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In paper mills, the paper machine is followed by a winding machine which cuts paper to intended width and rolls onto cylinders to specified length. Central to this paper is the gathering and synchronizing of data from databases relevant to automation research for the winder. Part of data gathering was automated with Python and the data was analyzed to determine details about the data. Data was found to be stored in different databases and accessible through different interfaces with some variation in formatting of time strings and time zones between data sources. Other issues, likely stemming from different parts of the greater system being implemented at different times, provided by different companies utilizing different technologies. Suggestions toward streamlining of data gathering for ease of future automation and research were given with discussion of this work, the system, theory and future research.

This paper consists of a project exploring the possibility to assess paper code reusability by measuring chuck damages utilizing a 3D sensor and usingMachine Learning to classify reusage. The paper cores are part of a rolling/unrolling system at a paper mill whereas a chuck is used to slow and eventually stop the revolving paper core, which creates damages that at a certain point is too grave for reuse. The 3D sensor used is a TriSpector1008from SICK, based on active triangulation through laser line projection and optic sensing. A number of paper cores with damages varying in severity labeled approved or unapproved for further use was provided. SupervisedLearning in the form of K-NN, Support Vector Machine, Decision Trees andRandom Forest was used to binary classify the dataset based on readings from the sensor. Features were extracted from these readings based on the spatial and frequency domain of each reading in an experimental way.Classification of reusage was previously done through thresholding on internal features in the sensor software. The goal of the project is to unify the decision making protocol/system with economical, environmental and sustainable waste management benefits. K-NN was found to be best suitedin our case. Features for standard deviation of calculated depth obtained from the readings, performed best and lead to a zero false positive rate and recall score of 99.14%, outperforming the compared threshold system., Den här rapporten undersöker möjligheten att bedöma papperskärnors återanvändbarhet genom att mäta chuck skador med hjälp av en 3D-sensor för att genom maskininlärning klassificera återanvändning. Papperskärnorna används i ett rullnings-/avrullningssystem i ett pappersbruk där en chuck används för att bromsa och till sist stoppa den roterande papperskärnan, vilket skapar skador som vid en viss punkt är för allvarliga för återanvändning. 3D-sensorn som används är en TriSpector1008 från SICK,baserad på aktiv triangulering genom laserlinje projektion och optisk avläsning. Projektet försågs med ett antal papperskärnor med varierande skador, märkta godkända eller ej godkända för vidare användning av leverantören. Supervised Learning i form av K-NN, Support VectorMachine, Decision Trees och Random Forest användes för att binärt klassificera datasetet baserat på avläsningar från sensorn. Features Extraherades från dessa avläsningar baserat på spatial och frekvensdomänen för varje avläsning på ett experimentellt sätt. Klassificering av återanvändning gjordes tidigare genom tröskelvärden på interna features isensorns mjukvara. Målet med projektet är att skapa ett enhetligtbeslutsprotokoll/system med ekonomiska, miljömässiga och hållbaraavfallshanteringsfördelar. K-NN visades vara bäst lämpad för projektet.Featuerna representerande standardavvikelse för beräknat djup som erhållits från avläsningarna visades vara bäst och leder till en false positive rate lika med noll och recall score på 99.14%, vilket överpresterade det jämförda tröskel systemet.

In paper mills, the paper machine is followed by a winding machine which cuts paper to intended width and rolls onto cylinders to specified length. Central to this paper is the gathering and synchronizing of data from databases relevant to automation research for the winder. Part of data gathering was automated with Python and the data was analyzed to determine details about the data. Data was found to be stored in different databases and accessible through different interfaces with some variation in formatting of time strings and time zones between data sources. Other issues, likely stemming from different parts of the greater system being implemented at different times, provided by different companies utilizing different technologies. Suggestions toward streamlining of data gathering for ease of future automation and research were given with discussion of this work, the system, theory and future research.

This paper consists of a project exploring the possibility to assess paper code reusability by measuring chuck damages utilizing a 3D sensor and usingMachine Learning to classify reusage. The paper cores are part of a rolling/unrolling system at a paper mill whereas a chuck is used to slow and eventually stop the revolving paper core, which creates damages that at a certain point is too grave for reuse. The 3D sensor used is a TriSpector1008from SICK, based on active triangulation through laser line projection and optic sensing. A number of paper cores with damages varying in severity labeled approved or unapproved for further use was provided. SupervisedLearning in the form of K-NN, Support Vector Machine, Decision Trees andRandom Forest was used to binary classify the dataset based on readings from the sensor. Features were extracted from these readings based on the spatial and frequency domain of each reading in an experimental way.Classification of reusage was previously done through thresholding on internal features in the sensor software. The goal of the project is to unify the decision making protocol/system with economical, environmental and sustainable waste management benefits. K-NN was found to be best suitedin our case. Features for standard deviation of calculated depth obtained from the readings, performed best and lead to a zero false positive rate and recall score of 99.14%, outperforming the compared threshold system., Den här rapporten undersöker möjligheten att bedöma papperskärnors återanvändbarhet genom att mäta chuck skador med hjälp av en 3D-sensor för att genom maskininlärning klassificera återanvändning. Papperskärnorna används i ett rullnings-/avrullningssystem i ett pappersbruk där en chuck används för att bromsa och till sist stoppa den roterande papperskärnan, vilket skapar skador som vid en viss punkt är för allvarliga för återanvändning. 3D-sensorn som används är en TriSpector1008 från SICK,baserad på aktiv triangulering genom laserlinje projektion och optisk avläsning. Projektet försågs med ett antal papperskärnor med varierande skador, märkta godkända eller ej godkända för vidare användning av leverantören. Supervised Learning i form av K-NN, Support VectorMachine, Decision Trees och Random Forest användes för att binärt klassificera datasetet baserat på avläsningar från sensorn. Features Extraherades från dessa avläsningar baserat på spatial och frekvensdomänen för varje avläsning på ett experimentellt sätt. Klassificering av återanvändning gjordes tidigare genom tröskelvärden på interna features isensorns mjukvara. Målet med projektet är att skapa ett enhetligtbeslutsprotokoll/system med ekonomiska, miljömässiga och hållbaraavfallshanteringsfördelar. K-NN visades vara bäst lämpad för projektet.Featuerna representerande standardavvikelse för beräknat djup som erhållits från avläsningarna visades vara bäst och leder till en false positive rate lika med noll och recall score på 99.14%, vilket överpresterade det jämförda tröskel systemet.

My graduation project focuses on the rebirth of a still-used paper factory in Maastricht, witnessing Maastricht's transformation from a former industrial city to an intelligent city. Since the Sappi paper factory is still in operation, large amounts of paper cellulose, machines, left-over spaces, and even manufacturing knowledge can be gleaned. I position it as a smart paper factory, not in a traditional spatial strategy, but through gleaning paper cellulose as a catalyst, which will link the industrial manufacturing, paper performance research, paper product design and interactive participation to establish this city creative hub., Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Urbanism

Urban Architecture, Glaneurs & Glaneuses, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

ScandFibre Logistics AB (SFL) är ett logistikföretag inom järnvägsindustrin och ingår i BillerudKorsnäs-koncernen. SFL:s uppgift är att för pappersbruk ägda av BillerudKorsnäs, samt ett fåtal externa kunder, erbjuda logistiklösningar via järnväg för brukens leveranstransporter till cirka 50 olika terminaler i Europa. I samband med det interna arbetet med att strategiskt effektivisera hanteringen av vagnstransporterna syftar detta examensarbete till att ge kunskap och undersöka hur transporter av tomvagnar från svenska terminaler tillbaka till bruken kan effektiviseras med hänsyn till transport- och hyreskostnader. Information har empiriskt samlats från intervjuer med flertal av SFL:s anställda, genom deltagande observationer och inhämtade rådata från SFL:s databas. Med en deskriptiv metod kartlagdes SFL:s verksamhet i en nulägesbeskrivning som utgjorde startpunkten för examensarbetets modellskapande. Från modellskapandet presenteras examensarbetets förslag till en teoretisk bokningsmodell. Denna bokningsmodell uppnår en teoretisk tids- och kostnadseffektivisering med matematisk logik och olika strikta samt tidskänsliga bokningskriterier som genererar bokningsförslag vars prioritering ligger vid korta transportsträckor och ett tidseffektivt utnyttjande av tomvagnar som anländer till bruken enligt JIT-principen. Med anledning av att modellen byggs på antaganden och teori bör dess resultat granskas av operativ bokningspersonal innan praktisk tillämpning., ScandFibre Logistics AB (SFL) is a logistics company operating in the railway industry and is a part of BillerudKorsnäs. SFL offers logistic solutions for railway transport of products from BillerudKorsnäs’, as well as a few other external customers’, different paper mills to roughly 50 different terminals in Europe. In conjunction with SFL:s own interest of developing the efficiency of their own operations and handling of wagon transports, this master’s thesis aims to improve knowledge and investigate how to streamline the transport of empty wagons from Swedish terminals back to the paper mills, in regards to transport and rental costs. Information have been gathered through interviews with several employees, through participating observations, and with the extraction of raw data from SFL’s database. With a descriptive method the overall operation at SFL could be outlined, serving as the base for a model development phase. This phase resulted in this thesis’ proposed bookings model for empty wagon transports. The model acquires a theoretical streamline way of booking empty wagon transports in such a manner that wagons arrive at the paper mills according to the JIT-principle. The model succeeds in doing this by generating booking proposals using mathematical logic and time-sensitive booking criteria, with the focus being transports of short distances; in theory also meaning a time efficient use of each wagon. As the model is theoretically constructed and relies on several generalizing assumptions, its booking proposals should always be evaluated from a perspective of practicality by executive booking personnel.

