-momentum tensor is not generally covariantly conserved, which motivates the study of cosmological scenarios by resorting to the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics of open systems. We start by deriving the universe matter creation rates and subsequent thermodynamical properties, such as, the creation pressure, temperature evolution, and entropy evolution, in the framework of $f(R,T_{\mu\nu}T^{\mu\nu})$ gravity. These quantities are then analyzed for a Friedmann-Lema\^itre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) background with a scale factor described by the de Sitter solution, under different assumptions for the mater distribution, namely a vacuum universe, a constant density universe, and a time-varying density universe. Finally, we explore cosmological solutions with varying Hubble parameters and provide a comparison with the standard cosmological model. Our results indicate that the cosmological evolution in the framework of EMSG are in close agreement with the observational cosmological data for low redshift., Comment: 17 pages; 6 figures. V2: minor corrections; references added. V3: 20 pages, discussion and references added; matches published version

Recently, the scalar-tensor representation of $f (R,T)$ gravity was used to explore gravitationally induced particle production/annihilation. Using the framework of irreversible thermodynamics of open systems in the presence of matter creation/annihilation, the physical and cosmological consequences of this setup were investigated in detail. In this paper, we test observationally the scalar-tensor representation of $f(R,T)$ gravity in the context of the aforementioned framework, using the Hubble and Pantheon+ measurements. The best fit parameters are obtained by solving numerically the modified Friedmann equations of two distinct cosmological models in scalar tensor $f(R, T)$ gravity, corresponding to two different choices of the potential, and by performing a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis. The best parameters are used to compute the cosmographic parameters, i.e., the deceleration, the jerk and the snap parameters. Using the output resulting from the Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis, the cosmological evolution of the creation pressure and of the matter creation rates are presented for both models. To figure out the statistical significance of the studied scalar-tensor $f(R,T)$ gravity, the Bayesian and the corrected Akaike information criteria are used. The latter indicates that the first considered model in scalar tensor $f(R,T)$ gravity is statistically better than $\Lambda$CDM, i.e., it is more favored by observations. Besides, a continuous particle creation process is present in Model 1. On the other hand, for large redshifts, in Model 2 the particle creation rate may become negative, thus indicating the presence of particle annihilation processes. However, both models lead to an accelerating expansion of the Universe at late times, with a deceleration parameter equivalent to that of the $\Lambda$CDM model., Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures; accepted for publication in MNRAS

In this work, we explore the formalism of the irreversible thermodynamics of open systems and the possibility of gravitationally generated particle production in modified gravity. More specifically, we consider the scalar-tensor representation of $f(R,T)$ gravity, in which the matter energy-momentum tensor is not conserved due to a nonminimal curvature-matter coupling. In the context of the irreversible thermodynamics of open systems, this non-conservation of the energy-momentum tensor can be interpreted as an irreversible flow of energy from the gravitational sector to the matter sector, which, in general, could result in particle creation. We obtain and discuss the expressions for the particle creation rate, the creation pressure, and the entropy and temperature evolutions. Applied together with the modified field equations of scalar-tensor $f(R,T)$ gravity, the thermodynamics of open systems lead to a generalization of the $\Lambda$CDM cosmological paradigm, in which the particle creation rate and pressure are considered effectively as components of the cosmological fluid energy-momentum tensor. Thus, generally, modified theories of gravity in which these two quantities do not vanish provide a macroscopic phenomenological description of particle production in the cosmological fluid filling the Universe and also lead to the possibility of cosmological models that start from empty conditions and gradually build up matter and entropy., Comment: 17 pages; review article based on arXiv:2205.12545, arXiv:1508.02511 and arXiv:1408.3465. Published version in Entropy

Recently, the scalar-tensor representation of $f (R,T)$ gravity was used to explore gravitationally induced particle production/annihilation. Using the framework of irreversible thermodynamics of open systems in the presence of matter creation/annihilation, the physical and cosmological consequences of this setup were investigated in detail. In this paper, we test observationally the scalar-tensor representation of $f(R,T)$ gravity in the context of the aforementioned framework, using the Hubble and Pantheon+ measurements. The best fit parameters are obtained by solving numerically the modified Friedmann equations of two distinct cosmological models in scalar tensor $f(R, T)$ gravity, corresponding to two different choices of the potential, and by performing a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis. The best parameters are used to compute the cosmographic parameters, i.e., the deceleration, the jerk and the snap parameters. Using the output resulting from the Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis, the cosmological evolution of the creation pressure and of the matter creation rates are presented for both models. To figure out the statistical significance of the studied scalar-tensor $f(R,T)$ gravity, the Bayesian and the corrected Akaike information criteria are used. The latter indicates that the first considered model in scalar tensor $f(R,T)$ gravity is statistically better than $\Lambda$CDM, i.e., it is more favored by observations. Besides, a continuous particle creation process is present in Model 1. On the other hand, for large redshifts, in Model 2 the particle creation rate may become negative, thus indicating the presence of particle annihilation processes. However, both models lead to an accelerating expansion of the Universe at late times, with a deceleration parameter equivalent to that of the $\Lambda$CDM model., Comment: 17 pages, 14 figures; accepted for publication in MNRAS

In this work, we explore the formalism of the irreversible thermodynamics of open systems and the possibility of gravitationally generated particle production in modified gravity. More specifically, we consider the scalar-tensor representation of $f(R,T)$ gravity, in which the matter energy-momentum tensor is not conserved due to a nonminimal curvature-matter coupling. In the context of the irreversible thermodynamics of open systems, this non-conservation of the energy-momentum tensor can be interpreted as an irreversible flow of energy from the gravitational sector to the matter sector, which, in general, could result in particle creation. We obtain and discuss the expressions for the particle creation rate, the creation pressure, and the entropy and temperature evolutions. Applied together with the modified field equations of scalar-tensor $f(R,T)$ gravity, the thermodynamics of open systems lead to a generalization of the $\Lambda$CDM cosmological paradigm, in which the particle creation rate and pressure are considered effectively as components of the cosmological fluid energy-momentum tensor. Thus, generally, modified theories of gravity in which these two quantities do not vanish provide a macroscopic phenomenological description of particle production in the cosmological fluid filling the Universe and also lead to the possibility of cosmological models that start from empty conditions and gradually build up matter and entropy., Comment: 17 pages; review article based on arXiv:2205.12545, arXiv:1508.02511 and arXiv:1408.3465. Published version in Entropy

