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Image recognition systems offer the promise to learn from images at scale without requiring expert knowledge. However, past research suggests that machine learning systems often produce biased output. In this article, we evaluate potential gender biases of commercial image recognition platforms using photographs of U.S. members of Congress and a large number of Twitter images posted by these politicians. Our crowdsourced validation shows that commercial image recognition systems can produce labels that are correct and biased at the same time as they selectively report a subset of many possible true labels. We find that images of women received three times more annotations related to physical appearance. Moreover, women in images are recognized at substantially lower rates in comparison with men. We discuss how encoded biases such as these affect the visibility of women, reinforce harmful gender stereotypes, and limit the validity of the insights that can be gathered from such data.

Phylogenetic analysis of early tetrapod evolution has resulted in a consensus across diverse data sets(1-3) in which the tetrapod stem group is a relatively homogenous collection of medium-to large-sized animals showing a progressive loss of 'fish' characters as they become increasingly terrestrial(4,5), whereas the crown group demonstrates marked morphological diversity and disparity(6). The oldest fossil attributed to the tetrapod crown group is the highly specialized astopod Lethiscus stocki(7,8), which shows a small size, extreme axial elongation, loss of limbs, spool-shaped vertebral centra, and a skull with reduced centres of ossification, in common with an otherwise disparate group of small animals known as lepospondyls. Here we use micro-computed tomography of the only known specimen of Lethiscus to provide new information that strongly challenges this consensus. Digital dissection reveals extremely primitive cranial morphology, including a spiracular notch, a large remnant of the notochord within the braincase, an open ventral cranial fissure, an anteriorly restricted parasphenoid element, and Meckelian ossifications. The braincase is elongate and lies atop a dorsally projecting septum of the parasphenoid bone, similar to stem tetrapods such as embolomeres. This morphology is consistent in a second astopod, Coloraderpeton, although the details differ. Phylogenetic analysis, including critical new braincase data, places astopods deep on the tetrapod stem, whereas another major lepospondyl lineage is displaced into the amniotes. These results show that stem group tetrapods were much more diverse in their body plans than previously thought. Our study requires a change in commonly used calibration dates for molecular analyses, and emphasizes the importance of character sampling for early tetrapod evolutionary relationships.

This paper's main objective is to investigate the influence that could have a body mass index (BMI) in children of lower primary about the speed. To check that influence a sample of 67 students between 6 and 8 years of age being 50.8% female and 49.2% male gender was selected. Both groups underwent the Illinois agility test, they also took the height and weight to calculate your BMI based on the reference table Tim Cole (2000), plus another question was asked about the practice of exercise outside schools. Finally the statistical data taking into account the results obtained are presented, taking all possible variables in order to get as much information as possible., El presente trabajo tiene como principal objetivo investigar la influencia que podría llegar a tener un índice de masa corporal (IMC) elevado en niños y niñas del primer ciclo de primaria respecto a la agilidad. Para comprobar dicha influencia se seleccionó una muestra de 67 alumnos y alumnas de entre 6 y 8 años de edad siendo el 50,8% del género femenino y el 49,2% del género masculino. A ambos grupos se les practicó el test de agilidad Illinois, también se les tomó la talla y el peso para calcular su IMC basándonos en la tabla de referencias de Tim Cole (2000), además se preguntó otra cuestión sobre la práctica de ejercicio fuera del ámbito escolar. Finalmente se presentaron los datos estadísticos teniendo en cuenta los resultados obtenidos, sacando todas las variables posibles para poder obtener la mayor información posible.

