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The healthy lifestyle of people around the world has changed dramatically during the COVID-19 pandemic. The personality risk factors for these processes from around the world remain understudied. This study aimed to examine the associations of the Big Five traits with a healthy lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic. In a cross-sectional study, data from 1215 Russian university students were analyzed. Participants completed the Big Five Inventory-10 and Short Multidimensional Inventory Lifestyle Evaluation. The results showed that personality traits predicted many dimensions of a healthy lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic. Diet and nutrition were positively predicted by extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, and it was negatively predicted by neuroticism. Substance abuse was positively predicted by agreeableness and conscientiousness, and it was negatively predicted by extraversion. Physical activity was positively predicted by extraversion and conscientiousness, and it was negatively predicted by neuroticism. Stress management was positively predicted by extraversion and conscientiousness, and it was negatively predicted by neuroticism. Restorative sleep was positively predicted by extraversion and conscientiousness, and it was negatively predicted by neuroticism. Social support for healthy practices was positively predicted by extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Environmental exposures were positively predicted by extraversion, and neuroticism was positively and negatively predicted by conscientiousness. Our findings may be useful for further exploration of personality risk factors for healthy practices in challenging life circumstances. © 2022 by the authors.

Background The quality of a child’s attachment to its primary caregiver plays an important role for its long-term socioemotional development. While ‘secure’ attachment is associated with better outcomes, ‘insecure’ attachment is associated with a higher risk of externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Children referred to mental health services show much higher rates of insecure attachment than the general population, yet the parent-child relationship is rarely in treatment focus. Attachment quality is closely associated with parental sensitive responsiveness that is target of attachment-based interventions like Circle of Security (COS). COS has shown to improve attachment quality and the well-being of both children and parents. No randomized controlled trials have investigated the effect of COS on parental sensitivity and child psychiatric symptoms in child mental health services. Objectives To investigate whether COS-Parenting (COS-P) can increase observed maternal sensitivity and decrease children’s psychiatric symptoms as an add on to treatment as usual (TAU). Methods In a randomized controlled parallel superiority trial COS-P is compared with TAU for parents of children referred to child mental health services (n = 186). Families are randomized 2:1 to intervention or control group, if their child is between 3 and 8 years old and scores ≥ 93d percentile on both the CBCL total score and the oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder subscale. Primary outcome is maternal sensitivity, secondary and exploratory outcomes include, among others, child psychiatric symptoms, parental stress and coping with children’s negative emotions. Outcomes and adverse events are assessed before (T0) and after 10 weeks of treatment (T1) and 6 months later (T2). Regression analysis and /or ANOVA will be used for all outcomes. Perspectives Targeting the parent-child relation has the potential to reduce psychiatric symptoms in children. This trial wil

Background The quality of a child’s attachment to its primary caregiver plays an important role for its long-term socioemotional development. While ‘secure’ attachment is associated with better outcomes, ‘insecure’ attachment is associated with a higher risk of externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Children referred to mental health services show much higher rates of insecure attachment than the general population, yet the parent-child relationship is rarely in treatment focus. Attachment quality is closely associated with parental sensitive responsiveness that is target of attachment-based interventions like Circle of Security (COS). COS has shown to improve attachment quality and the well-being of both children and parents. No randomized controlled trials have investigated the effect of COS on parental sensitivity and child psychiatric symptoms in child mental health services. Objectives To investigate whether COS-Parenting (COS-P) can increase observed maternal sensitivity and decrease children’s psychiatric symptoms as an add on to treatment as usual (TAU). Methods In a randomized controlled parallel superiority trial COS-P is compared with TAU for parents of children referred to child mental health services (n = 186). Families are randomized 2:1 to intervention or control group, if their child is between 3 and 8 years old and scores ≥ 93d percentile on both the CBCL total score and the oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder subscale. Primary outcome is maternal sensitivity, secondary and exploratory outcomes include, among others, child psychiatric symptoms, parental stress and coping with children’s negative emotions. Outcomes and adverse events are assessed before (T0) and after 10 weeks of treatment (T1) and 6 months later (T2). Regression analysis and /or ANOVA will be used for all outcomes. Perspectives Targeting the parent-child relation has the potential to reduce psychiatric symptoms in children. This trial wil

Los profesionales de Recursos Humanos cuentan con un gran número de herramientas de selección de personal para poder evaluar a los candidatos que se presentan a un puesto. Sin embargo, estas herramientas poseen, a su vez, diferentes capacidades psicométricas relativas a su fiabilidad y validez, lo que hace que el uso de aquellas con mejores capacidades psicométricas sea recomendable en la práctica profesional. El objetivo del presente Trabajo de Fin de Grado consiste en averiguar si el grado de utilización de estas herramientas en las empresas españolas se corresponde con los valores relativos a su validez que refleja la investigación. Asimismo, se tratará de identificar si existen diferencias significativas entre el uso de un determinado instrumento en función del nivel jerárquico en el que se sitúa la vacante – puestos base, supervisores o directivos -, así como del tamaño de la organización – pymes o grandes compañías -. Finalmente, se analizarán las percepciones que tienen los profesionales de la selección sobre la eficacia de las herramientas más utilizadas en la actualidad., Os profesionais de Recursos Humanos contan con un gran número de ferramentas de selección de persoal para poder avaliar aos candidatos que se presentan para un posto. Non obstante, estas ferramentas teñen, á súa vez, diferentes capacidades psicométricas relacionadas coa súa fiabilidade e validez, o que fai que o uso de aquelas con mellores capacidades psicométricas sexa recomendable na práctica profesional. O obxectivo deste Traballo Fin de Grao é descubrir se o grao de uso destas ferramentas nas empresas españolas se corresponde cos valores relativos á súa validez que reflexa a investigación. Do mesmo xeito, intentarase identificar se existen diferenzas significativas entre o uso dun determinado instrumento en función do nivel xerárquico no que se sitúe a vacante - postos base, supervisores ou directivos -, así como do tamaño da organización – pemes ou grandes compañías -. Finalmente, analizaranse as percepcións que teñen os profesionais da selección sobre a eficacia das ferramentas máis empregadas na actualidade., Human Resources professionals have a large number of selection tools available to evaluate candidates who apply for a position. However, these tools have different psychometric capacities related to their reliability and validity, which makes the use of those with better psychometric capacities recommended in professional practice. The objective of this Final Degree Project is to find out if the degree of use of these tools in Spanish companies corresponds to the values related to their validity reflected in the research. Likewise, an attempt will be made to identify if there are significant differences between the use of a certain instrument depending on the hierarchical level in which the vacancy is located - base positions, supervisors or managers -, as well as the size of the organization - SMEs or large companies -. Finally, the perceptions that recruitment professionals have on the effectiveness of the tools mostly used today will be analyzed.

Background: This article explores the suitability of a proposed Dual model, in which both people and items are sources of measurement error, by assessing how the test scores are expected to behave in terms of marginal reliability and external validity when the model holds. Method: Analytical derivations are produced for predicting: (a) the impact of person and item errors in the amount of marginal reliability and external validity, as well as the occurrence of ceiling effects; (b) the changes in test reliability across groups with different average amounts of person error, and (c) the phenomenon of differential predictability. Two empirical studies are also used both as an illustration and as a check of the predicted results. Results: Results show that the model-based predictions agree with existing evidence as well as with basic principles in classical test theory. However, the additional inclusion of individuals as a source of error leads to new explanations and predictions. Conclusions: The proposal and results provide new sources of information in personality assessment as well as of evidence of model suitability. They also help to explain some disappointing recurrent results.