[Introduction] Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious bacterium that causes the zoonotic disease tularemia. The development of genotyping methods, especially those based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS), has recently increased the knowledge on the epidemiology of this disease. However, due to the difficulties associated with the growth and isolation of this fastidious pathogen in culture, the availability of strains and subsequently WGS data is still limited., [Methods] To surpass these constraints, we aimed to implement a culture-free approach to capture and sequence F. tularensis genomes directly from complex samples. Biological samples obtained from 50 common voles and 13 Iberian hares collected in Spain were confirmed as positive for F. tularensis subsp. holarctica and subjected to a WGS target capture and enrichment protocol, using RNA oligonucleotide baits designed to cover F. tularensis genomic diversity., [Results] We obtained full genome sequences of F. tularensis from 13 animals (20.6%), two of which had mixed infections with distinct genotypes, and achieved a higher success rate when compared with culture-dependent WGS (only successful for two animals). The new genomes belonged to different clades commonly identified in Europe (B.49, B.51 and B.262) and subclades. Despite being phylogenetically closely related to other genomes from Spain, the detected clusters were often found in other countries. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis, integrating 599 F. tularensis subsp. holarctica genomes, showed that most (sub)clades are found in both humans and animals and that closely related strains are found in different, and often geographically distant, countries., [Discussion] Overall, we show that the implemented culture-free WGS methodology yields timely, complete and high-quality genomic data of F. tularensis, being a highly valuable approach to promote and potentiate the genomic surveillance of F. tularensis and ultimately increase the knowledge on the genomics, ecology and epidemiology of this highly infectious pathogen.

Understanding ecological, and socio-economical vulnerabilities is fundamental towards developing and implementing regional adaptation strategies to climate change. The Portuguese coast is situated in a transition zone between temperate ecosystems to the north, and subtropical with Mediterranean characteristics, to the south, with distinct oceanographic regions (north, centre, and south), fish assemblages and socioeconomic realities of fish communities across these regions. We develop a framework to assess fisheries climate vulnerability in each port. A total of 32 ecological and socio-economic indicators were used to measure exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of the fishing sector to climate change by combining i) environmental projections ii) information from fishing communities (surveys at ports) and iii) landings and socio-economic data from official statistics offices. The vulnerability to climate change across regions, and its expected impact on fishing fleets and local communities, was low-moderate. Such information will enable fishing communities and decision makers to respond to expected climate change effects and direct/indirect associated activities. This framework comprises background information for developing mandatory EU climate adaptation plans that aim to improve the resilience of fisheries socio-economic systems.

In this work, we analyze the possibility of gravitationally induced matter creation in the so-called Energy-Momentum-Squared gravity (EMSG), i.e. $f(R,T_{\mu\nu}T^{\mu\nu})$ gravity, in its dynamically equivalent scalar-tensor representation. Given the explicit nonminimal coupling between matter and geometry in this theory, the energy-momentum tensor is not generally covariantly conserved, which motivates the study of cosmological scenarios by resorting to the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics of open systems. We start by deriving the universe matter creation rates and subsequent thermodynamical properties, such as, the creation pressure, temperature evolution, and entropy evolution, in the framework of $f(R,T_{\mu\nu}T^{\mu\nu})$ gravity. These quantities are then analyzed for a Friedmann-Lema\^itre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) background with a scale factor described by the de Sitter solution, under different assumptions for the mater distribution, namely a vacuum universe, a constant density universe, and a time-varying density universe. Finally, we explore cosmological solutions with varying Hubble parameters and provide a comparison with the standard cosmological model. Our results indicate that the cosmological evolution in the framework of EMSG are in close agreement with the observational cosmological data for low redshift., Comment: 17 pages; 6 figures. V2: minor corrections; references added. V3: 20 pages, discussion and references added; matches published version

We explore the possibility of gravitationally generated particle production in the scalar-tensor representation of $f(R,T)$ gravity. Due to the explicit nonminimal curvature-matter coupling in the theory, the divergence of the matter energy-momentum tensor does not vanish. We explore the physical and cosmological implications of this property by using the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics of open systems in the presence of matter creation/annihilation. The particle creation rates, pressure, temperature evolution and the expression of the comoving entropy are obtained in a covariant formulation and discussed in detail. Applied together with the gravitational field equations, the thermodynamics of open systems lead to a generalization of the standard $\Lambda$CDM cosmological paradigm, in which the particle creation rates and pressures are effectively considered as components of the cosmological fluid energy-momentum tensor. We also consider specific models, and compare the scalar-tensor $f(R,T)$ cosmology with the $\Lambda$CDM scenario and the observational data for the Hubble function. The properties of the particle creation rates, of the creation pressures, and entropy generation through gravitational matter production are further investigated in both the low and high redshift limits., Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures. V2: 16 pages, 6 figures; extensive discussion and references added. V3: matches published version

We explore the possibility of gravitationally generated particle production in the scalar-tensor representation of $f(R,T)$ gravity. Due to the explicit nonminimal curvature-matter coupling in the theory, the divergence of the matter energy-momentum tensor does not vanish. We explore the physical and cosmological implications of this property by using the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics of open systems in the presence of matter creation/annihilation. The particle creation rates, pressure, temperature evolution and the expression of the comoving entropy are obtained in a covariant formulation and discussed in detail. Applied together with the gravitational field equations, the thermodynamics of open systems lead to a generalization of the standard $\Lambda$CDM cosmological paradigm, in which the particle creation rates and pressures are effectively considered as components of the cosmological fluid energy-momentum tensor. We also consider specific models, and compare the scalar-tensor $f(R,T)$ cosmology with the $\Lambda$CDM scenario and the observational data for the Hubble function. The properties of the particle creation rates, of the creation pressures, and entropy generation through gravitational matter production are further investigated in both the low and high redshift limits., Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures. V2: 16 pages, 6 figures; extensive discussion and references added. V3: matches published version

