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In Balkan cuisines, as well as in Serbia, pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) has a very diverse use. Knowledge about consumer preferences is of great importance for a breeding process as well as in market-orientated production. According to the authors’ knowledge, there is little data in the literature about consumer preferences in terms of pepper fruit shape, colour and hotness, especially in the region of southeast Europe and Serbia. An online survey to collect data regarding consumer preferences was conducted via Google forms. Four hundred and two participants (52% females and 48% males), answered the survey questions. In the questionnaire, participants were asked about basic personal data: gender, education level, and age.

Drip irrigation is gaining importance in mitigating the consequences of water scarcity even in regions with abundant rainfall. The transition from surface to subsurface drip irrigation is accompanied by numerous problems. To overcome these issues, shallow subsurface drip irrigation can be potentially used as an effective drought control tool that brings additional benefits compared to conventional surface drip irrigation techniques. This research investigated the effects of different calculations of daily crop water requirements, reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and pan evaporation (Eo) on the yield and water use efficiency of pepper irrigated with a surface and shallow subsurface drip irrigation system. The experiment was conducted in field conditions in the Vojvodina region, the northern part of Serbia. The irrigation scheduling was based on the water balance approach. The calculated evapotranspiration rate was about 400 mm for the pepper growing period, regardless of the calculation method. The highest yield of pepper and evapotranspiration water use efficiency was obtained on the Eo variant with surface drip irrigation. However, irrigation water use efficiency showed no statistical significance concerning the calculation of evapotranspiration and irrigation type. The results indicated that both calculation methods and irrigation types can be used in pepper production, but priority should be given to pan-evaporation-based calculation.

Ovo je sorta paprike NS Ljutica koja je priznata od strane Uprave za zaštitu zdravlja bilja Ministarstva spoljne trgovine i ekonomskih odnosa Bosne i Hercegovine., This is a pepper cultivar NS Ljutica released by the Administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina for Plant Health Protection of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Ovo je sorta paprike NS Ljutica koja je priznata od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srpske., This is a pepper cultivar NS Ljutica released by the Ministry of agriculture, forestry and water management of the Republic of Srpska.

The production of nanoparticles for biomedical applications (namely with antimicrobial and anticancer properties) has been significantly hampered using traditional physicochemical approaches, which often produce nanostructures with poor biocompatibility properties requiring post-synthesis functionalization to implement features that such biomedical applications require. As an alternative, green nanotechnology and the synthesis of environmentally friendly nanomaterials have been gaining attention over the last few decades, using living organisms or biomolecules derived from them, as the main raw materials to produce cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and ready-to-be-used nanomaterials. In this article and building upon previous knowledge, we have designed and implemented the synthesis of selenium and tellurium nanoparticles using extracts from fresh jalapeño and habanero peppers. After characterization, in this study, the nanoparticles were tested for both their antimicrobial and anticancer features against isolates of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and skin cancer cell lines, respectively. The nanosystems produced nanoparticles via a fast, eco-friendly, and cost-effective method showing different antimicrobial profiles between elements. While selenium nanoparticles lacked an antimicrobial effect at the concentrations tested, those made of tellurium produced a significant antibacterial effect even at the lowest concentration tested. These effects were correlated when the nanoparticles were tested for their cytocompatibility and anticancer properties. While selenium nanoparticles were biocompatible and had a dose-dependent anticancer effect, tellurium-based nanoparticles lacked such biocompatibility while exerting a powerful anti-cancer effect. Further, this study demonstrated a suitable mechanism of action for killing bacteria and cancer cells involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In summary, this study introduces a new green nanomedicine

Pepper is one of the most important vegetable species in Serbia. The use of pepper fruits is very often determined by their type. Tomato-shaped pepper is a fruit type suitable for the pickle processing industry because of its thick pericarp. In this study, several lines of light-yellow tomato-shaped peppers were evaluated in the open field with the aim to develop new variety with appropriate fruit characteristics and without anthocyanin colouration. Eight of selected lines originated from two crosses while two lines originated from variety Novosađanka. Fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, fruit index, pericarp thickness, number of locules, and Brix were measured in technological maturity. According to the obtained data, lines 17 and 24 will be used for further selection process. Line 17 was chosen because of the highest pericarp thickness and high fruit weight and line 24 because of the high content of total soluble solids., Paprika je jedna od najvažnijih povrtarskih vrsta u Srbiji. Upotreba plodova paprike je vrlo često određena tipom ploda. Paradajz paprika se dosta koristi za industrijsku preradu zbog debelog perikarpa, a i kao svež plod u salatama. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita nekoliko linija paradajz paprika svetložute boje koje su gajene na otvorenom polju. U tehnološkoj zrelosti mereni su: masa ploda, dužina ploda, širina ploda, indeks ploda, debljina perikarpa, broj komora i suva materija. Prema dobijenim podacima, za dalji proces selekcije koristiće se linije 17 i 24. Linija 17 zbog najveće debljine perikarpa i mase ploda, a linija 24 zbog većeg sadržaja suve materije.

Capsicum annuum is valuable source of many bioactive compounds with the protective role in plants against biotic and abiotic stress as well as beneficial effect on humans’ health. This vegetable is susceptible to many infections, including postharvest decay caused by fungus Alternaria alternata. In order to better understanding pepper fruits defense system, the concentration of phenols and ascorbic acid, scavenging activity and antioxidant enzyme activity in three kapia type sweet pepper fruits (Amfora, Una and Kurtovka kapia) infected with fungus A. alternata were determined in this study. Amfora fruits had the highest tolerance to Alternaria infection. Amfora and Una increase total phenol and vitamin C content after wounding and inoculation, while Kurtovska kapia decreased amount of vitamin C. Depending on reaction mechanism, antioxidant tests showed no changes or decrease in antioxidant capacity in treated fruits. Except for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in Amfora and Kurtovska kapia and ascorbate peroxidase activity in wounded Kurtovska kapia fruits, all measured enzyme activity showed no changes or decrease by wounding and/or Alternaria infection. According to results of intensity of lipid peroxidation as biological marker of oxidative stress, it can be concluded that wounding and infection disturb redox balance in all examined genotypes. The tested genotypes showed certain difference in antioxidant defence against wounding and pathogen stress.

Eksperimentalni ogled sa paprikom bio je postavljen u plasteniku tokom 2021. godine sa sledećim tretmanima: vodeni ekstrakti od korena maslačka, kore banane i preparata Nutri Fos-K koji su primenjeni folijarno. U razvoju održivih poljoprivrednih sistema nastoji se da se smanji upotreba sintetičkih mineralnih đubriva kako bi se dobila zdravstveno bezbedna hrana proizvedena po organskim principima. Postignut je zadovoljavajući broj plodova i prinos paprike u primeni vodenih ekstrakata od korena maslačka i bananine kore. Najbolji rezultati su postignuti sa primenom tečnog sintetičkog đubriva Nutri Fos-K, jer sadrži visoku koncentraciju fosfora i kalijuma. Međutim, primena nedozvoljenih preparata u organskoj proizvodnji negativno utiče na životnu sredinu i poskupljuje proizvodnju. Primena vodenih ekstrakata od biljaka koje se nalaze na gazdinstvu i od biljnih otpadaka ne utiče na poskupljenje proizvodnje. Preporuka je nastaviti sa istraživanjem u pravcu primene vodenih ekstrakata., An experiment with peppers was set in a greenhouse during the year 2021 and it included the following treatments: aqueous dandelion root and banana peel extracts and Nutri Fos-K preparation which were applied foliarly. In sustainable agricultural systems' development, there are efforts to decrease synthetic mineral fertilizer use to obtain healthy food produced by organic cultivation principles. A satisfactory pepper fruit number and yield were achieved by applying aqueous dandelion root and banana peel extracts. The best results were achieved by applying liquid synthetic fertilizer Nutri Fos-K, because it contains high phosphorus and potassium concentrations. However, the use of prohibited preparations in organic production negatively affects the environment and rises production costs. Applying aqueous extracts of farmstead plants and plant residue does not affect production cost increase. The suggestion is to continue research in the direction of aqueous extract application.