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Bakgrund: Den traditionella stereotypen av revisorsyrket, som beskrivs som grå och tråkig, kan tänkas påverka studenters syn på revisionsbranschen. Personligheten anses betydande för valet av utbildning och individer med vissa egenskaper tenderar att välja en inriktning inom redovisning/revision. Brist på forskning gällande hur utmärkande dessa personlighetsdrag är och huruvida de matchar revisionsbyråernas efterfrågade egenskaper, har motiverat studien. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utforska sambandet mellan personlighetstyp och val av inriktning för universitetsstudier inom företagsekonomi, samt huruvida personlighetstypen för studenter inom redovisning/revision matchar den som revisionsbyråerna efterfrågar. Metod: Den kvantitativa studien grundas i ett positivistiskt synsätt och en deduktiv ansats. En förstudie i två delar undersöker egenskaper porträtterade i jobbannonser samt karaktärsdrag värderade av arbetande revisorer. Huvudstudien består av ett personlighetstest baserat på MBTI där personlighetstyper för studenter inom företagsekonomi studeras. Slutsats: Studien visar att det finns ett samband mellan studenter inom redovisning/revision och preferens för funktionen Sinnesförnimmelse (S) inom MBTI. Den mest förekommande personlighetstypen för studenter är ESTJ, vilket indikerar att de besitter egenskaper såsom utåtriktad, praktisk, analytisk och strukturerad. Karaktärsdragen stämmer till stor del överens med vilka egenskaper som anses högst värderade av revisorer. Däremot motsätter de sig den traditionella stereotypen, vilket antyder att den förutfattade bilden av revisorsyrket bör ifrågasättas. Vidare visar studien skillnader mellan efterfrågade egenskaper i jobbannonser och vad revisorer själva anser vara väsentligt inom yrket. En slutsats dras således att det fortfarande förekommer en missvisande bild av revisorsprofessionen, som kan komma att skapa problematik i branschen.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka en eventuell diskrepans i självskattningar rörande personlighet och beteende och social önskvärdhets förklaring på diskrepansens förekomst. Tidigare forskning på ämnet tenderar att fokusera på kamratskattningar för att sedan jämföra dessa med individens egen skattning för således komma till en konklusion om individens faktiska personlighet. I vår studie valde vi att kombinera individens personlighetsskattningar med en erfarenhetsinsamling. Totalt slutförde 82 deltagare studien, som inleddes med genomförandet av ett personlighetstest, IPIP-NEO, för att sedan gå vidare med erfarenhetsinsamlingen. I detta moment användes appen PIEL Survey där deltagaren fick svara på frågor tre gånger om dagen under tolv dagars tid. Sist genomfördes testet BIDR som mäter social önskvärdhet. Vi hypotiserade att diskrepansen mellan självskattningar och beteenderapporter är mindre för personlighetsfaktorerna extraversion och samvetsgrannhet än för öppenhet, neuroticism och vänlighet samt att social önskvärdhet delvis kan förklara diskrepansen mellan självskattningar och beteenderapporter. Resultatet visar på att en viss diskrepans existerar men varierar i storlek och över de olika faktorerna och subskalorna i BIDR-testet. För vidare forskning kan förslagsvis studier där man går djupare in på de olika fasetterna inom personlighetsfaktorerna genomföras för att skapa en bredare förståelse för diskrepansen inom varje drag. Vi ser även att BIDR-skalan och dess subskalor revideras alternativt att en ny skala på området social önskvärdhet tas fram., The purpose of this thesis was to examine the possible discrepancy in self-reported personality and behaviour along with exploring which factors might affect the occurrence of the discrepancy. Previous research on the matter tends to focus on peer reports of the individual which is then compared with the individual’s own report in order to reach a conclusion about what personality traits the individual actually possesses. In our study we chose to combine the self-reporting with an experience sampling method. We recruited participants in order to obtain the data necessary for our analysis, 82 of the participants completed all steps of the study. First they were given the personality test IPIP-NEO, after which they started the experience sampling part through the application of a PIEL Survey where they answered questions about their behaviour three times a day for twelve days in total. After the completion of this part the participants answered a questionnaire to measure social desirability, BIDR. We hypothesized that the discrepancy between the self-reports and the experience samples is smaller for extraversion and conscientiousness than it is for openness, neuroticism and agreeableness and that social desirability partially can explain the discrepancy between self-reports and experience samples. The results indicate that a certain discrepancy does exist but it varies in size over the different traits and the different subscales of social desirability. Further research on the matter could tentatively comprise of a more in depth dive in the different facets in which each trait are being examined.

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An investigation is presented that seeks to provide information on theoretical bases whosegeneral objective is to build and validate a new instrument for Brazil on the well-being of young university students. The diversity of research on different personality assessment tests is evidenced in the Brazilian national scientific literature, characterizing the main points of convergence and divergence in research trends in this area. The present work as a systematic review aims to identify and analyze the main studies carried out in the last ten years in Brazil, on the parameters evaluated by the personality characteristics tests, identifying their technical and scientific parameters. The results identify articles that addressed field studies and the applicability and particularities of the personality characteristics of the test instruments, such asscales, questionnaires, and inventories, were evaluated. The importance of systematically applying assessment tools, be they personality or cognitive skills, shows that these tools are effective enough to present evidence for use in a population comparison. Subsequent studies on this aspect are another research point to be able to promote actions with young students and their quality of life., Apresenta-se um recorte de uma pesquisa que tem como objetivo brindar informação sobre o Estado atual do Arte e algumas bases teóricas que contribuíram na construção da Tesis de Doutorado em Psicologia da autora, que tem como objetivo geral construir e validar um novo instrumento no Brasil que ajudara ao bem-estar em jovens estudantes universitários. Evidencia-se na literatura científica nacional a diversidade de pesquisas que envolvem os testes que avaliam a personalidade, ao qual torna-se importante identificar os pontos principais, sejam eles, similares ou divergentes sobre as tendências em pesquisas. Assim, tem como objetivos analisar os principais estudos disponíveis na literatura nacional dos últimos dez anos sobre os parâmetros avaliados nos Testes dePersonalidade, caracterizar os testes psicológicos de personalidade, identificar os parâmetros de estudos sobre Personalidade e elencar os aspectos metodológicos utilizados. A trajetória metodológica foi de revisão sistemática. Como resultados principais os artigos analisados foram estudos de campo, que avaliavam a aplicabilidade e particularidades da personalidade do público pesquisado, assim como, a maioria dos artigos relacionavam mais de um instrumento de testagem, escalas, questionário e inventários, para apoiar na construção dos seus resultados. Conclui-se a importância da realização sistemáticas envolvendo instrumentos de avaliação, sejam estes de personalidade, ou de outras habilidades cognitivas, como comparativo da eficiência destes em populações., Presentamos un recorte de una investigación que tiene como objetivo brindar información sobre el Estado actual del Arte y algunas bases teóricas que contribuirán en la construcción de la tesis deDoctorado en Psicología de la autora, que tiene como objetivo general construir y validar un nuevo instrumento en Brasil que ayudara al bienestar en jóvenes estudiantes universitarios. Se evidencia en laliteratura científica nacional brasileña la diversidad deinvestigaciones que involucrandiferentestestde evaluación de la personalidad, lo cual torna valioso poder identificar los puntos principales de las convergencias o divergencias,en las tendencias delas investigacionescon dichos instrumentos. Por lo tanto, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivoidentificar y analizar los principales estudios durantelos últimos diez años en Brasil, acerca de los parámetros evaluados por los Testque estudian la personalidad, caracterizar dichos instrumentos, identificar los parámetros queutilizan y realizar un registro. La metodología utilizadafue dela derevisión sistemática. Como principal resultado delos artículos analizados, queabordaron estudios de campo, observamos que seevaluaron la aplicabilidad y las particularidades de la personalidad del públicoinvestigado, así comotambién, la mayoría de los artículos utilizaron más de un instrumento de prueba,como escalas,cuestionariose inventarios, para apoyar la construcción de sus resultados. Laimportancia de la aplicación sistemática utilizandoinstrumentos de evaluación, ya sea dela personalidad ohabilidades cognitivas,muestra queson eficaces como para realizar una comparación en las poblaciones. Este esun puntode investigación ulterior parapoder promover acciones en jóvenes estudiantes y su calidad de vida.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka en eventuell diskrepans i självskattningar rörande personlighet och beteende och social önskvärdhets förklaring på diskrepansens förekomst. Tidigare forskning på ämnet tenderar att fokusera på kamratskattningar för att sedan jämföra dessa med individens egen skattning för således komma till en konklusion om individens faktiska personlighet. I vår studie valde vi att kombinera individens personlighetsskattningar med en erfarenhetsinsamling. Totalt slutförde 82 deltagare studien, som inleddes med genomförandet av ett personlighetstest, IPIP-NEO, för att sedan gå vidare med erfarenhetsinsamlingen. I detta moment användes appen PIEL Survey där deltagaren fick svara på frågor tre gånger om dagen under tolv dagars tid. Sist genomfördes testet BIDR som mäter social önskvärdhet. Vi hypotiserade att diskrepansen mellan självskattningar och beteenderapporter är mindre för personlighetsfaktorerna extraversion och samvetsgrannhet än för öppenhet, neuroticism och vänlighet samt att social önskvärdhet delvis kan förklara diskrepansen mellan självskattningar och beteenderapporter. Resultatet visar på att en viss diskrepans existerar men varierar i storlek och över de olika faktorerna och subskalorna i BIDR-testet. För vidare forskning kan förslagsvis studier där man går djupare in på de olika fasetterna inom personlighetsfaktorerna genomföras för att skapa en bredare förståelse för diskrepansen inom varje drag. Vi ser även att BIDR-skalan och dess subskalor revideras alternativt att en ny skala på området social önskvärdhet tas fram., The purpose of this thesis was to examine the possible discrepancy in self-reported personality and behaviour along with exploring which factors might affect the occurrence of the discrepancy. Previous research on the matter tends to focus on peer reports of the individual which is then compared with the individual’s own report in order to reach a conclusion about what personality traits the individual actually possesses. In our study we chose to combine the self-reporting with an experience sampling method. We recruited participants in order to obtain the data necessary for our analysis, 82 of the participants completed all steps of the study. First they were given the personality test IPIP-NEO, after which they started the experience sampling part through the application of a PIEL Survey where they answered questions about their behaviour three times a day for twelve days in total. After the completion of this part the participants answered a questionnaire to measure social desirability, BIDR. We hypothesized that the discrepancy between the self-reports and the experience samples is smaller for extraversion and conscientiousness than it is for openness, neuroticism and agreeableness and that social desirability partially can explain the discrepancy between self-reports and experience samples. The results indicate that a certain discrepancy does exist but it varies in size over the different traits and the different subscales of social desirability. Further research on the matter could tentatively comprise of a more in depth dive in the different facets in which each trait are being examined.