Theranostic systems are materials or processes that combine modalities of diagnostic imaging with the delivery of therapeutics. The information obtained from theranostic drug-delivery systems can be used to make decisions in real time in efforts to optimize the treatment. This combination of therapy and diagnostics in a single treatment is a viable method for improving drug efficacy, patient safety, and therapeutic outcomes. The theranostic delivery of carbon monoxide (CO) as a chemotherapeutic and silver (Ag+) as an antibacterial agent is discussed in detail in the following chapters.The gaseous signaling molecule carbon monoxide has been recently recognized for its wide range of physiological activity as well as its antineoplastic properties. Endogenously produced CO directly regulates heme protein activity and indirectly modulates a variety of biochemical processes. Exogenous delivery of CO is also a viable strategy for influencing cellular biochemical responses in efforts to elicit desired salutary therapeutic effects. However, the main technical challenge is the delivery of this noxious and potentially hazardous gas in a controlled and dependable manner. Several elegant strategies have been designed and implemented for the delivery of this gaseous signaling molecule to cells, including photo-triggered CO releasing systems (molecules, materials, carriers). Light can be used as a benign remote trigger for the on-demand release of CO from photoactivatable CO-releasing systems (photoCORs). However, the delivery of CO to light inaccessible cavities/tissues with spatiotemporal control is a considerable challenge. The delivery of CO to remote parts of the body through the use of an optical fiber-based CO-releasing device is discussed in Chapter 2.I. The CO-releasing polymeric material described in this chapter can be used as a solid-state source of CO triggered through external light illumination. In addition, this material exhibits a color change upon CO release, ind

Theranostic systems are materials or processes that combine modalities of diagnostic imaging with the delivery of therapeutics. The information obtained from theranostic drug-delivery systems can be used to make decisions in real time in efforts to optimize the treatment. This combination of therapy and diagnostics in a single treatment is a viable method for improving drug efficacy, patient safety, and therapeutic outcomes. The theranostic delivery of carbon monoxide (CO) as a chemotherapeutic and silver (Ag+) as an antibacterial agent is discussed in detail in the following chapters.The gaseous signaling molecule carbon monoxide has been recently recognized for its wide range of physiological activity as well as its antineoplastic properties. Endogenously produced CO directly regulates heme protein activity and indirectly modulates a variety of biochemical processes. Exogenous delivery of CO is also a viable strategy for influencing cellular biochemical responses in efforts to elicit desired salutary therapeutic effects. However, the main technical challenge is the delivery of this noxious and potentially hazardous gas in a controlled and dependable manner. Several elegant strategies have been designed and implemented for the delivery of this gaseous signaling molecule to cells, including photo-triggered CO releasing systems (molecules, materials, carriers). Light can be used as a benign remote trigger for the on-demand release of CO from photoactivatable CO-releasing systems (photoCORs). However, the delivery of CO to light inaccessible cavities/tissues with spatiotemporal control is a considerable challenge. The delivery of CO to remote parts of the body through the use of an optical fiber-based CO-releasing device is discussed in Chapter 2.I. The CO-releasing polymeric material described in this chapter can be used as a solid-state source of CO triggered through external light illumination. In addition, this material exhibits a color change upon CO release, ind

Many DNA replication and DNA repair enzymes have been found to carry [4Fe4S] clusters. The major leading strand polymerase, DNA polymerase ε (Pol ε) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was recently reported to have a [4Fe4S] cluster located within the catalytic domain of the largest subunit, Pol2. Here the redox characteristics of the [4Fe4S] cluster in the context of that domain, Pol2CORE, are explored using DNA electrochemistry, and the effects of oxidation and rereduction on polymerase activity are examined. The exonuclease deficient variant D290A/E292A, Pol2COREexo–, was used to limit DNA degradation. While no redox signal is apparent for Pol2COREexo– on DNA-modified electrodes, a large cathodic signal centered at −140 mV vs NHE is observed after bulk oxidation. A double cysteine to serine mutant (C665S/C668S) of Pol2COREexo–, which lacks the [4Fe4S] cluster, shows no similar redox signal upon oxidation. Significantly, protein oxidation yields a sharp decrease in polymerization, while rereduction restores activity almost to the level of untreated enzyme. Moreover, the addition of reduced EndoIII, a bacterial DNA repair enzyme containing [4Fe4S]2+, to oxidized Pol2COREexo– bound to its DNA substrate also significantly restores polymerase activity. In contrast, parallel experiments with EndoIIIY82A, a variant of EndoIII, defective in DNA charge transport (CT), does not show restoration of activity of Pol2COREexo–. We propose a model in which EndoIII bound to the DNA duplex may shuttle electrons through DNA to the DNA-bound oxidized Pol2COREexo– via DNA CT and that this DNA CT signaling offers a means to modulate the redox state and replication by Pol ε.

Water bodies and aquatic ecosystems are threatened by discharges of industrial waters. Ecotoxicological effects of components occurring in untreated and treated wastewaters are often not considered. The use of a linear, multi-compartmented, non-forced, static system constructed with PET bottles is proposed for the quality assessment of treated waters, to deal with such limitations. Two synthetic waters, one simulating wastewater from the textile industry and the other one simulating wastewater from the cassava starch industry, were prepared and treated by homogeneous Fenton process and heterogeneous photocatalysis, respectively. Untreated and treated synthetic waters and their dilutions were placed into compartments of the non-forced exposure system, in which zebrafish (Danio rerio), the indicator organism, could select the environment of its preference. Basic physical–chemical and chemical parameters of untreated and treated synthetic waters were measured. The preference and avoidance responses allowed verification of whether or not the quality of the water was improved due to the treatment. The results of these assays can be a complement to conventional parameters of water quality.

[EN] In this paper we describe a low-cost and low-power consumption messaging system based on LoRa technology. More that one billion people worldwide cannot access even the most basic connectivity services. For them even simple messaging services would be of great help, for example to farmers wishing to know the price of goods they want to sell or buy before deciding whether a possibly long, expensive and exhausting trip is undertaken. LoRa networks allow for very long wireless links that can connect villages and towns. This system falls in the category of community networks, where users build their own network where no commercial infrastructure is available. In addition to the simple messaging application, LoRa can be used to distribute sensor information to communities or to provide disaster alerts or meteorological data.

