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Received 27 March 2023, Revised 25 November 2023, Accepted 28 November 2023, Available online 5 December 2023, Version of Record 15 January 2024. 2023 Acuerdos transformativos CRUE-CSIC, PURPOSE: To evaluate the progression of myopia as assessed by change in axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent (SE) from baseline in Caucasian children wearing extended depth of focus soft contact lenses (CLs) compared to distance single-vision spectacles. DESIGN: Prospective non-randomized comparative clinical trial. METHODS: A total of 90 children (6-13 years of age) with SE ranging from –0.75 to –10.00 diopters (D) were recruited. Of these children, 45 were fitted with CLs (MYLO, mark´ennovy), whereas 45 children wore spectacles. Cycloplegic refraction was measured with an auto-refractometer (Topcon-TRK-2P) and AL with an IOLMaster-700 (Zeiss) at 6-month intervals. Subjective responses after 1 month of CL wear related to vision and comfort were determined using a questionnaire with a scale from 1 (very poor) to 10 (excellent). High-contrast visual acuity (HCVA) and contrast sensitivity (CS) were evaluated at baseline, 12, and 24 months. RESULTS: After 2 years, mean change in SE/AL in the CL group was –0.62 ± 0.30 D/0.37 ± 0.04 mm and –1.13 ± 0.20 D/0.66 ± 0.03 mm in the spectacles group (P < .001). Cumulative absolute reduction in axial elongation (CARE) was 0.29 ± 0.06 mm. Difference in SE change was –0.50 ± 0.34 D. Although 100% of CL group had an AL increase ≤0.50 mm, all participants increased ≥0.50 mm in the spectacles group. In all, 53% of the CL group and 1% in the spectacles group showed a progression in SE ≤ –0.50D. All questionnaire items showed a mean value ≥9. There was a reduction logMAR HCVA in the CL compared to the spectacles group but it was less than 1 line (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Use of MYLO CLs reduced axial elongation and myopia progression compared to use of distance single-vision spectacles., Depto. de Optometría y Visión, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub, APC financiada por la UCM

PURPOSE: The prevalence of myopia in Scandinavia tends to be lower than in other parts of the world. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of myopia and its predictors in Swedish children to characterise this trend. METHODS: A 2-year longitudinal study was conducted following a cohort of schoolchildren aged 8-16 years. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent refraction (SER) ≤ -0.50 D. The study enrolled 128 participants, 70 (55%) females with a mean age of 12.0 years (SD = 2.4). RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of myopia during the follow-up period was 5.5%, and the incidence rate of myopia was 3.2 cases per 100 person-years. Participants with myopia at baseline exhibited a faster increase in refractive error during the follow-up period. Likewise, participants with two myopic parents exhibited a more marked change towards myopia, regardless of their initial refractive error. CONCLUSION: In the current study, similar to prevalence, the incidence of myopia was low when compared with other parts of the world. These results lead us to formulate a new hypothesis that the normal emmetropisation process may be protected by low educational pressure practised in Sweden during early childhood. Further research is necessary to test this new hypothesis., SYFTE: Förekomsten av närsynthet i Skandinavien tenderar att vara lägre än i andra delar av världen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förekomsten av myopi och dess prediktorer hos svenska barn för att beskriva denna trend. METOD: En 2-årig longitudinell studie genomfördes med en kohort av skolbarn i åldrarna 8-16 år. Myopi definierades som en sfärisk ekvivalent refraktion (SER) ≤ -0,50 D. Studien omfattade 128 deltagare, varav 70 (55%) var flickor med en medelålder på 12,0 år (SD = 2,4). RESULTAT: Den kumulativa förekomsten av myopi under uppföljningsperioden var 5,5% och förekomsten av myopi var 3,2 fall per 100 personår. Deltagare med myopi vid baslinjen uppvisade en snabbare ökning av brytningsfelet under uppföljningsperioden. På samma sätt uppvisade deltagare med två myopiska föräldrar en mer markant förändring mot myopi, oavsett deras initiala brytningsfel. SLUTSATS: I den aktuella studien var förekomsten av myopi låg, i likhet med prevalensen, jämfört med andra delar av världen. Dessa resultat leder oss till att formulera en ny hypotes om att den normala emmetropiseringsprocessen kan skyddas av det låga utbildningstryck som tillämpas i Sverige under tidig barndom. Ytterligare forskning är nödvändig för att testa denna nya hypotes., FORMÅL: Forekomsten av nærsynthet i Skandinavia er generelt lavere enn i andre deler av verden. Denne studien hadde som mål å undersøke forekomsten av nærsynthet og prediktorer for nærsynthet hos svenske barn for å beskrive denne trenden. METODER: En toårig longitudinell studie ble gjennomført i en kohort av skolebarn i alderen 8-16 år. Myopi ble definert som en sfærisk ekvivalent refraksjon (SER) ≤ -0,50 D. Studien omfattet 128 deltakere, hvorav 70 (55 %) var jenter med en gjennomsnittsalder på 12,0 år (SD = 2,4). RESULTATER: Den kumulative forekomsten av nærsynthet i løpet av oppfølgingsperioden var 5,5 %, og forekomsten av nærsynthet var 3,2 tilfeller per 100 personår. Deltakere med nærsynthet ved baseline viste en raskere økning i brytningsfeil i løpet av oppfølgingsperioden. Deltakere med to nærsynte foreldre viste også en mer markant endring i retning av nærsynthet, uavhengig av deres opprinnelige brytningsfeil. KONKLUSJON: I denne studien var forekomsten av nærsynthet lav sammenlignet med andre deler av verden, i likhet med prevalensen. Disse resultatene får oss til å formulere en ny hypotese om at den normale emmetropiseringsprosessen kan være beskyttet av det lave pedagogiske trykket som praktiseres i Sverige i tidlig barndom. Videre forskning er nødvendig for å teste denne nye hypotesen., OBJECTIVO: A prevalência da miopia na Escandinávia tende a ser mais baixa do que noutras partes do mundo. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a incidência da miopia e os seus preditores em crianças suecas para caraterizar esta tendência. MÉTODOS: Foi efectuado um estudo longitudinal de 2 anos numa coorte de crianças em idade escolar com idades compreendidas entre os 8 e os 16 anos. A miopia foi definida como uma refração esférica equivalente (SER) ≤ -0,50 D. O estudo incluiu 128 participantes, 70 (55%) do sexo feminino, com uma idade média de 12,0 anos (DP = 2,4). RESULTADOS: A incidência cumulativa de miopia durante o período de acompanhamento foi de 5,5%, e a taxa de incidência de miopia foi de 3,2 casos por 100 pessoas-ano. Os participantes com miopia na linha de base apresentaram um aumento mais rápido do erro refrativo durante o período de acompanhamento. Da mesma forma, os participantes com dois pais míopes apresentaram uma mudança mais acentuada para a miopia, independentemente do seu erro refrativo inicial. CONCLUSÃO: No presente estudo, à semelhança da prevalência, a incidência de miopia foi baixa quando comparada com outras partes do mundo. Estes resultados levam-nos a formular uma nova hipótese de que o processo normal de emetropização pode ser protegido pela baixa pressão educacional praticada na Suécia durante a primeira infância. É necessária mais investigação para testar esta nova hipótese.