We examined the effect of drought-tolerant Bacillus safensis SS-2.7 and B. thuringiensis SS-29.2 strains on the response of four (133, 274, California Wonder—CalW, and Matica) sweet pepper genotypes to water deficiency conditions. Pepper seeds were sown in pots with (treated) and without (control) bacterial strain inoculation. After four weeks of growth under controlled conditions and regular watering, drought was imposed by completely withholding watering for seven days. Under conditions of normal watering, genotype 274 showed better seedling establishment than genotype 133 and CalW, while the slowest was genotype Matica. Antioxidant enzyme activity under drought conditions was genotype and bacterial treatment-dependent. The best response to bacterial treatment in order to cope with severe drought was found in the CalW genotype, while in genotype 133, we determined even faster plant decay during water deficiency in treated seeds. Inoculated seeds of the Matica genotype did not show different antioxidant enzyme activity under normal and drought conditions. According to the obtained results, we concluded that under drought conditions, the most susceptible was genotype 274, moderate susceptibility was detected in genotype 133, and CalW and Matica were the most tolerant genotypes. Our study demonstrates (1) that drought-tolerant Bacillus strains showed a plant growth-promoting effect on some selected pepper genotypes; (2) that there were genotype-dependent antioxidant enzyme activities under drought conditions in response to treatment with a particular bacterial strain; and (3) that we could expect a genotype-dependent response during biostimulant application, especially under stress conditions.

Pepper is one of the most economically important vegetable crops in the world, in Europe and in Serbia. Worldwide pepper growing areas reach 1,990,423 ha, while in Europe these areas reach 106,904 ha, with the largest growers being Spain (20,580 ha) (FAO, 2018). While Turkey and Romania remain with largest cultivation areas in Southeast Europe, Serbian pepper growing areas are close to the very top. Since 2010 Serbia has been growing peppers at the areas which range from 11,714 to 16,977 ha with a constant annual increasing trend of 5.25%. Bearing in mind the importance of peppers, the aim of this study was to test the effects of soil amendments and foliar fertilizers on the yield and quality of peppers in micro-trials with 12 different treatments in three replications. The trial was set up at the experimental field of the Extension Service in Sombor with pepper cultivar 'Red Gold' in a random block design on meadow black soil. The first pepper harvest showed statistically significant yield increase on the treatment fertilized with 300 kg ha‑1 Geo2 + 3×2 L ha-1 = 6 L ha‑1 AgrOptim zenith (0.9 L ha‑1 active matter) with the same amount of nitrogen compared to the control without fertilization. The increase of pepper yield was 28.37% (6,214.29 kg ha‑1). The study results confirmed statistically significantly higher pepper yield in the first and the second harvest in four test treatments compared to the control. The highest increase of yield was observed in the treatment with Geo2 300 kg ha‑1 + N120 kg ha‑1 + 3×2 L ha‑1 AgrOptim zenith. The obtained increase in pepper yield was 5,567.95 kg ha‑1 (18.16%) as compared to the control (30,654.57 kg ha‑1).

The experiment with drip irrigated pepper was conducted at the Rimski Šančevi experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad in 2019. The irrigation was scheduled on the basis of the water balance method. Two methods were used to compute the daily evapotranspiration of pepper (ETd): reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and evaporation from an open water surface (Eo). Crop coefficients (kc) and corrective coefficients (k) were used to convert ETo and Eo values into ETd. Kc and k were 0.3–0.4, 0.6–0.7, 0.9–1.1, 0.8–0.9 and 0.4, 0.7, 1.0 and 0.8 for initial stage, crop development, mid season, and late season, respectively. ETo was calculated by the Hargreaves equation. Eo values were measured by a Class-A pan located at a meteorological station near the experimental plot. Irrigation started when readily available water (RAW) in the 0.3 m soil layer was completely absorbed by plants. Differences in crop yield (Y) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) obtained using Eo (42.58 t ha-1, 15.20 kg m-3) and ETo (40.78 t ha-1, 14.56 kg m-3) were not statistically different. Evapotranspiration rate was 364.2 mm and 337.3 mm in Eo and ETo variant, respectively. The fact that the differences in Y and IWUE between different calculations of ETd were not statistically significant indicates that both methods can be recommended for irrigation scheduling programs for pepper in the climatic conditions of the Vojvodina region. However, priority should be given to ETo due to the easy accessibility and reliability of data., Navodnjavanje paprike sistemom kap po kap obavljeno je u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na oglednom polju Rimski Šančevi (Novi Sad) 2019. godine. Vreme zalivanja je određivano vodnim bilansom. Dve metode su korišćene za obračun dnevnog utroška vode na evapotranspiraciju paprike (ETd): referentna evapotranspiracija (ETo) i evaporacija sa slobodne vodene površine (Eo). Koeficijenti kulture (kc) i koeficijenti korekcije (k) korišćeni su za pretvaranje ETo i Eo vrednosti u ETd. Vrednosti kc i k bile su 0,3–0,4; 0,6–0.7; 0,9–1,1; 0,8–0,9 odnosno 0,4; 0,7; 1,0 i 0,8 za početak vegetacije, intenzivni porast, centralni deo vegetacije i kraj vegetacije. ETo je računata postupkom Hargrivsa (Hargreaves). Eo vrednosti su merene evaporimetrom klase A, postavljenim na meteorološkoj stanici u neposrednoj blizini ogledne parcele. Navodnjavanje je obavljano kada je lakopristupačna voda u sloju zemljišta do 30 cm bila utrošena od strane biljaka. Razlike u prinosu (Y) i produktivnosti utrošene vode navodnjavanjem (IWUE) korišćenjem Eo (42,58 t ha-1, 15,20 kg m-3) i ETo (40,78 t ha-1, 14,56 kg m-3) nisu bile statistički značajne. Vrednosti evapotranspiracije u periodu vegetacije paprike bile su 364,2 mm odnosno 337,3 mm na varijantama obračuna Eo i ETo. Činjenica da nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike u vrednostima Y i IWUE ukazuje da se obe metode mogu koristiti u obračunu ETd u realizaciji racionalnog zalivnog režima paprike u klimatskim uslovima Vojvodine. Međutim, prednost zbog dostupnosti podataka ipak treba dati postupku ETo.

Paprika (Capsicum annuum) je u svetu, pa tako i u Srbiji jedna od vodećih povrtarskih vrsta. U sortimentu Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo se nalaze sorte paprika različitih tipova ploda kao što su: babure, polubabure, kapije, šipke, feferone i paradajz paprike. Međutim, pošto se u sortimentu Instituta ne nalazi nijedna sorta slatke paprike sa konusnim i visećim plodovima, cilj je bio da tržištu ponudimo novu sortu u ovom tipu ploda. Višegodišnjim oplemenjivačkim radom je dobijena nova sorta paprike pod nazivom NS Prva. U Republici Srbiji NS Prva je priznata 2019. godine i od tada se nalazi na domaćoj sortnoj listi. Plodovi ove sorte su mase oko 150 g, imaju jedan vrh, rastu viseći na biljci, svetložute su boje u tehnološkoj, a crvene boje u punoj zrelosti. Analizom plodova čuvanih tri nedelje nakon branja, utvrđeno je da plodovi sorte NS Prva imaju mali gubitak mase, odnosno imaju dobru sposobnost čuvanja., Pepper (Capsicum annuum) is one of the major vegetable species in the world, and Serbia as well. The pepper assortment of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops includes varieties of different fruit type such as the bell, conical, kapia, elongated, pepperoni and tomato-shaped peppers. However, in the assortment of the Institute, there is no variety of sweet pepper with conical and hanging fruits. Because of that, we wanted to develop a new pepper variety with this fruit type and offer it to the market. Selected lines from one of the crossbreeding combinations were grown in the open field and the greenhouse area by the pedigree method in the period 2012-2017. Based on the phenotype, the most vital plants that had the desired characteristics of the fruit were selected. During the many years of breeding, a new pepper variety NS Prva was obtained. NS Prva has been registered in the Republic of Serbia in 2019 and from that period it has been on the National variety list. The fruits of this variety are about 150 g, have one peak, grow hanging on the plant, with light yellow colour in technological maturity, and red in full maturity. A new pepper variety NS Prva is recommended for growing in a greenhouse where it gives uniform fruits suitable for the market in all maturity stages. It can also be recommended for growing in the open field where it gives slightly longer fruits. NS Prva showed good storage ability three weeks after harvest since it had the smallest reduction in fruit weight during storage in a cold chamber.

