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A series of six isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isolipidic (10% crude lipid) diets were formulated by replacing 0% (control), 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 75% of fish meal (FM) with corn gluten meal (CGM), including 40% FM. In addition, all diets were supplemented with crystalline amino including lysine and methionine in all diets except the control. Results showed that there were no significant effects on survival, weight gain ratio (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among all dietary diet groups (P>0.05). There were also no significant differences (P > 0.05) among all diets in the serum immune enzyme, Alkaline Phosphatase (AKP), Lysozyme (LYZ) and Complement 3 (C3), but in Complement 4 (C4), there was a significantly higher content in C75 compared with the other diets (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in alpha-amylase activities of digestive enzymes in hindgut among the dietary treatments (P > 0.05), while the activities of lipase were significantly lower in C0 than in the other groups (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in trypsin activity in fish fed the C15, and C75 diets than the control group (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) among all the diets in aspartate amino transferase (AST), but in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) the activities of C75 diet were significantly lower compared with the other diets (P < 0.05). mRNA expression levels of target of rapamycin (TOR) in dietary groups were significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05), however, there were no significant differences in C15 to C75 groups (P > 0.05). Results of the present study suggested that CGM could substitute up to 75% of FM without influencing the growth of juvenile Larimichthys Crocea.

This study focused on Sciaenops ocellatus in deep-water cage culture studying the changes of the main energy substances and metabolites during swimming. Based on our results, a physical energy distribution model was constructed. The main conclusions were as follows: (1) A power function relationship between the maximum swimming time and swimming speed of the red drum was found. (2) At high swimming speed, there was a significant increase in red drum blood glucose concentration, a slight decrease in the amount of muscle glycogen, and a significant decrease in hepatic glycogen. When fish were close to fatigue, hepatic glycogen concentration was close to depletion, so hepatic glycogen concentration in the red drum can be used as an important indicator to determine sustained swimming ability in the fish. (3) There was a significant increase in lactic acid and lactic acid concentration during swimming at a high speed, which indicated that the process of high-speed swimming in the red drum was accompanied by anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration. (4) This study established a simple swimming physical energy distribution model of red drum based on the energy consumption of hepatic glycogen. The model shows a linear relationship between time and swimming speed. (5) A calculation method for the maximum tidal current velocity in red drum farming areas was put forward based on the physical energy distribution model of the red drum and the rules of the tidal currents. Thish may give practical reference for farming site selection.

Water flow is basic in the environment of fish. To date, most studies investigating the influence of water flow on fish behavior have focused on swimming speed and associated mechanisms, but few studies have addressed the molecular basis. This study used liver transcriptome profiling of Sciaenops ocellatus exposed to shear stress from the aquatic environment. De novo assembly yielded 70,148 genes with 12,465 unigenes > 1 kb. We identified 10,214 simple sequence repeat markers as well as 38,020 and 29,627 homozygous and 57,835 and 66,088 heterozygous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the experimental and control groups, respectively. After screening, there were 1773 differentially expressed genes, of which 204 were upregulated and 969 were downregulated. Gene Ontology analysis revealed 424 genes that were enriched in biological processes (90 in cellular component and 310 in molecular function). A total of 423 genes were annotated to a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathways (136 to metabolic pathways; 69 to environmental information processing; 67 to cellular process). There were four significantly enriched pathways, including glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; tryptophan metabolism; retinol metabolism; and steroid biosynthesis. Some genes were known to be related to flow stress; those in the Hedgehog signaling pathway were upregulated, whereas others related to RNA degradation were downregulated. There was strong correlation between up- and downregulated genes identified by quantitative PCR and RNA sequencing. Thus, shear stress from aquatic environments greatly influences liver function in S. ocellatus. The results provide a reference that can be useful for selecting appropriate breeding sites for S. ocellatus aquaculture.

The deployment of decision support aids, electronic referral tools or other novel processes to improve diagnostic or therapeutic performance may also disrupt the flow of the consultation in general practice. Therefore "innovations" or interventions that may result in changes to the structure of the consultation need to be tested in controlled conditions if they are not to harm patient care in practice. We describe a method for conducting "Phase 1" studies of such interventions illustrated by a consultation from one of four studies using actor-patient consultations. The recording of actor-patient consultations is technically challenging. There are some limitations in using volunteers whose skills may be unknown. However, the method allows lay and professional observation about the performance of doctors using new tools which may help to refine the innovations or offer insights into how and why some clinical scenarios impact on the doctor-patient consultation. This method is not a substitute for adequately powered clinical trials; however, it offers a practical approach to developing a complex intervention for subsequent formal evaluation.