PURPOSE: The prevalence of myopia in Scandinavia tends to be lower than in other parts of the world. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of myopia and its predictors in Swedish children to characterise this trend. METHODS: A 2-year longitudinal study was conducted following a cohort of schoolchildren aged 8-16 years. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent refraction (SER) ≤ -0.50 D. The study enrolled 128 participants, 70 (55%) females with a mean age of 12.0 years (SD = 2.4). RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of myopia during the follow-up period was 5.5%, and the incidence rate of myopia was 3.2 cases per 100 person-years. Participants with myopia at baseline exhibited a faster increase in refractive error during the follow-up period. Likewise, participants with two myopic parents exhibited a more marked change towards myopia, regardless of their initial refractive error. CONCLUSION: In the current study, similar to prevalence, the incidence of myopia was low when compared with other parts of the world. These results lead us to formulate a new hypothesis that the normal emmetropisation process may be protected by low educational pressure practised in Sweden during early childhood. Further research is necessary to test this new hypothesis., SYFTE: Förekomsten av närsynthet i Skandinavien tenderar att vara lägre än i andra delar av världen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förekomsten av myopi och dess prediktorer hos svenska barn för att beskriva denna trend. METOD: En 2-årig longitudinell studie genomfördes med en kohort av skolbarn i åldrarna 8-16 år. Myopi definierades som en sfärisk ekvivalent refraktion (SER) ≤ -0,50 D. Studien omfattade 128 deltagare, varav 70 (55%) var flickor med en medelålder på 12,0 år (SD = 2,4). RESULTAT: Den kumulativa förekomsten av myopi under uppföljningsperioden var 5,5% och förekomsten av myopi var 3,2 fall per 100 personår. Deltagare med myopi vid baslinjen uppvisade en snabbare ökning av brytningsfelet under uppföljningsperioden. På samma sätt uppvisade deltagare med två myopiska föräldrar en mer markant förändring mot myopi, oavsett deras initiala brytningsfel. SLUTSATS: I den aktuella studien var förekomsten av myopi låg, i likhet med prevalensen, jämfört med andra delar av världen. Dessa resultat leder oss till att formulera en ny hypotes om att den normala emmetropiseringsprocessen kan skyddas av det låga utbildningstryck som tillämpas i Sverige under tidig barndom. Ytterligare forskning är nödvändig för att testa denna nya hypotes., FORMÅL: Forekomsten av nærsynthet i Skandinavia er generelt lavere enn i andre deler av verden. Denne studien hadde som mål å undersøke forekomsten av nærsynthet og prediktorer for nærsynthet hos svenske barn for å beskrive denne trenden. METODER: En toårig longitudinell studie ble gjennomført i en kohort av skolebarn i alderen 8-16 år. Myopi ble definert som en sfærisk ekvivalent refraksjon (SER) ≤ -0,50 D. Studien omfattet 128 deltakere, hvorav 70 (55 %) var jenter med en gjennomsnittsalder på 12,0 år (SD = 2,4). RESULTATER: Den kumulative forekomsten av nærsynthet i løpet av oppfølgingsperioden var 5,5 %, og forekomsten av nærsynthet var 3,2 tilfeller per 100 personår. Deltakere med nærsynthet ved baseline viste en raskere økning i brytningsfeil i løpet av oppfølgingsperioden. Deltakere med to nærsynte foreldre viste også en mer markant endring i retning av nærsynthet, uavhengig av deres opprinnelige brytningsfeil. KONKLUSJON: I denne studien var forekomsten av nærsynthet lav sammenlignet med andre deler av verden, i likhet med prevalensen. Disse resultatene får oss til å formulere en ny hypotese om at den normale emmetropiseringsprosessen kan være beskyttet av det lave pedagogiske trykket som praktiseres i Sverige i tidlig barndom. Videre forskning er nødvendig for å teste denne nye hypotesen., OBJECTIVO: A prevalência da miopia na Escandinávia tende a ser mais baixa do que noutras partes do mundo. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a incidência da miopia e os seus preditores em crianças suecas para caraterizar esta tendência. MÉTODOS: Foi efectuado um estudo longitudinal de 2 anos numa coorte de crianças em idade escolar com idades compreendidas entre os 8 e os 16 anos. A miopia foi definida como uma refração esférica equivalente (SER) ≤ -0,50 D. O estudo incluiu 128 participantes, 70 (55%) do sexo feminino, com uma idade média de 12,0 anos (DP = 2,4). RESULTADOS: A incidência cumulativa de miopia durante o período de acompanhamento foi de 5,5%, e a taxa de incidência de miopia foi de 3,2 casos por 100 pessoas-ano. Os participantes com miopia na linha de base apresentaram um aumento mais rápido do erro refrativo durante o período de acompanhamento. Da mesma forma, os participantes com dois pais míopes apresentaram uma mudança mais acentuada para a miopia, independentemente do seu erro refrativo inicial. CONCLUSÃO: No presente estudo, à semelhança da prevalência, a incidência de miopia foi baixa quando comparada com outras partes do mundo. Estes resultados levam-nos a formular uma nova hipótese de que o processo normal de emetropização pode ser protegido pela baixa pressão educacional praticada na Suécia durante a primeira infância. É necessária mais investigação para testar esta nova hipótese.

PURPOSE: The prevalence of myopia in Scandinavia tends to be lower than in other parts of the world. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of myopia and its predictors in Swedish children to characterise this trend. METHODS: A 2-year longitudinal study was conducted following a cohort of schoolchildren aged 8-16 years. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent refraction (SER) ≤ -0.50 D. The study enrolled 128 participants, 70 (55%) females with a mean age of 12.0 years (SD = 2.4). RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of myopia during the follow-up period was 5.5%, and the incidence rate of myopia was 3.2 cases per 100 person-years. Participants with myopia at baseline exhibited a faster increase in refractive error during the follow-up period. Likewise, participants with two myopic parents exhibited a more marked change towards myopia, regardless of their initial refractive error. CONCLUSION: In the current study, similar to prevalence, the incidence of myopia was low when compared with other parts of the world. These results lead us to formulate a new hypothesis that the normal emmetropisation process may be protected by low educational pressure practised in Sweden during early childhood. Further research is necessary to test this new hypothesis., SYFTE: Förekomsten av närsynthet i Skandinavien tenderar att vara lägre än i andra delar av världen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förekomsten av myopi och dess prediktorer hos svenska barn för att beskriva denna trend. METOD: En 2-årig longitudinell studie genomfördes med en kohort av skolbarn i åldrarna 8-16 år. Myopi definierades som en sfärisk ekvivalent refraktion (SER) ≤ -0,50 D. Studien omfattade 128 deltagare, varav 70 (55%) var flickor med en medelålder på 12,0 år (SD = 2,4). RESULTAT: Den kumulativa förekomsten av myopi under uppföljningsperioden var 5,5% och förekomsten av myopi var 3,2 fall per 100 personår. Deltagare med myopi vid baslinjen uppvisade en snabbare ökning av brytningsfelet under uppföljningsperioden. På samma sätt uppvisade deltagare med två myopiska föräldrar en mer markant förändring mot myopi, oavsett deras initiala brytningsfel. SLUTSATS: I den aktuella studien var förekomsten av myopi låg, i likhet med prevalensen, jämfört med andra delar av världen. Dessa resultat leder oss till att formulera en ny hypotes om att den normala emmetropiseringsprocessen kan skyddas av det låga utbildningstryck som tillämpas i Sverige under tidig barndom. Ytterligare forskning är nödvändig för att testa denna nya hypotes., FORMÅL: Forekomsten av nærsynthet i Skandinavia er generelt lavere enn i andre deler av verden. Denne studien hadde som mål å undersøke forekomsten av nærsynthet og prediktorer for nærsynthet hos svenske barn for å beskrive denne trenden. METODER: En toårig longitudinell studie ble gjennomført i en kohort av skolebarn i alderen 8-16 år. Myopi ble definert som en sfærisk ekvivalent refraksjon (SER) ≤ -0,50 D. Studien omfattet 128 deltakere, hvorav 70 (55 %) var jenter med en gjennomsnittsalder på 12,0 år (SD = 2,4). RESULTATER: Den kumulative forekomsten av nærsynthet i løpet av oppfølgingsperioden var 5,5 %, og forekomsten av nærsynthet var 3,2 tilfeller per 100 personår. Deltakere med nærsynthet ved baseline viste en raskere økning i brytningsfeil i løpet av oppfølgingsperioden. Deltakere med to nærsynte foreldre viste også en mer markant endring i retning av nærsynthet, uavhengig av deres opprinnelige brytningsfeil. KONKLUSJON: I denne studien var forekomsten av nærsynthet lav sammenlignet med andre deler av verden, i likhet med prevalensen. Disse resultatene får oss til å formulere en ny hypotese om at den normale emmetropiseringsprosessen kan være beskyttet av det lave pedagogiske trykket som praktiseres i Sverige i tidlig barndom. Videre forskning er nødvendig for å teste denne nye hypotesen., OBJECTIVO: A prevalência da miopia na Escandinávia tende a ser mais baixa do que noutras partes do mundo. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a incidência da miopia e os seus preditores em crianças suecas para caraterizar esta tendência. MÉTODOS: Foi efectuado um estudo longitudinal de 2 anos numa coorte de crianças em idade escolar com idades compreendidas entre os 8 e os 16 anos. A miopia foi definida como uma refração esférica equivalente (SER) ≤ -0,50 D. O estudo incluiu 128 participantes, 70 (55%) do sexo feminino, com uma idade média de 12,0 anos (DP = 2,4). RESULTADOS: A incidência cumulativa de miopia durante o período de acompanhamento foi de 5,5%, e a taxa de incidência de miopia foi de 3,2 casos por 100 pessoas-ano. Os participantes com miopia na linha de base apresentaram um aumento mais rápido do erro refrativo durante o período de acompanhamento. Da mesma forma, os participantes com dois pais míopes apresentaram uma mudança mais acentuada para a miopia, independentemente do seu erro refrativo inicial. CONCLUSÃO: No presente estudo, à semelhança da prevalência, a incidência de miopia foi baixa quando comparada com outras partes do mundo. Estes resultados levam-nos a formular uma nova hipótese de que o processo normal de emetropização pode ser protegido pela baixa pressão educacional praticada na Suécia durante a primeira infância. É necessária mais investigação para testar esta nova hipótese.