La inestabilidad crónica del tobillo, es una causa común de consulta y tratamiento en los Servicios de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, siendo una patología que muchas veces resulta complicado de tratar debido al uso extendido de la articulación y además se asocia a incapacidad funcional y decremento de la calidad de vida de las personas afectadas. Por lo anterior, se efectuó un estudio cuasiexperimental, longitudinal y prospectivo, que tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento de fuerza y equilibrio para optimizar los déficits de inestabilidad crónica del tobillo. Hospital Regional Honorio Delgado, Arequipa 2019. Material y Métodos: Para realizar el estudio, se plantea la aplicación de la técnica de la observación clínica y documental así como la intervención participante. El instrumento a efectuar es la Ficha de recolección de datos, para evaluar la inestabilidad crónica del tobillo, el instrumento a utilizar es el Cuestionario: Identificación de Inestabilidad Funcional del Tobillo (IdFAI), el mismo que será aplicado en la forma de Pre y Post Test. La población de estudio está representada por aproximadamente 24 pacientes a quienes se aplicará el programa de Entrenamiento que tendrá una duración de dos meses. Como resultado del estudio, se espera observar mejoras con relevancia clínica en el grado de fuerza y equilibrio de los pacientes después de la aplicación del programa.

[EN] In this paper we describe a low-cost and low-power consumption messaging system based on LoRa technology. More that one billion people worldwide cannot access even the most basic connectivity services. For them even simple messaging services would be of great help, for example to farmers wishing to know the price of goods they want to sell or buy before deciding whether a possibly long, expensive and exhausting trip is undertaken. LoRa networks allow for very long wireless links that can connect villages and towns. This system falls in the category of community networks, where users build their own network where no commercial infrastructure is available. In addition to the simple messaging application, LoRa can be used to distribute sensor information to communities or to provide disaster alerts or meteorological data.

La inestabilidad crónica del tobillo, es una causa común de consulta y tratamiento en los Servicios de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, siendo una patología que muchas veces resulta complicado de tratar debido al uso extendido de la articulación y además se asocia a incapacidad funcional y decremento de la calidad de vida de las personas afectadas. Por lo anterior, se efectuó un estudio cuasiexperimental, longitudinal y prospectivo, que tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento de fuerza y equilibrio para optimizar los déficits de inestabilidad crónica del tobillo. Hospital Regional Honorio Delgado, Arequipa 2019. Material y Métodos: Para realizar el estudio, se plantea la aplicación de la técnica de la observación clínica y documental así como la intervención participante. El instrumento a efectuar es la Ficha de recolección de datos, para evaluar la inestabilidad crónica del tobillo, el instrumento a utilizar es el Cuestionario: Identificación de Inestabilidad Funcional del Tobillo (IdFAI), el mismo que será aplicado en la forma de Pre y Post Test. La población de estudio está representada por aproximadamente 24 pacientes a quienes se aplicará el programa de Entrenamiento que tendrá una duración de dos meses. Como resultado del estudio, se espera observar mejoras con relevancia clínica en el grado de fuerza y equilibrio de los pacientes después de la aplicación del programa.

The following academic article has as the main objective to describe the Experiential Marketing as an effective communication tool for mass consumption brands with presence in different local retailers. The research methodology was exploratory in scope, having primary and secondary information sources. As primary sources, we had retail and brand marketing experts’ interviews and as a complement, an observational study. The researcher concluded that the Experiential Marketing in Guayaquil-Ecuador has development opportunities due to the increase of usage in other similar countries and the predisposition for its development by the mass consumption brands and top retailers., El presente artículo académico tiene como objetivo describir al Marketing Experiencial como una herramienta de comunicación efectiva para las marcas de consumo masivo con presencia en los autoservicios del país. La metodología de esta investigación tuvo un alcance exploratorio, detallando un caso de éxito como fuente secundaria y, analizando como fuente primaria, los datos obtenidos a través de la observación directa y entrevistas a expertos. Con base al estudio desarrollado, se concluyó que el Marketing Experiencial en el país tiene un gran potencial, igual que en otros países que han desarrollado esta estrategia con las mismas marcas de presencia local. No obstante, existe predisposición para escuchar, pero hay una carencia de iniciativa dentro de los Autoservicios.

The following academic article has as the main objective to describe the Experiential Marketing as an effective communication tool for mass consumption brands with presence in different local retailers. The research methodology was exploratory in scope, having primary and secondary information sources. As primary sources, we had retail and brand marketing experts’ interviews and as a complement, an observational study. The researcher concluded that the Experiential Marketing in Guayaquil-Ecuador has development opportunities due to the increase of usage in other similar countries and the predisposition for its development by the mass consumption brands and top retailers., El presente artículo académico tiene como objetivo describir al Marketing Experiencial como una herramienta de comunicación efectiva para las marcas de consumo masivo con presencia en los autoservicios del país. La metodología de esta investigación tuvo un alcance exploratorio, detallando un caso de éxito como fuente secundaria y, analizando como fuente primaria, los datos obtenidos a través de la observación directa y entrevistas a expertos. Con base al estudio desarrollado, se concluyó que el Marketing Experiencial en el país tiene un gran potencial, igual que en otros países que han desarrollado esta estrategia con las mismas marcas de presencia local. No obstante, existe predisposición para escuchar, pero hay una carencia de iniciativa dentro de los Autoservicios.

The following academic article has as the main objective to describe the Experiential Marketing as an effective communication tool for mass consumption brands with presence in different local retailers. The research methodology was exploratory in scope, having primary and secondary information sources. As primary sources, we had retail and brand marketing experts’ interviews and as a complement, an observational study. The researcher concluded that the Experiential Marketing in Guayaquil-Ecuador has development opportunities due to the increase of usage in other similar countries and the predisposition for its development by the mass consumption brands and top retailers., El presente artículo académico tiene como objetivo describir al Marketing Experiencial como una herramienta de comunicación efectiva para las marcas de consumo masivo con presencia en los autoservicios del país. La metodología de esta investigación tuvo un alcance exploratorio, detallando un caso de éxito como fuente secundaria y, analizando como fuente primaria, los datos obtenidos a través de la observación directa y entrevistas a expertos. Con base al estudio desarrollado, se concluyó que el Marketing Experiencial en el país tiene un gran potencial, igual que en otros países que han desarrollado esta estrategia con las mismas marcas de presencia local. No obstante, existe predisposición para escuchar, pero hay una carencia de iniciativa dentro de los Autoservicios.