På pappersmaskin 11 i Hallsta pappersbruk tillverkas högglansigt papper som bleks med väteperoxid. Om väteperoxiden som finns kvar efter blekningen, kallat restperoxid, kommer ut på pappersmaskinen sliter detta på termovalsarna, vilket påverkar slutprodukten. Det finns en bakteriekultur på bruket, bestående av släktet Tepidiphilus som bryter ner väteperoxiden med hjälp av katalas och hindrar den från att komma ut på maskinen. Om bakterierna slås ut, av exempelvis ogynnsamma förhållanden, märks detta genom att restperoxiden ökar. Målet med detta arbete är att försöka identifiera vilka faktorer som påverkar bakterierna och lägga fram ett förslag för hur man kan förhindra uppkomsten av restperoxid. För att utföra detta användes i första hand principalkomponentanalys, samt så studerades hur olika faktorer förändrades i förhållanden till uppkomsten av restperoxid. Ett antal parametrar kunde identifieras baserat på tillgängliga data. Dock kan inga absoluta slutsatser dras då det inte går att bekräfta några teorier med labbförsök eller genom att manipulera processen. De parametrar som tros ha störst påverkan är mek. renat färg, rest-aluminium, grumlighet, manganhalten i vatten, pH för kar K0203, returmälden samt inloppslådan och klorhalterna som uppmätts för mek. renat total klor, RVV1 fri klor, varmvatten total klor och mek. renat fri klor. Dessa parametrar bör därför övervakas framåt, och kan i det fall att restperoxid återigen uppkommer antingen bekräftas eller dementeras deras faktiska påverkan och samspel för bakteriernas välmående., Paper machine 11 in Hallsta paper mill produces high-gloss paper that is bleached with hydrogen peroxide. If the hydrogen peroxide that remains after the bleaching, called residual peroxide, gets out on the paper machine, this wears down the thermal rollers, which affects the final product. There is a bacterial culture at the mill, consisting of the genus Tepidiphilus, which breaks down the hydrogen peroxide with the help of catalase and prevents it from getting out to the machine. If the bacteria are killed, for example by unfavourable conditions, this is noticeable by an increase in residual peroxide. The goal of this project is to try to identify which factors affect the bacteria and put forward a proposal for how to prevent the occurrence of residual peroxide. To carry this out, principal component analysis was primarily used, and how different factors changed in relation to the appearance of residual peroxide was studied. Several parameters could be identified based on the available data. However, no conclusive conclusions could be drawn as it is not possible to confirm any theories with lab tests or by manipulating the process. The parameters believed to have the greatest influence are coloration of mechanically cleaned water (mech. water), residual aluminium, turbidity, manganese content of the water, pH for tank K0203, the returning pulp suspension as well as the headbox and the chlorine levels for mech. water total chlorine, RVV1 free chlorine, hot water total chlorine and mech. water free chlorine. These parameters should therefore be monitored going forward, and if residual peroxide occurs again, their possible interactions and actual impact on the well-being of the bacteria can either be confirmed or denied

ScandFibre Logistics AB (SFL) är ett logistikföretag inom järnvägsindustrin och ingår i BillerudKorsnäs-koncernen. SFL:s uppgift är att för pappersbruk ägda av BillerudKorsnäs, samt ett fåtal externa kunder, erbjuda logistiklösningar via järnväg för brukens leveranstransporter till cirka 50 olika terminaler i Europa. I samband med det interna arbetet med att strategiskt effektivisera hanteringen av vagnstransporterna syftar detta examensarbete till att ge kunskap och undersöka hur transporter av tomvagnar från svenska terminaler tillbaka till bruken kan effektiviseras med hänsyn till transport- och hyreskostnader. Information har empiriskt samlats från intervjuer med flertal av SFL:s anställda, genom deltagande observationer och inhämtade rådata från SFL:s databas. Med en deskriptiv metod kartlagdes SFL:s verksamhet i en nulägesbeskrivning som utgjorde startpunkten för examensarbetets modellskapande. Från modellskapandet presenteras examensarbetets förslag till en teoretisk bokningsmodell. Denna bokningsmodell uppnår en teoretisk tids- och kostnadseffektivisering med matematisk logik och olika strikta samt tidskänsliga bokningskriterier som genererar bokningsförslag vars prioritering ligger vid korta transportsträckor och ett tidseffektivt utnyttjande av tomvagnar som anländer till bruken enligt JIT-principen. Med anledning av att modellen byggs på antaganden och teori bör dess resultat granskas av operativ bokningspersonal innan praktisk tillämpning., ScandFibre Logistics AB (SFL) is a logistics company operating in the railway industry and is a part of BillerudKorsnäs. SFL offers logistic solutions for railway transport of products from BillerudKorsnäs’, as well as a few other external customers’, different paper mills to roughly 50 different terminals in Europe. In conjunction with SFL:s own interest of developing the efficiency of their own operations and handling of wagon transports, this master’s thesis aims to improve knowledge and investigate how to streamline the transport of empty wagons from Swedish terminals back to the paper mills, in regards to transport and rental costs. Information have been gathered through interviews with several employees, through participating observations, and with the extraction of raw data from SFL’s database. With a descriptive method the overall operation at SFL could be outlined, serving as the base for a model development phase. This phase resulted in this thesis’ proposed bookings model for empty wagon transports. The model acquires a theoretical streamline way of booking empty wagon transports in such a manner that wagons arrive at the paper mills according to the JIT-principle. The model succeeds in doing this by generating booking proposals using mathematical logic and time-sensitive booking criteria, with the focus being transports of short distances; in theory also meaning a time efficient use of each wagon. As the model is theoretically constructed and relies on several generalizing assumptions, its booking proposals should always be evaluated from a perspective of practicality by executive booking personnel.

På pappersmaskin 11 i Hallsta pappersbruk tillverkas högglansigt papper som bleks med väteperoxid. Om väteperoxiden som finns kvar efter blekningen, kallat restperoxid, kommer ut på pappersmaskinen sliter detta på termovalsarna, vilket påverkar slutprodukten. Det finns en bakteriekultur på bruket, bestående av släktet Tepidiphilus som bryter ner väteperoxiden med hjälp av katalas och hindrar den från att komma ut på maskinen. Om bakterierna slås ut, av exempelvis ogynnsamma förhållanden, märks detta genom att restperoxiden ökar. Målet med detta arbete är att försöka identifiera vilka faktorer som påverkar bakterierna och lägga fram ett förslag för hur man kan förhindra uppkomsten av restperoxid. För att utföra detta användes i första hand principalkomponentanalys, samt så studerades hur olika faktorer förändrades i förhållanden till uppkomsten av restperoxid. Ett antal parametrar kunde identifieras baserat på tillgängliga data. Dock kan inga absoluta slutsatser dras då det inte går att bekräfta några teorier med labbförsök eller genom att manipulera processen. De parametrar som tros ha störst påverkan är mek. renat färg, rest-aluminium, grumlighet, manganhalten i vatten, pH för kar K0203, returmälden samt inloppslådan och klorhalterna som uppmätts för mek. renat total klor, RVV1 fri klor, varmvatten total klor och mek. renat fri klor. Dessa parametrar bör därför övervakas framåt, och kan i det fall att restperoxid återigen uppkommer antingen bekräftas eller dementeras deras faktiska påverkan och samspel för bakteriernas välmående., Paper machine 11 in Hallsta paper mill produces high-gloss paper that is bleached with hydrogen peroxide. If the hydrogen peroxide that remains after the bleaching, called residual peroxide, gets out on the paper machine, this wears down the thermal rollers, which affects the final product. There is a bacterial culture at the mill, consisting of the genus Tepidiphilus, which breaks down the hydrogen peroxide with the help of catalase and prevents it from getting out to the machine. If the bacteria are killed, for example by unfavourable conditions, this is noticeable by an increase in residual peroxide. The goal of this project is to try to identify which factors affect the bacteria and put forward a proposal for how to prevent the occurrence of residual peroxide. To carry this out, principal component analysis was primarily used, and how different factors changed in relation to the appearance of residual peroxide was studied. Several parameters could be identified based on the available data. However, no conclusive conclusions could be drawn as it is not possible to confirm any theories with lab tests or by manipulating the process. The parameters believed to have the greatest influence are coloration of mechanically cleaned water (mech. water), residual aluminium, turbidity, manganese content of the water, pH for tank K0203, the returning pulp suspension as well as the headbox and the chlorine levels for mech. water total chlorine, RVV1 free chlorine, hot water total chlorine and mech. water free chlorine. These parameters should therefore be monitored going forward, and if residual peroxide occurs again, their possible interactions and actual impact on the well-being of the bacteria can either be confirmed or denied