PURPOSE: The prevalence of myopia in Scandinavia tends to be lower than in other parts of the world. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of myopia and its predictors in Swedish children to characterise this trend. METHODS: A 2-year longitudinal study was conducted following a cohort of schoolchildren aged 8-16 years. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent refraction (SER) ≤ -0.50 D. The study enrolled 128 participants, 70 (55%) females with a mean age of 12.0 years (SD = 2.4). RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of myopia during the follow-up period was 5.5%, and the incidence rate of myopia was 3.2 cases per 100 person-years. Participants with myopia at baseline exhibited a faster increase in refractive error during the follow-up period. Likewise, participants with two myopic parents exhibited a more marked change towards myopia, regardless of their initial refractive error. CONCLUSION: In the current study, similar to prevalence, the incidence of myopia was low when compared with other parts of the world. These results lead us to formulate a new hypothesis that the normal emmetropisation process may be protected by low educational pressure practised in Sweden during early childhood. Further research is necessary to test this new hypothesis., SYFTE: Förekomsten av närsynthet i Skandinavien tenderar att vara lägre än i andra delar av världen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förekomsten av myopi och dess prediktorer hos svenska barn för att beskriva denna trend. METOD: En 2-årig longitudinell studie genomfördes med en kohort av skolbarn i åldrarna 8-16 år. Myopi definierades som en sfärisk ekvivalent refraktion (SER) ≤ -0,50 D. Studien omfattade 128 deltagare, varav 70 (55%) var flickor med en medelålder på 12,0 år (SD = 2,4). RESULTAT: Den kumulativa förekomsten av myopi under uppföljningsperioden var 5,5% och förekomsten av myopi var 3,2 fall per 100 personår. Deltagare med myopi vid baslinjen uppvisade en snabbare ökning av brytningsfelet under uppföljningsperioden. På samma sätt uppvisade deltagare med två myopiska föräldrar en mer markant förändring mot myopi, oavsett deras initiala brytningsfel. SLUTSATS: I den aktuella studien var förekomsten av myopi låg, i likhet med prevalensen, jämfört med andra delar av världen. Dessa resultat leder oss till att formulera en ny hypotes om att den normala emmetropiseringsprocessen kan skyddas av det låga utbildningstryck som tillämpas i Sverige under tidig barndom. Ytterligare forskning är nödvändig för att testa denna nya hypotes., FORMÅL: Forekomsten av nærsynthet i Skandinavia er generelt lavere enn i andre deler av verden. Denne studien hadde som mål å undersøke forekomsten av nærsynthet og prediktorer for nærsynthet hos svenske barn for å beskrive denne trenden. METODER: En toårig longitudinell studie ble gjennomført i en kohort av skolebarn i alderen 8-16 år. Myopi ble definert som en sfærisk ekvivalent refraksjon (SER) ≤ -0,50 D. Studien omfattet 128 deltakere, hvorav 70 (55 %) var jenter med en gjennomsnittsalder på 12,0 år (SD = 2,4). RESULTATER: Den kumulative forekomsten av nærsynthet i løpet av oppfølgingsperioden var 5,5 %, og forekomsten av nærsynthet var 3,2 tilfeller per 100 personår. Deltakere med nærsynthet ved baseline viste en raskere økning i brytningsfeil i løpet av oppfølgingsperioden. Deltakere med to nærsynte foreldre viste også en mer markant endring i retning av nærsynthet, uavhengig av deres opprinnelige brytningsfeil. KONKLUSJON: I denne studien var forekomsten av nærsynthet lav sammenlignet med andre deler av verden, i likhet med prevalensen. Disse resultatene får oss til å formulere en ny hypotese om at den normale emmetropiseringsprosessen kan være beskyttet av det lave pedagogiske trykket som praktiseres i Sverige i tidlig barndom. Videre forskning er nødvendig for å teste denne nye hypotesen., OBJECTIVO: A prevalência da miopia na Escandinávia tende a ser mais baixa do que noutras partes do mundo. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a incidência da miopia e os seus preditores em crianças suecas para caraterizar esta tendência. MÉTODOS: Foi efectuado um estudo longitudinal de 2 anos numa coorte de crianças em idade escolar com idades compreendidas entre os 8 e os 16 anos. A miopia foi definida como uma refração esférica equivalente (SER) ≤ -0,50 D. O estudo incluiu 128 participantes, 70 (55%) do sexo feminino, com uma idade média de 12,0 anos (DP = 2,4). RESULTADOS: A incidência cumulativa de miopia durante o período de acompanhamento foi de 5,5%, e a taxa de incidência de miopia foi de 3,2 casos por 100 pessoas-ano. Os participantes com miopia na linha de base apresentaram um aumento mais rápido do erro refrativo durante o período de acompanhamento. Da mesma forma, os participantes com dois pais míopes apresentaram uma mudança mais acentuada para a miopia, independentemente do seu erro refrativo inicial. CONCLUSÃO: No presente estudo, à semelhança da prevalência, a incidência de miopia foi baixa quando comparada com outras partes do mundo. Estes resultados levam-nos a formular uma nova hipótese de que o processo normal de emetropização pode ser protegido pela baixa pressão educacional praticada na Suécia durante a primeira infância. É necessária mais investigação para testar esta nova hipótese.

PURPOSE: The prevalence of myopia in Scandinavia tends to be lower than in other parts of the world. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of myopia and its predictors in Swedish children to characterise this trend. METHODS: A 2-year longitudinal study was conducted following a cohort of schoolchildren aged 8-16 years. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent refraction (SER) ≤ -0.50 D. The study enrolled 128 participants, 70 (55%) females with a mean age of 12.0 years (SD = 2.4). RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of myopia during the follow-up period was 5.5%, and the incidence rate of myopia was 3.2 cases per 100 person-years. Participants with myopia at baseline exhibited a faster increase in refractive error during the follow-up period. Likewise, participants with two myopic parents exhibited a more marked change towards myopia, regardless of their initial refractive error. CONCLUSION: In the current study, similar to prevalence, the incidence of myopia was low when compared with other parts of the world. These results lead us to formulate a new hypothesis that the normal emmetropisation process may be protected by low educational pressure practised in Sweden during early childhood. Further research is necessary to test this new hypothesis., SYFTE: Förekomsten av närsynthet i Skandinavien tenderar att vara lägre än i andra delar av världen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förekomsten av myopi och dess prediktorer hos svenska barn för att beskriva denna trend. METOD: En 2-årig longitudinell studie genomfördes med en kohort av skolbarn i åldrarna 8-16 år. Myopi definierades som en sfärisk ekvivalent refraktion (SER) ≤ -0,50 D. Studien omfattade 128 deltagare, varav 70 (55%) var flickor med en medelålder på 12,0 år (SD = 2,4). RESULTAT: Den kumulativa förekomsten av myopi under uppföljningsperioden var 5,5% och förekomsten av myopi var 3,2 fall per 100 personår. Deltagare med myopi vid baslinjen uppvisade en snabbare ökning av brytningsfelet under uppföljningsperioden. På samma sätt uppvisade deltagare med två myopiska föräldrar en mer markant förändring mot myopi, oavsett deras initiala brytningsfel. SLUTSATS: I den aktuella studien var förekomsten av myopi låg, i likhet med prevalensen, jämfört med andra delar av världen. Dessa resultat leder oss till att formulera en ny hypotes om att den normala emmetropiseringsprocessen kan skyddas av det låga utbildningstryck som tillämpas i Sverige under tidig barndom. Ytterligare forskning är nödvändig för att testa denna nya hypotes., FORMÅL: Forekomsten av nærsynthet i Skandinavia er generelt lavere enn i andre deler av verden. Denne studien hadde som mål å undersøke forekomsten av nærsynthet og prediktorer for nærsynthet hos svenske barn for å beskrive denne trenden. METODER: En toårig longitudinell studie ble gjennomført i en kohort av skolebarn i alderen 8-16 år. Myopi ble definert som en sfærisk ekvivalent refraksjon (SER) ≤ -0,50 D. Studien omfattet 128 deltakere, hvorav 70 (55 %) var jenter med en gjennomsnittsalder på 12,0 år (SD = 2,4). RESULTATER: Den kumulative forekomsten av nærsynthet i løpet av oppfølgingsperioden var 5,5 %, og forekomsten av nærsynthet var 3,2 tilfeller per 100 personår. Deltakere med nærsynthet ved baseline viste en raskere økning i brytningsfeil i løpet av oppfølgingsperioden. Deltakere med to nærsynte foreldre viste også en mer markant endring i retning av nærsynthet, uavhengig av deres opprinnelige brytningsfeil. KONKLUSJON: I denne studien var forekomsten av nærsynthet lav sammenlignet med andre deler av verden, i likhet med prevalensen. Disse resultatene får oss til å formulere en ny hypotese om at den normale emmetropiseringsprosessen kan være beskyttet av det lave pedagogiske trykket som praktiseres i Sverige i tidlig barndom. Videre forskning er nødvendig for å teste denne nye hypotesen., OBJECTIVO: A prevalência da miopia na Escandinávia tende a ser mais baixa do que noutras partes do mundo. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a incidência da miopia e os seus preditores em crianças suecas para caraterizar esta tendência. MÉTODOS: Foi efectuado um estudo longitudinal de 2 anos numa coorte de crianças em idade escolar com idades compreendidas entre os 8 e os 16 anos. A miopia foi definida como uma refração esférica equivalente (SER) ≤ -0,50 D. O estudo incluiu 128 participantes, 70 (55%) do sexo feminino, com uma idade média de 12,0 anos (DP = 2,4). RESULTADOS: A incidência cumulativa de miopia durante o período de acompanhamento foi de 5,5%, e a taxa de incidência de miopia foi de 3,2 casos por 100 pessoas-ano. Os participantes com miopia na linha de base apresentaram um aumento mais rápido do erro refrativo durante o período de acompanhamento. Da mesma forma, os participantes com dois pais míopes apresentaram uma mudança mais acentuada para a miopia, independentemente do seu erro refrativo inicial. CONCLUSÃO: No presente estudo, à semelhança da prevalência, a incidência de miopia foi baixa quando comparada com outras partes do mundo. Estes resultados levam-nos a formular uma nova hipótese de que o processo normal de emetropização pode ser protegido pela baixa pressão educacional praticada na Suécia durante a primeira infância. É necessária mais investigação para testar esta nova hipótese.