Introducción. Estudios previos evidencian problemas de salud mental en estudiantes de pre-grado de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM). Objetivo.Evaluar si existen diferencias entre la frecuencia de problemas de salud mental entre los estudiantes de primer año, y el resto de años de estudio, en alumnos de las cinco escuelas profesionales de la Facultad de Medicina de la UNMSM. Métodos. Estudio transversal. Se utilizaron instrumentos validados para evaluar problemas de salud mental: intento suicida, pensamiento homicida, conducta disocial, problemas con el alcohol, depresión y angustia. Adicionalmente, se midieron niveles de resiliencia. Se incluyeron estudiantes de todas las escuelas profesionales de la Facultad de Medicina, en dos grupos de análisis: estudiantes de primer año y estudiantes de los otros años. Resultados. Se evidenció que en alumnos de primer año se encontró un 7,5% de intento suicida, 18,9% de conducta disocial y 21,9% de pensamiento homicida de prevalencia de vida. Asimismo, se encontró un 4,8% de problemas con el alcohol, 8,5% de depresión y 3,2% de angustia de prevalencia periódica. La frecuencia de problemas de salud mental fue mayor según transcurrieron los años de estudio, aunque con diferencias estadísticamente significativas sólo en depresión, angustia y problemas con el alcohol. El 29,3% de encuestados tuvo bajo nivel de resiliencia. Conclusión. Se encontraron frecuencias preocupantes de problemas de salud mental en los estudiantes de pregrado de la Facultad de Medicina de la UNMSM, aunque un porcentaje de alumnos ya ingresa a la universidad afectado por ellos. El entorno universitario sería factor agravante en depresión, ansiedad y problemas con el alcohol., Introduction. Previous studies pointed out mental health problems in undergraduate health students of school of medicine from Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM). Objective. To assess if there are differences between the frequency of mental health problems between first-year students and other years’ students from five professional schools of the UNMSM school of medicine. Methods. A cross-sectional study. Validated instruments were used to assess mental health problems: suicidal intent, homicidal thinking, disocial behavior, alcoholism, depression and anguish. In addition, levels of resilience were evaluated. Students from all professional schools of the Faculty of Medicine were included in two analysis groups: first-year students and other years’ students. Results. 7,5% of suicide attempts, 18,9% of disocial behavior and 21,9% of homicidal thinking lifetime prevalence were found in first-year students. Similarly, 4,8% of alcoholism, 8,5% of depression and 3,2% of anxiety point prevalence were found on same group of study. The frequency of mental health problems was higher according to the years of study, with statistically significant differences only in depression, anxiety and alcoholism. 29,3% of respondents have a low level of resilience Conclusion. Concerning frequencies of mental health problems were found in undergraduate students of UNMSM School of Medicine, although a percentage of students were admitted in university with mental health problems. The university environment would be an aggravating factor in depression, anxiety and alcohol problems

The following academic article has as the main objective to describe the Experiential Marketing as an effective communication tool for mass consumption brands with presence in different local retailers. The research methodology was exploratory in scope, having primary and secondary information sources. As primary sources, we had retail and brand marketing experts’ interviews and as a complement, an observational study. The researcher concluded that the Experiential Marketing in Guayaquil-Ecuador has development opportunities due to the increase of usage in other similar countries and the predisposition for its development by the mass consumption brands and top retailers., El presente artículo académico tiene como objetivo describir al Marketing Experiencial como una herramienta de comunicación efectiva para las marcas de consumo masivo con presencia en los autoservicios del país. La metodología de esta investigación tuvo un alcance exploratorio, detallando un caso de éxito como fuente secundaria y, analizando como fuente primaria, los datos obtenidos a través de la observación directa y entrevistas a expertos. Con base al estudio desarrollado, se concluyó que el Marketing Experiencial en el país tiene un gran potencial, igual que en otros países que han desarrollado esta estrategia con las mismas marcas de presencia local. No obstante, existe predisposición para escuchar, pero hay una carencia de iniciativa dentro de los Autoservicios.

Se realiza una descripción técnica y medioambiental, en forma de proyectos, de los principales sistemas de energías renovables. Introducción al impacto ambiental, definiciones, metodologías y legislación, aplicados a los diferentes proyectos en sus fases de construcción, funcionamiento y desmantelamiento. Aplicación de toda la metodología de evaluación del impacto ambiental a un caso practico, siguiendo los parámetros de un EsIA; parque eólico.

Quality management and independent assessment of high-throughput sequencing-based virus diagnostics have not yet been established as a mandatory approach for ensuring comparable results. Sensitivity and specificity of viral high-throughput sequence data analysis are highly affected by bioinformatics processing, using publicly available and custom tools and databases, and differ widely between individuals and institutions.Here, we present the results of the COMPARE (COllaborative Management Platform for detection and Analyses of [Re-] emerging and foodborne outbreaks in Europe) in silico virus proficiency test. An artificial, simulated in silico dataset of Illumina HiSeq sequences was provided to 13 different European institutes for bioinformatics analysis towards the identification of viral pathogens in high-throughput sequence data. Comparison of the participants' analyses shows that the use of different tools, programs, and databases for bioinformatics analyses can impact the correct identification of viral sequences from a simple dataset. The identification of slightly mutated and highly divergent virus genomes has been identified as being most challenging: Furthermore, the interpretation of the results together with a fictitious case report by the participants showed that in addition to the bioinformatics analysis, the virological evaluation of the results can be important in clinical settings.External quality assessment and proficiency testing should become an important part of validating high-throughput sequencing-based virus diagnostics and could improve harmonization, comparability, and reproducibility of results. Similar to what is established for conventional laboratory tests like PCR, there is a need for the establishment of international proficiency testing for bioinformatics pipelines and interpretation of such results.

En zonas remotas donde no existen alternativas de comunicación entre personas, es necesario ofrecer soluciones que sean baratas, que necesiten un uso limitado de recursos y que ofrezcan flexibilidad y facilidad de uso y de despliegue. Este TFM propone el diseño de un sistema de mensajería utilizando microcontroladores basados en micropython para desplegar una red de comunicación que, por medio de un interfaz web y enlaces que utilizan la tecnología inalámbrica LoRa, permita intercambiar mensajes de texto entre usuarios. Las comunicaciones entre los nodos de los microcontroladores y los dispositivos de los usuario se llevará a cabo utilizando la tecnología WiFi., In remote areas where there are no communication alternatives between people, it is necessary to offer solutions that are cheap, require a limited use of resources and offer flexibility and ease of use and deployment. This TFM proposes the design of a messaging system that uses microcontrollers for micropython to deploy a communication network that, through a web interface and links uses the LoRa wireless technology, allowing, the exchanging of text messages between users. The communications between the nodes and the devices of the users are carried out using the WiFi technology.