In today’s pulp and paper industry the Kraft process is the most common method for pulp production. This method uses sodium based chemicals (white liquor) in the cooking process to remove lignin from the wood chips and create pulp. The remains from this process is called black liquor and is being sent to a recycling system for the purpose of recovering the cooking chemicals. Evaporation of black liquor is a big part of this recycling, and the evaporation plant consists of many different tanks that stores black liquor. At Smurfit Kappa Piteå a model has previously been created for the purpose of production planning. In this work the opportunity to add a part that simulates how the liquor stock in the chemical recovery system will change based on the planned production was investigated. This was done by estimating the amount of dry black liquor in the tanks through inflows and outflows. A formula for the produced black liquor was also developed. The results showed that simulating tank levels separately was difficult as data was lacking in some key areas. The final model is therefore a simplified version that estimates the total amount of dry black liquor in the evaporation plant. It simulates the black liquor buffer based on the planed production and how it will change over five days. This could be done with an error smaller than 6%, compared to measurements from sensors in the black liquor tanks. Attempts were also made to create similar models for the rest of the chemical recovery system. It was concluded that information about the inflow of green and white liquor has to be further investigated in order to implement these in the production planning model.

In today’s pulp and paper industry the Kraft process is the most common method for pulp production. This method uses sodium based chemicals (white liquor) in the cooking process to remove lignin from the wood chips and create pulp. The remains from this process is called black liquor and is being sent to a recycling system for the purpose of recovering the cooking chemicals. Evaporation of black liquor is a big part of this recycling, and the evaporation plant consists of many different tanks that stores black liquor. At Smurfit Kappa Piteå a model has previously been created for the purpose of production planning. In this work the opportunity to add a part that simulates how the liquor stock in the chemical recovery system will change based on the planned production was investigated. This was done by estimating the amount of dry black liquor in the tanks through inflows and outflows. A formula for the produced black liquor was also developed. The results showed that simulating tank levels separately was difficult as data was lacking in some key areas. The final model is therefore a simplified version that estimates the total amount of dry black liquor in the evaporation plant. It simulates the black liquor buffer based on the planed production and how it will change over five days. This could be done with an error smaller than 6%, compared to measurements from sensors in the black liquor tanks. Attempts were also made to create similar models for the rest of the chemical recovery system. It was concluded that information about the inflow of green and white liquor has to be further investigated in order to implement these in the production planning model.

Urban Architecture, Glaneurs & Glaneuses, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

My graduation project focuses on the rebirth of a still-used paper factory in Maastricht, witnessing Maastricht's transformation from a former industrial city to an intelligent city. Since the Sappi paper factory is still in operation, large amounts of paper cellulose, machines, left-over spaces, and even manufacturing knowledge can be gleaned. I position it as a smart paper factory, not in a traditional spatial strategy, but through gleaning paper cellulose as a catalyst, which will link the industrial manufacturing, paper performance research, paper product design and interactive participation to establish this city creative hub., Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Urbanism

[ES] El <> es un molino papelero ubicado fuera del casco urbano en Banyeres de Mariola al lado del río Vinalopó. Pertenece a <>, declarada BIC en 2016. El molino en la actualidad está abandonado y en un estado de conservación precario a pesar de la intervención realizada en el 2002. La vegetación y la falta de cubierta en algunos volúmenes ha acelerado el estado actual del molino, dejando patente la necesidad de una actuación en el conjunto arquitectónico. El objeto del trabajo es sentar los estudios previos del edificio para formar el punto de partida hacia una intervención en el edificio. Para su elaboración se ha realizado una investigación previa acerca de su construcción, evolución histórica y materialidad, además de la realización del levantamiento planimétrico y gráfico., [EN] The <> is a paper mill located outside the town centre in Banyeres de Mariola next to the Vinalopó river. It belongs to <>, declared BIC (Asset of Cultural Interest) in 2016. The mill is currently abandoned and in a precarious state of conservation despite the intervention carried out in 2002. The vegetation and lack of roof in some facilities has accelerated the current state of the mill, making it clear that action is needed in the architectural ensemble. The purpose of the work is to set the previous studies of the building to form the starting point towards an intervention in the building. For its elaboration, a previous research about its construction, historical evolution and materiality has been carried out, as well as the realization of the planimetric and graphic survey.

[ES] El <> es un molino papelero ubicado fuera del casco urbano en Banyeres de Mariola al lado del río Vinalopó. Pertenece a <>, declarada BIC en 2016. El molino en la actualidad está abandonado y en un estado de conservación precario a pesar de la intervención realizada en el 2002. La vegetación y la falta de cubierta en algunos volúmenes ha acelerado el estado actual del molino, dejando patente la necesidad de una actuación en el conjunto arquitectónico. El objeto del trabajo es sentar los estudios previos del edificio para formar el punto de partida hacia una intervención en el edificio. Para su elaboración se ha realizado una investigación previa acerca de su construcción, evolución histórica y materialidad, además de la realización del levantamiento planimétrico y gráfico., [EN] The <> is a paper mill located outside the town centre in Banyeres de Mariola next to the Vinalopó river. It belongs to <>, declared BIC (Asset of Cultural Interest) in 2016. The mill is currently abandoned and in a precarious state of conservation despite the intervention carried out in 2002. The vegetation and lack of roof in some facilities has accelerated the current state of the mill, making it clear that action is needed in the architectural ensemble. The purpose of the work is to set the previous studies of the building to form the starting point towards an intervention in the building. For its elaboration, a previous research about its construction, historical evolution and materiality has been carried out, as well as the realization of the planimetric and graphic survey.

[ES] El <> es un molino papelero ubicado fuera del casco urbano en Banyeres de Mariola al lado del río Vinalopó. Pertenece a <>, declarada BIC en 2016. El molino en la actualidad está abandonado y en un estado de conservación precario a pesar de la intervención realizada en el 2002. La vegetación y la falta de cubierta en algunos volúmenes ha acelerado el estado actual del molino, dejando patente la necesidad de una actuación en el conjunto arquitectónico. El objeto del trabajo es sentar los estudios previos del edificio para formar el punto de partida hacia una intervención en el edificio. Para su elaboración se ha realizado una investigación previa acerca de su construcción, evolución histórica y materialidad, además de la realización del levantamiento planimétrico y gráfico., [EN] The <> is a paper mill located outside the town centre in Banyeres de Mariola next to the Vinalopó river. It belongs to <>, declared BIC (Asset of Cultural Interest) in 2016. The mill is currently abandoned and in a precarious state of conservation despite the intervention carried out in 2002. The vegetation and lack of roof in some facilities has accelerated the current state of the mill, making it clear that action is needed in the architectural ensemble. The purpose of the work is to set the previous studies of the building to form the starting point towards an intervention in the building. For its elaboration, a previous research about its construction, historical evolution and materiality has been carried out, as well as the realization of the planimetric and graphic survey.