Bakgrund: Den traditionella stereotypen av revisorsyrket, som beskrivs som grå och tråkig, kan tänkas påverka studenters syn på revisionsbranschen. Personligheten anses betydande för valet av utbildning och individer med vissa egenskaper tenderar att välja en inriktning inom redovisning/revision. Brist på forskning gällande hur utmärkande dessa personlighetsdrag är och huruvida de matchar revisionsbyråernas efterfrågade egenskaper, har motiverat studien. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utforska sambandet mellan personlighetstyp och val av inriktning för universitetsstudier inom företagsekonomi, samt huruvida personlighetstypen för studenter inom redovisning/revision matchar den som revisionsbyråerna efterfrågar. Metod: Den kvantitativa studien grundas i ett positivistiskt synsätt och en deduktiv ansats. En förstudie i två delar undersöker egenskaper porträtterade i jobbannonser samt karaktärsdrag värderade av arbetande revisorer. Huvudstudien består av ett personlighetstest baserat på MBTI där personlighetstyper för studenter inom företagsekonomi studeras. Slutsats: Studien visar att det finns ett samband mellan studenter inom redovisning/revision och preferens för funktionen Sinnesförnimmelse (S) inom MBTI. Den mest förekommande personlighetstypen för studenter är ESTJ, vilket indikerar att de besitter egenskaper såsom utåtriktad, praktisk, analytisk och strukturerad. Karaktärsdragen stämmer till stor del överens med vilka egenskaper som anses högst värderade av revisorer. Däremot motsätter de sig den traditionella stereotypen, vilket antyder att den förutfattade bilden av revisorsyrket bör ifrågasättas. Vidare visar studien skillnader mellan efterfrågade egenskaper i jobbannonser och vad revisorer själva anser vara väsentligt inom yrket. En slutsats dras således att det fortfarande förekommer en missvisande bild av revisorsprofessionen, som kan komma att skapa problematik i branschen.

Although human resource development (HRD) professionals enjoy the use of personality tests in their practice, the appeal of these tests to some is harshly criticized by others. Personality tests attract through optimistic descriptions and ease of use for individual and team development while often lacking predictive and discriminant validities. Despite those concerns, the personality‐testing market can be characterized as a dynamic industry, with many professionals using assessments in developmental settings such as management training and executive coaching. The aim of this article is to explore how individual meaning‐making and organizational sensemaking theories help to explain the widespread and sustained use of personality tests in developmental contexts among HRD professionals. Using grounded theory and inductive analysis, we distill meaning from semistructured interviews with 18 HRD professionals. Through pattern analysis, we establish six strategies that describe practical approaches in personality testing: 1. Ethical‐protective, 2. Scientific‐selective, 3. Cautious‐avoiding, 4. Cautious‐embracing, 5. User friendly‐pragmatic, and 6. Knowledgeable‐accommodating. We find that HRD professionals deal with cognitive dissonances and paradoxical situations in their professional personality test use practice on a regular basis. Research limitations and implications for practice and future research are discussed.

A person's sense of coherence (SOC) reflects their perception that the world is meaningful and predictable, and impacts their ability to deal with stressors in a health-promoting manner. A valid, reliable, and sensitive measure of SOC is needed to advance health promotion research based on this concept. The 13-item Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-13) is widely used, but we reported in a previous evaluation its psychometric limitations when used with adults with morbid obesity. To determine whether the identified limitations were specific to that population or also generalize to other populations, we have replicated our prior study design and analysis in a new sample of adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Extroverts and introverts have unique approaches to new materials that make learning more efficient. In aviation where quick learning and responses are required, students may struggle because preferred comprehension strategies are not utilized. The research question is whether introverts/extroverts learn better when given the option to approach materials using strategies that match their personality type. 16 participants are placed into one of two different groups (either extrovert/introvert). The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire – Revised (EPQ-R) determines personality trait. Participants are then subdivided into one of four random groups. All participants are given instructions on how to complete two different flight maneuvers (DME Arc and Direct entry to a hold). A two-way mixed design has participants experience both maneuvers with a different treatment for each. Despite which medium is being presented, all instructions are the same. The independent variable is introversion/extroversion personality trait and type of instruction. The dependent variable is flight performance measured by altitude, bank angle and course. The hypothesis is that participant performance will be increased when the presentation is associated to specific personality type, such as extroverts performing better when receiving oral instructions. The results show a pattern of introverts being more proficient at reading-based instructions. Extroverts do well with all instruction methods and showed higher proficiency with ‘Hold’ maneuvers. The research re-enforces learning method as a tool for reaching all students.

A person's sense of coherence (SOC) reflects their perception that the world is meaningful and predictable, and impacts their ability to deal with stressors in a health-promoting manner. A valid, reliable, and sensitive measure of SOC is needed to advance health promotion research based on this concept. The 13-item Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-13) is widely used, but we reported in a previous evaluation its psychometric limitations when used with adults with morbid obesity. To determine whether the identified limitations were specific to that population or also generalize to other populations, we have replicated our prior study design and analysis in a new sample of adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Extroverts and introverts have unique approaches to new materials that make learning more efficient. In aviation where quick learning and responses are required, students may struggle because preferred comprehension strategies are not utilized. The research question is whether introverts/extroverts learn better when given the option to approach materials using strategies that match their personality type. 16 participants are placed into one of two different groups (either extrovert/introvert). The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire – Revised (EPQ-R) determines personality trait. Participants are then subdivided into one of four random groups. All participants are given instructions on how to complete two different flight maneuvers (DME Arc and Direct entry to a hold). A two-way mixed design has participants experience both maneuvers with a different treatment for each. Despite which medium is being presented, all instructions are the same. The independent variable is introversion/extroversion personality trait and type of instruction. The dependent variable is flight performance measured by altitude, bank angle and course. The hypothesis is that participant performance will be increased when the presentation is associated to specific personality type, such as extroverts performing better when receiving oral instructions. The results show a pattern of introverts being more proficient at reading-based instructions. Extroverts do well with all instruction methods and showed higher proficiency with ‘Hold’ maneuvers. The research re-enforces learning method as a tool for reaching all students.