Actualmente la población adulta mayor se encuentra en aumento por el desarrollo de programas en salud a nivel mundial que evitan enfermedades que pueden llevarlos a la muerte , igualmente se encuentra más población adulta mayor por el desarrollo de programas de prevención en salud primaria como secundaria tanto en países desarrollados como subdesarrollados por el avance en la medicina moderna .Es por ese motivo que la población adulta mayor se encuentra en más riesgo de sufrir diferentes patologías crónicas y dentro de ellas las caídas, esto por el deterioro normal de sus funciones tanto mentales como físicas . En el presente trabajo académico de investigación se estudiara además de la exposición de los múltiples factores de riesgo que inducen las caídas, sus consecuencias y su prevención, desarrollando un Programa de intervención psicomotriz dirigido a prevenir las caídas en las personas adultas mayores (de 65 o más años) del Departamento de medicina física y rehabilitación del Hospital Regional Honorio Delgado Espinoza-Arequipa. PALABRAS CLAVE: caídas, prevención, factores de riesgo, personas mayores, psicomotricidad.

En zonas remotas donde no existen alternativas de comunicación entre personas, es necesario ofrecer soluciones que sean baratas, que necesiten un uso limitado de recursos y que ofrezcan flexibilidad y facilidad de uso y de despliegue. Este TFM propone el diseño de un sistema de mensajería utilizando microcontroladores basados en micropython para desplegar una red de comunicación que, por medio de un interfaz web y enlaces que utilizan la tecnología inalámbrica LoRa, permita intercambiar mensajes de texto entre usuarios. Las comunicaciones entre los nodos de los microcontroladores y los dispositivos de los usuario se llevará a cabo utilizando la tecnología WiFi., In remote areas where there are no communication alternatives between people, it is necessary to offer solutions that are cheap, require a limited use of resources and offer flexibility and ease of use and deployment. This TFM proposes the design of a messaging system that uses microcontrollers for micropython to deploy a communication network that, through a web interface and links uses the LoRa wireless technology, allowing, the exchanging of text messages between users. The communications between the nodes and the devices of the users are carried out using the WiFi technology.

En zonas remotas donde no existen alternativas de comunicación entre personas, es necesario ofrecer soluciones que sean baratas, que necesiten un uso limitado de recursos y que ofrezcan flexibilidad y facilidad de uso y de despliegue. Este TFM propone el diseño de un sistema de mensajería utilizando microcontroladores basados en micropython para desplegar una red de comunicación que, por medio de un interfaz web y enlaces que utilizan la tecnología inalámbrica LoRa, permita intercambiar mensajes de texto entre usuarios. Las comunicaciones entre los nodos de los microcontroladores y los dispositivos de los usuario se llevará a cabo utilizando la tecnología WiFi., In remote areas where there are no communication alternatives between people, it is necessary to offer solutions that are cheap, require a limited use of resources and offer flexibility and ease of use and deployment. This TFM proposes the design of a messaging system that uses microcontrollers for micropython to deploy a communication network that, through a web interface and links uses the LoRa wireless technology, allowing, the exchanging of text messages between users. The communications between the nodes and the devices of the users are carried out using the WiFi technology.

Actualmente la población adulta mayor se encuentra en aumento por el desarrollo de programas en salud a nivel mundial que evitan enfermedades que pueden llevarlos a la muerte , igualmente se encuentra más población adulta mayor por el desarrollo de programas de prevención en salud primaria como secundaria tanto en países desarrollados como subdesarrollados por el avance en la medicina moderna .Es por ese motivo que la población adulta mayor se encuentra en más riesgo de sufrir diferentes patologías crónicas y dentro de ellas las caídas, esto por el deterioro normal de sus funciones tanto mentales como físicas . En el presente trabajo académico de investigación se estudiara además de la exposición de los múltiples factores de riesgo que inducen las caídas, sus consecuencias y su prevención, desarrollando un Programa de intervención psicomotriz dirigido a prevenir las caídas en las personas adultas mayores (de 65 o más años) del Departamento de medicina física y rehabilitación del Hospital Regional Honorio Delgado Espinoza-Arequipa. PALABRAS CLAVE: caídas, prevención, factores de riesgo, personas mayores, psicomotricidad.

Previous studies on medical students ́suicidal behavior found, as an associated variable, a high life-prevalence (LP) of dissocial behavior indicators. Such findings compel to suspect the presence of dissocial personality in that population. On the purpose to add knowledge to this problem, the present paper analyses the concept of dissocial personality and discusses the results of a pilot-study that evaluated its presence in recently admitted students to San Marcos University ́s School of Medicine. In the first evaluation, it was found that 33 out of 175 students resulted positive to dissocial behavior indicators (LP: 19%). From this group, 30 showed up for a second diagnostic evaluation; 5 exceeded the cut-off point to dissocial personality and 11 showed scores very close to it, raising suspiciousness of such development. Upon these results we claim the university must accept the responsibility to continue researching this area, create early preventive-therapeutic interventions and curricula innovations to reduce the risk of generating well trained professionals but morally handicapped, Investigaciones previas sobre conducta suicida realizadas en estudiantes de medicina hallaron, como variable asociada, una alta prevalencia de vida (PV) de indicadores de conducta disocial. Tal resultado obliga a sospechar presencia de personalidad de este tipo en dicha población. Con el objetivo de aportar nuevos elementos que complementen los estudios previos, el presente artículo analiza el concepto de personalidad disocial y discute los resultados de un estudio piloto que evaluó su presencia en una muestra de alumnos recién ingresados a la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Se encontró que de 175 estudiantes, 33 resultaron positivos a indicadores de conducta disocial (19% de PV) durante una primera evaluación; de este grupo, 30 se presentaron a una segunda evaluación diagnóstica, de los cuales cinco superaron el punto de corte para personalidad disocial, y 11 obtuvieron puntaje de sospecha de tal desarrollo. Sobre estos resultados sugerimos que la universidad debiera aceptar la responsabilidad de continuar investigando esta área, crear intervenciones preventivo-terapéuticas tempranas e innovaciones curriculares para reducir el riesgo de producir profesionales tecnicamente bien entrenados pero con minusvalías morales.