[ES] El <> es un molino papelero ubicado fuera del casco urbano en Banyeres de Mariola al lado del río Vinalopó. Pertenece a <>, declarada BIC en 2016. El molino en la actualidad está abandonado y en un estado de conservación precario a pesar de la intervención realizada en el 2002. La vegetación y la falta de cubierta en algunos volúmenes ha acelerado el estado actual del molino, dejando patente la necesidad de una actuación en el conjunto arquitectónico. El objeto del trabajo es sentar los estudios previos del edificio para formar el punto de partida hacia una intervención en el edificio. Para su elaboración se ha realizado una investigación previa acerca de su construcción, evolución histórica y materialidad, además de la realización del levantamiento planimétrico y gráfico., [EN] The <> is a paper mill located outside the town centre in Banyeres de Mariola next to the Vinalopó river. It belongs to <>, declared BIC (Asset of Cultural Interest) in 2016. The mill is currently abandoned and in a precarious state of conservation despite the intervention carried out in 2002. The vegetation and lack of roof in some facilities has accelerated the current state of the mill, making it clear that action is needed in the architectural ensemble. The purpose of the work is to set the previous studies of the building to form the starting point towards an intervention in the building. For its elaboration, a previous research about its construction, historical evolution and materiality has been carried out, as well as the realization of the planimetric and graphic survey.

The seemingly paradoxical phenomenon of workers’ resistance to health and safety measures has been explained in various ways, for example through production or efficiency pressure, risk-taking behaviours or problematic safety cultures. This article addresses resistance but analyses it through the lens of hierarchical and social accountability. In a case study of a Swedish paper mill, a health and safety programme is resisted by workers even though it enjoys support from the local trade union. Explanations for this is found in the socialising form of accountability that conditions how workers perceive of work-related health and safety. The aspects of work identity, facilitation and visibility are identified and understood in terms of accountability. Who you are, how you perform work, and what is visualised is filtered and evaluated through horizontal relationships rather than in terms of hierarchical accountability to the company.

The seemingly paradoxical phenomenon of workers’ resistance to health and safety measures has been explained in various ways, for example through production or efficiency pressure, risk-taking behaviours or problematic safety cultures. This article addresses resistance but analyses it through the lens of hierarchical and social accountability. In a case study of a Swedish paper mill, a health and safety programme is resisted by workers even though it enjoys support from the local trade union. Explanations for this is found in the socialising form of accountability that conditions how workers perceive of work-related health and safety. The aspects of work identity, facilitation and visibility are identified and understood in terms of accountability. Who you are, how you perform work, and what is visualised is filtered and evaluated through horizontal relationships rather than in terms of hierarchical accountability to the company.

В Україні впродовж останніх десятиліть спостерігається погіршення якості поверхневих та підземних вод. Це екологічно небезпечне явище спричиняється скидом недостатньо очищених стічних вод, і, незважаючи на наявність державних та місцевих нормативів щодо регулювання гранично допустимих концентрацій забруднюючих речовин у водоймах різного виду водокористування та правил приймання промислових стічних вод у комунальні та відомчі каналізаційні системи, відбувається забруднення поверхневих водойм органічними речовинами, важкими металами, сполуками Нітрогену, Фосфору [1]. Причинами такого стану є недостатній ступінь очищення на існуючих очисних спорудах з причини їх зношеності, використання старих малоефективних технологій. Діяльність промислових підприємств, зокрема солодових заводів, картонно-паперових фабрик, включає технологічні процеси промивки і обробки сировини, в результаті яких утворюються стічні води, що містять завислі речовини, розчинені органічні сполуки, іони важких металів, зокрема Феруму, сполуки Нітрогену й Фосфору, солі та ін. у концентраціях, які перевищують норми, і тому потребують належного очищення перед відведенням у природну водойму. Серед технологій очищення стічних вод від іонів Феруму широко застосовуються технології фізико-хімічного очищення стічних вод з використанням таких методів: хімічне осадження; коагуляція і флотація. Дані методи очищення стічних вод від сполук Феруму є дороговартісними, супроводжуються утворенням значних об’ємів вологоємких осадів, що потребують утилізації. Методи сорбції, іонного обміну потребують використання процесів регенерації сорбентів та іонітів, а електрохімічні методи є енергоємними, внаслідок їх застосування можливе утворення у стічних водах токсичних продуктів відновлення. Перспективними біологічними об’єктами для очищення стічних вод від іонів важких металів, зокрема Феруму, нітратів та фосфатів вважаються водні макрофіти, через їх високу здатність до вилучення цих забруднень. Найперспективнішим водним макроф, In recent decades, surface and groundwater quality has deteriorated in Ukraine. This environmentally hazardous phenomenon is caused by the discharge of insufficiently treated wastewater, and contamination of surface water with organic substances, heavy metals, compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, despite the availability of state and local standards for the regulation of maximum permissible concentrations pollutants in natural waterbodies for different water utilization and the rules for the acceptance of industrial wastewater into municipal and departmental sewage systems [1]. The reasons for this condition are the insufficient degree of purification on the existing wastewater treatment plants due to their deterioration, the use of old inefficient technologies. 7 The activities of industrial enterprises, in particular malt plants, cardboard and paper mills, include technological processes of washing and processing of raw materials, which result in wastewater containing suspended solids, dissolved organic compounds, heavy metal ions, in particular ferum, compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus, et cetera, above concentrations and therefore need to be properly cleaned before being discharged into the natural waterbodies. Among the technologies of wastewater treatment from ferric ions are widely used technologies of physico-chemical treatment using the following methods: chemical deposition; coagulation and flotation. These methods of watertreatment from ferum compounds are costly and are accompanied by the formation of large volumes of moisture-intensive sediments that require disposal. Sorption, ion exchange methods require the use of sorbent and ionite regeneration processes, and the electrochemical methods are energy-intensive, resulting in the formation of toxic reduction products in wastewater. Water macrophytes are considered the promising biological objects for the treatment of wastewater from heavy metal ions, in particular ferum, nitrates and phosphates, because

The article examines the entrepreneurial and social activities of Yekaterinburg merchants D.E. and A.D. Larichevs. The role of the Larichevs in the development of the industrial potential of the Perm province (flour and paper industries) is considered. Their participation in charity work and in the work of the city council and county zemstvo, various public organizations, including a free fire society, a society for providing assistance to insufficient students of a real school, a society for the care of primary education in the city of Yekaterinburg and its rein, etc., В статье исследуется предпринимательская и общественная деятельность екатеринбургских купцов Д.Е. и А.Д. Ларичевых. Рассматривается роль Ларичевых в развитии промышленного потенциала Пермской губернии (мукомольная и бумажная отрасли). Изучается их участие в благотворительной деятельности и в работе городской думы и уездного земства, различных общественных организаций, в том числе вольного пожарного общества, общества вспомоществования недостаточным ученикам реального училища, общества попечения о начальном образовании в г. Екатеринбурге и его уезде и др.

För att Nordic Paper Seffle AB i framtiden ska kunna utöka sin produktion eller byta ut nuvarande komponenter behöver de grunda sina beslut i fakta. På produktionsavdelningen finns idag varken dokumenterad cykeltid eller aktiviteter noterade för deras tre förpackningsmaskiner. Genom detta examensarbete kommer en tidsstudie genomföras i syfte att dokumentera maskinernas aktiviteter och identifiera flaskhalsar i flödena. Metoden som arbetet bygger på, har en grund inom Lean med verktyg och begrepp som beskrivs inom filosofin. Arbetet kommer inte involvera någon tidsstudie för operatörerna på något sätt vilket betyder att endast förpackningsmaskinerna kommer studeras. Kringarbete kommer nämnas för att ge en klarare bild på förloppet. De noterade aktiviteterna redovisas i löpande tabeller tillsammans med deras cykeltider. Efter vardera förpackningsmaskinen följer analys för hela grupper eller enskilda aktiviteter som flaskhalsar. Analysen för resultatet kommer ses ur ett effektivitetsperspektiv och liknas med bland annat de punkter som Lean presenterar för slöserier. Här kommer flaskhalsarna beskrivas samt varför de anses vara flaskhalsar för förpackningsmaskinerna. I samband redogörs även en trolig anledning och lösning för problemet. Resultatet beräknas hjälpa företaget att växa samt lägga en grund för framtida studier inom relaterade områden som kommer beskrivas ytterligare i arbetets slutsats., If Nordic Paper Seffle AB is going to expand or exchange parts in their production in the future, they have to base their decisions in facts. Today, the production department doesn’t have any cycle times, or activities documented for their three packaging machines. By doing this thesis a time study will be performed with the purpose of documenting the machines activities and to identify bottle necks in the value stream. The thesis has its’ roots in Lean, with tools and concepts profound to the philosophy. The work won’t involve any time studies of the operators in any way. This means that it’s only the packaging machines which will be studied. Circular work will be mentioned to give a clearer picture of the process. The listed activities will be reported in tables together with their cycle times. An analysis will follow each packaging machine for whole groups or single activities, presented as bottle necks. The results will be analyzed and viewed from an efficiency perspective and will be compared to, among other things, the points Lean presents for waste. Here, the bottle necks will be described alongside why they are considered bottle necks for the packaging machines. In connection to this a probable reason and solution is presented. The result is expected to help the company grow and lay a foundation for future studies in related areas that will be further described in the conclusion.