[ES] Los frutos del género Capsicum corresponden a los alimentos vegetales más populares e importantes económicamente a nivel mundial, siendo reconocidos por sus atributos sensoriales a nivel de color, aroma y pungencia. Las propiedades del aroma se encuentran relacionadas con los compuestos volátiles presenten en el fruto, los cuales pueden tener perfiles específicos según la variedad. Esta composición se podría ver afectada por el tipo de procesamiento y conservación que se aplique al material vegetal. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio se basó en examinar el perfil de volátiles de una colección de 8 accesiones de pimientos y ajíes, que incluían las especies C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens y C. baccatum, para comparar el efecto de la congelación (-30ºC y -80ºC) y liofilización sobre sus componentes volátiles. Las evaluaciones se realizaron a las muestras en fresco y a los tres meses, luego de cada tratamiento. En el caso de la congelación a -30ºC, se realizó una segunda lectura a los 6 meses. Los volátiles se aislaron con la técnica de microextracción en fase sólida en el espacio en cabeza (HS-SPME) y se analizaron mediante cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas (GC¿MS). Se identificaron 102 compuestos incluyendo ésteres, sesquiterpenos, monoterpenos, pirazinas, alcoholes, aldehídos, norcarotenoides, alcanos, ácidos carboxílicos y derivados fenólicos. Se encontraron diferencias cualitativas y cuantitativas entre las variedades, siendo C. frutescens y C. chinense las accesiones con mayor concentración y número de volátiles. En cuanto a los tratamientos de conservación, se determinó que el método más adecuado fue la congelación debido a que con la liofilización se tuvieron varios cambios significativos en el perfil de volátiles de las muestras. Además, se puede mantener el material vegetal por un periodo de 6 meses a -30ºC sin distinguir alteraciones considerables en el perfil de volátiles, salvo ciertas excepciones., [EN] The fruits of the Capsicum genus are one of the most popular plants consumed and economically important worldwide, being recognized for their sensory attributes In color, aroma and pungency. The aroma properties of spices are related to the volatile compounds present in the fruit, which may have specific profiles depending on the variety. This volatile composition can be affected by the type of processing and conservation method applied to the plant material. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the volatile profile of a collection of 8 accessions of peppers and chilis, which included the species C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens and C. baccatum, to compare the effect of freezing (-30ºC and -80ºC) and freeze-drying on its volatile components. Test were carried out on fresh samples and after three months. In the case of freezing at -30 ° C, a second reading was made at 6 months. The volatiles were isolated by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography¿mass spectrometry (GC¿MS). 102 compounds were identified including esters, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, pyrazines, alcohols, aldehydes, norcarotenoids, alkanes, carboxylic acids and phenolic derivatives. Qualitative and quantitative differences were found among the varieties, C. frutescens and C. chinense were the accessions with the highest concentration and number of volatiles. Regarding the conservation treatments, the most suitable method was freezing instead of freeze-drying. The freeze-dried samples exhibited a huge significative change in the volatile component profile. In addition, the plant material could be maintained for a period of 6 months at -30 ° C without distinguishing considerable changes in the volatile profile, except in some cases.

[ES] Los frutos del género Capsicum corresponden a los alimentos vegetales más populares e importantes económicamente a nivel mundial, siendo reconocidos por sus atributos sensoriales a nivel de color, aroma y pungencia. Las propiedades del aroma se encuentran relacionadas con los compuestos volátiles presenten en el fruto, los cuales pueden tener perfiles específicos según la variedad. Esta composición se podría ver afectada por el tipo de procesamiento y conservación que se aplique al material vegetal. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio se basó en examinar el perfil de volátiles de una colección de 8 accesiones de pimientos y ajíes, que incluían las especies C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens y C. baccatum, para comparar el efecto de la congelación (-30ºC y -80ºC) y liofilización sobre sus componentes volátiles. Las evaluaciones se realizaron a las muestras en fresco y a los tres meses, luego de cada tratamiento. En el caso de la congelación a -30ºC, se realizó una segunda lectura a los 6 meses. Los volátiles se aislaron con la técnica de microextracción en fase sólida en el espacio en cabeza (HS-SPME) y se analizaron mediante cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas (GC¿MS). Se identificaron 102 compuestos incluyendo ésteres, sesquiterpenos, monoterpenos, pirazinas, alcoholes, aldehídos, norcarotenoides, alcanos, ácidos carboxílicos y derivados fenólicos. Se encontraron diferencias cualitativas y cuantitativas entre las variedades, siendo C. frutescens y C. chinense las accesiones con mayor concentración y número de volátiles. En cuanto a los tratamientos de conservación, se determinó que el método más adecuado fue la congelación debido a que con la liofilización se tuvieron varios cambios significativos en el perfil de volátiles de las muestras. Además, se puede mantener el material vegetal por un periodo de 6 meses a -30ºC sin distinguir alteraciones considerables en el perfil de volátiles, salvo ciertas excepciones., [EN] The fruits of the Capsicum genus are one of the most popular plants consumed and economically important worldwide, being recognized for their sensory attributes In color, aroma and pungency. The aroma properties of spices are related to the volatile compounds present in the fruit, which may have specific profiles depending on the variety. This volatile composition can be affected by the type of processing and conservation method applied to the plant material. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the volatile profile of a collection of 8 accessions of peppers and chilis, which included the species C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens and C. baccatum, to compare the effect of freezing (-30ºC and -80ºC) and freeze-drying on its volatile components. Test were carried out on fresh samples and after three months. In the case of freezing at -30 ° C, a second reading was made at 6 months. The volatiles were isolated by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography¿mass spectrometry (GC¿MS). 102 compounds were identified including esters, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, pyrazines, alcohols, aldehydes, norcarotenoids, alkanes, carboxylic acids and phenolic derivatives. Qualitative and quantitative differences were found among the varieties, C. frutescens and C. chinense were the accessions with the highest concentration and number of volatiles. Regarding the conservation treatments, the most suitable method was freezing instead of freeze-drying. The freeze-dried samples exhibited a huge significative change in the volatile component profile. In addition, the plant material could be maintained for a period of 6 months at -30 ° C without distinguishing considerable changes in the volatile profile, except in some cases.

[ES] Los frutos del género Capsicum corresponden a los alimentos vegetales más populares e importantes económicamente a nivel mundial, siendo reconocidos por sus atributos sensoriales a nivel de color, aroma y pungencia. Las propiedades del aroma se encuentran relacionadas con los compuestos volátiles presenten en el fruto, los cuales pueden tener perfiles específicos según la variedad. Esta composición se podría ver afectada por el tipo de procesamiento y conservación que se aplique al material vegetal. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio se basó en examinar el perfil de volátiles de una colección de 8 accesiones de pimientos y ajíes, que incluían las especies C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens y C. baccatum, para comparar el efecto de la congelación (-30ºC y -80ºC) y liofilización sobre sus componentes volátiles. Las evaluaciones se realizaron a las muestras en fresco y a los tres meses, luego de cada tratamiento. En el caso de la congelación a -30ºC, se realizó una segunda lectura a los 6 meses. Los volátiles se aislaron con la técnica de microextracción en fase sólida en el espacio en cabeza (HS-SPME) y se analizaron mediante cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas (GC¿MS). Se identificaron 102 compuestos incluyendo ésteres, sesquiterpenos, monoterpenos, pirazinas, alcoholes, aldehídos, norcarotenoides, alcanos, ácidos carboxílicos y derivados fenólicos. Se encontraron diferencias cualitativas y cuantitativas entre las variedades, siendo C. frutescens y C. chinense las accesiones con mayor concentración y número de volátiles. En cuanto a los tratamientos de conservación, se determinó que el método más adecuado fue la congelación debido a que con la liofilización se tuvieron varios cambios significativos en el perfil de volátiles de las muestras. Además, se puede mantener el material vegetal por un periodo de 6 meses a -30ºC sin distinguir alteraciones considerables en el perfil de volátiles, salvo ciertas excepciones., [EN] The fruits of the Capsicum genus are one of the most popular plants consumed and economically important worldwide, being recognized for their sensory attributes In color, aroma and pungency. The aroma properties of spices are related to the volatile compounds present in the fruit, which may have specific profiles depending on the variety. This volatile composition can be affected by the type of processing and conservation method applied to the plant material. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the volatile profile of a collection of 8 accessions of peppers and chilis, which included the species C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens and C. baccatum, to compare the effect of freezing (-30ºC and -80ºC) and freeze-drying on its volatile components. Test were carried out on fresh samples and after three months. In the case of freezing at -30 ° C, a second reading was made at 6 months. The volatiles were isolated by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography¿mass spectrometry (GC¿MS). 102 compounds were identified including esters, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, pyrazines, alcohols, aldehydes, norcarotenoids, alkanes, carboxylic acids and phenolic derivatives. Qualitative and quantitative differences were found among the varieties, C. frutescens and C. chinense were the accessions with the highest concentration and number of volatiles. Regarding the conservation treatments, the most suitable method was freezing instead of freeze-drying. The freeze-dried samples exhibited a huge significative change in the volatile component profile. In addition, the plant material could be maintained for a period of 6 months at -30 ° C without distinguishing considerable changes in the volatile profile, except in some cases.