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were

[Background and aim]: Tularemia is caused by the gram-negative intracellular pathogen Francisella tularensis. In Europe, the region of Castilla y León, Northwest Spain, is a major hotspot for tularemia, where the largest outbreaks of the disease have been recently reported. While rodents and lagomorphs are recognised as the main mammalian hosts in Europe, the common voles (Microtus arvalis) are documented key agents for human tularemia in Northwestern Spain, as evidenced by a spatial and temporal coincidence between human cases and increases in vole abundance. This study aimed to perform comparative genomics of F. tularensis isolates from tissue samples of F. tularensis positive voles with 11 human isolates from 2014, when an increased number of human cases was observed in the same area of Spain. [Material and Methods]: For this study, we selected thirty-four trapped voles, sampled in 80 km2 of farmland in Palencia Province, Spain (42°1′N, 4°42′W), that tested Ft-positive, by conventional PCR and hybridization by reverse line blotting (targeting lpnA), and the multi-target TaqMan PCR, tul4 and ISFtu2 assays. Tissues (liver, spleen and lung) from each animal were minced, inoculated in chocolate agar PolyViteXTM at 37°C in 5% CO2, and observed at 24, 48 and 72h post-inoculation. So far, after DNA extraction, four isolates, showing typical Ft growth, were subjected to paired-end whole-genome sequencing in an Illumina MiSeq apparatus, followed by genome assembly and bioinformatics analysis. [Results and conclusions]: All trapped voles tested positive for F. tularensis subsp. holarctica. A preliminary core-genome SNPs-based analysis, representing >99% of the genome, showed that all isolates (N=15) were distinguishable by 33 single nucleotide variant sites, representing two clear phylogenetic clusters. Noteworthy, four newly sequenced vole-isolated strains segregated together with five human-associated strains from 2014, suggesting the potential persistence of this strain

In Spain, in the early twentieth century, the practice of gambling involved the implementation of major financial penalties and imprisonment, as I was picked up in the penal code of 1870, then in force. That found its exception in the Grand Casino of San Sebastian, where it was common to be played , to keep what was called the "pact of tolerance", by which he allowed what is prohibited in the rest of Spain, attracting the most influential figures of the time , who came to the Basque city from the farthest places. In this communication is to analyze the legislation on this matter, based on existing literature and especially periodicals of the moment, the reading of relevant information is obtained to know the extent of this issue., En España, a comienzos del siglo XX, la práctica de juegos de azar conllevaba la aplicación de importantes penas económicas y de privación de libertad, conforme quedaba recogido en el Código penal de 1870, por entonces vigente. Eso encontró su excepción en el Gran Casino de San Sebastián, donde era habitual que se jugase, al mantenerse lo que se dio en llamar el “pacto de tolerancia”, por el cual se permitía lo que se prohibía en el resto de España, atrayendo a los más influyentes personajes de la época, que acudían a la ciudad vasca desde los más lejanos lugares. En la presente comunicación se pretende analizar la legislación relativa a este asunto, apoyada en la bibliografía existente y, sobre todo, las publicaciones periódicas del momento, de cuya lectura se obtiene una relevante información para conocer el alcance de este asunto.

In Spain, in the early twentieth century, the practice of gambling involved the implementation of major financial penalties and imprisonment, as I was picked up in the penal code of 1870, then in force. That found its exception in the Grand Casino of San Sebastian, where it was common to be played , to keep what was called the "pact of tolerance", by which he allowed what is prohibited in the rest of Spain, attracting the most influential figures of the time , who came to the Basque city from the farthest places. In this communication is to analyze the legislation on this matter, based on existing literature and especially periodicals of the moment, the reading of relevant information is obtained to know the extent of this issue., En España, a comienzos del siglo XX, la práctica de juegos de azar conllevaba la aplicación de importantes penas económicas y de privación de libertad, conforme quedaba recogido en el Código penal de 1870, por entonces vigente. Eso encontró su excepción en el Gran Casino de San Sebastián, donde era habitual que se jugase, al mantenerse lo que se dio en llamar el “pacto de tolerancia”, por el cual se permitía lo que se prohibía en el resto de España, atrayendo a los más influyentes personajes de la época, que acudían a la ciudad vasca desde los más lejanos lugares. En la presente comunicación se pretende analizar la legislación relativa a este asunto, apoyada en la bibliografía existente y, sobre todo, las publicaciones periódicas del momento, de cuya lectura se obtiene una relevante información para conocer el alcance de este asunto.

El Nocturno en mi bemol mayor opus 9 N° 2 fue compuesto por Frédéric Chopin en la época del romanticismo siendo una obra para piano. Por ser una obra tan reconocida, se han hecho múltiples adaptaciones e interpretaciones en diferentes instrumentos musicales, en este caso se presenta el análisis de la adaptación para marimba que ha realizado el percusionista estadounidense Clayton Stroup. El análisis se presenta desde diferentes puntos de vista, teniendo en cuenta siempre el contexto histórico y social en el que se desarrolló la obra, además lo que significa el género nocturno, por otra parte se presenta una mirada desde lo que significa esta obra siendo interpretada en un instrumento de percusión como la marimba, la cual tiene diferentes recursos técnicos respecto del piano. Existen tres aspectos musicales fundamentales sobre los que está fundamentado el análisis, los cuales son: el ritmo, la armonía y la melodía. El primero de ellos dará a conocer los motivos musicales que desarrolla la obra y busca descifrar el movimiento de la obra desde la medida del compás. El segundo dará a conocer la conducción y composición de los acordes y los cambios que estos tienen en los diferentes periodos de la obra. El tercero dará a conocer como se conduce la melodía, a través de la obra y habrá una observación de los intervalos, saltos, ornamentos y la relación que tiene la melodía con respecto a la parte armónica.