Extroverts and introverts have unique approaches to new materials that make learning more efficient. In aviation where quick learning and responses are required, students may struggle because preferred comprehension strategies are not utilized. The research question is whether introverts/extroverts learn better when given the option to approach materials using strategies that match their personality type. 16 participants are placed into one of two different groups (either extrovert/introvert). The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire – Revised (EPQ-R) determines personality trait. Participants are then subdivided into one of four random groups. All participants are given instructions on how to complete two different flight maneuvers (DME Arc and Direct entry to a hold). A two-way mixed design has participants experience both maneuvers with a different treatment for each. Despite which medium is being presented, all instructions are the same. The independent variable is introversion/extroversion personality trait and type of instruction. The dependent variable is flight performance measured by altitude, bank angle and course. The hypothesis is that participant performance will be increased when the presentation is associated to specific personality type, such as extroverts performing better when receiving oral instructions. The results show a pattern of introverts being more proficient at reading-based instructions. Extroverts do well with all instruction methods and showed higher proficiency with ‘Hold’ maneuvers. The research re-enforces learning method as a tool for reaching all students.

This article covers a prototypical discrepancy between MMPI-2 and Rorschach results by interpreting the tests administered to an inmate sentenced for domestic violence. The results of his MMPI-2 and his Rorschach tests were evaluated and integrated on the bases of Finn's (1996) theoretical model. Finn's model for the integration of self-report tests and performance-based tests allows the clinician to make sense of discrepancies between test results.

The clinical features of fibromyalgia are associated with various psychological factors, including stress. We examined the hypothesis that the path that psychological factors follow in influencing fibromyalgia symptoms is through their direct effect on stress. Ninety-eight females with ACR 1990 classified fibromyalgia completed the following questionnaires: The Big 5 Personality Inventory, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, Profile of Mood States, Mastery Scale, and Perceived Control of Internal States Scale. SPSS (PASW version 22) was used to perform basic t tests, means, and standard deviations to show difference between symptom characteristics. Pathway analysis using structural equation modelling (Laavan) examined the effect of stress on the relationships between psychological factors and the elements that define the fibromyalgia phenotype. The preferred model showed that the identified path clearly linked the psychological variables of anxiety, neuroticism and mastery, but not internal control, to the three key elements of fibromyalgia, namely pain, fatigue and sleep (p < 0.001), via the person's perceived stress. Confusion, however, did not fit the preferred model. This study confirms that stress is a necessary link in the pathway between certain identified, established and significant psychological factors and key fibromyalgia symptoms. This has implications for the understanding of contributing mechanisms and the clinical care of patients with fibromyalgia.Copyright © 2016, International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR).

The clinical features of fibromyalgia are associated with various psychological factors, including stress. We examined the hypothesis that the path that psychological factors follow in influencing fibromyalgia symptoms is through their direct effect on stress. Ninety-eight females with ACR 1990 classified fibromyalgia completed the following questionnaires: The Big 5 Personality Inventory, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, Profile of Mood States, Mastery Scale, and Perceived Control of Internal States Scale. SPSS (PASW version 22) was used to perform basic t tests, means, and standard deviations to show difference between symptom characteristics. Pathway analysis using structural equation modelling (Laavan) examined the effect of stress on the relationships between psychological factors and the elements that define the fibromyalgia phenotype. The preferred model showed that the identified path clearly linked the psychological variables of anxiety, neuroticism and mastery, but not internal control, to the three key elements of fibromyalgia, namely pain, fatigue and sleep (p < 0.001), via the person's perceived stress. Confusion, however, did not fit the preferred model. This study confirms that stress is a necessary link in the pathway between certain identified, established and significant psychological factors and key fibromyalgia symptoms. This has implications for the understanding of contributing mechanisms and the clinical care of patients with fibromyalgia.Copyright © 2016, International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR).

Skönmålning i personlighetstest, vilka ofta används som urvalsmetod vid rekrytering är ett stort problem. Skönmålade svar och orealistiska resultat kan leda till felaktiga beslut och misslyckade rekryteringar. Detta examensarbete var skrivet inom ramen för ett forskningsprojekt "Studier avseende ett nytt svenskt arbetspsykologiskt test Understanding Personal Potential (UPP)". UPP-testets konstruktör hävdar att testet reducerar över 90% av effekten av skönmålning (Sjöberg, 2015). Syftet med den föreliggande studien var att undersöka om UPP-testet kan genomskåda skönmålning. Studien hade en experimentell design och genomfördes 2011-2012. Av 60 personer som rekryterades till studien genomförde 48 UPP-testet vid två tillfällen; majoriteten var studenter i kursen Human Factors ur ett individperspektiv vid Högskolan Väst. Vid första testtillfället uppmanades deltagarna att svara ärligt på testets frågor. Vid andra testtillfället var uppgiften att försöka framställa sig själva så bra som möjligt för att kunna få sitt drömjobb. Ett beroende t-test användes för att mäta medelvärdesskillnader i samtliga skalor mellan dessa två tillfällen. Resultatet visade att UPP-testet inte klarade av att korrigera skönmålning på ett effektivt sätt. I 15 av 24 skalor hade medelvärdesskillnader mellan poängvärdena från det första och det andra tillfället en stor eller måttlig effekt d. Resultaten är svåra att diskutera i förhållande till tidigare forskning, eftersom tidigare studier om UPP-testet inte har genomgått en kollegial granskning (eng. peer review) och ofta är svårtolkade. Resultaten diskuteras i relation till tidigare forskning om alternativa sätt att "komma åt" skönmålningsproblemet., Social desirability in personality tests which are often used as the selection method for recruitment is a big problem. Faked responses and unrealistic results can lead to wrong decisions and unsuccessful recruitment. This thesis was written in the context of a research project "Studies on a new Swedish labor psychological test Understanding Human Potential (UPP)". The author of the UPP test claims that the test reduces over 90% of the effect of social desirability (Sjöberg, 2015). The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the UPP test can detect social desirability. The study had an experimental design and was conducted in 2011-2012. Out of the 60 people who were recruited to the study, 48 took the UPP test on two occasions; the majority were students in the course Human Factors from an individual perspective at University West. At the first test session the participants were asked to honestly answer the test questions. At the second test session they were asked to try to portray themselves as good as possible in order to get their dream job. A paired samples t-test was used to measure the mean difference in all scales between these two occasions. The results showed that the UPP test was not able to correct for social desirability effectively. In 15 of the 24 scales the mean difference between the scores from the first and the second rounds had a large or moderate effect (d). The results are difficult to discuss in relation to previous research because previous studies on the UPP test are not peer reviewed and are often difficult to interpret. The results are discussed in relation to previous research on alternative ways to "get at" the problem of social desirability.