[ES] Los frutos del género Capsicum corresponden a los alimentos vegetales más populares e importantes económicamente a nivel mundial, siendo reconocidos por sus atributos sensoriales a nivel de color, aroma y pungencia. Las propiedades del aroma se encuentran relacionadas con los compuestos volátiles presenten en el fruto, los cuales pueden tener perfiles específicos según la variedad. Esta composición se podría ver afectada por el tipo de procesamiento y conservación que se aplique al material vegetal. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio se basó en examinar el perfil de volátiles de una colección de 8 accesiones de pimientos y ajíes, que incluían las especies C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens y C. baccatum, para comparar el efecto de la congelación (-30ºC y -80ºC) y liofilización sobre sus componentes volátiles. Las evaluaciones se realizaron a las muestras en fresco y a los tres meses, luego de cada tratamiento. En el caso de la congelación a -30ºC, se realizó una segunda lectura a los 6 meses. Los volátiles se aislaron con la técnica de microextracción en fase sólida en el espacio en cabeza (HS-SPME) y se analizaron mediante cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas (GC¿MS). Se identificaron 102 compuestos incluyendo ésteres, sesquiterpenos, monoterpenos, pirazinas, alcoholes, aldehídos, norcarotenoides, alcanos, ácidos carboxílicos y derivados fenólicos. Se encontraron diferencias cualitativas y cuantitativas entre las variedades, siendo C. frutescens y C. chinense las accesiones con mayor concentración y número de volátiles. En cuanto a los tratamientos de conservación, se determinó que el método más adecuado fue la congelación debido a que con la liofilización se tuvieron varios cambios significativos en el perfil de volátiles de las muestras. Además, se puede mantener el material vegetal por un periodo de 6 meses a -30ºC sin distinguir alteraciones considerables en el perfil de volátiles, salvo ciertas excepciones., [EN] The fruits of the Capsicum genus are one of the most popular plants consumed and economically important worldwide, being recognized for their sensory attributes In color, aroma and pungency. The aroma properties of spices are related to the volatile compounds present in the fruit, which may have specific profiles depending on the variety. This volatile composition can be affected by the type of processing and conservation method applied to the plant material. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the volatile profile of a collection of 8 accessions of peppers and chilis, which included the species C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens and C. baccatum, to compare the effect of freezing (-30ºC and -80ºC) and freeze-drying on its volatile components. Test were carried out on fresh samples and after three months. In the case of freezing at -30 ° C, a second reading was made at 6 months. The volatiles were isolated by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography¿mass spectrometry (GC¿MS). 102 compounds were identified including esters, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, pyrazines, alcohols, aldehydes, norcarotenoids, alkanes, carboxylic acids and phenolic derivatives. Qualitative and quantitative differences were found among the varieties, C. frutescens and C. chinense were the accessions with the highest concentration and number of volatiles. Regarding the conservation treatments, the most suitable method was freezing instead of freeze-drying. The freeze-dried samples exhibited a huge significative change in the volatile component profile. In addition, the plant material could be maintained for a period of 6 months at -30 ° C without distinguishing considerable changes in the volatile profile, except in some cases.

Solanaceous crops such as peppers and more commonly tomatoes have been linked to Salmonella outbreaks that have occurred in the United States. The source of contamination for some of these outbreaks was traced back to the preharvest environment. Sources of contamination at the preharvest level of production often include irrigation water, soil, and the use of biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO). This dissertation aims to (i) determine how factors such as the use of BSAAO's, Salmonella strain, soil type, and irrigation influence the survival of Salmonella in agricultural soils and (ii) determine the risk of Salmonella internalization in to transplanted solanaceous crops (tomatoes and bell peppers) and identify factors that influence internalization through the roots such as mode of contamination, soil contamination level, and root damage. Sandy loam (SL) and clay loam (CL) soils both unamended and amended with poultry litter (PL), irrigated either daily or weekly were inoculated with one of twelve strains of Salmonella enterica and monitored for growth and survival until no longer detected. Tomato plants were transplanted into one of three contamination treatments: contaminated soil (A) or irrigation water administered either once (B, single exposure event) or for 7 d following transplantation (C, repeated exposure event). Plants were sampled 1, 2, 3, 7 and 90 d post-transplantation for Salmonella internalization. Pepper plant roots were left intact, damaged, or removed and placed in inoculated water (6.2 log CFU/ml). Pepper plants in the soil contamination study, were transplanted into soil inoculated with Salmonella at different contamination levels (High, Mid, and Low). Samples were collected 1, 2, 3, and 7d post-transplant. Plants were surface sanitized and enumerated for Salmonella internalization by plant section. Strains in soils treated with PL survived significantly (P<0.05) longer (56 and 112 days for SL and CL respectively), than Salmonella

Sweet peppers are available year round, but taste the best and are less expensive during the summer.

Solanaceous crops such as peppers and more commonly tomatoes have been linked to Salmonella outbreaks that have occurred in the United States. The source of contamination for some of these outbreaks was traced back to the preharvest environment. Sources of contamination at the preharvest level of production often include irrigation water, soil, and the use of biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO). This dissertation aims to (i) determine how factors such as the use of BSAAO's, Salmonella strain, soil type, and irrigation influence the survival of Salmonella in agricultural soils and (ii) determine the risk of Salmonella internalization in to transplanted solanaceous crops (tomatoes and bell peppers) and identify factors that influence internalization through the roots such as mode of contamination, soil contamination level, and root damage. Sandy loam (SL) and clay loam (CL) soils both unamended and amended with poultry litter (PL), irrigated either daily or weekly were inoculated with one of twelve strains of Salmonella enterica and monitored for growth and survival until no longer detected. Tomato plants were transplanted into one of three contamination treatments: contaminated soil (A) or irrigation water administered either once (B, single exposure event) or for 7 d following transplantation (C, repeated exposure event). Plants were sampled 1, 2, 3, 7 and 90 d post-transplantation for Salmonella internalization. Pepper plant roots were left intact, damaged, or removed and placed in inoculated water (6.2 log CFU/ml). Pepper plants in the soil contamination study, were transplanted into soil inoculated with Salmonella at different contamination levels (High, Mid, and Low). Samples were collected 1, 2, 3, and 7d post-transplant. Plants were surface sanitized and enumerated for Salmonella internalization by plant section. Strains in soils treated with PL survived significantly (P<0.05) longer (56 and 112 days for SL and CL respectively), than Salmonella

Sweet peppers are available year round, but taste the best and are less expensive during the summer.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the year of cultivation, seed population and mycorrhizal seed treatment on two most important indicators of the pepper seed quality, namely germination energy and total germination. The pepper seed quality parameters, i.e. the first count and the total germination rate, were examined in the period 2017-2018. The results obtained show significant differences (p < 0.01) between the parameter values under consideration relative to the year of cultivation (Factor A), seed population (Factor B) and mycorrhizal sees treatment (Factor C). In the first experimental year, there was an increase in the first count and total germination of 4 to 6 % compared to the control when pepper seeds were treated with the mycorrhizal formulation. In the second experimental year, an increase in the first count was in the range of 3 to 16 %, whereas an increase in the total germination was 3 to 4 %, compared to the control. The effect of mycorrhizal pepper seed treatment proved beneficial especially to aged seeds that were slow to germinate., Cilj istraživanja je bio da se izvrši ocena uticaja godine, populacije semena i tretmana semana formulacijom mikorize na dva najznačajnija pokazatelja kvaliteta semena paprike. Kao materijal u istraživanjima korišćene su tri domaće populacije začinske paprike poreklom sa dva lokaliteta iz Srbije: istočna - Negotin (dve populacije slatka i ljuta) i zapadna - Badovinci (ljuta). Seme populacija paprika proizvedeno je u organskom sistemu gajenja 2017. godine. Utvrđivanje vrednosti pokazatelja kvaliteta (energije klijanja i ukupne klijavosti) semena paprika izvedeno je 2017. i 2018. godine u Laboratoriji za ispitivanje kvaliteta semena poljoprivrednog bilja Instituta za zaštitu bilja i životnu sredinu u Beogradu. Analiza energije klijanja i klijavosti semena paprika pokazala je visoko značajne razlike (r <0,01) pod uticajem svih pojedinačnih faktora godine (faktor A), populacije semena (faktor B) i tretmana (faktor C). Veoma značajne interakcije ispitivanih faktora u pogledu energije klijanja i ukupne klijavosti semena paprika dobijene su i kod inetrakcije faktora A × B. Tretman semena populacija paprika izveden je komercijalnom formulacijom biostimulatora (Coveron) koji u sastavu sadrži Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices i Trihoderma atroviride. Tretmanom semena biostimulatorom u prvoj godini zabeleženo je povećanje energije klijanja i ukupne klijavosti od 4 do 6%, u odnosu na kontrolu. U drugoj godini povećanje energije klijanja kretalo se u interval od 3 do 16%, dok je efekat povećanja ukupne klijavosti bio od 3 do 4%, u odnosu na kontrolu. Porastom starosti semena opada energija klijanja i ukupna klijavost. U tim slučajevima efekat tretmana semena paprika biostimulatorima posebno dobija na značaju, jer utičena poboljšanje parametara kvalieteta semena.