Lisa M Einhorn,1 Padmaja Krishnan,2 Cassandra Poirier,3 Pablo Ingelmo4– 7 1Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; 2Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington, NC, USA; 3Department of Anesthesiology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada; 4Edwards Family Interdisciplinary Center for Complex Pain, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada; 5Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada; 6Department of Anesthesia, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; 7Alan Edwards Center for Research in Pain, Montreal, QC, CanadaCorrespondence: Lisa M Einhorn, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pediatrics, DUMC 3094, Durham, NC, 27710, USA, Tel +1 919 681-4487, Email Lisa.einhorn@duke.eduAbstract: Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) affects a significant proportion of children and adolescents after major surgery and is a detriment to both short- and long-term recovery outcomes. While clinical characteristics and psychosocial risk factors for developing CPSP in children and adults are well established in the literature, there has been little progress on the prevention and management of CPSP after pediatric surgery. Limited evidence to support current pharmacologic approaches suggests a fundamentally new paradigm must be considered by clinicians to both conceptualize and address this adverse complication. This narrative review provides a comprehensive evaluation of both the known and emerging mechanisms that support our current understanding of CPSP. Additionally, we discuss the importance of optimizing perioperative analgesic strategies to mitigate CPSP based on individual patient risks. We highlight the importance of postoperative pain trajectories to identify those most at risk for developing CPSP, the early referral to multi-disciplinary pain clinics for comprehensive evaluation and treatment of CPSP, a

BackgroundIndia's recent increase in urbanization alongside with feminization of rural agriculture could increase the existing gender disparities in dietary diversity. With many rural men migrating to urban areas, women have increased domestic burdens as well as productive burdens such as making informed crop production decisions so household members consume a diverse diet. Given the rapid and recent onset of this phenomenon, there is a need to explore gender differentials in diet diversity across urban and rural areas to assess if certain populations are being disproportionately impacted by this trend. There are limited established quantitative studies discussing this gender disparity with respect to urbanization. Therefore, this paper compares dietary diversity among adult men, adult women, adolescent males, and adolescent females in urban and peri-urban locations. The authors also assess if various sociodemographic factors correlate with dietary diversity.MethodsAnalyses were conducted on dietary diversity data collected by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) from selected urban (1108 individuals) and peri-urban (808 individuals) locations of Hyderabad, India. The total sample size of the population is n = 1816: 660 adult males, 662 adult females, 205 adolescent males, and 289 adolescent females.ResultsAdult women and adolescent females have a higher diet disparity between peri-urban and urban areas when compared to adult males and adolescent males. Multivariate analyses followed by post hoc multiple comparisons testing further support that peri-urban adult women consume a less diverse diet compared to their urban counterparts and less than other peri-urban adult men and adolescent women. It was also found that marital status, type of household card owned, and the highest degree of education are statistically significant correlators of an individual's dietary diversity.ConclusionsGiven that urbanization could negatively

In the published article, there was an error. The data processing was carried out without setting the fixed propionamide modification for cysteines. In the sample preparation carried out in our study, proteins were reduced and alkylated before tryptic digestion and analysis. This resulted in the modification of the cysteine residues within the sequence. After the nontargeted analysis, this modification should have been taken into account in the settings of the data processing in order to correctly identify all tryptic peptides. The error was that this modification was not set in the software, which resulted in false negative identification of peptides with cysteine residues. Consequently, the identification of proteins was only based on tryptic peptides with unmodified cysteines in their sequence, and proteins rich in cysteines were therefore also identified less. After discovering this error, we reprocessed the raw data, setting the fixed modification in the data processing software. Although this reprocessing resulted in increased identification of cysteine-rich proteins and, consequently, in differences in numbers, tables, figures, and supplementary material, the discussion and conclusions of the article remain the same. Corrections have been made to Materials and methods, Statistical methods, Missing data. This sentence previously stated: In practice this resulted in a minimum of 66 and a median of 215 valid values. The corrected sentence appears below: In practice this resulted in a minimum of 49 and a median of 209 valid values. Corrections have been made to Materials and methods, Statistical methods, Principal component analysis. This sentence previously stated: For unsupervised data exploration, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (40) was applied on the 300 × 647 data matrix (samples × proteins), using the FactoMineR package for R (41). The corrected sentence appears below:.

The bioavailability of Lercanidipine Hydrochloride (LCP) is about 44% and half-life of the drug is about 4.6 hours. LCP due to its low therapeutic dose range of 2.5 to 20mg and substantial biotransformation in liver becomes it ideal molecule in development of transdermal therapeutic system. The primary objective of the present research work was to develop Niosomal transdermal patch (NP) of Lecarnidipine. The LCP nanoparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation method and the optimized Nanoparticles formulation has shown 225nm particle size with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.120. LCP patches were prepared by incorporating nanoparticles dispersion, using varying concentrations of polymers HPMC E5, HPMC 5cps, HPMC 15cps, Carbopol 734 and Sodium alginate using solvent casting techniques and further optimized by central composite design(CCD) the effect of polymer on the various physico-chemical characteristics and in-vitro drug release studies, ex-vivo skin permeation studies is studied. On the basis of in-vitro drug release and ex-vivo skin permeation studies, the formulation containing (HPMC 15cps and HPMC 5cps) has shown sustained and extended drug release over a period of 24 hrs. Keywords: Lecarnidipine; Niosomes; Transdermal patch; Central composite Design, Controlled release; Bioavailability etc.

In order to find out the performance of castor under decontaminant treated heavy metal polluted soils, an experiment was conducted at Students Farm, College of Agriculture, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, during kharif 2016 to study the performance of castor in heavy metal polluted soil under the treatments of various decontaminants (various dosages of phosphorus as well as, quick lime). The dry matter before flowering, and stalk yield at harvest of castor varied from 429 to 516, 1460 to 1758 kg/ha, respectively. Among the different decontaminants highest dry matter yield and stalk yield (516 and 1758 kg/ha at before flowering and harvest) and seed yield (1720 kg/ha) was obtained in T5 (RDF+CaO @ 2 t/ha), which was significantly superior over all other treatments and on par with T4 (RDF+CaO @ 1 t/ha), and per cent increase over RDF was 20.41 and 23.56, respectively for stalk, and seed yield of castor. Decontamination treatments had reduced the mean Pb, Cd, Ni and Co contents of castor to 4.51, 0.65, 0.95 and 0.63 mg/kg, and increased mean uptake to 7.62, 1.17, 1.69 and1.09 g/ha respectively, for Pb, Cd, Ni and Co in seed at harvest. The Pb, Cd, Ni and Co contents of soil after harvest of the castor crop ranged from 17.11, 0.79, 1.89 and 1.22 mg/kg in the reference control and decreased to 14.60, 0.68, 1.67 and1.02 with RDF+CaO @ 2 t/ha treatment. The reduction in Pb, Cd, Ni and Co concentration in post-harvest soil was more due to Cao at different levels when compared to high phosphorus.