Skönmålning i personlighetstest, vilka ofta används som urvalsmetod vid rekrytering är ett stort problem. Skönmålade svar och orealistiska resultat kan leda till felaktiga beslut och misslyckade rekryteringar. Detta examensarbete var skrivet inom ramen för ett forskningsprojekt "Studier avseende ett nytt svenskt arbetspsykologiskt test Understanding Personal Potential (UPP)". UPP-testets konstruktör hävdar att testet reducerar över 90% av effekten av skönmålning (Sjöberg, 2015). Syftet med den föreliggande studien var att undersöka om UPP-testet kan genomskåda skönmålning. Studien hade en experimentell design och genomfördes 2011-2012. Av 60 personer som rekryterades till studien genomförde 48 UPP-testet vid två tillfällen; majoriteten var studenter i kursen Human Factors ur ett individperspektiv vid Högskolan Väst. Vid första testtillfället uppmanades deltagarna att svara ärligt på testets frågor. Vid andra testtillfället var uppgiften att försöka framställa sig själva så bra som möjligt för att kunna få sitt drömjobb. Ett beroende t-test användes för att mäta medelvärdesskillnader i samtliga skalor mellan dessa två tillfällen. Resultatet visade att UPP-testet inte klarade av att korrigera skönmålning på ett effektivt sätt. I 15 av 24 skalor hade medelvärdesskillnader mellan poängvärdena från det första och det andra tillfället en stor eller måttlig effekt d. Resultaten är svåra att diskutera i förhållande till tidigare forskning, eftersom tidigare studier om UPP-testet inte har genomgått en kollegial granskning (eng. peer review) och ofta är svårtolkade. Resultaten diskuteras i relation till tidigare forskning om alternativa sätt att "komma åt" skönmålningsproblemet., Social desirability in personality tests which are often used as the selection method for recruitment is a big problem. Faked responses and unrealistic results can lead to wrong decisions and unsuccessful recruitment. This thesis was written in the context of a research project "Studies on a new Swedish labor psychological test Understanding Human Potential (UPP)". The author of the UPP test claims that the test reduces over 90% of the effect of social desirability (Sjöberg, 2015). The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the UPP test can detect social desirability. The study had an experimental design and was conducted in 2011-2012. Out of the 60 people who were recruited to the study, 48 took the UPP test on two occasions; the majority were students in the course Human Factors from an individual perspective at University West. At the first test session the participants were asked to honestly answer the test questions. At the second test session they were asked to try to portray themselves as good as possible in order to get their dream job. A paired samples t-test was used to measure the mean difference in all scales between these two occasions. The results showed that the UPP test was not able to correct for social desirability effectively. In 15 of the 24 scales the mean difference between the scores from the first and the second rounds had a large or moderate effect (d). The results are difficult to discuss in relation to previous research because previous studies on the UPP test are not peer reviewed and are often difficult to interpret. The results are discussed in relation to previous research on alternative ways to "get at" the problem of social desirability.

The purpose of this report is to provide an independent review of the Talegent PATH. The PATH is a set of four psychometric tests that collectively assess personality and cognitive skills. The PATH was developed primarily for use in organisations to assess prospective candidates and develop existing employees. This review is designed to be comprehensive, and is structured around the British Psychology Society’s (BPS) test review guidelines, which is based on the European federation of Psychologists Association’s (EFPA) test review model. In addition to reviewing the areas specified by the EFPA, this review will also include a range of independent analyses of reliability and validity of each of the four tests.

The purpose of this report is to provide an independent review of the Talegent PATH. The PATH is a set of four psychometric tests that collectively assess personality and cognitive skills. The PATH was developed primarily for use in organisations to assess prospective candidates and develop existing employees. This review is designed to be comprehensive, and is structured around the British Psychology Society’s (BPS) test review guidelines, which is based on the European federation of Psychologists Association’s (EFPA) test review model. In addition to reviewing the areas specified by the EFPA, this review will also include a range of independent analyses of reliability and validity of each of the four tests.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka huruvida personlighetsdragen extraversion, vänlighet, samvetsgrannhet, neuroticism, öppenhet och ödmjukhet-ärlighet kunde predicera upplevd arbetstrivsel bland förskolepersonal i Västra Götalands län. Uppsatsen har en kvantitativ ansats och bygger på en tvådelad enkät, bestående av en arbetstrivseldel och ett personlighetstest. Undersökningen innefattade 54 respondenter, med en medelålder på ca fyrtio år, som alla arbetade som förskolepersonal. Studien var baserad på Herzbergs tvåfaktormodell och personlighetsteorin big five. Respondenterna valdes ut genom ett bekvämlighets urval. Resultatet av studien visade på att de starkaste korrelationerna med nöjdhet av de yttre faktorerna var neuroticism och öppenhet och att de starkaste korrelationerna för vikten av inre faktorer var neuroticism och öppenhet samt ödmjukhet-ärlighet. Även extraversion predicerade inre arbetstrivsel i form av vikten av erkännande., The purpose of this thesis was to examine how much of work satisfaction that can be explained from the personality traits extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness and humility-honesty in preschool teachers in Västra Götaland's County. This thesis was based on a quantitative study and used a questionnaire, first part being about work satisfaction, second being a personality test. The study was based on Herzberg's two factor model and the Big Five personality theory. The study included 54 respondents, with a mean age of forty years, all working as preschool teachers. The results of this study showed that the strongest correlations for satisfaction with external factors were neuroticism and openness and that the strongest correlations for intrinsic factors were neuroticism, openness and humility-honesty. Extroversion was also a factor that could predict work satisfaction, in the form of recognition.

Det är idag väldigt vanligt att en rekryteringsprocess inkluderar ett personlighetstest som hjälpmedel för att hitta den rätta personen för jobbet. Av denna anledning är det intressant att studera vad för funktion personlighetstester har. Därför har denna studie genomförts i syfte att undersöka vilken betydelse personlighetstester har som verktyg i en rekryteringsprocess, och hur man kan bedöma yrkeskompetensen hos en person med hjälp av ett personlighetstest. För att ta reda på detta har jag använt mig av en kvalitativ metod där sex personer har intervjuats. Samtliga jobbar på samma företag som rekryterare av något slag och använder personlighetstest i deras vardagliga arbete. Resultaten av dessa intervjupersoners utsagor har sedan analyserats utifrån Keens och Ellströms teorier om kompetens. Studiens resultat visar att personlighetstest används olika från rekryterare till rekryterare och att det ibland kan ge väldigt värdefull information om kandidaten som söker jobbet, och ibland kan det även vara helt oanvändbart. Vissa rekryterare använder testet som ett självskattningstest och även för att bekräfta att tidigare information stämmer överrens med den information de får på testet. Dessutom används det som ett underlag för att bedöma hur bra kandidaten passar in i jämförelse med tjänstens krav. De flesta av mina intervjupersoner påpekade att en diskussion efter testet är väldigt viktigt för att testet ska ge användbar information. Det är alltså genom återkopplingen rekryteraren får ut information om kandidaten. Ett personlighetstest utan återkoppling är oanvändbart enligt resultatet. Dessutom visar studien att ett personlighetstest kan fälla det direkta avgörandet för vem av kandidaterna som blir vald för tjänsten. Resultatet visade att det kan hända att det står mellan kandidater i slutändan som har samma egenskaper och färdigheter, och att man då som rekryterare tack vare ett personlighetstest kan avgöra vem av dessa som passar bäst för jobbet och organisationen.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka huruvida personlighetsdragen extraversion, vänlighet, samvetsgrannhet, neuroticism, öppenhet och ödmjukhet-ärlighet kunde predicera upplevd arbetstrivsel bland förskolepersonal i Västra Götalands län. Uppsatsen har en kvantitativ ansats och bygger på en tvådelad enkät, bestående av en arbetstrivseldel och ett personlighetstest. Undersökningen innefattade 54 respondenter, med en medelålder på ca fyrtio år, som alla arbetade som förskolepersonal. Studien var baserad på Herzbergs tvåfaktormodell och personlighetsteorin big five. Respondenterna valdes ut genom ett bekvämlighets urval. Resultatet av studien visade på att de starkaste korrelationerna med nöjdhet av de yttre faktorerna var neuroticism och öppenhet och att de starkaste korrelationerna för vikten av inre faktorer var neuroticism och öppenhet samt ödmjukhet-ärlighet. Även extraversion predicerade inre arbetstrivsel i form av vikten av erkännande., The purpose of this thesis was to examine how much of work satisfaction that can be explained from the personality traits extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness and humility-honesty in preschool teachers in Västra Götaland's County. This thesis was based on a quantitative study and used a questionnaire, first part being about work satisfaction, second being a personality test. The study was based on Herzberg's two factor model and the Big Five personality theory. The study included 54 respondents, with a mean age of forty years, all working as preschool teachers. The results of this study showed that the strongest correlations for satisfaction with external factors were neuroticism and openness and that the strongest correlations for intrinsic factors were neuroticism, openness and humility-honesty. Extroversion was also a factor that could predict work satisfaction, in the form of recognition.