The tomato-potato psyllid (TPP), Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc), is a pest to solanaceous crops (e.g. potato, tomato, peppers, and eggplant) and is associated with economically important plant diseases. Subsequently, chemical control is the preferred management option. However, chemical reliance is associated with a host of issues. The development of biological control methods is vital to implementing Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs as an alternative to broad-spectrum insecticide usage. The predatory bug Orius vicinus (Ribaut) is a potential biological control agent that is capable of consuming all nymphal life stages of TPP. In order to be a commercially viable management option, potential biological control agents of TPP have to cope with the different morphological plant features of the pest’s wide range of host plants. Tomato and capsicum plant surfaces were selected as the experimental surfaces for my thesis because they differ significantly in their substrate morphology. Tomato plant surfaces can be a hostile environment for potential biological control agents due to the negative effect tomato trichomes have on their foraging performance. Alternatively, because capsicum plant surfaces are virtually void of trichomes they appear to be more suitable for effective biological control agent deployment. I exposed the predatory bug to a variety of TPP nymph densities (10, 20, 30 and 40 individuals) in order to determine the functional response of O. vicinus. Furthermore, the predatory bug was exposed to all five TPP nymphal stages simultaneously. The predatory performance of O. vicinus was also assessed on experimental arenas varying in complexity (leaflet vs. small plant environments). The functional response was determined to be Type II on both plant surfaces. Nymph consumption at higher prey densities (30 and 40 nymphs) was significantly greater on capsicum than on tomato. Nymph consumption at lower prey densities (10 and 20 nymphs) was only significantly

The worldwide increase in human population followed with industrialization led to environmental changes as a result of water, soil and air pollution. It is believed that one way to address this problem is to change the existing agricultural approaches and to use plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) instead of fertilizers and pesticides. The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the influence of PGPB on sweet pepper seed priming. Pepper seeds (Capsicum annuum L.) from six different genotype, 115 and 116 (peppers for spice), 261 (sivri type), 133, 258, and 274 (kapia type) were primed with 10-9 CFU/ml of Bacillus safensis (SS-2.7), B. thuringiensis (SS-29.2), Pseudomonas putida (4.3) and P. protegens CHA0 strains. Seeds were primed during one hour and after three weeks root and seedlings length, and the total mass of the pepper seedlings were analyzed. One and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference test (LSD test) with a 0.05 probability level was used for statistical analysis.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the year of cultivation, seed population and mycorrhizal seed treatment on two most important indicators of the pepper seed quality, namely germination energy and total germination. The pepper seed quality parameters, i.e. the first count and the total germination rate, were examined in the period 2017-2018. The results obtained show significant differences (p < 0.01) between the parameter values under consideration relative to the year of cultivation (Factor A), seed population (Factor B) and mycorrhizal sees treatment (Factor C). In the first experimental year, there was an increase in the first count and total germination of 4 to 6 % compared to the control when pepper seeds were treated with the mycorrhizal formulation. In the second experimental year, an increase in the first count was in the range of 3 to 16 %, whereas an increase in the total germination was 3 to 4 %, compared to the control. The effect of mycorrhizal pepper seed treatment proved beneficial especially to aged seeds that were slow to germinate., Cilj istraživanja je bio da se izvrši ocena uticaja godine, populacije semena i tretmana semana formulacijom mikorize na dva najznačajnija pokazatelja kvaliteta semena paprike. Kao materijal u istraživanjima korišćene su tri domaće populacije začinske paprike poreklom sa dva lokaliteta iz Srbije: istočna - Negotin (dve populacije slatka i ljuta) i zapadna - Badovinci (ljuta). Seme populacija paprika proizvedeno je u organskom sistemu gajenja 2017. godine. Utvrđivanje vrednosti pokazatelja kvaliteta (energije klijanja i ukupne klijavosti) semena paprika izvedeno je 2017. i 2018. godine u Laboratoriji za ispitivanje kvaliteta semena poljoprivrednog bilja Instituta za zaštitu bilja i životnu sredinu u Beogradu. Analiza energije klijanja i klijavosti semena paprika pokazala je visoko značajne razlike (r <0,01) pod uticajem svih pojedinačnih faktora godine (faktor A), populacije semena (faktor B) i tretmana (faktor C). Veoma značajne interakcije ispitivanih faktora u pogledu energije klijanja i ukupne klijavosti semena paprika dobijene su i kod inetrakcije faktora A × B. Tretman semena populacija paprika izveden je komercijalnom formulacijom biostimulatora (Coveron) koji u sastavu sadrži Glomus mosseae, Glomus intraradices i Trihoderma atroviride. Tretmanom semena biostimulatorom u prvoj godini zabeleženo je povećanje energije klijanja i ukupne klijavosti od 4 do 6%, u odnosu na kontrolu. U drugoj godini povećanje energije klijanja kretalo se u interval od 3 do 16%, dok je efekat povećanja ukupne klijavosti bio od 3 do 4%, u odnosu na kontrolu. Porastom starosti semena opada energija klijanja i ukupna klijavost. U tim slučajevima efekat tretmana semena paprika biostimulatorima posebno dobija na značaju, jer utičena poboljšanje parametara kvalieteta semena.

The invasive brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), has resulted in increased use of insecticides on horticultural crops in the Mid-Atlantic US, which has diminished integrated pest management (IPM) programs that worked well otherwise. The research herein explored the use of three new tools in the development of BMSB management strategies. In one study, a BMSB pheromone lure was placed on insecticide-incorporated mesh netting to be used in an attract-and-kill strategy to protect bell peppers. The pheromone and netting deployed within a pepper field resulted in more BMSB feeding on plants within 6.1 m to the attract-and-kill screen than in further peppers or peppers in the weekly insecticide treatment. In another study, the insecticidal netting used as a row cover reduced stink bug damage to peppers, but also caused significant yield losses, possibly due to lack of light and/or pollination. The BMSB pheromone lure was also utilized in a sticky trap-based action threshold for insecticide application decisions. The trap and lure predicted densities of bugs on pepper plants and the use of an action threshold of 5 bugs per trap per week to trigger an insecticide spray reduced insecticide applications by 50% at one location, however population densities were lower at the other two locations and significance was not found among treatments. Lastly, BMSB is a nuisance pest to homeowners so we tested the exclusion efficacy of repellents on overwintering shelters and found an 8-fold reduction in BMSB that entered shelters treated with geranyl cyclopentanone (apritone). The use of BMSB pheromones paired with insecticide netting for attract-and-kill of BMSB, the development of action thresholds using captures in pheromone-baited sticky cards, and the use of apritone as a repellent are all promising IPM strategies worth refining in future studies.

Anatomical characteristics affect technological quality and use value of edible fruits. Pepper is one of the most important vegetable species due to it’s high nutritional value, as well as due to it’s multiple uses in human nutrition (like fresh consumption, cooking, pickling) and in industrial processing. Quality requirements and desirable traits depend on the final use of fruits. Anatomical characteristics of fruits of 12 pepper genotypes selected for different purposes (Amfora, Piquillo de Lodosa, Kurtovska kapija, Kalifornijsko čudo - California Wonder, Anita, Šorokšari, Novosađanka, 214/14, Zeleni rotund, HS-2, HS-6, Venčarka) were analyzed. Cross sections of ripe fruits were hand-made and analyzed using light microscopy. Observations and measurements of pericarp parameters were performed using Image Analyzing System Motic. Pepper fruit pericarp was composed of one-layered epidermis, 1-5 layers of collenchyma, vascular bundles and well developed parenchyma, with huge vesicular cells adjecent to endocarp.