The bioavailability of Lercanidipine Hydrochloride (LCP) is about 44% and half-life of the drug is about 4.6 hours. LCP due to its low therapeutic dose range of 2.5 to 20mg and substantial biotransformation in liver becomes it ideal molecule in development of transdermal therapeutic system. The primary objective of the present research work was to develop Niosomal transdermal patch (NP) of Lecarnidipine. The LCP nanoparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation method and the optimized Nanoparticles formulation has shown 225nm particle size with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.120. LCP patches were prepared by incorporating nanoparticles dispersion, using varying concentrations of polymers HPMC E5, HPMC 5cps, HPMC 15cps, Carbopol 734 and Sodium alginate using solvent casting techniques and further optimized by central composite design(CCD) the effect of polymer on the various physico-chemical characteristics and in-vitro drug release studies, ex-vivo skin permeation studies is studied. On the basis of in-vitro drug release and ex-vivo skin permeation studies, the formulation containing (HPMC 15cps and HPMC 5cps) has shown sustained and extended drug release over a period of 24 hrs. Keywords: Lecarnidipine; Niosomes; Transdermal patch; Central composite Design, Controlled release; Bioavailability etc.

Non-PR, 1 Fostering Climate-Resilient and Sustainable Food Supply; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry; IFPRI1, Development Strategies and Governance (DSG); Transformation Strategies, Climate change and conflicts co-exist in many countries with significant welfare and socio-environmental implications. Different approaches are being promoted to adapt and build resilience to these fragilities including the adoption of sustainable farm practices that have the potential to increase agricultural productivity and maintain environmental sustainability. We undertake a systematic review and perform a meta-analysis to understand and synthesize the adoption and impacts of agricultural technologies and natural resource management practices with a special attention to fragile and conflict affected settings. We employ state of the art machine learning methods to enable process and selection of appropriate papers from a universe of over 78,000 papers from leading academic databases. We find that studies on adoption and impact of agricultural technologies and natural resource management practices are highly clustered around Ethiopia and Nigeria. We do not find any studies on Small Island States. We observe a wide array of characteristics that influence adoption of these technologies. Of the over 1400 estimates of determinants collected, majority predict input technologies while very few studies and estimates are found in relation to risk management and mechanisation technologies. Our meta-analysis shows an average effect size of 7 - 9% for the different technologies and practices. For the outcomes: land productivity, food security and household welfare, we obtain effect sizes of 6, 8 and 9% respectively. We do not observe much in terms of publication bias. Both climate and conflict vulnerability not only cause far more food insecurity, poverty, and degradation of the environment on their own but also reinforce each other through the climate change – conflict linkage. For these detrimental effects to be curtailed, utilisation of climate-smart agricultural technologies and natural resource management practices need to be encouraged. We thus lend credence to the de

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Myopia is a dynamic and rapidly moving field, with ongoing research providing a better understanding of the etiology leading to novel myopia control strategies. In 2019, the International Myopia Institute (IMI) assembled and published a series of white papers across relevant topics and updated the evidence with a digest in 2021. Here, we summarize findings across key topics from the previous 2 years. Studies in animal models have continued to explore how wavelength and intensity of light influence eye growth and have examined new pharmacologic agents and scleral cross-linking as potential strategies for slowing myopia. In children, the term premyopia is gaining interest with increased attention to early implementation of myopia control. Most studies use the IMI definitions of ≤-0.5 diopters (D) for myopia and ≤-6.0 D for high myopia, although categorization and definitions for structural consequences of high myopia remain an issue. Clinical trials have demonstrated that newer spectacle lens designs incorporating multiple segments, lenslets, or diffusion optics exhibit good efficacy. Clinical considerations and factors influencing efficacy for soft multifocal contact lenses and orthokeratology are discussed. Topical atropine remains the only widely accessible pharmacologic treatment. Rebound observed with higher concentration of atropine is not evident with lower concentrations or optical interventions. Overall, myopia control treatments show little adverse effect on visual function and appear generally safe, with longer wear times and combination therapies maximizing outcomes. An emerging category of light-based therapies for children requires comprehensive safety data to enable risk versus benefit analysis. Given the success of myopia control strategies, the ethics of including a control arm in clinical trials is heavily debated. IMI recommendations for clinical trial protocols are discussed.

Background AU Preterm: Pleaseconfirmthatallheadinglevelsarerepresentedcorrectly birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and:mortality and is associated with adverse developmental and long-term health outcomes, including several cardiometabolic risk factors and outcomes. However, evidence about the association of preterm birth with later body size derives mainly from studies using birth weight as a proxy of prematurity rather than an actual length of gestation. We investigated the association of gestational age (GA) at birth with body size from infancy through adolescence. Methods and findings We conducted a two-stage individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis using data from 253,810 mother–child dyads from 16 general population-based cohort studies in Europe (Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, United Kingdom), North America (Canada), and Australasia (Australia) to estimate the association of GA with body mass index (BMI) and overweight (including obesity) adjusted for the following maternal characteristics as potential confounders: education, height, prepregnancy BMI, ethnic background, parity, smoking during pregnancy, age at child’s birth, gestational diabetes and hypertension, and preeclampsia. Pregnancy and birth cohort studies from the LifeCycle and the EUCAN-Connect projects were invited and were eligible for inclusion if they had information on GA and minimum one measurement of BMI between infancy and adolescence. Using a federated analytical tool (DataSHIELD), we fitted linear and logistic regression models in each cohort separately with a complete-case approach and combined the regression estimates and standard errors through random-effects study-level meta-analysis providing an overall effect estimate at early infancy (>0.0 to 0.5 years), late infancy (>0.5 to 2.0 years), early childhood (>2.0 to 5.0 years), mid-childhood (>5.0 to 9.0 years), late childhood (>9.0 to 14.0 years), and a

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Myopia is a dynamic and rapidly moving field, with ongoing research providing a better understanding of the etiology leading to novel myopia control strategies. In 2019, the International Myopia Institute (IMI) assembled and published a series of white papers across relevant topics and updated the evidence with a digest in 2021. Here, we summarize findings across key topics from the previous 2 years. Studies in animal models have continued to explore how wavelength and intensity of light influence eye growth and have examined new pharmacologic agents and scleral cross-linking as potential strategies for slowing myopia. In children, the term premyopia is gaining interest with increased attention to early implementation of myopia control. Most studies use the IMI definitions of ≤-0.5 diopters (D) for myopia and ≤-6.0 D for high myopia, although categorization and definitions for structural consequences of high myopia remain an issue. Clinical trials have demonstrated that newer spectacle lens designs incorporating multiple segments, lenslets, or diffusion optics exhibit good efficacy. Clinical considerations and factors influencing efficacy for soft multifocal contact lenses and orthokeratology are discussed. Topical atropine remains the only widely accessible pharmacologic treatment. Rebound observed with higher concentration of atropine is not evident with lower concentrations or optical interventions. Overall, myopia control treatments show little adverse effect on visual function and appear generally safe, with longer wear times and combination therapies maximizing outcomes. An emerging category of light-based therapies for children requires comprehensive safety data to enable risk versus benefit analysis. Given the success of myopia control strategies, the ethics of including a control arm in clinical trials is heavily debated. IMI recommendations for clinical trial protocols are discussed.