In this work we calculate the most general left-handed neutrino thermal self-energy at one-loop order in perturbation theory using the Mellin summation technique. We perform this calculation in the real-time formalism of quantum field theory at finite temperature and density assuming that there exists an excess of leptons over antileptons in the medium. Thus, we obtain a novel general expression for the left-handed neutrino effective thermal mass which depends on lepton masses, boson masses, leptonic chemical potential and temperature. As an application of these results into the context of the Left-Right Symmetric Model, we calculate the left-handed neutrino dispersion relations and we obtain the corresponding effective thermal masses for the unbroken, parity-broken and fully-broken symmetry phases., Comment: 13 pages, 1 figure, changes in sections 2 and 4, types corrected

In this work we calculate the most general left-handed neutrino thermal self-energy at one-loop order in perturbation theory using the Mellin summation technique. We perform this calculation in the real-time formalism of quantum field theory at finite temperature and density assuming that there exists an excess of leptons over antileptons in the medium. Thus, we obtain a novel general expression for the left-handed neutrino effective thermal mass which depends on lepton masses, boson masses, leptonic chemical potential and temperature. As an application of these results into the context of the Left-Right Symmetric Model, we calculate the left-handed neutrino dispersion relations and we obtain the corresponding effective thermal masses for the unbroken, parity-broken and fully-broken symmetry phases., Comment: 13 pages, 1 figure, changes in sections 2 and 4, types corrected

In this work we calculate the most general left-handed neutrino thermal self-energy at one-loop order in perturbation theory using the Mellin summation technique. We perform this calculation in the real-time formalism of quantum field theory at finite temperature and density assuming that there exists an excess of leptons over antileptons in the medium. Thus, we obtain a novel general expression for the left-handed neutrino effective thermal mass which depends on lepton masses, boson masses, leptonic chemical potential and temperature. As an application of these results into the context of the Left-Right Symmetric Model, we calculate the left-handed neutrino dispersion relations and we obtain the corresponding effective thermal masses for the unbroken, parity-broken and fully-broken symmetry phases., Comment: 13 pages, 1 figure, changes in sections 2 and 4, types corrected

Introduction: There are several studies which show that a simple patient education plan during the hospital admission may obtain an improvement on the modification of the different risk factors and life style habits, but almost no of them compares these results with a control group. It is not possible to discard completely that a part of the observed improvements also would take place without no plan. Aim: To value, in the long term, the effectiveness of a health education plan made during the admission of patients with acute coronary disease. Material and methods: We included a number of 92 patients diagnosed with coronary syndrome, in which 47 patients had participated in a health education program and we compared it with a group of 45 patients who had not participated in the program. We collected social, demographic, clinical and epidemiologic data at the moment of the admission, and by means of a personal interview 18-24 months later. Results: They were not observed differences between both groups on the data collected during de hospital admission. The data collected in the revision were the following: The group that received health education was better controlled on cholesterolemia level, triglycerides and blood pressure, than the other group. The tobacco abuse cessation in both groups was very similar. They stopped smoking only a 1% more in the health education group. In the health education group the correct diet was followed by more patients than in the other group (89,4% versus 68,9%) and the patients of the group that received health education made much more exercise than the other group (85,1% versus 73,30%). Conclusions: The results allow to observe that a health plan implementation can help to change the life style and to reduce the risk factors., Introducción: Hay varios estudios que muestran que, con una sencilla intervención educativa durante el ingreso hospitalario, se logra una mejoría en cuanto a la modificación de los distintos factores de riesgo y hábitos de vida, pero casi ninguno de ellos compara dichos resultados con un grupo control, no pudiéndose descartar por completo, que una parte de las mejoras observadas se produjeran igualmente sin ninguna intervención. Objetivo: Valorar, a largo plazo, la eficacia de un programa de educación para la salud realizado durante el ingreso hospitalario en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo. Material y métodos: Se incluyó a un total de 92 pacientes diagnosticados de síndrome coronario, de los cuales 47 pacientes habían participado en un programa de educación para la salud y se comparó con un grupo de 45 pacientes que no habían participado en el programa. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y epidemiológicos en el momento del ingreso y mediante una entrevista personal a los 18-24 meses. Resultados: En los datos recogidos al ingreso no se observaron diferencias entre ambos grupos. Los datos obtenidos en la revisión fueron: El grupo que recibió educación para la salud (EpS) estaba mejor controlado en las cifras de colesterolemia, triglicéridos y tensión arterial, que el otro grupo. En cuanto al abandono del tabaquismo en ambos grupos fue muy similar, sólo lo abandonaron un uno por ciento más en el grupo de educación sanitaria; en el grupo de educación sanitaria la dieta correcta la seguían más pacientes que en el otro grupo (89.4% frente al 68.9%) y en el grupo que recibió educación sanitaria hacían mucho más ejercicio que en el otro grupo (85.1% frente al 73.30%). Conclusiones: Los resultados, permiten observar que un sencillo programa de educación, puede ayudar a cambiar los hábitos de vida y reducir los factores de riesgo.