[Resumen]: El aumento indiscriminado de la contaminación ambiental en el aire, suelos y agua, a causa de la liberación de metales pesados, tiene una fuerte repercusión en la productividad de los cultivos. Las plantas han desarrollado mecanismos de defensa frente a la toxicidad de estos metales. En el presente estudio esto se hace patente en el incremento de la concentración de lignina y fenoles y de la actividad de peroxidasa en plantas de pimiento estresadas por cobre. En este trabajo también se ensayó la capacidad del hongo Penicillium rubens PO212, conocido como agente de control biológico de diversas enfermedades en plantas hortícolas, para proteger a la planta de pimiento de Padrón (Capsicum annuum L.) frente a este estrés por cobre. Los resultados obtenidos indican que PO212 no es capaz de proteger las plantas de pimiento frente al cobre., [Resumo]: O aumento indiscriminado da contaminación ambiental no aire, solos e auga, provocada pola liberación de metais pesados, ten unha forte repercusión na productividade dos cultivos. No presente estudo, isto faise patente no incremento da concentración de ligninas e fenois e da actividade peroxidasa nas plantas de pemento estresadas por cobre. Neste traballo tamén se estudou a capacidade do fungo Penicillium rubens PO212, coñecido como axente de control biolóxico de numerosas enfermidades en plantas hortícolas, para protexer-a planta de pemento de Padrón (Capsicum annuum L.) fronte a este estrés xerado polo cobre. Os resultados obtidos amosan que PO212 non é capaz de protexer as plantas de pemento fronte ó cobre., [Abstract]: The indiscriminate increase of environmental pollution in air, soil and water, due to the release of heavy metals, has a strong impact on crop productivity. Plants have developed defense mechanisms against the toxicity of these metals. In the present study, this is evident in the increase in the concentration of lignin and phenols and in peroxidase activity in pepper plants stressed by copper. This work also tested the ability of the fungus Penicillium rubens PO212, known as a biological control agent of various diseases in horticultural plants, to protect the Padron pepper plant (Capsicum annuum L.) against this copper stress. The results obtained indicate that PO212 is not able to protect pepper plants against copper.

Very high-resolution image available.

Peppers are an excellent addition to most small-scale, organic mixed cropping systems that focus on local sales. Peppers are highly productive, and will reliably produce fruit from July through October without season extension technologies (such as hoop houses). They are relatively easy to grow and harvest, and provide multiple marketing and culinary options. Peppers can be harvested green or left on the plant to develop color. They offer many possibilities for adding value through processing or drying. Flavor options range from sweet to very hot. A variety of colors, shapes, and sizes allows for striking presentations at farmers’ markets and in Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) boxes.This grower guide addresses the basic production steps in growing peppers organically in California’s Central Coast region and provides a varieties’ overview for those interested in adding peppers to their specialty crops.

Peppers are an excellent addition to most small-scale, organic mixed cropping systems that focus on local sales. Peppers are highly productive, and will reliably produce fruit from July through October without season extension technologies (such as hoop houses). They are relatively easy to grow and harvest, and provide multiple marketing and culinary options. Peppers can be harvested green or left on the plant to develop color. They offer many possibilities for adding value through processing or drying. Flavor options range from sweet to very hot. A variety of colors, shapes, and sizes allows for striking presentations at farmers’ markets and in Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) boxes.This grower guide addresses the basic production steps in growing peppers organically in California’s Central Coast region and provides a varieties’ overview for those interested in adding peppers to their specialty crops.

Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) have a very diverse use in Balkan cuisines and Serbia is no exception. Different ways of consumption has come as a result of various types, colours and sizes of peppers. The aim of this study was the phenotypic evaluation of 16 pepper varieties. Ten pepper varieties were selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad (IFVCNS), and 6 were domesticated pepper varieties from the IFVCNS assortment. The trial was conducted in field conditions on chernozem soil in 2016. The experiment was established in a randomized block design with three replications. Five fruits per replicate were used for a phenotypic evaluation. The varieties were characterized for 7 quantitative and 5 qualitative fruit traits. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the most significant traits and to show distances between the varieties in a biplot. The cluster analysis was applied to show similarities between the varieties and to create common groups. In the PCA biplot all pepper varieties were grouped into five groups, but in the cluster analysis they made six groups. The biggest group in both analyses consisted of bell peppers. Those multivariate analyses are suitable to represent differences and similarities among pepper varieties visually.

Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) have a very diverse use in Balkan cuisines and Serbia is no exception. Different ways of consumption has come as a result of various types, colours and sizes of peppers. The aim of this study was the phenotypic evaluation of 16 pepper varieties. Ten pepper varieties were selected at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad (IFVCNS), and 6 were domesticated pepper varieties from the IFVCNS assortment. The trial was conducted in field conditions on chernozem soil in 2016. The experiment was established in a randomized block design with three replications. Five fruits per replicate were used for a phenotypic evaluation. The varieties were characterized for 7 quantitative and 5 qualitative fruit traits. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the most significant traits and to show distances between the varieties in a biplot. The cluster analysis was applied to show similarities between the varieties and to create common groups. In the PCA biplot all pepper varieties were grouped into five groups, but in the cluster analysis, they made six groups. The biggest group in both analyses consisted of bell peppers. Those multivariate analyses are suitable to represent differences and similarities among pepper varieties visually.

Surface water, often used for irrigation purposes, may sometimes be contaminated with blooming cyanobacteria and thereby may contain their potent and harmful toxins. Cyanotoxins adversely affect many terrestrial plants, and accumulate in plant tissues that are subsequently ingested by humans. Studies were undertaken to (1) examine the bioaccumulation of microcystins (MCs) in leaves and fruits of pepper Capsicum annuum and (2) examine the potential effects of MCs on antioxidant capacity of these organs. Plants were irrigated with water containing MCs for a period of 3 mo. Data showed that MCs did not accumulate in leaves; however, in fruits the presence of the MC-LR (0.118 ng/mg dry weight) and dmMC-LR (0.077 ng/mg dry weight) was detected. The concentrations of MC-LR in fruit approached the acceptable guideline values and tolerable daily intake for this toxin. Lipid peroxidation levels and flavonoids content were significantly enhanced in both organs of treated plants, while total phenolic concentrations were not markedly variable between control and treated plants. Significant decrease in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity was noted for both organs. The levels of superoxide anion in fruits and hydroxyl radical in leaves were markedly reduced. Data suggest that exposure to MCs significantly reduced antioxidant capacity of experimental plants, indicating that MCs affected antioxidant systems in C. annuum.

Bacterial spot of pepper (BS) caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria is one of the most important pepper diseases in Serbia. Growing of resistant pepper genotypes is the most efficient way of BS control. The study was started in 2013, when eight pepper varieties from the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad (IFVCNS), Cal wonder and isogenic line from Early Cal wonder (ECW-20R) were inoculated with X. euvesicatoria strain P8 in the field conditions. Intensity of infection was evaluated according to the Horsfall-Barratt (HB) scale. Nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical analysis. All tested varieties were susceptible, except ECW-20R. In the same year, several IFVCNS pepper varieties were crossed with ECW-20R and also with line 30. After crossing 3 hybrids were sown in a greenhouse in October 2013 to obtain F2 generation. Those F2 transplants with resistant parents and Cal Wonder were planted 2014 in open field and inoculated. In the other field, IFVCNS varieties (Amfora, Una, Matica), line 30, ECW-20R and their 6 hybrids were evaluated under natural infection. Hybrids showed a significant resistance in relation to susceptible parents, except combination Matica x ECW-20R. Seeds of selected plants (F2 and F1 generation) from those two fields were sown for transplants producing in 2015 in order to obtain F3 and F2 generation. Transplants were inoculated in a greenhouse. Healthy plants were transplanted in the open field and after three months evaluated again. Progenies from ECW-20R were more resistant than progenies from line 30.

A successful sale is important for success in any business. It covers every aspect of the sales process, determines a proper stance and attitude towards selling, self-organization, understanding of customer needs and work with them. It also influences the construction of basic presentation skills, negotiation and teamwork. Modern sales should be based on the results of scientific research of the market, completed system of products and services supply, the establishment of contact and communication with customers on a long term basis and other activities relevant to building a stable market position. This paper presents a sales analysis of a small agricultural producer named Stojanovic from Simanovci. In the period of one year they sold 3,204 kg of peppers. Pepper prices were analyzed in the period June-October 2015 and 2016. The aim was to determine the influence of the market on the possibility of product placement. Comparative and descriptive methods were used in order to illustrate the characteristics and nature of sales of the product. The research results indicate significant fluctuations of pepper price and a dominant share of the indirect sales method. There is a possibility of expanding the range of sales by including processed peppers and red peppers., Uspešna prodaja važna je za uspeh u bilo kom poslovanju. Obuhvata svaki aspekt procesa prodaje, pruža savete o zauzimanju pravilnog odnosa i stava prema prodaji, samoorganizovanje, razumevanje potreba kupaca i rad sa njima, kao i izgradnju osnovnih veština prezentacije, pregovaranja i timskog rada. Savremena prodaja treba da svoje aktivnosti bazira na osnovu rezultata naučnog istraživanja tržišta, kompletnog oblikovanja sistema ponude proizvoda ili usluga, uspostavljanja kontakta i komunikacija sa kupcima na dugoročnoj osnovi i drugim aktivnostima u cilju obezbeđivanja stabilne pozicije na tržištu.U radu je sprovedena analiza prodaje proizvoda malog poljoprivrednog proizvođača Stojanović iz Šimanovaca. U periodu od godinu dana prodato je 3.204 kg paprike babure. Cene paprike analizirane su u periodu jun - oktobar 2015. i 2016. godine. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na značajne oscilacije cena paprike i dominantno učešće indirektnog načina prodaje. Postoji mogućnost proširenja asortimana prodaje prerađevinama od paprike i crvenom paprikom.