BACKGROUND: Preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality and is associated with adverse developmental and long-term health outcomes, including several cardiometabolic risk factors and outcomes. However, evidence about the association of preterm birth with later body size derives mainly from studies using birth weight as a proxy of prematurity rather than an actual length of gestation. We investigated the association of gestational age (GA) at birth with body size from infancy through adolescence.METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a two-stage individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis using data from 253,810 mother-child dyads from 16 general population-based cohort studies in Europe (Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, United Kingdom), North America (Canada), and Australasia (Australia) to estimate the association of GA with body mass index (BMI) and overweight (including obesity) adjusted for the following maternal characteristics as potential confounders: education, height, prepregnancy BMI, ethnic background, parity, smoking during pregnancy, age at child's birth, gestational diabetes and hypertension, and preeclampsia. Pregnancy and birth cohort studies from the LifeCycle and the EUCAN-Connect projects were invited and were eligible for inclusion if they had information on GA and minimum one measurement of BMI between infancy and adolescence. Using a federated analytical tool (DataSHIELD), we fitted linear and logistic regression models in each cohort separately with a complete-case approach and combined the regression estimates and standard errors through random-effects study-level meta-analysis providing an overall effect estimate at early infancy (>0.0 to 0.5 years), late infancy (>0.5 to 2.0 years), early childhood (>2.0 to 5.0 years), mid-childhood (>5.0 to 9.0 years), late childhood (>9.0 to 14.0 years), and adolescence (>14.0 to 19.0 years). GA was positivel

Background: Preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality and is associated with adverse developmental and long-term health outcomes, including several cardiometabolic risk factors and outcomes. However, evidence about the association of preterm birth with later body size derives mainly from studies using birth weight as a proxy of prematurity rather than an actual length of gestation. We investigated the association of gestational age (GA) at birth with body size from infancy through adolescence. Methods and Findings: We conducted a two-stage individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis using data from 253,810 mother-child dyads from 16 general population-based cohort studies in Europe (Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, United Kingdom), North America (Canada), and Australasia (Australia) to estimate the association of GA with body mass index (BMI) and overweight (including obesity) adjusted for the following maternal characteristics as potential confounders: education, height, prepregnancy BMI, ethnic background, parity, smoking during pregnancy, age at child's birth, gestational diabetes and hypertension, and preeclampsia. Pregnancy and birth cohort studies from the LifeCycle and the EUCAN-Connect projects were invited and were eligible for inclusion if they had information on GA and minimum one measurement of BMI between infancy and adolescence. Using a federated analytical tool (DataSHIELD), we fitted linear and logistic regression models in each cohort separately with a complete-case approach and combined the regression estimates and standard errors through random-effects study-level meta-analysis providing an overall effect estimate at early infancy ( > 0.0 to 0.5 years), late infancy ( > 0.5 to 2.0 years), early childhood ( > 2.0 to 5.0 years), mid-childhood ( > 5.0 to 9.0 years), late childhood ( > 9.0 to 14.0 years), and adolescence ( > 14.0 to 19.0 years). GA was positively associated wi

Background: The infant fecal microbiome is known to impact subsequent asthma risk, but the environmental exposures impacting this association, the role of the maternal microbiome, and how the microbiome impacts different childhood asthma phenotypes are unknown. Methods: Our objective was to identify associations between features of the prenatal and early-life fecal microbiomes and child asthma phenotypes. We analyzed fecal 16 s rRNA microbiome profiling and fecal metabolomic profiling from stool samples collected from mothers during the third trimester of pregnancy (n = 120) and offspring at ages 3–6 months (n = 265), 1 (n = 436) and 3 years (n = 506) in a total of 657 mother–child pairs participating in the Vitamin D Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial. We used clinical data from birth to age 6 years to characterize subjects with asthma as having early, transient or active asthma phenotypes. In addition to identifying specific genera that were robustly associated with asthma phenotypes in multiple covariate-adjusted models, we clustered subjects by their longitudinal microbiome composition and sought associations between fecal metabolites and relevant microbiome and clinical features. Results: Seven maternal and two infant fecal microbial taxa were robustly associated with at least one asthma phenotype, and a longitudinal gut microenvironment profile was associated with early asthma (Fisher exact test p =.03). Though mode of delivery was not directly associated with asthma, we found substantial evidence for a pathway whereby cesarean section reduces fecal Bacteroides and microbial sphingolipids, increasing susceptibility to early asthma. Conclusion: Overall, our results suggest that the early-life, including prenatal, fecal microbiome modifies risk of asthma, especially asthma with onset by age 3 years.

BACKGROUND: Preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality and is associated with adverse developmental and long-term health outcomes, including several cardiometabolic risk factors and outcomes. However, evidence about the association of preterm birth with later body size derives mainly from studies using birth weight as a proxy of prematurity rather than an actual length of gestation. We investigated the association of gestational age (GA) at birth with body size from infancy through adolescence.METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a two-stage individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis using data from 253,810 mother-child dyads from 16 general population-based cohort studies in Europe (Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, United Kingdom), North America (Canada), and Australasia (Australia) to estimate the association of GA with body mass index (BMI) and overweight (including obesity) adjusted for the following maternal characteristics as potential confounders: education, height, prepregnancy BMI, ethnic background, parity, smoking during pregnancy, age at child's birth, gestational diabetes and hypertension, and preeclampsia. Pregnancy and birth cohort studies from the LifeCycle and the EUCAN-Connect projects were invited and were eligible for inclusion if they had information on GA and minimum one measurement of BMI between infancy and adolescence. Using a federated analytical tool (DataSHIELD), we fitted linear and logistic regression models in each cohort separately with a complete-case approach and combined the regression estimates and standard errors through random-effects study-level meta-analysis providing an overall effect estimate at early infancy (>0.0 to 0.5 years), late infancy (>0.5 to 2.0 years), early childhood (>2.0 to 5.0 years), mid-childhood (>5.0 to 9.0 years), late childhood (>9.0 to 14.0 years), and adolescence (>14.0 to 19.0 years). GA was positivel

For a long time, water hyacinth has been considered a very stubborn and troublesome weed. However, research has shown that it can be used to remove many pollutants from water. Among the different pollutants, potentially toxic elements (PTE) or their ions have been found to be very toxic for humans, animals, and plants. Among the many conventional methods for removing PTE from wastewaters, phytoremediation has several advantages. This method is highly eco-friendly, cost-effective, and can remove a wide range of metal pollutants and organic pollutants. Both, living and non-living water hyacinth plants, can be used for remediation - either entirely or their parts. Study on mechanisms and different factors involved in the process would help to effectively use water hyacinth for remediation. This review presents different studies conducted in the past thirty years for the removal of PTEs. Detailed analysis of the work done in this field showed that in spite of the main advantages provided by the plant, not much has been done to increase the efficiency of the remediation process and for reusing the water hyacinth biomass for other applications after desorption of the PTE. Hence, the section on scope for future work highlights these prospective ideas. Novelty statement: Water hyacinth, which is a very stubborn weed and has a negative impact on the environment, can be constructively used to remove potentially toxic elements (PTEs) along with other pollutants from wastewaters. Different parts of the water hyacinth plant like roots, leaves, and stems or the entire plant can be used. Further, either the live plant or its other forms, such as dried powder, biochar, or activated carbon can be used. This review focuses on different forms of water hyacinth plant used, the advantages and limitations associated with these methods and the scope for future work.

During Kharif 2019, a field experiment was conducted with eight treatments replicated three times in Randomized Block Design at College farm, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The aim of the study is to investigate the combined effect of chemical fertilizers and bio-agents (bacterial consortia and bio-enhancers) on soil biological parameters (bacterial population, urease, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase) under foxtail millet cultivation in semi-arid region where soil and climatic constraints prevail in general. The bacterial population in the rhizosphere soil was found to be greater in all the treatments that received bacterial consortia appended with bio-enhancers compared to the remaining treatments as they are rich in microbial population. The soil enzyme activity was found to be higher when bioagents were used in conjunction with fertilizers, similar to bacterial population. The use of bacterial consortia or bio-enhancers alone also improved enzyme activity when compared to the control, while fertilizers alone, were poor in the activity of above enzymes. The percentage increase in the overall biological activity over the initial value was found to be highest when bioagents were used along with the chemical fertilizers at 50% flowering and harvest stages whereas it was found least in the control and lower in the treatments applied with chemical fertilizers alone.

During Kharif 2019, a field experiment was conducted with eight treatments replicated three times in Randomized Block Design at College farm, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The aim of the study is to investigate the combined effect of chemical fertilizers and bio-agents (bacterial consortia and bio-enhancers) on soil biological parameters (bacterial population, urease, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase) under foxtail millet cultivation in semi-arid region where soil and climatic constraints prevail in general. The bacterial population in the rhizosphere soil was found to be greater in all the treatments that received bacterial consortia appended with bio-enhancers compared to the remaining treatments as they are rich in microbial population. The soil enzyme activity was found to be higher when bioagents were used in conjunction with fertilizers, similar to bacterial population. The use of bacterial consortia or bio-enhancers alone also improved enzyme activity when compared to the control, while fertilizers alone, were poor in the activity of above enzymes. The percentage increase in the overall biological activity over the initial value was found to be highest when bioagents were used along with the chemical fertilizers at 50% flowering and harvest stages whereas it was found least in the control and lower in the treatments applied with chemical fertilizers alone.