Introduction: There are several studies which show that a simple patient education plan during the hospital admission may obtain an improvement on the modification of the different risk factors and life style habits, but almost no of them compares these results with a control group. It is not possible to discard completely that a part of the observed improvements also would take place without no plan. Aim: To value, in the long term, the effectiveness of a health education plan made during the admission of patients with acute coronary disease. Material and methods: We included a number of 92 patients diagnosed with coronary syndrome, in which 47 patients had participated in a health education program and we compared it with a group of 45 patients who had not participated in the program. We collected social, demographic, clinical and epidemiologic data at the moment of the admission, and by means of a personal interview 18-24 months later. Results: They were not observed differences between both groups on the data collected during de hospital admission. The data collected in the revision were the following: The group that received health education was better controlled on cholesterolemia level, triglycerides and blood pressure, than the other group. The tobacco abuse cessation in both groups was very similar. They stopped smoking only a 1% more in the health education group. In the health education group the correct diet was followed by more patients than in the other group (89,4% versus 68,9%) and the patients of the group that received health education made much more exercise than the other group (85,1% versus 73,30%). Conclusions: The results allow to observe that a health plan implementation can help to change the life style and to reduce the risk factors., Introducción: Hay varios estudios que muestran que, con una sencilla intervención educativa durante el ingreso hospitalario, se logra una mejoría en cuanto a la modificación de los distintos factores de riesgo y hábitos de vida, pero casi ninguno de ellos compara dichos resultados con un grupo control, no pudiéndose descartar por completo, que una parte de las mejoras observadas se produjeran igualmente sin ninguna intervención. Objetivo: Valorar, a largo plazo, la eficacia de un programa de educación para la salud realizado durante el ingreso hospitalario en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo. Material y métodos: Se incluyó a un total de 92 pacientes diagnosticados de síndrome coronario, de los cuales 47 pacientes habían participado en un programa de educación para la salud y se comparó con un grupo de 45 pacientes que no habían participado en el programa. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y epidemiológicos en el momento del ingreso y mediante una entrevista personal a los 18-24 meses. Resultados: En los datos recogidos al ingreso no se observaron diferencias entre ambos grupos. Los datos obtenidos en la revisión fueron: El grupo que recibió educación para la salud (EpS) estaba mejor controlado en las cifras de colesterolemia, triglicéridos y tensión arterial, que el otro grupo. En cuanto al abandono del tabaquismo en ambos grupos fue muy similar, sólo lo abandonaron un uno por ciento más en el grupo de educación sanitaria; en el grupo de educación sanitaria la dieta correcta la seguían más pacientes que en el otro grupo (89.4% frente al 68.9%) y en el grupo que recibió educación sanitaria hacían mucho más ejercicio que en el otro grupo (85.1% frente al 73.30%). Conclusiones: Los resultados, permiten observar que un sencillo programa de educación, puede ayudar a cambiar los hábitos de vida y reducir los factores de riesgo.

Se presenta el listado actualizado a diciembre de 2006 de la colección de mamíferos del Museo Javeriano de Historia Natural “Lorenzo Uribe Uribe” (MUJ). Se muestra información sobre la cobertura y representatividad geográfica y taxonómica, y se hace una breve reseña histórica sobre la colección.