[EN] Peppers and chillies are one of the most important horticultural products, with an annual production of twenty nine million tons of fresh peppers. Peppers are used as a spice and / or vegetable in a lot of dishes, recipes and sauces because of their characteristic flavor and aroma. The best known and studied factor of the pepper flavor is the pungency produced by capsaicinoids, which are exclusive of the Capsicum genus. However, the aroma and volatile fraction are less studied. In this sense, modern Capsicum varieties available in markets cover a low diversity, but traditional varieties provide an extraordinary gene pool for the selection and improvement of many characters, especially those related to fruit quality. Moreover, molecular markers have emerged in recent years as a useful tool to identify and differentiate plant genetic resources. Especially useful are the microsatellite markers (SSRs), which allow rapid and accurate genotyping, because they are multiallelic, highly polymorphic , co-dominant, stable, easy to use and have a high sensitivity. A preliminary genotyping of pepper landraces could give information about the differences in the genetic profile between accessions as well as information about the fixation level of each of them. The objectives of this work where on the one hand genotype eleven accessions of Capsicum with fourteen SSR to estimate differences in the genetic profiles among accessions and between individual plants, and on the other hand compare the volatile fraction of five accessions (selected from the initial eleven) characterizing their aromatic profile by GC-MS. This work is a preliminary study from one more ambitious aimed at associate genetic markers with volatile profiles of sensory importance to the aroma of Capsicum fruits. From the fourteen SSR used, six were discarded for not obtaining good amplifications. The remaining eight SSRs showed polymorphism between accessions, with a total of twenty two different alleles. Fourt, [ES] Pimientos y chiles son uno de los productos hortícolas más importantes, con una producción anual de veintinueve mill. toneladas de pimiento fresco. El pimiento se emplea como especia y/o hortaliza en una gran cantidad de platos, recetas y salsas contribuyendo con su sabor y aroma característicos. La pungencia, producida por los capsaicinoides, única del género Capsicum, es el factor más conocido y estudiado en los pimientos, mientras que los estudios sobre el aroma y la fracción volátil son mucho más escasos. En este sentido, las variedades modernas de Capsicum disponibles en los mercados abarcan una baja diversidad, mientras que las variedades tradicionales proporcionan un extraordinario pool genético para la selección y mejora de muchos caracteres, en especial los relacionados con la calidad del fruto. Por otra parte, los marcadores moleculares se han erigido en los últimos años como un método muy útil para identificar y diferenciar los recursos fitogenéticos, especialmente marcadores como los microsatélites (SSRs), los cuales permiten buenos genotipados, debido a que son multialélicos, muy polimórficos, codominantes, estables, fáciles de usar y poseen una alta sensibilidad en la diferenciación entre especies y genotipos. Un genotipado inicial con SSR de materiales tradicionales de pimiento permite establecer el perfil genético entre accesiones y estimar el nivel de fijación genética que posee cada accesión. Este trabajo consistió por un lado en genotipar con catorce SSRs once entradas Capsicum para estimar diferencias de perfiles genéticos entre accesiones y entre plantas individuales y por otro, realizar un análisis comparativo de la fracción volátil de cinco de las accesiones mencionadas, caracterizadas por un perfil aromático diverso, mediante GC-MS, estableciendo las reglas de herencia comunes para los compuestos volátiles en los pimientos. Todo ello enfocado como primer paso hacia genotipados más ambiciosos con vistas a asociar perfiles genéticos y marc

[EN] Peppers and chillies are one of the most important horticultural products, with an annual production of twenty nine million tons of fresh peppers. Peppers are used as a spice and / or vegetable in a lot of dishes, recipes and sauces because of their characteristic flavor and aroma. The best known and studied factor of the pepper flavor is the pungency produced by capsaicinoids, which are exclusive of the Capsicum genus. However, the aroma and volatile fraction are less studied. In this sense, modern Capsicum varieties available in markets cover a low diversity, but traditional varieties provide an extraordinary gene pool for the selection and improvement of many characters, especially those related to fruit quality. Moreover, molecular markers have emerged in recent years as a useful tool to identify and differentiate plant genetic resources. Especially useful are the microsatellite markers (SSRs), which allow rapid and accurate genotyping, because they are multiallelic, highly polymorphic , co-dominant, stable, easy to use and have a high sensitivity. A preliminary genotyping of pepper landraces could give information about the differences in the genetic profile between accessions as well as information about the fixation level of each of them. The objectives of this work where on the one hand genotype eleven accessions of Capsicum with fourteen SSR to estimate differences in the genetic profiles among accessions and between individual plants, and on the other hand compare the volatile fraction of five accessions (selected from the initial eleven) characterizing their aromatic profile by GC-MS. This work is a preliminary study from one more ambitious aimed at associate genetic markers with volatile profiles of sensory importance to the aroma of Capsicum fruits. From the fourteen SSR used, six were discarded for not obtaining good amplifications. The remaining eight SSRs showed polymorphism between accessions, with a total of twenty two different alleles. Fourt, [ES] Pimientos y chiles son uno de los productos hortícolas más importantes, con una producción anual de veintinueve mill. toneladas de pimiento fresco. El pimiento se emplea como especia y/o hortaliza en una gran cantidad de platos, recetas y salsas contribuyendo con su sabor y aroma característicos. La pungencia, producida por los capsaicinoides, única del género Capsicum, es el factor más conocido y estudiado en los pimientos, mientras que los estudios sobre el aroma y la fracción volátil son mucho más escasos. En este sentido, las variedades modernas de Capsicum disponibles en los mercados abarcan una baja diversidad, mientras que las variedades tradicionales proporcionan un extraordinario pool genético para la selección y mejora de muchos caracteres, en especial los relacionados con la calidad del fruto. Por otra parte, los marcadores moleculares se han erigido en los últimos años como un método muy útil para identificar y diferenciar los recursos fitogenéticos, especialmente marcadores como los microsatélites (SSRs), los cuales permiten buenos genotipados, debido a que son multialélicos, muy polimórficos, codominantes, estables, fáciles de usar y poseen una alta sensibilidad en la diferenciación entre especies y genotipos. Un genotipado inicial con SSR de materiales tradicionales de pimiento permite establecer el perfil genético entre accesiones y estimar el nivel de fijación genética que posee cada accesión. Este trabajo consistió por un lado en genotipar con catorce SSRs once entradas Capsicum para estimar diferencias de perfiles genéticos entre accesiones y entre plantas individuales y por otro, realizar un análisis comparativo de la fracción volátil de cinco de las accesiones mencionadas, caracterizadas por un perfil aromático diverso, mediante GC-MS, estableciendo las reglas de herencia comunes para los compuestos volátiles en los pimientos. Todo ello enfocado como primer paso hacia genotipados más ambiciosos con vistas a asociar perfiles genéticos y marc

This is a compilation of 30 research trial reports from seven land-grant universities in the midwestern and northeastern United States. Crops covered include Asian vegetables (Napa cabbage, pak choy or bok choi, mizuna, tatsoi, Yukina savoy, komatsuna, senposai, and Tokyo bekana) broccoli, cantaloupe, cucumber, kohlrabi, pepper, potato, pumpkin, radish, sweet corn, tomato, and watermelon. Several crops were evaluated in high tunnels or hoophouses. Most trials compared different cultivars or varieties. Four reports addressed specific growing practices: the use of hairy vetch to supply nitrogen, biochar use in a high tunnel bag culture system, effects of organic soil amendments, and scion-rootstock compatibility for grafted tomatoes. One report evaluated fungicides for managing powdery mildew in pumpkin.

This is a compilation of 30 research trial reports from seven land-grant universities in the midwestern and northeastern United States. Crops covered include Asian vegetables (Napa cabbage, pak choy or bok choi, mizuna, tatsoi, Yukina savoy, komatsuna, senposai, and Tokyo bekana) broccoli, cantaloupe, cucumber, kohlrabi, pepper, potato, pumpkin, radish, sweet corn, tomato, and watermelon. Several crops were evaluated in high tunnels or hoophouses. Most trials compared different cultivars or varieties. Four reports addressed specific growing practices: the use of hairy vetch to supply nitrogen, biochar use in a high tunnel bag culture system, effects of organic soil amendments, and scion-rootstock compatibility for grafted tomatoes. One report evaluated fungicides for managing powdery mildew in pumpkin.