The sulfone moiety is an important core unit in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. Amongst different heteroaromatic compounds oxadiazoles, thiadiazoles and triazoles form the basis of many pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. In fact, pyridine exhibits diversified biological activities. The presence of different pharmacophores in the same unit is an attracting approach to develop new drugs due to synergetic effect. Besides, application of green chemistry concepts is an important goal to prepare biologically active compounds. In view of the above, the present study deals with the synthesis of pyridine linked bis(oxadiazoles), bis(thiadiazoles) and bis(triazoles) under ultrasonication and evaluation of radical scavenging activity. The results related to these aspects will be discussed. © 2022 Author(s).

The olefin moiety presents in styrylsulfonylmethyl-1,2,4-triazolylamine (1) was exploited to build up five-member heterocycle-pyrazoles. The series of novel pyrazolyl-1,2,4-triazole amine derivatives (2-3) have been synthesized. All the entitles compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectra. © 2022 Author(s).

The olefin moiety presents in styrylsulfonylmethyl-1,2,4-triazolylamine (1) was exploited to build up five-member heterocycle-pyrazoles. The series of novel pyrazolyl-1,2,4-triazole amine derivatives (2-3) have been synthesized. All the entitles compounds were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectra. © 2022 Author(s).

Nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds have great utility in synthetic, medicinal and material chemistry. Oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, imidazole and their derivatives have gained prominence as they constitute the structural features of many bioactive compounds. In fact, amide functionality represents a privileged scaffold of biomolecules and many drugs. The combination of two or more heterocycles linked by amide functionality into one molecular framework would yield new chemical entities with enhanced pharmacological activities. Besides, development of environmentally benign methods with improved yields is highly desirable. In our continued interest to synthesize a variety of bioactive heterocycles, we planned to develop some new isoxazoles in combination with oxazoles / thiazoles / imidazoles adopting green methodologies and to study their antifungal activity. The results related to these aspects will be presented. © 2022 Author(s).

Fluoride as a geogenic contaminant is commonly encountered in groundwater-based drinking water sources. In the present study Watermelon Rind (Citrullus lanatus) Biochar (WMRBC) was investigated for its defluoridation potential. The factors affecting the removal of fluoride, including pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, and contact time were investigated. The experimental data were fitted well by Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order model, the maximum fluoride adsorption capacity being 9.5 mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that the fluoride adsorption process was a spontaneous exothermic process. The presence of other anions like HCO3–, CO32–, Cl−, SO42−, and NO3– (100 mg/L) had little effect on the adsorption of fluoride at 50 mg/L. Characterization studies of WMRBC before and after fluoride adsorption by SEM, ATR, EDX and XRD techniques, indicated that the adsorption of fluoride may be by electrostatic attraction through protonated basic functionalities present in WMRBC and by precipitation at the mineral sites. WMRBC could be a viable adsorbent for effective removal of fluoride from drinking water and industrial wastewater., QC 20220428

During Kharif 2019, a field experiment was conducted with eight treatments replicated three times in Randomized Block Design at College farm, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The aim of the study is to investigate the combined effect of chemical fertilizers and bio-agents (bacterial consortia and bio-enhancers) on soil biological parameters (bacterial population, urease, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase) under foxtail millet cultivation in semi-arid region where soil and climatic constraints prevail in general. The bacterial population in the rhizosphere soil was found to be greater in all the treatments that received bacterial consortia appended with bio-enhancers compared to the remaining treatments as they are rich in microbial population. The soil enzyme activity was found to be higher when bioagents were used in conjunction with fertilizers, similar to bacterial population. The use of bacterial consortia or bio-enhancers alone also improved enzyme activity when compared to the control, while fertilizers alone, were poor in the activity of above enzymes. The percentage increase in the overall biological activity over the initial value was found to be highest when bioagents were used along with the chemical fertilizers at 50% flowering and harvest stages whereas it was found least in the control and lower in the treatments applied with chemical fertilizers alone.

Background: As cloud computing has risen over the last decades, there are several cloud services accessible on the market, users may prefer to select those that are more flexible and efficient. Based on the preceding, we chose to research to evaluate cloud services in terms of which would be better for the user in terms ofgetting the needed data from the chosen website and utilizing JMeter for performance testing. If we continue our thesis study by assessing the performance of different sample users using JMeter as the testing tool, it is appropriate for our thesis research subject. In this case, the user interfaces of GCP and AWS are compared while doing several compute engine-related operations. Objectives: This thesis aims to test the website performance after deploying in two distinct cloud platforms.After the creation of instances in AWS, a domain in GCP and also the bucket, the website files are uploaded into the bucket. The GCP and AWS instances are connected to the lifestyle store website. The performance testing on the selected website is done on both services, and then comparison ofthe outcomes of our thesis research using the testing tool Jmeter is done. Methods: In these, we choose experimentation as our research methodology,and in this, the task is done in two cloud platforms in which the website will be deployed separately. The testing tool with performance testing is employed. JMeter is used to test a website’s performance in both possible services and then to gather our research results, and the visualization of the results are done in an aggregate graph, graphs and summary reports. The metrics are Throughput, average response time, median, percentiles and standard deviation. Results: The results are based on JMeter performance testing of a selected web-site between two cloud platforms. The results of AWS and GCP can be shown in the aggregate graph. The graph results are based on the testing tool to determine which service is best for users to obtain

BACKGROUND: There are few rigorous studies comparing quality of tuberculosis (TB) care in public versus private sectors. METHODS: We used standardised patients (SPs) to measure technical quality and patient experience in a sample of private and public facilities in Mumbai. RESULTS: SPs presented a classic, suspected TB scenario and a recurrence or drug-resistance scenario. In the private sector, SPs completed 643 interactions. In the public sector, 164 interactions. Outcomes included indicators of correct management, medication use and client experience. Public providers used microbiological testing (typically, microscopy) more frequently, in 123 of 164 (75%; 95% CI 68% to 81%) vs 223 of 644 interactions (35%; 95% CI 31% to 38%) in the private sector. Private providers were more likely to order chest X-rays, in 556 of 639 interactions (86%; 95% CI 84% to 89%). According to national TB guidelines, we found higher proportions of correct management in the public sector (75% vs 35%; (adjusted) difference 35 percentage points (pp); 95% CI 25 to 46). If X-rays were considered acceptable for the first case but drug-susceptibility testing was required for the second case, the private sector correctly managed a slightly higher proportion of interactions (67% vs 51%; adjusted difference 16 pp; 95% CI 7 to 25). Broad-spectrum antibiotics were used in 76% (95% CI 66% to 84%) of the interactions in public hospitals, and 61% (95% CI 58% to 65%) in private facilities. Costs in the private clinics averaged rupees INR 512 (95% CI 485 to 539); public facilities charged INR 10. Private providers spent more time with patients (4.4 min vs 2.4 min; adjusted difference 2.0 min; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.9) and asked a greater share of relevant questions (29% vs 43%; adjusted difference 13.7 pp; 95% CI 8.2 to 19.3). CONCLUSIONS: While the public providers did a better job of adhering to national TB guidelines (especially microbiological testing) and offered less expensive care, private sector provid

Incinerated sewage sludge ash is tested here as a cement and aggregate substitute in mortar blocks. It can be used at various percentages to reduce the overall cost of production and promote ash recycling. The compressive strength of the cast blocks was tested at 28 days to determine the optimal combination of ball milled ash (replacing cement) and sewage sludge ash (replacing sand). This was compared with a control block made of cement and sand only. The cast blocks with the optimal ash formulation were tested for their flexural strength and other properties such as surface functional groups, constituent phases and porosity. The control and ash mortars exhibited similar properties. A potential application of these blocks is to use them as part of seawalls. These blocks were thus suspended in the sea for 6 months. Marine organism attachment was observed over time in both control and ash mortar blocks. There was no significant difference between the mortars after 6 months. The mortar blocks were also subjected to leaching tests (NEN-7345). The leachates did not exhibit toxicity to microalgae. In contrast, mild toxicity was observed in the sea urchin embryo development assay. Overall, the study suggests that sewage sludge ash is a potential material to be used for seawall construction as it has the desirable mechanical properties. However, there remain some residual marine toxicity concerns that need to be further addressed.