El Nocturno en mi bemol mayor opus 9 N° 2 fue compuesto por Frédéric Chopin en la época del romanticismo siendo una obra para piano. Por ser una obra tan reconocida, se han hecho múltiples adaptaciones e interpretaciones en diferentes instrumentos musicales, en este caso se presenta el análisis de la adaptación para marimba que ha realizado el percusionista estadounidense Clayton Stroup. El análisis se presenta desde diferentes puntos de vista, teniendo en cuenta siempre el contexto histórico y social en el que se desarrolló la obra, además lo que significa el género nocturno, por otra parte se presenta una mirada desde lo que significa esta obra siendo interpretada en un instrumento de percusión como la marimba, la cual tiene diferentes recursos técnicos respecto del piano. Existen tres aspectos musicales fundamentales sobre los que está fundamentado el análisis, los cuales son: el ritmo, la armonía y la melodía. El primero de ellos dará a conocer los motivos musicales que desarrolla la obra y busca descifrar el movimiento de la obra desde la medida del compás. El segundo dará a conocer la conducción y composición de los acordes y los cambios que estos tienen en los diferentes periodos de la obra. El tercero dará a conocer como se conduce la melodía, a través de la obra y habrá una observación de los intervalos, saltos, ornamentos y la relación que tiene la melodía con respecto a la parte armónica.

Les troubles du sommeil chez les personnes âgées présentant une démence de type Alzheimer sont fréquents et provoquent une diminution de la qualité de vie. Face à cette problématique, la prescription de moyens médicamenteux par les médecins est fréquente, mais non approuvée.

El Nocturno en mi bemol mayor opus 9 N° 2 fue compuesto por Frédéric Chopin en la época del romanticismo siendo una obra para piano. Por ser una obra tan reconocida, se han hecho múltiples adaptaciones e interpretaciones en diferentes instrumentos musicales, en este caso se presenta el análisis de la adaptación para marimba que ha realizado el percusionista estadounidense Clayton Stroup. El análisis se presenta desde diferentes puntos de vista, teniendo en cuenta siempre el contexto histórico y social en el que se desarrolló la obra, además lo que significa el género nocturno, por otra parte se presenta una mirada desde lo que significa esta obra siendo interpretada en un instrumento de percusión como la marimba, la cual tiene diferentes recursos técnicos respecto del piano. Existen tres aspectos musicales fundamentales sobre los que está fundamentado el análisis, los cuales son: el ritmo, la armonía y la melodía. El primero de ellos dará a conocer los motivos musicales que desarrolla la obra y busca descifrar el movimiento de la obra desde la medida del compás. El segundo dará a conocer la conducción y composición de los acordes y los cambios que estos tienen en los diferentes periodos de la obra. El tercero dará a conocer como se conduce la melodía, a través de la obra y habrá una observación de los intervalos, saltos, ornamentos y la relación que tiene la melodía con respecto a la parte armónica.

En aquest treball s'analitzen els possibles problemes de contaminació existents a la conca de la riera de Tossa (Girona) que seran detectats mitjançant la realització d'un anàlisis geoquímic multielemental dels sediments de la xarxa de drenatge. També es detecten les variacions del contingut en elements traça generat pels diferents tipus de litologies

In this paper we present a content analysis regarding the position held by several Spanish newspapers and press agencies concerning an international event; the World Youth Day 2011. Its main purpose is to analyse how different media positioned themselves when informing over such event by analyzing the frequency of negative terms in news pieces. To this end, word frequency analysis was applied to 4,860 news pieces, which were then processed through clustering techniques; Multidimensional Scaling and Hierarchical Ascendant Classification. Clustering analysis sheds light on the position of newspapers and their similarities. Results show differences in coverage and uses of keywords. We will find three main clusters of newspapers appear, according to their editorial lines., El presente trabajo es un análisis de contenido aplicado a las noticias españolas de prensa y agencias relacionadas con la Jornada Mundial de la Juventud. El objetivo principal es analizar cómo se posicionan los medios analizando los términos relacionados con noticias negativas de un total de 4860 noticias, utilizando como fuente la Base de Datos MynewsOnline®. La agrupación se consigue aplicando técnicas estadísticas de Escalamiento Multidimensional y Clasificación Ascendente Jerárquica. Así mismo se describe la producción de noticias por cabeceras y los términos negativos de mayor frecuencia y su posición en el ranking de frecuencias absolutas. Los resultados demuestran desigualdades de cobertura y uso de términos claves. Igualmente se producen tres agrupaciones de conjuntos de periódicos, muy relacionadas con la ideología editorial de sus cabeceras.

L'objectiu d'aquesta tesina consisteix en quantificar l'impacte visual que provoquen diverses obres de tipus lineal, com una línia de tren d'alta velocitat, una carretera i una línia de transport d'energia elèctrica, mitjançant el programari VImpacte. L'estudi es centra en el municipi de L'Arboç (Tarragona)

La carretera C-31 al seu pas pel massís del Garraf, també coneguda com les costes de Garraf, és un nexe d’unió de les poblacions que resten a les dues bandes d’aquest massís. Fins a la construcció de l’autopista C-32 no hi ha hagut cap alternativa per a creuar el massís del Garraf per la costa. El seu ús encara habitual però més contingut ha plantejat la possibilitat de convertir- la en una via paisatgística integrada a la franja costanera del massís oferint així unes panoràmiques úniques. A partir d’aquesta idea es posa en marxa un projecte d’integració visual de la carretera basat en la millora de zones de parada que es troben disperses al llarg del traçat de la mateixa. Creant així zones de descans, rehabilitant zones de parada d’emergència i construint una sèrie de miradors. Tot i que aquesta carretera travessa un parc natural en el seu recorregut s’hi poden trobar zones molt deteriorades pels usos en la mineria i en la indústria del ciment que s’ha donat a la roca calcària del massís. És per això que aquestes zones de descans poden presentar mancances o alteracions en les seves qualitats paisatgístiques. En la present tesina es proposa un sistema d’avaluar els potencials impactes visuals als que poden estar exposades aquestes zones de descans mitjançant un programari concebut per al càlcul d’aquests impactes, per a valorar les capacitats d’ús d’aquesta carretera com una via paisatgística, fer la proposta de mesures correctores en els àmbits que en sigui possible la seva aplicació i construir un model tridimensional interactiu de la zona d’estudi.