Modern vegetable production under protected cultivation have accomplished by multifunctional integration of several methods and techniques in order to get produce for fresh consumption with an added biological value. The usage of modern greenhouse covering films, shading nets and termoselective barriers, besides passive energy efficiency has afforded several benefits in more precise control of microclimate fluctuations. Photo-selective plastic films could change the character and spectral composition of solar radiation, which leads to less pests and disease infection and better crop performances, such us earliness, fruit size and uniformity and cumulative and total yield. By usage of beneficial microorganism, pheromone traps, predators and as well natural extracts it would be possibla to maintain biological balance for integrated protected cultivation of peppers, Savremena povrtarska proizvodnja u zaštićenom prostoru ostvaruje se multifunkcionalnim integrisanjem više metoda i tehnika u cilju dobijanja proizvoda za svežu potrošnju sa visokom biološkom vrednošću. Korišćenje modernih polietilenskih folija, mreža za zasenu i energetskih barijera omogućilo je, osim pasivne energetske efikasnosti i niz prednosti u vrlo preciznoj kontroli promena u mikroklimatu. Fotoselektivne folije menjaju karakter i spektralni sastav sunčevog zračenja, što utiče na umanjenje infekcija bolestima i redukciju štetočina, ali rezultuje i adekvatnom reakcijom useva u pogledu ranostasnosti, veličine plodova, njihovoj uniformnosti i kumulativnom i ukupnom prinosu. Korišćenjem korisnih mikroorganizama, feromonskih klopki, predatora, kao i prirodnih ekstrakata može se uspešno održati biološka ravnoteža u integralnom sistemu gajenja paprike u plastenicima.

Bacterial spot of pepper, caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria regularly causes losses in pepper production in Serbia. During 2008, 2009 and 2010 samples of diseased pepper leaves with bacterial spot symptoms were collected from different localities in Serbia. Total of 116 strains of bacteria were obtained by isolation from infected leaves. Within the world population of the pathogen 11 physiological races are distinguished on the basis of reaction on pepper variety ECW and their isogenic lines known as ECW10R (Bs1 gene), ECW20R (Bs2 gene), ECW30R (Bs3 gene) and PI 235047 (Capsicum pubescens). Race differentiation of Serbian X. euvesicatoria strains was carried out based on the reaction of differential plants. Our studies showed that the population of X. euvesicatoria was heterogeneous, consisting of four physiological races: P1, P3, P7 and P8. The most common was the pepper race P8, followed by P7, P1 and P3 represented by the 93, 17, 5 and 1 strain, respectively.

Seed-borne bacterial pathogens of tomato and pepper are of major concern worldwide. Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Xv) and Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe), the causal agents of bacterial leaf spot, and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), the causal agent of tomato bacterial canker, are worldwide distributed, but the occurrence of the latter is usually erratic. In order to evaluate the risk of seed transmission and the relationship between seed contamination and disease outbreak, an extensive field trial has been put in place in 2013 for each pathosystem. Three artificially contamination levels were considered (1%, 5% and 15% or 20%, respectively in Italy and in Serbia), composed of 100 seedlings each. Disease outbreaks were monitored weekly during the growing season until harvesting and disease was quantified by means of AUDPC. Seeds were produced from each plot and analysed in order to assess their contamination level. Preliminary results of our studies showed that disease quantity caused by Xv, Cmm or Xe was directly correlated to the percentage of initial infection, according to AUDPC values obtained. Contamination rate of seed produced in diseased fields was not always correlated with disease quantity observed. A microbial consortium, a bacterial antagonist and plant polyphenols were assayed to assess their potential efficacy in seed disinfection: naturally contaminated tomato and pepper seeds were treated and sown. Pepper and tomato seedlings were inspected and analysed for the presence of bacterial spot. Preliminary results obtained show that none of the above mentioned treatments was able to eradicate the pathogen from seeds.

Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Xv) and Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (Xe) are the causal agents of bacterial spot of both tomato and pepper. Long-distance dissemination of those xanthomonads is ensured by means of contaminated seeds in trade. Bacterial spot is a widespread and economically very important disease of tomato and pepper. This study was conducted to assess, in both tomato and pepper fields transplanted with seedlings produced from naturally contaminated seeds, the influence of climatic conditions on the development of the bacterial spot. The aim was to show that climatic conditions may greatly affect possible outbreaks of the disease

A central concern for many learning algorithms is how to efficiently store what the algorithm has learned. An algorithm for the compression of Nonnegative Matrix Factorizations is presented. Compression is achieved by embedding the factorization in an encoding routine. Its performance is investigated using two standard test images, Peppers and Barbara. The compression ratio (18:1) achieved by the proposed Matrix Factorization improves the storage-ability of Nonnegative Matrix Factorizations without significantly degrading accuracy (≈ 1-3dB degradation is introduced). We learn as before, but storage is cheaper., QC 20150921, EOLAS

A central concern for many learning algorithms is how to efficiently store what the algorithm has learned. An algorithm for the compression of Nonnegative Matrix Factorizations is presented. Compression is achieved by embedding the factorization in an encoding routine. Its performance is investigated using two standard test images, Peppers and Barbara. The compression ratio (18:1) achieved by the proposed Matrix Factorization improves the storage-ability of Nonnegative Matrix Factorizations without significantly degrading accuracy (≈ 1-3dB degradation is introduced). We learn as before, but storage is cheaper., QC 20150921, EOLAS

A central concern for many learning algorithms is how to efficiently store what the algorithm has learned. An algorithm for the compression of Nonnegative Matrix Factorizations is presented. Compression is achieved by embedding the factorization in an encoding routine. Its performance is investigated using two standard test images, Peppers and Barbara. The compression ratio (18:1) achieved by the proposed Matrix Factorization improves the storage-ability of Nonnegative Matrix Factorizations without significantly degrading accuracy (≈ 1-3dB degradation is introduced). We learn as before, but storage is cheaper., QC 20150921, EOLAS

A central concern for many learning algorithms is how to efficiently store what the algorithm has learned. An algorithm for the compression of Nonnegative Matrix Factorizations is presented. Compression is achieved by embedding the factorization in an encoding routine. Its performance is investigated using two standard test images, Peppers and Barbara. The compression ratio (18:1) achieved by the proposed Matrix Factorization improves the storage-ability of Nonnegative Matrix Factorizations without significantly degrading accuracy (≈ 1-3dB degradation is introduced). We learn as before, but storage is cheaper., QC 20150921, EOLAS

A central concern for many learning algorithms is how to efficiently store what the algorithm has learned. An algorithm for the compression of Nonnegative Matrix Factorizations is presented. Compression is achieved by embedding the factorization in an encoding routine. Its performance is investigated using two standard test images, Peppers and Barbara. The compression ratio (18:1) achieved by the proposed Matrix Factorization improves the storage-ability of Nonnegative Matrix Factorizations without significantly degrading accuracy (≈ 1-3dB degradation is introduced). We learn as before, but storage is cheaper., QC 20150921, EOLAS

The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to perform the pest categorisation for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm). The agent responsible for vascular tomato wilt and canker is the clearly defined and valid gram-positive taxon C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. This pathogen can be accurately identified based on a range of sensitive and specific methods. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the main host, but peppers (Capsicum annum and C. frutescens) are also naturally susceptible to Cmm. These host plants are cultivated throughout Europe and conditions are conducive to disease development in open fields in southern Europe and in greenhouses. The disease is present in many EU Member States. Outbreaks are rare but usually severe. It causes a range of symptoms on the aerial parts of plants, including the fruits. Detection methods are available for any type of plant material either presenting symptoms or symptomless. Seed testing has proven to be a good control option by discarding contaminated seed lots. Despite tomato seed production being done under strict sanitation using recommended practices, seed contamination still occurs occasionally. Contaminated seeds and transplants are responsible for long-distance dissemination of the pathogen. Under conducive conditions, even low levels of seed contamination can result in disease outbreaks. Cultivation practices can favour secondary spread of the bacterium and an increase in disease incidence both in greenhouse and in open-field crops. No effective biological or chemical control agents are registered for bacterial canker in Europe. Cmm meets all criteria defined in International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) 21. Cmm meets all ISPM 11 criteria, although it has been observed in 16 EU Member States. The outbreaks are usually severe but sporadic.