För att Nordic Paper Seffle AB i framtiden ska kunna utöka sin produktion eller byta ut nuvarande komponenter behöver de grunda sina beslut i fakta. På produktionsavdelningen finns idag varken dokumenterad cykeltid eller aktiviteter noterade för deras tre förpackningsmaskiner. Genom detta examensarbete kommer en tidsstudie genomföras i syfte att dokumentera maskinernas aktiviteter och identifiera flaskhalsar i flödena. Metoden som arbetet bygger på, har en grund inom Lean med verktyg och begrepp som beskrivs inom filosofin. Arbetet kommer inte involvera någon tidsstudie för operatörerna på något sätt vilket betyder att endast förpackningsmaskinerna kommer studeras. Kringarbete kommer nämnas för att ge en klarare bild på förloppet. De noterade aktiviteterna redovisas i löpande tabeller tillsammans med deras cykeltider. Efter vardera förpackningsmaskinen följer analys för hela grupper eller enskilda aktiviteter som flaskhalsar. Analysen för resultatet kommer ses ur ett effektivitetsperspektiv och liknas med bland annat de punkter som Lean presenterar för slöserier. Här kommer flaskhalsarna beskrivas samt varför de anses vara flaskhalsar för förpackningsmaskinerna. I samband redogörs även en trolig anledning och lösning för problemet. Resultatet beräknas hjälpa företaget att växa samt lägga en grund för framtida studier inom relaterade områden som kommer beskrivas ytterligare i arbetets slutsats., If Nordic Paper Seffle AB is going to expand or exchange parts in their production in the future, they have to base their decisions in facts. Today, the production department doesn’t have any cycle times, or activities documented for their three packaging machines. By doing this thesis a time study will be performed with the purpose of documenting the machines activities and to identify bottle necks in the value stream. The thesis has its’ roots in Lean, with tools and concepts profound to the philosophy. The work won’t involve any time studies of the operators in any way. This means that it’s only the packaging machines which will be studied. Circular work will be mentioned to give a clearer picture of the process. The listed activities will be reported in tables together with their cycle times. An analysis will follow each packaging machine for whole groups or single activities, presented as bottle necks. The results will be analyzed and viewed from an efficiency perspective and will be compared to, among other things, the points Lean presents for waste. Here, the bottle necks will be described alongside why they are considered bottle necks for the packaging machines. In connection to this a probable reason and solution is presented. The result is expected to help the company grow and lay a foundation for future studies in related areas that will be further described in the conclusion.

SCA, Sveriges Cellulosa AB, är Europas största privata skogsägare med flera verksamheter belägna i norra Sverige. Ortvikens pappersbruk är en av SCA:s verksamheter och är ett pappersbruk som tillverkar bestruket och obestruket tryckpapper från mekanisk massa. SCA och Ortvikens Pappersbruk arbetar kontinuerligt för en hållbar utveckling och har, likt all skogsindustri i Sverige, lyckats minskat sin belastning på miljön kraftigt sedan 60-talet. Företagets ledning anser att öka kunskap och medvetenhet hos personalen kan minska fabrikens belastning på miljön. Därför vill Ortvikens pappersbruk erbjuda personalen en hållbarhetsutbildning med miljöfokus för att höja kompetens och engagemang kring miljöfrågor. Detta går i linje med vad FN:s organisation för utbildning, vetenskap och kultur (UNESCO) framhäver, att utbildning som främjar hållbar utveckling krävs för att nå FN:s globala mål för hållbar utveckling. UNESCO har tagit fram mål för lärande för hållbar utveckling (LHU) med syftet att individer ska utveckla kompetenser som anses viktiga för att agera ansvarsfullt ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv.Arbetets syfte är att utforma ett underlag till en hållbarhetsutbildning med miljöfokus till Ortvikens Pappersbruk. Detta görs genom en undersökning som inkluderar intervjuer och enkäter, som besvarar de didaktiska frågorna för vem, hur och vad. Innan undersökningen genomfördes en förstudie som skapade en bild av fabrikens verksamhet och gav förutsättningar till undersökningen. Eftersom utbildningen riktas till vuxna och har som mål att öka hållbarhetskompetenser har vuxnas lärande och LHU varit en teoretiskt grund till arbetet.I undersökningen framkom det att utbildningen bör vara flexibel och gärna i form av en e-utbildning, men även att personalen lär sig bäst genom diskussion. Personalen har varierande erfarenhet av utbildning, då högsta avslutade utbildningsnivå varierar från grundskola till universitet. Personalen har även varierande förkunskaper när det kommer till hållbar, SCA is one of the biggest private forest owners in Europe and includes different mills in the north of Sweden, where Ortviken Paper mill, a pulp and paper factory, is one of these. Ortviken Paper mill produce publication paper from its own mechanical pulp and have both uncoated qualities and LWC-paper. SCA and Ortviken Paper mill works continuously towards a sustainable development and have lower their impact on the environment considerably over the last decades, just as all forestry in Sweden. The company’s management want to offer their staff a sustainability education with focus on environmental aspects to rise the staff’s competence in sustainability. Rise sustainability competencies is in line with what UNESCO (United Nation Education Science and Culture Organisation) highlights, education is crucial if we want to reach the global sustainable development goals. UNESCO have developed goals for ESD, education for sustainable development, with aim that individuals should develop competences which is considered important to act responsible in a sustainable manner in complex situations.The aim with this work is to design a sustainability education with an environmental focus to Ortviken Paper Mill. To do so, a pre-study and a survey have been done. The pre-study was an observation and created a picture of the mills activities and was a basis for the survey. The survey included interviews and a questionnaire which have been analysed thematically. Since the education is directed to adults and its goal is to rise the staff’s competence in environmental questions, adult education and ESD is chosen as a theoretical basis to the work.It was relieved in the survey that the education should be flexible, preferable designed as an e-learning and the staff learns best through discussion and communications with others. It also relieved that the staff’s experiences of education differ from elementary school to university, and that their knowledge about environmental issues and s

Ahlstrom-Munksjo is a global company within the paper industry. Their mill in Billingsfors was in need of an energy audit, localizing energy ows within the mill. An energy audit is a good tool for any company to get a good overview picture of their energy usage of the examined system, it is also seen as the rst stage for an energy-saving strategy. On the Billingsfors mill, the energy audit is included in the continuous work of increasing their energy eciency in order to keep up with the new regulations and advancements in this industry sector. The energy audit was done on the whole mill with focus on the paper production and the district heating system. More detailed information about the paper production, a comparative study of two paper machines, PM2 and PM6, is also presented. The reason for the comparative study on PM2 and PM6 was due to an unexpectedly high recorded gas consumption from PM2. The two paper machines were believed to be similar enough to compare them without any deeper knowledge of the machines. They were also compared to a reference machine, representing an average machine with similar setup. The comparisons showed that PM2 does in fact have a higher gas consumption than PM6. To identify the reason for the higher consumption the dry solid contents of PM2 needs to be examined. The two machines do not have the exact same process when producing paper and a more detailed comparative study should be done for a better understanding of the high gas consumption. However, the two machines have a lower gas consumption than the reference machine, this meaning they both have a relatively low gas consumption.