Det är idag väldigt vanligt att en rekryteringsprocess inkluderar ett personlighetstest som hjälpmedel för att hitta den rätta personen för jobbet. Av denna anledning är det intressant att studera vad för funktion personlighetstester har. Därför har denna studie genomförts i syfte att undersöka vilken betydelse personlighetstester har som verktyg i en rekryteringsprocess, och hur man kan bedöma yrkeskompetensen hos en person med hjälp av ett personlighetstest. För att ta reda på detta har jag använt mig av en kvalitativ metod där sex personer har intervjuats. Samtliga jobbar på samma företag som rekryterare av något slag och använder personlighetstest i deras vardagliga arbete. Resultaten av dessa intervjupersoners utsagor har sedan analyserats utifrån Keens och Ellströms teorier om kompetens. Studiens resultat visar att personlighetstest används olika från rekryterare till rekryterare och att det ibland kan ge väldigt värdefull information om kandidaten som söker jobbet, och ibland kan det även vara helt oanvändbart. Vissa rekryterare använder testet som ett självskattningstest och även för att bekräfta att tidigare information stämmer överrens med den information de får på testet. Dessutom används det som ett underlag för att bedöma hur bra kandidaten passar in i jämförelse med tjänstens krav. De flesta av mina intervjupersoner påpekade att en diskussion efter testet är väldigt viktigt för att testet ska ge användbar information. Det är alltså genom återkopplingen rekryteraren får ut information om kandidaten. Ett personlighetstest utan återkoppling är oanvändbart enligt resultatet. Dessutom visar studien att ett personlighetstest kan fälla det direkta avgörandet för vem av kandidaterna som blir vald för tjänsten. Resultatet visade att det kan hända att det står mellan kandidater i slutändan som har samma egenskaper och färdigheter, och att man då som rekryterare tack vare ett personlighetstest kan avgöra vem av dessa som passar bäst för jobbet och organisationen.

To investigate the relationship between personality and multi-source feedback, we assessed 190 health care managers by applying the Understanding Personal Potential personality test, which provides comprehensive measurement of the Big Five dimensions and eight narrower personality traits. Managers' leadership behaviors were assessed by colleagues, supervisors, a random sample of each manager's subordinates as well as the managers themselves using a 360-degree change, production, employee (CPE) instrument. Hierarchical multivariate regression analysis showed that the Big Five variables were significantly related to the Managers' leadership behavior in all CPE dimensions. Also, addition of narrow personality variables to the Big Five increased explained variance in leadership behavior. This study is the first of its kind to include the full range of viewpoints in a 360-degree instrument, along with a large number of subordinate assessments. We found that both the strength of the relationship between personality and behavior and the configuration of different predictors varied depending on who did the rating and what leadership orientation was investigated, and this observation merits further investigation.

Background/Purpose: The core features of the fibromyalgia phenotype, the widespread pain and widespread tenderness, represent one extreme of a continuous spectrum with asymptomatic people at one end and those meeting criteria for fibromyalgia at the other. A number of key central processes associate with fibromyalgia, such as personality [neuroticism and Type A] and psychological characteristics, including attitude, control, coping, catastrophizing and stress-reactivity.We hypothesized that these psychologically linked processes also exist on a single continuous spectrum from normal in asymptomatic people to abnormal in fibromyalgia, and that increasing the "gain" of these processes will increase the features contributing to the fibromyalgia phenotype. Method(s): We identified 98 women with fibromyalgia diagnosed according to standard ACR criteria. Applied questionnaires included the Big 5 Personality Inventory, Type A scale, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Perceived Control of Internal States, Mastery scale, the Coping Scale and Perceived Stress scale and the depression, anxiety, confusion and optimism scales of the Profile of Mood States questionnaire. Normallity assessment using Shapiro-Wilk test and correlations and regression modelling and comparisons between smallest and largest tertileswere used to explore the relationships between personality and psychological variables in both the healthy controls and in the patients with fibromyalgia. Result(s): There was a significant relationship between lower and higher tertiles of neuroticism, internal and external control, attitude, coping and stress and the characteristic fibromyalgia phenotype features of fatigue, sleep and confusion, in both the healthy control and the fibromyalgia groups [p all <0.001]. Pain was also significantly different in the healthy controls [p<0.001] but showed a non-significant ceiling effect between lowest and highest tertiles in the fibromyalgia group. Personality and psychological va

Background/Purpose: The core features of the fibromyalgia phenotype, the widespread pain and widespread tenderness, represent one extreme of a continuous spectrum with asymptomatic people at one end and those meeting criteria for fibromyalgia at the other. A number of key central processes associate with fibromyalgia, such as personality [neuroticism and Type A] and psychological characteristics, including attitude, control, coping, catastrophizing and stress-reactivity.We hypothesized that these psychologically linked processes also exist on a single continuous spectrum from normal in asymptomatic people to abnormal in fibromyalgia, and that increasing the "gain" of these processes will increase the features contributing to the fibromyalgia phenotype. Method(s): We identified 98 women with fibromyalgia diagnosed according to standard ACR criteria. Applied questionnaires included the Big 5 Personality Inventory, Type A scale, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Perceived Control of Internal States, Mastery scale, the Coping Scale and Perceived Stress scale and the depression, anxiety, confusion and optimism scales of the Profile of Mood States questionnaire. Normallity assessment using Shapiro-Wilk test and correlations and regression modelling and comparisons between smallest and largest tertileswere used to explore the relationships between personality and psychological variables in both the healthy controls and in the patients with fibromyalgia. Result(s): There was a significant relationship between lower and higher tertiles of neuroticism, internal and external control, attitude, coping and stress and the characteristic fibromyalgia phenotype features of fatigue, sleep and confusion, in both the healthy control and the fibromyalgia groups [p all <0.001]. Pain was also significantly different in the healthy controls [p<0.001] but showed a non-significant ceiling effect between lowest and highest tertiles in the fibromyalgia group. Personality and psychological va

Objectives: The co-occurrence of anger in young people with Asperger's syndrome (AS) has received little attention despite aggression, agitation, and tantrums frequently being identified as issues of concern in this population. The present study investigated the occurrence of anger in young people with AS and explores its relationship with anxiety and depression. Method: Sixty-two young people (12-23 years old) diagnosed with AS were assessed using the Beck Anger Inventory for Youth, Spence Children's Anxiety Scale, and Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale. Results: Among young people with AS who participated in this study, 41% of participants reported clinically significant levels of anger (17%), anxiety (25.8%) and/or depression (11.5%). Anger, anxiety, and depression were positively correlated with each other. Depression, however, was the only significant predictor of anger. Conclusion: Anger is commonly experienced by young people with AS and is correlated with anxiety and depression. These findings suggest that the emotional and behavioral presentation of anger could serve as a cue for further assessment, and facilitate earlier identification and intervention for anger, as well as other mental health problems.

Although many studies have focused on the effects of social desirability in personality measures, few have analysed its effects on such highly undesirable behaviour as aggressiveness. The present study analyzes the impact of social desirability on measures of direct and indirect aggression and on the relationships between both kinds of aggression with impulsivity, using a method that enables the content factors of the measures to be isolated from social desirability. Results showed that aggression measures are highly affected by social desirability and that the relationships between the two forms of aggression and impulsivity are due to the content measured by the tests and not to a common social desirability factor. © 2012 Psicothema.

Students in a large principles class participated in a market experiment in which they had opportunities to take entrepreneurial action. These students had also taken the Meyers-Briggs personality test. We explore the relation between personality characteristics and participation decisions.