Environmental contamination with heavy metals, especially of soils, has been a continuousproblem worldwide since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Heavy metal emissionshave increased continuously since 1900 and the metals accumulate in the environment. Pulpand paper mill factories, and factories which produce sulphuric acid emit heavy metals,among others lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Results from previous studies showedthat the soils near factories had higher concentrations of these pollutants than the controlplace. In this study I want to determine the effects of industrial heavy metal emissions of onehistoric and one present industry on nearby soil heavy metal concentrations.Samples were taken near one historically heavily contaminated site, the old sulphite factoryin Rydöbruk (1897-1944) and near the present Stora Enso paper mill in Hyltebruk. As acontrol site, I compared these with Rocknen nature reserve area.At each site I took 6 soil samples, representing the top 15-20 cm of soil and organic material.Samples were analysed with an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer and the concentrations oflead, copper and zinc were determined per ashed dry material.I analyzed the samples at the laboratory using the guideline from the Swedish StandardInstitute for water analysis.The concentrations of the soil samples showed no significant difference between the naturereserve area and the industrial sites (One-way ANOVA). This was due to very variableorganic content within and between the sites.Organic content of the samples has a significantly effect on the metal concentrations for Pband Cu (Linear Regression test). In conclusion, metals can accumulate in the vegetation, andin case of Pb and Cu there is a correlation between their concentration and the amount oforganic matter. Therefore in future studies it is best if soil with very high organic content orvegetation is used to determine if forest soil near industries are affected by past or presentindustrial emiss

Trots att Sverige anses ha en av världens mest jämställda arbetsmarknader, framställs den som en av världens mest könssegregerade horisontellt och vertikalt. Studien är utförd på BillerudKorsnäs Karlsborg som är ett svenskt skogsindustriföretag som tillverkar både pappersmassa och papper.Jag har i samråd med BillerudKorsnäs fått uppdraget att skildra produktionsoperatörernas upplevelse av jämställdheten och om det finns några organisatoriska förklaringar till att könsfördelningen ser ut som den gör. Syftet med studien är att undersöka och analysera hur könsmönster och kön skapas, upprätthålls och förändras inom produktionen med hjälp av frågeställningarna;Vilka föreställningar om kön uttrycker intervjupersonerna? Vilken betydelse ser intervjupersonerna att kön har för arbetsplatsen idag? Om och på vilket sätt åskådliggörs tecken på könsmönstrens förändring? En kvalitativ metod är använd med semistrukturerade intervjuer som insamlingsmetod av empirin. Det teoretiska ramverket utgörs av West och Zimmermans (1987) teori om att göra kön samt Ackers (1990) teori om kön och organisationer. Resultatet visar att könsmönster och kön inom produktionen inte upplevs ha någon betydelse för arbetsplatsen. Förklaringarna ligger i att arbetet inte längre anses vara fysiskt tungt och därför kan utföras av både män och kvinnor. Trots detta framkommer det att uppfattningar om skillnader mellan kvinnor och män förekommer, att kvinnor och män är olika,där skillnaderna till stor del handlar om vad kvinnor och mäns egenskaper anses bidra med till arbetsplatsen. Kvinnor anses bland annat vara noggranna til lsin natur vilket ger en indikation på att männen inte skulle vara det.Resultatet visar även att förklaringarna både förvisas ut i det omgivande samhället och in i organisationen. Resultatet visar således att den sociala konstruktionen av kön och dess könsmärkning i och utanför organisationen ligger till grund för den låga andelen kvinnor inom produktionen., Although Sweden is considered to have one of the world's most equal labor markets, it is presented as one of the world's most gender-segregated horizontally and vertically. This study is carried out at BillerudKorsnäs Karlsborg, which is a Swedish forest industry company that manufactures both pulp and paper. In consultation with BillerudKorsnäs, I have been commissioned to describe the production operators' experience of gender equality and whether there are any organizational explanations for the gender distribution as it does. The purpose of the study is to examine and analyze how gender patterns and gender are created, maintained and changed within production using the issues; What notions of gender express the interviewees? What significance do the interviewees see that the gender has for the workplace today? If and in what way are signs of the change in gender pattern illustrated? A qualitative method is used with semi-structured interviews as a method of collecting the empirical data. The theoretical framework consists of West and Zimmerman's (1987) theory of making gender and Acker's (1990) theory of gender and organizations. The result shows that gender patterns and gender in production are not felt to have any significance for the workplace. The explanations lie in the fact that the work is no longer considered physically heavy and can therefore be carried out by both men and women. Despite this, it appears that perceptions of differences between women and men occur, that women and men are different, where the differences are largely about what women and men's properties are considered to contribute to the workplace. Women are considered to be accurate in nature, which gives an indication that the men would not. The result also shows that the explanations are both exiled in the surrounding society and into the organization. The result thus shows that the social construction of the sex and its gender labeling in and outside the organization forms the basis

SCA, Sveriges Cellulosa AB, är Europas största privata skogsägare med flera verksamheter belägna i norra Sverige. Ortvikens pappersbruk är en av SCA:s verksamheter och är ett pappersbruk som tillverkar bestruket och obestruket tryckpapper från mekanisk massa. SCA och Ortvikens Pappersbruk arbetar kontinuerligt för en hållbar utveckling och har, likt all skogsindustri i Sverige, lyckats minskat sin belastning på miljön kraftigt sedan 60-talet. Företagets ledning anser att öka kunskap och medvetenhet hos personalen kan minska fabrikens belastning på miljön. Därför vill Ortvikens pappersbruk erbjuda personalen en hållbarhetsutbildning med miljöfokus för att höja kompetens och engagemang kring miljöfrågor. Detta går i linje med vad FN:s organisation för utbildning, vetenskap och kultur (UNESCO) framhäver, att utbildning som främjar hållbar utveckling krävs för att nå FN:s globala mål för hållbar utveckling. UNESCO har tagit fram mål för lärande för hållbar utveckling (LHU) med syftet att individer ska utveckla kompetenser som anses viktiga för att agera ansvarsfullt ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv.Arbetets syfte är att utforma ett underlag till en hållbarhetsutbildning med miljöfokus till Ortvikens Pappersbruk. Detta görs genom en undersökning som inkluderar intervjuer och enkäter, som besvarar de didaktiska frågorna för vem, hur och vad. Innan undersökningen genomfördes en förstudie som skapade en bild av fabrikens verksamhet och gav förutsättningar till undersökningen. Eftersom utbildningen riktas till vuxna och har som mål att öka hållbarhetskompetenser har vuxnas lärande och LHU varit en teoretiskt grund till arbetet.I undersökningen framkom det att utbildningen bör vara flexibel och gärna i form av en e-utbildning, men även att personalen lär sig bäst genom diskussion. Personalen har varierande erfarenhet av utbildning, då högsta avslutade utbildningsnivå varierar från grundskola till universitet. Personalen har även varierande förkunskaper när det kommer till hållbar, SCA is one of the biggest private forest owners in Europe and includes different mills in the north of Sweden, where Ortviken Paper mill, a pulp and paper factory, is one of these. Ortviken Paper mill produce publication paper from its own mechanical pulp and have both uncoated qualities and LWC-paper. SCA and Ortviken Paper mill works continuously towards a sustainable development and have lower their impact on the environment considerably over the last decades, just as all forestry in Sweden. The company’s management want to offer their staff a sustainability education with focus on environmental aspects to rise the staff’s competence in sustainability. Rise sustainability competencies is in line with what UNESCO (United Nation Education Science and Culture Organisation) highlights, education is crucial if we want to reach the global sustainable development goals. UNESCO have developed goals for ESD, education for sustainable development, with aim that individuals should develop competences which is considered important to act responsible in a sustainable manner in complex situations.The aim with this work is to design a sustainability education with an environmental focus to Ortviken Paper Mill. To do so, a pre-study and a survey have been done. The pre-study was an observation and created a picture of the mills activities and was a basis for the survey. The survey included interviews and a questionnaire which have been analysed thematically. Since the education is directed to adults and its goal is to rise the staff’s competence in environmental questions, adult education and ESD is chosen as a theoretical basis to the work.It was relieved in the survey that the education should be flexible, preferable designed as an e-learning and the staff learns best through discussion and communications with others. It also relieved that the staff’s experiences of education differ from elementary school to university, and that their knowledge about environmental issues and s

Ahlstrom-Munksjo is a global company within the paper industry. Their mill in Billingsfors was in need of an energy audit, localizing energy ows within the mill. An energy audit is a good tool for any company to get a good overview picture of their energy usage of the examined system, it is also seen as the rst stage for an energy-saving strategy. On the Billingsfors mill, the energy audit is included in the continuous work of increasing their energy eciency in order to keep up with the new regulations and advancements in this industry sector. The energy audit was done on the whole mill with focus on the paper production and the district heating system. More detailed information about the paper production, a comparative study of two paper machines, PM2 and PM6, is also presented. The reason for the comparative study on PM2 and PM6 was due to an unexpectedly high recorded gas consumption from PM2. The two paper machines were believed to be similar enough to compare them without any deeper knowledge of the machines. They were also compared to a reference machine, representing an average machine with similar setup. The comparisons showed that PM2 does in fact have a higher gas consumption than PM6. To identify the reason for the higher consumption the dry solid contents of PM2 needs to be examined. The two machines do not have the exact same process when producing paper and a more detailed comparative study should be done for a better understanding of the high gas consumption. However, the two machines have a lower gas consumption than the reference machine, this meaning they both have a relatively low gas consumption.

Whether leaders and their teams agree or not on perceptions of leadership has been found to impact follower well-being and performance. Less is known about how agreements or disagreements play a role in relation to safety and leadership training. The present study examined the effects of leaders’ and followers’ perceptual distance on safety leadership prior to a leadership safety training. Forty-eight leaders and a total of 211 followers from the paper industry completed surveys before and after training. Polynomial regression with response surface analyses revealed that the agreement between leaders and their followers regarding safety leadership before training was positively related to training outcomes including safety leadership and followers’ safety self-efficacy. Line managers who overrated themselves on safety leadership before training had less favorable training outcomes. Our findings suggest that 360-degree feedback may not be sufficient for motivating leaders to change their behaviors during leadership training.

Trots att Sverige anses ha en av världens mest jämställda arbetsmarknader, framställs den som en av världens mest könssegregerade horisontellt och vertikalt. Studien är utförd på BillerudKorsnäs Karlsborg som är ett svenskt skogsindustriföretag som tillverkar både pappersmassa och papper.Jag har i samråd med BillerudKorsnäs fått uppdraget att skildra produktionsoperatörernas upplevelse av jämställdheten och om det finns några organisatoriska förklaringar till att könsfördelningen ser ut som den gör. Syftet med studien är att undersöka och analysera hur könsmönster och kön skapas, upprätthålls och förändras inom produktionen med hjälp av frågeställningarna;Vilka föreställningar om kön uttrycker intervjupersonerna? Vilken betydelse ser intervjupersonerna att kön har för arbetsplatsen idag? Om och på vilket sätt åskådliggörs tecken på könsmönstrens förändring? En kvalitativ metod är använd med semistrukturerade intervjuer som insamlingsmetod av empirin. Det teoretiska ramverket utgörs av West och Zimmermans (1987) teori om att göra kön samt Ackers (1990) teori om kön och organisationer. Resultatet visar att könsmönster och kön inom produktionen inte upplevs ha någon betydelse för arbetsplatsen. Förklaringarna ligger i att arbetet inte längre anses vara fysiskt tungt och därför kan utföras av både män och kvinnor. Trots detta framkommer det att uppfattningar om skillnader mellan kvinnor och män förekommer, att kvinnor och män är olika,där skillnaderna till stor del handlar om vad kvinnor och mäns egenskaper anses bidra med till arbetsplatsen. Kvinnor anses bland annat vara noggranna til lsin natur vilket ger en indikation på att männen inte skulle vara det.Resultatet visar även att förklaringarna både förvisas ut i det omgivande samhället och in i organisationen. Resultatet visar således att den sociala konstruktionen av kön och dess könsmärkning i och utanför organisationen ligger till grund för den låga andelen kvinnor inom produktionen., Although Sweden is considered to have one of the world's most equal labor markets, it is presented as one of the world's most gender-segregated horizontally and vertically. This study is carried out at BillerudKorsnäs Karlsborg, which is a Swedish forest industry company that manufactures both pulp and paper. In consultation with BillerudKorsnäs, I have been commissioned to describe the production operators' experience of gender equality and whether there are any organizational explanations for the gender distribution as it does. The purpose of the study is to examine and analyze how gender patterns and gender are created, maintained and changed within production using the issues; What notions of gender express the interviewees? What significance do the interviewees see that the gender has for the workplace today? If and in what way are signs of the change in gender pattern illustrated? A qualitative method is used with semi-structured interviews as a method of collecting the empirical data. The theoretical framework consists of West and Zimmerman's (1987) theory of making gender and Acker's (1990) theory of gender and organizations. The result shows that gender patterns and gender in production are not felt to have any significance for the workplace. The explanations lie in the fact that the work is no longer considered physically heavy and can therefore be carried out by both men and women. Despite this, it appears that perceptions of differences between women and men occur, that women and men are different, where the differences are largely about what women and men's properties are considered to contribute to the workplace. Women are considered to be accurate in nature, which gives an indication that the men would not. The result also shows that the explanations are both exiled in the surrounding society and into the organization. The result thus shows that the social construction of the sex and its gender labeling in and outside the organization forms the basis

Challenges surrounding energy have gained increased attention, which is not least reflected in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Energy issues have also become a pressing matter for most countries in the last decades. The reasons for this are not only related to the effects of the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) from fossil fuels and their impact in climate change, but also span through other issues such as security of energy supply with geopolitical considerations and competitiveness of industry. To address these issues, a collection of public policies ranging from the international to local levels have been implemented. Sweden has historically had lower energy prices than its European counterparts, which has resulted in its industry having a relatively higher share of electricity in the total energy use by industry. The share of electricity accounts for 35% of total energy use in Swedish industry. This has led to efficiency measures being overlooked by industry, and the pulp and paper industry is by far the biggest energy user, with a share of 51% of the total energy use by industry. The variation of energy prices, and particularly electricity prices have obvious implications on the competitiveness of this sector. Production of biogas in pulp and paper mills has been gaining attention, and is now the target of an increasing number of scientific studies. The interest for this industry is not only related to security of energy supply and the environmental performance of the biogas itself, but there are also considerations regarding the biogas plant as an alternative to treat the large flows of wastewaters and other waste stream in this sector. There is an estimated biogas production potential of 1 TWh within this industry in Sweden, which accounts for 60% of the current biogas production in the country. Pulp and paper mills commonly rely on aerated biological treatment to deal with waste streams with high or

Challenges surrounding energy have gained increased attention, which is not least reflected in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Energy issues have also become a pressing matter for most countries in the last decades. The reasons for this are not only related to the effects of the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) from fossil fuels and their impact in climate change, but also span through other issues such as security of energy supply with geopolitical considerations and competitiveness of industry. To address these issues, a collection of public policies ranging from the international to local levels have been implemented. Sweden has historically had lower energy prices than its European counterparts, which has resulted in its industry having a relatively higher share of electricity in the total energy use by industry. The share of electricity accounts for 35% of total energy use in Swedish industry. This has led to efficiency measures being overlooked by industry, and the pulp and paper industry is by far the biggest energy user, with a share of 51% of the total energy use by industry. The variation of energy prices, and particularly electricity prices have obvious implications on the competitiveness of this sector. Production of biogas in pulp and paper mills has been gaining attention, and is now the target of an increasing number of scientific studies. The interest for this industry is not only related to security of energy supply and the environmental performance of the biogas itself, but there are also considerations regarding the biogas plant as an alternative to treat the large flows of wastewaters and other waste stream in this sector. There is an estimated biogas production potential of 1 TWh within this industry in Sweden, which accounts for 60% of the current biogas production in the country. Pulp and paper mills commonly rely on aerated biological treatment to deal with waste streams with high or

The primary objective of this study was to quantify the amount of excess energy that is present in the evaporation system of an integrated pulp and paper-board mill and to analyze a number of energy recovery cases. These focus on improving the energy efficiency in the evaporation plant and are mainly based on the process data of performance tests from the full-scale production site. A computer script was developed in order to analyze the process streams and can be used to construct the Grand Composite Curve (GCC) of the evaporation system. In addition, the study identified seasonal variations in the potential excess of energy (higher in warmer weather and lower, or even non-existent, in colder) and suggestions are made as to how this energy may be used in a thermodynamically optimal way. In the case studies, the thermodynamically optimal method of recovering heat involved a combination of sensible heat and flash evaporation, indicating the maximum reduction in steam consumption. For the case of only utilizing sensible heat outside the evaporator system to pre-heat one of the liquor flows, the results indicated a lower reduction in steam but also a lower capital cost.

Five sediment samples were collected in Bua on the Swedish west coast, near two industries, a paper mill, and a nuclear power plant. The two industries use water in their processes and have long been associated with releases of different substances, such as PCBs, and other chlorinated compounds. The environmental impact by the two industries is believed to be significant. The aim of the project was to examine the sediments close to both the water intake and water output to determine if these industrial activities have in any way changed the composition of the sediments. The sediments were extracted by Soxhlet extraction, followed by a deactivated silica and an acidic silica clean-up and then analysed by using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer, (GC-MS) with electron ionization, EI+, mode used in full scan mode. Each mass spectra were analysed by comparing them to the NIST database from 1998. The results were inconclusive since the peaks were not properly resolved, causing a poor correlation to the NIST database. One batch was specifically analysed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) by using an atmospheric pressure gas chromatograph (APGC) coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS). The PCB analysis provided accurate results, except for the Ringhals intake where the MS became saturated due to the high levels. The river Viskan also showed high levels of PCB. The congener pattern from PCBs found near Ringhals intake resembled an Aroclor pattern from Aroclor 1248. Since the Aroclor pattern is only seen in Ringhals intake, the source is most likely from the small harbour and not from either of the industries.