En skillnad i kvinnor och mäns skattning av sig själva i ett personlighetstest jämfört med hur andra som känner dem ser på dem och om kvinnor och män skiljer sig åt i sättet att välja referenspersoner när de söker arbete. 30 kvinnor och 30 män (18-40 år, M = 22.4, SD = 4.1) genomförde ett Big five-test och jämfördes med två bekantas bedömning. De bekanta var av olika kön varav en fick väljas till referens. Totalt 180 deltagare. Det fanns en signifikant könsskillnad för Stabilitet och för Vänlighet. Män skattade sig lägre på vänlighet än deras ickevalda referens och kvinnor högre än sina ickevalda referenser för stabilitet och vänlighet. Signifikant skillnad fanns i proportioner för kön mellan försöksdeltagare och vald referens. Män valde män som referenser till 66.7 procent medan kvinnor valde kvinnor till 86.7 procent. Resultaten implicerar att hänsyn bör tas för att medvetna och omedvetna aspekter av könsstereotyper kan påverka kvinnor och mäns tendens till socialt önskvärda svar vid personlighetstest och val av referenser., A difference in men and women´s self-estimation in a personality test compared with how acquaintances view them and if men and women differ when choosing references when applying for a job. 30 men and 30 women (age 18-40, M = 22.4, SD = 4.1) carried out a Big Five test and were compared to two acquaintances´ estimates. The acquaintances differed in gender of whom one was to be choosen as a reference. Total 180 participants. There was a significant gender difference for Stability and for Agreeableness. Men estimated their Agreeableness lower than their Not-choosen reference and women higher than their Not-choosen reference for Stability and Agreeableness. There was a significant difference in proportion of gender between participant and choosen reference. Men chose men as references to 66.7 % while women chose women to 86.7 %. The results implicate that one must regard that both conscious and unconscious aspects of gender stereotypes can affect men and women´s social desirability responding in personality tests.

Students in a large principles class participated in a market experiment in which they had opportunities to take entrepreneurial action. These students had also taken the Meyers-Briggs personality test. We explore the relation between personality characteristics and participation decisions.

En skillnad i kvinnor och mäns skattning av sig själva i ett personlighetstest jämfört med hur andra som känner dem ser på dem och om kvinnor och män skiljer sig åt i sättet att välja referenspersoner när de söker arbete. 30 kvinnor och 30 män (18-40 år, M = 22.4, SD = 4.1) genomförde ett Big five-test och jämfördes med två bekantas bedömning. De bekanta var av olika kön varav en fick väljas till referens. Totalt 180 deltagare. Det fanns en signifikant könsskillnad för Stabilitet och för Vänlighet. Män skattade sig lägre på vänlighet än deras ickevalda referens och kvinnor högre än sina ickevalda referenser för stabilitet och vänlighet. Signifikant skillnad fanns i proportioner för kön mellan försöksdeltagare och vald referens. Män valde män som referenser till 66.7 procent medan kvinnor valde kvinnor till 86.7 procent. Resultaten implicerar att hänsyn bör tas för att medvetna och omedvetna aspekter av könsstereotyper kan påverka kvinnor och mäns tendens till socialt önskvärda svar vid personlighetstest och val av referenser., A difference in men and women´s self-estimation in a personality test compared with how acquaintances view them and if men and women differ when choosing references when applying for a job. 30 men and 30 women (age 18-40, M = 22.4, SD = 4.1) carried out a Big Five test and were compared to two acquaintances´ estimates. The acquaintances differed in gender of whom one was to be choosen as a reference. Total 180 participants. There was a significant gender difference for Stability and for Agreeableness. Men estimated their Agreeableness lower than their Not-choosen reference and women higher than their Not-choosen reference for Stability and Agreeableness. There was a significant difference in proportion of gender between participant and choosen reference. Men chose men as references to 66.7 % while women chose women to 86.7 %. The results implicate that one must regard that both conscious and unconscious aspects of gender stereotypes can affect men and women´s social desirability responding in personality tests.

This study describes a first exploration of the construct of courage in youths. Children aged 8-13 years were invited to report on the most courageous action that they had ever performed during their life. In addition, the Courage Measure for Children (CM-C) was construed as an index of children's level of personal courage, and this scale was administered in two samples of school children (Ns being 168 and 159) along with a number of other questionnaires. Results indicated that children were familiar with the concept of courage as more than 70% reported to have carried out a courageous action during their life. In addition, self-reported courage as indexed by the CM-C was positively correlated with scores on a vignette measure of courage, parent ratings of children's courage, extraversion, openness/intellect, and a masculine sex role, whereas a negative correlation was observed with anxiety symptoms. The implications of these findings and potential directions for future research are briefly discussed.

The Behavioral Inhibition Questionnaire (BIQ) is a parent-rating scale for measuring temperamental characteristics referring to shyness, fearfulness, and withdrawal in young, preschool children. The present study evaluated the psychometric properties of the BIQ in a Dutch community sample of children with a broad age range. For this purpose,the reliability and validity of the BIQ was evaluated in three age groups: 4-7-year-olds,8-11-year-olds, and 12-15-year-olds. The results indicated that the internal consistency of most BIQ scales was satisfactory in all three age groups. Principal component analysis of the BIQ yielded a six-factor model that was largely in keeping with the hypothesized structure consisting of the social and non-social components of behavioral inhibition.Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that this model provided a reasonable fit for the data. Further, support for the validity of the measure was obtained in all age groups. That is, BIQ scores were positively correlated with a wide range of anxiety symptoms, although the most substantial links were found for symptoms of social anxiety. Finally, a self-report version of the BIQ, which was administered to children aged 9 years and above, was found to possess good internal consistency and adequate parent-child agreement. Altogether, the results of this study indicate that suggests that the BIQ might be a reliable and valid measure for assessing behavioral inhibition not only in preschoolers but also in older children and adolescents.

The 'Distressed' or Type-D personality is described by the interaction between high levels of negative affectivity and social inhibition. This study investigated the prevalence of Type-D personality in men of different exercise status, the association between Type-D and body image perceptions, and the moderating effect of exercise status. Participants were 564 British males aged between 18 and 55 years. Of these 200 were classified as sedentary, 148 as active and 216 as weight trainers. Participants completed the DS14 and Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire. Results showed that more individuals were classified as Type-D in the sedentary group (45%) than the two active groups, and in the weight training (24.5%) than the active (14.2%) group. Both Type-D and a sedentary lifestyle were associated with a significantly poorer body image. However, exercise mode was not associated with body image differences. Sedentary Type-D men scored significantly lower in Body Areas Satisfaction and higher in Self-Classified Weight than both active groups. Regular exercise might provide a pathway for Type-D men to develop a more positive body image. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objective. This study investigated whether approach coping, avoidance coping, or perceptions of available social support mediated the relationship between Type D personality and perceived stress. Furthermore, this research also examined whether Type D moderated the relationship between perceived stress and symptoms of burnout. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 334 (male N = 180; female N = 154) firstyear undergraduate students completed the Type D Scale-14 (DS14), the Brief Approach/Avoidance Coping Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Design. Cross-sectional. Results. Multiple mediation analysis revealed that only resignation and withdrawal coping, but not social support partially mediated the relationship between Type D and perceived stress. A small moderation effect was found for the disengagement subscale of the burnout inventory, with Type D individuals experiencing higher levels of disengagement at low and average stress levels. The correlations between variables provided support for most of the prediction from the literature with regard to Type D. Conclusion. Of the participants in the present study, 24.9% were classified as Type D. These individuals tend to use more passive and maladaptive avoidance coping strategies such as resignation and withdrawal. This is associated with higher levels of perceived stress and linked to increased levels of burnout symptoms. © 2010 The British Psychological Society.

Objective: This study examined the positive effects on recovery outcomes for people with severe and persistent mental illness using peer-led groups based on Pathways to Recovery: A Strengths Recovery Self-Help Workbook (PTR). PTR translates the evidence-supported practice of the Strengths Model into a self-help approach, allowing users to identify and pursue life goals based on personal and environmental strengths. Methods: A single-group pretest-posttest research design was applied. Forty-seven members in 6 consumer-run organizations in one Midwestern state participated in a PTR peer-led group, completing a baseline survey before the group and again at the completion of the 12-week sessions. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, the Spirituality Index of Well-Being, and the Modified Colorado Symptom Index were employed as recovery outcomes. Paired Hotelling's T-square test was conducted to examine the mean differences of recovery outcomes between the baseline and the completion of the group. Results: Findings revealed statistically significant improvements for PTR participants in self-esteem, self-efficacy, social support, spiritual well-being, and psychiatric symptoms. Conclusions: This initial research is promising for establishing PTR as an important tool for facilitating recovery using a peer-led group format. The provision of peer-led service has been emphasized as critical to integrating consumers' perspectives in recovery-based mental health services. Given the current federal funding stream for peer services, continued research into PTR and other peer-led services becomes more important. Copyright 2010 Trustees of Boston University.