Five sediment samples were collected in Bua on the Swedish west coast, near two industries, a paper mill, and a nuclear power plant. The two industries use water in their processes and have long been associated with releases of different substances, such as PCBs, and other chlorinated compounds. The environmental impact by the two industries is believed to be significant. The aim of the project was to examine the sediments close to both the water intake and water output to determine if these industrial activities have in any way changed the composition of the sediments. The sediments were extracted by Soxhlet extraction, followed by a deactivated silica and an acidic silica clean-up and then analysed by using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer, (GC-MS) with electron ionization, EI+, mode used in full scan mode. Each mass spectra were analysed by comparing them to the NIST database from 1998. The results were inconclusive since the peaks were not properly resolved, causing a poor correlation to the NIST database. One batch was specifically analysed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) by using an atmospheric pressure gas chromatograph (APGC) coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS). The PCB analysis provided accurate results, except for the Ringhals intake where the MS became saturated due to the high levels. The river Viskan also showed high levels of PCB. The congener pattern from PCBs found near Ringhals intake resembled an Aroclor pattern from Aroclor 1248. Since the Aroclor pattern is only seen in Ringhals intake, the source is most likely from the small harbour and not from either of the industries.

People of the modern world consume more than they ever used to do. Because of the close correlation between consumption and the amount of waste, the waste volume is also expected to increase. The purpose of this study is to examine if some measures in the recycling process from Sweden could be implemented in Indonesia. In fact, Indonesia is one of the countries in which the waste management system is struggling. Tetra Pak, one of the world leading producer of food packaging, is studied in this report. Tetra Paks recycling rate of their beverage cartons is relatively low, 8.42 %, in Indonesia compared with their recycling rate in other countries. To answer the purpose, information was collected from scientific reports, by interviews carried out in both Sweden and Indonesia and by study visits in Indonesia. The results of the study shows that there are measures which could be made in the recycling process to increase the recycling rate in Indonesia. School projects and deposit systems could increase the collection rate and a drumscreen and a buffertank could make the recycling process more profitable for the papermills. There is also some alternative end products which could make the whole recycling process more public visible. One of the conclusions of this study is that the paper mills should adjust their drumscreens, this to increase the fibre yield which is crucial for the recycling value. Another conclusions is that Tetra Pak should consider to initiate a recycling business by their own, in order to reduce the burden on the environment.

People of the modern world consume more than they ever used to do. Because of the close correlation between consumption and the amount of waste, the waste volume is also expected to increase. The purpose of this study is to examine if some measures in the recycling process from Sweden could be implemented in Indonesia. In fact, Indonesia is one of the countries in which the waste management system is struggling. Tetra Pak, one of the world leading producer of food packaging, is studied in this report. Tetra Paks recycling rate of their beverage cartons is relatively low, 8.42 %, in Indonesia compared with their recycling rate in other countries. To answer the purpose, information was collected from scientific reports, by interviews carried out in both Sweden and Indonesia and by study visits in Indonesia. The results of the study shows that there are measures which could be made in the recycling process to increase the recycling rate in Indonesia. School projects and deposit systems could increase the collection rate and a drumscreen and a buffertank could make the recycling process more profitable for the papermills. There is also some alternative end products which could make the whole recycling process more public visible. One of the conclusions of this study is that the paper mills should adjust their drumscreens, this to increase the fibre yield which is crucial for the recycling value. Another conclusions is that Tetra Pak should consider to initiate a recycling business by their own, in order to reduce the burden on the environment.

This paper analyses the utilization of water and recycled fiber from waste paper for the production in one Serbian cardboard mill. Water and fiber consumption, wastewater generation and its characteristics, as well as sludge recirculation were monitored during production of various paper types, with different grade and weight. The aim was to evaluate production rationality and running stability concerning water and fiber utilization and possibilities for their conservation. Cleaner production measures inside the mill and in the effluent treatment plant were suggested for the improvement of wastewater quality and water conservation. Savings in water and fibers were estimated, with the respect to economic and environmental aspects of proposed cleaner production measures.

In this study, the performance and the efficiency of physico-chemical effluent treatment in a paper mill was investigated, with the aim of evaluating the treatment rationality and running stability. The effluent treatment plant (ETP) uses alum as a coagulant and polyacrylamide as a flocculant in multi-stage water purification. Inadequate efficiency and some operational problems were observed and their occurrences were investigated. Several simple measures inside the mill and some technical measures can prevent or postpone expensive end-of-pipe treatment investments, such as biological treatment. Chemically enhanced primary treatment under optimal operating conditions can be a stand-alone technique for achieving high quality effluent. Furthermore, reductions in wastewater generation in combination with fiber and filler recovery provide environmental benefits as well as significant economic savings in production. The advantages of the cleaner production approach in existing treatment units compared to expensive biological end-of-pipe technologies are obvious. This study demonstrated that the examined mill could easily and cost-effectively change its water system toward strict discharge limits by continuing to use the existing treatment units. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this study, the performance and the efficiency of physico-chemical effluent treatment in a paper mill was investigated, with the aim of evaluating the treatment rationality and running stability. The effluent treatment plant (ETP) uses alum as a coagulant and polyacrylamide as a flocculant in multi-stage water purification. Inadequate efficiency and some operational problems were observed and their occurrences were investigated. Several simple measures inside the mill and some technical measures can prevent or postpone expensive end-of-pipe treatment investments, such as biological treatment. Chemically enhanced primary treatment under optimal operating conditions can be a stand-alone technique for achieving high quality effluent. Furthermore, reductions in wastewater generation in combination with fiber and filler recovery provide environmental benefits as well as significant economic savings in production. The advantages of the cleaner production approach in existing treatment units compared to expensive biological end-of-pipe technologies are obvious. This study demonstrated that the examined mill could easily and cost-effectively change its water system toward strict discharge limits by continuing to use the existing treatment units. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This paper analyses the utilization of water and recycled fiber from waste paper for the production in one Serbian cardboard mill. Water and fiber consumption, wastewater generation and its characteristics, as well as sludge recirculation were monitored during production of various paper types, with different grade and weight. The aim was to evaluate production rationality and running stability concerning water and fiber utilization and possibilities for their conservation. Cleaner production measures inside the mill and in the effluent treatment plant were suggested for the improvement of wastewater quality and water conservation. Savings in water and fibers were estimated, with the respect to economic and environmental aspects of proposed cleaner production measures.

In this study, the performance and the efficiency of physico-chemical effluent treatment in a paper mill was investigated, with the aim of evaluating the treatment rationality and running stability. The effluent treatment plant (ETP) uses alum as a coagulant and polyacrylamide as a flocculant in multi-stage water purification. Inadequate efficiency and some operational problems were observed and their occurrences were investigated. Several simple measures inside the mill and some technical measures can prevent or postpone expensive end-of-pipe treatment investments, such as biological treatment. Chemically enhanced primary treatment under optimal operating conditions can be a stand-alone technique for achieving high quality effluent. Furthermore, reductions in wastewater generation in combination with fiber and filler recovery provide environmental benefits as well as significant economic savings in production. The advantages of the cleaner production approach in existing treatment units compared to expensive biological end-of-pipe technologies are obvious. This study demonstrated that the examined mill could easily and cost-effectively change its water system toward strict discharge limits by continuing to use the existing treatment units. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This paper analyses the utilization of water and recycled fiber from waste paper for the production in one Serbian cardboard mill. Water and fiber consumption, wastewater generation and its characteristics, as well as sludge recirculation were monitored during production of various paper types, with different grade and weight. The aim was to evaluate production rationality and running stability concerning water and fiber utilization and possibilities for their conservation. Cleaner production measures inside the mill and in the effluent treatment plant were suggested for the improvement of wastewater quality and water conservation. Savings in water and fibers were estimated, with the respect to economic and environmental aspects of proposed cleaner production measures.

This paper describes the ongoing research on the physical modeling of AssiDoman paper mill in Frovi (Sweden). This project includes the developing of a Modelica base library for thermohydraulic, pulp and paper systems. Up to now, the model includes the wet end part of the paper process, that is the approaching system from the mixing chests to the cyclone systems, the headboxes and the wires., QC 20111020