The anatomy course offers important opportunities to develop professionalism at an early stage in medical education. It is an academically significant course that also engenders stress in some students.Over a three-year period, 115 of 297 students completed creative projects. Thirty-four project completers and 47 non-completers consented to participate in the study. Projects were analyzed for professionalism themes using grounded theory. A subset of project completers and non-completers were interviewed to determine their views about the stress of anatomy and medical school, as well as the value of the creative projects. We also compared test performance of project completers and non-completers.Projects completed early in the course often expressed ambivalence about anatomy, whereas later projects showed more gratitude and sense of awe. Project completers tended to report greater stress than noncompleters, but stated that doing projects reduced stress and caused them to develop a richer appreciation for anatomy and medicine. Project completers performed significantly lower than non-completers on the first written exam (pre-project). Differences between groups on individual exams after both the first and second creative project were nonsignificant.For some students, creative projects may offer a useful way of reflecting on various aspects of professionalism while helping them to manage stress.

The anatomy course offers important opportunities to develop professionalism at an early stage in medical education. It is an academically significant course that also engenders stress in some students.Over a three-year period, 115 of 297 students completed creative projects. Thirty-four project completers and 47 non-completers consented to participate in the study. Projects were analyzed for professionalism themes using grounded theory. A subset of project completers and non-completers were interviewed to determine their views about the stress of anatomy and medical school, as well as the value of the creative projects. We also compared test performance of project completers and non-completers.Projects completed early in the course often expressed ambivalence about anatomy, whereas later projects showed more gratitude and sense of awe. Project completers tended to report greater stress than noncompleters, but stated that doing projects reduced stress and caused them to develop a richer appreciation for anatomy and medicine. Project completers performed significantly lower than non-completers on the first written exam (pre-project). Differences between groups on individual exams after both the first and second creative project were nonsignificant.For some students, creative projects may offer a useful way of reflecting on various aspects of professionalism while helping them to manage stress.

Personlighetstester är en urvalsmetod som blivit vanligt förekommande vid re-krytering av ny personal inom ett flertal yrkeskategorier och branscher i Sveri-ge. Det är därför intressant att studera människors upplevelse av personlighets-test vid rekryteringssammanhang. Studiens syfte var att undersöka individers upplevelse av och förhållningssätt till personlighetstester under en rekryterings-process. Åtta deltagare valdes ut utifrån bekvämlighet och tre kriterier. Delta-garna skulle ha olika yrken, gjort ett personlighetstest under de senaste två åren och blivit anställda. Data samlades in genom halvstrukturerade intervjuer och analyserades tematiskt. Resultatet visade att flertalet av deltagarna upplevde personlighetstest som en lämplig urvalsmetod i kombination med intervjuer un-der en rekryteringsprocess. Företagets krav på arbetet, rekryternas bemötande, information och feedback hade stor inverkan på deltagarnas upplevelse av per-sonlighetstest. Key words: Personality test, Personality, Faking, Recruitment process. Inledning I dagens IT- och Servicesamhälle är människan företagens viktigaste resurs och konkurrens-medel. En ökad globalisering, teknologiskutveckling och nya sociala trender är företeelser som bidragit till att företag står inför nya utmaningar när det gäller att hitta och selektera ny personal (Lievens, van Dam & Anderson 2002; Mabon, 2002). Yrken försvinner helt, ändrar form eller nya tillkommer på arbetsmarknaden. I takt med utvecklingen, förändras kraven på vad företagen behöver för typ av kompetens och medarbetare. För dem som hanterar och till-sätter mänskliga resurser inom företag innebär detta att det ställs högre krav på användandet av bra metoder, för att kunna identifiera och anställa kompetenta framtida medarbetare. En av dessa metoder är personlighetstest som har blivit vanligt förekommande vid rekryteringspro-cesser inom flertalet branscher i Sverige (Mabon). Under de senaste 18 åren har ett stort antal studier visat att personlig

Personlighetstester är en urvalsmetod som blivit vanligt förekommande vid re-krytering av ny personal inom ett flertal yrkeskategorier och branscher i Sveri-ge. Det är därför intressant att studera människors upplevelse av personlighets-test vid rekryteringssammanhang. Studiens syfte var att undersöka individers upplevelse av och förhållningssätt till personlighetstester under en rekryterings-process. Åtta deltagare valdes ut utifrån bekvämlighet och tre kriterier. Delta-garna skulle ha olika yrken, gjort ett personlighetstest under de senaste två åren och blivit anställda. Data samlades in genom halvstrukturerade intervjuer och analyserades tematiskt. Resultatet visade att flertalet av deltagarna upplevde personlighetstest som en lämplig urvalsmetod i kombination med intervjuer un-der en rekryteringsprocess. Företagets krav på arbetet, rekryternas bemötande, information och feedback hade stor inverkan på deltagarnas upplevelse av per-sonlighetstest. Key words: Personality test, Personality, Faking, Recruitment process. Inledning I dagens IT- och Servicesamhälle är människan företagens viktigaste resurs och konkurrens-medel. En ökad globalisering, teknologiskutveckling och nya sociala trender är företeelser som bidragit till att företag står inför nya utmaningar när det gäller att hitta och selektera ny personal (Lievens, van Dam & Anderson 2002; Mabon, 2002). Yrken försvinner helt, ändrar form eller nya tillkommer på arbetsmarknaden. I takt med utvecklingen, förändras kraven på vad företagen behöver för typ av kompetens och medarbetare. För dem som hanterar och till-sätter mänskliga resurser inom företag innebär detta att det ställs högre krav på användandet av bra metoder, för att kunna identifiera och anställa kompetenta framtida medarbetare. En av dessa metoder är personlighetstest som har blivit vanligt förekommande vid rekryteringspro-cesser inom flertalet branscher i Sverige (Mabon). Under de senaste 18 åren har ett stort antal studier visat att personlig

The safe and effective management of aggression has become an increasingly critical skill for mental health nurses, particularly those working in acute inpatient settings. There is considerable evidence to suggest that the psychological constructs of self-efficacy and locus of control are closely related to work performance in a variety of occupations. By drawing upon literature published in the past 15 years, this paper highlights this evidence and draws attention to the relationship between self-efficacy and locus of control. The central argument of the paper is that there may be direct relationships among mental health nurses' self-efficacy, their degree of internality or externality in relation to locus of control, and their ability to safely and effectively manage aggressive incidents. We argue the need to further investigate these relationships and discover whether these variables can be modified through professional development activities. Copyright © Informa Healthcare.

Objective: The belief that children with externalizing disorders have difficulties with self-awareness raises the question of whether children with externalizing disorders are good informants of their own behavior. Method(s): This study investigates how children with ADHD rate their behaviors compared to children without ADHD on a new rating scale (the Self-Evaluation Scale for Children). Result(s): Preliminary results indicate that this rating scale has acceptable reliability and validity. Furthermore, children with ADHD are found to provide useful information about their feelings and behaviors. Compared to children without ADHD, children with ADHD report more disorganized, disruptive, and impulsive behaviors; poorer self-perception; and poorer social and communication skills. They do not report any less interest in school activities nor more anxiety than the children without ADHD. Conclusion(s): These findings suggest that children with ADHD are more self-aware than previously thought, and this information should inform our clinical and research practice. © 2006 Sage Publications.

The safe and effective management of aggression has become an increasingly critical skill for mental health nurses, particularly those working in acute inpatient settings. There is considerable evidence to suggest that the psychological constructs of self-efficacy and locus of control are closely related to work performance in a variety of occupations. By drawing upon literature published in the past 15 years, this paper highlights this evidence and draws attention to the relationship between self-efficacy and locus of control. The central argument of the paper is that there may be direct relationships among mental health nurses' self-efficacy, their degree of internality or externality in relation to locus of control, and their ability to safely and effectively manage aggressive incidents. We argue the need to further investigate these relationships and discover whether these variables can be modified through professional development activities. Copyright © Informa Healthcare.