Background: As cloud computing has risen over the last decades, there are several cloud services accessible on the market, users may prefer to select those that are more flexible and efficient. Based on the preceding, we chose to research to evaluate cloud services in terms of which would be better for the user in terms ofgetting the needed data from the chosen website and utilizing JMeter for performance testing. If we continue our thesis study by assessing the performance of different sample users using JMeter as the testing tool, it is appropriate for our thesis research subject. In this case, the user interfaces of GCP and AWS are compared while doing several compute engine-related operations. Objectives: This thesis aims to test the website performance after deploying in two distinct cloud platforms.After the creation of instances in AWS, a domain in GCP and also the bucket, the website files are uploaded into the bucket. The GCP and AWS instances are connected to the lifestyle store website. The performance testing on the selected website is done on both services, and then comparison ofthe outcomes of our thesis research using the testing tool Jmeter is done. Methods: In these, we choose experimentation as our research methodology,and in this, the task is done in two cloud platforms in which the website will be deployed separately. The testing tool with performance testing is employed. JMeter is used to test a website’s performance in both possible services and then to gather our research results, and the visualization of the results are done in an aggregate graph, graphs and summary reports. The metrics are Throughput, average response time, median, percentiles and standard deviation. Results: The results are based on JMeter performance testing of a selected web-site between two cloud platforms. The results of AWS and GCP can be shown in the aggregate graph. The graph results are based on the testing tool to determine which service is best for users to obtain

Background: As cloud computing has risen over the last decades, there are several cloud services accessible on the market, users may prefer to select those that are more flexible and efficient. Based on the preceding, we chose to research to evaluate cloud services in terms of which would be better for the user in terms ofgetting the needed data from the chosen website and utilizing JMeter for performance testing. If we continue our thesis study by assessing the performance of different sample users using JMeter as the testing tool, it is appropriate for our thesis research subject. In this case, the user interfaces of GCP and AWS are compared while doing several compute engine-related operations. Objectives: This thesis aims to test the website performance after deploying in two distinct cloud platforms.After the creation of instances in AWS, a domain in GCP and also the bucket, the website files are uploaded into the bucket. The GCP and AWS instances are connected to the lifestyle store website. The performance testing on the selected website is done on both services, and then comparison ofthe outcomes of our thesis research using the testing tool Jmeter is done. Methods: In these, we choose experimentation as our research methodology,and in this, the task is done in two cloud platforms in which the website will be deployed separately. The testing tool with performance testing is employed. JMeter is used to test a website’s performance in both possible services and then to gather our research results, and the visualization of the results are done in an aggregate graph, graphs and summary reports. The metrics are Throughput, average response time, median, percentiles and standard deviation. Results: The results are based on JMeter performance testing of a selected web-site between two cloud platforms. The results of AWS and GCP can be shown in the aggregate graph. The graph results are based on the testing tool to determine which service is best for users to obtain

Background: As cloud computing has risen over the last decades, there are several cloud services accessible on the market, users may prefer to select those that are more flexible and efficient. Based on the preceding, we chose to research to evaluate cloud services in terms of which would be better for the user in terms ofgetting the needed data from the chosen website and utilizing JMeter for performance testing. If we continue our thesis study by assessing the performance of different sample users using JMeter as the testing tool, it is appropriate for our thesis research subject. In this case, the user interfaces of GCP and AWS are compared while doing several compute engine-related operations. Objectives: This thesis aims to test the website performance after deploying in two distinct cloud platforms.After the creation of instances in AWS, a domain in GCP and also the bucket, the website files are uploaded into the bucket. The GCP and AWS instances are connected to the lifestyle store website. The performance testing on the selected website is done on both services, and then comparison ofthe outcomes of our thesis research using the testing tool Jmeter is done. Methods: In these, we choose experimentation as our research methodology,and in this, the task is done in two cloud platforms in which the website will be deployed separately. The testing tool with performance testing is employed. JMeter is used to test a website’s performance in both possible services and then to gather our research results, and the visualization of the results are done in an aggregate graph, graphs and summary reports. The metrics are Throughput, average response time, median, percentiles and standard deviation. Results: The results are based on JMeter performance testing of a selected web-site between two cloud platforms. The results of AWS and GCP can be shown in the aggregate graph. The graph results are based on the testing tool to determine which service is best for users to obtain

Like many other developing countries, urban sprawl is a growing phenomenon in India, which poses socio-economic and environmental challenges that worryingly affect urban sustainability. In this study, a latent class clustering approach was used to investigate perceptions of urban sprawl among 622 urban and peri-urban dwellers in Hyderabad. The empirical results clustered the respondents into three distinct classes based on their perceptions of urban sprawl impacts: ‘undecided respondents’, ‘negative perceivers’, and ‘opportunity perceivers’. The majority of respondents were undecided with no strong views towards the impacts of urban sprawl, which may increase their vulnerability and hinder effective adaptation to the adverse economic, social and environmental effects of urban sprawl. This also provokes concerns about the effectiveness of government interventions to build public awareness of urban development and its impacts on the city. With regard to the role of demographic and socio-economic characteristics in shaping the perception of the respondents, the results revealed that social caste plays a determining role in forming dwellers’ perception. In particular, members of marginalised social castes were more likely to form positive perceptions of the impacts of urban sprawl as urban expansion generates better and stable income that improve their social status. In addition, individuals with higher levels of education were more likely to form negative or positive perceptions, implying that efforts to raise social capital could be a useful means for mitigating the impacts of urban sprawl. Finally, membership in community development organisations was a key factor in dictating membership of the negative perceivers’ class. Overall, our findings suggest that an appropriate policy framework and specific programmes are needed for enhancing dwellers’ perception towards the impacts of urban sprawl, which can enhance the design, acceptance, and implementation of a more sust

Background: As cloud computing has risen over the last decades, there are several cloud services accessible on the market, users may prefer to select those that are more flexible and efficient. Based on the preceding, we chose to research to evaluate cloud services in terms of which would be better for the user in terms ofgetting the needed data from the chosen website and utilizing JMeter for performance testing. If we continue our thesis study by assessing the performance of different sample users using JMeter as the testing tool, it is appropriate for our thesis research subject. In this case, the user interfaces of GCP and AWS are compared while doing several compute engine-related operations. Objectives: This thesis aims to test the website performance after deploying in two distinct cloud platforms.After the creation of instances in AWS, a domain in GCP and also the bucket, the website files are uploaded into the bucket. The GCP and AWS instances are connected to the lifestyle store website. The performance testing on the selected website is done on both services, and then comparison ofthe outcomes of our thesis research using the testing tool Jmeter is done. Methods: In these, we choose experimentation as our research methodology,and in this, the task is done in two cloud platforms in which the website will be deployed separately. The testing tool with performance testing is employed. JMeter is used to test a website’s performance in both possible services and then to gather our research results, and the visualization of the results are done in an aggregate graph, graphs and summary reports. The metrics are Throughput, average response time, median, percentiles and standard deviation. Results: The results are based on JMeter performance testing of a selected web-site between two cloud platforms. The results of AWS and GCP can be shown in the aggregate graph. The graph results are based on the testing tool to determine which service is best for users to obtain

Background: As cloud computing has risen over the last decades, there are several cloud services accessible on the market, users may prefer to select those that are more flexible and efficient. Based on the preceding, we chose to research to evaluate cloud services in terms of which would be better for the user in terms ofgetting the needed data from the chosen website and utilizing JMeter for performance testing. If we continue our thesis study by assessing the performance of different sample users using JMeter as the testing tool, it is appropriate for our thesis research subject. In this case, the user interfaces of GCP and AWS are compared while doing several compute engine-related operations. Objectives: This thesis aims to test the website performance after deploying in two distinct cloud platforms.After the creation of instances in AWS, a domain in GCP and also the bucket, the website files are uploaded into the bucket. The GCP and AWS instances are connected to the lifestyle store website. The performance testing on the selected website is done on both services, and then comparison ofthe outcomes of our thesis research using the testing tool Jmeter is done. Methods: In these, we choose experimentation as our research methodology,and in this, the task is done in two cloud platforms in which the website will be deployed separately. The testing tool with performance testing is employed. JMeter is used to test a website’s performance in both possible services and then to gather our research results, and the visualization of the results are done in an aggregate graph, graphs and summary reports. The metrics are Throughput, average response time, median, percentiles and standard deviation. Results: The results are based on JMeter performance testing of a selected web-site between two cloud platforms. The results of AWS and GCP can be shown in the aggregate graph. The graph results are based on the testing tool to determine which service is best for users to obtain

In the present times the role of media and its impact on holistic development of the society is a topic of scholastic and as well as political discussions across the globe. The power of media to empower the underprivileged, especially the women is a topic that attracts lot of public discourse. Previous studies have proved that for any society to develop and prosper, its women are to be developed first and development is the outcome of empowerment. The ability to develop self-control, independence, and confidence in the face of a patriarchal culture is women empowerment and studies claim that having access to information is one of the major factors of empowerment. And the ability to access, understand, evaluate, and disseminate messages in a variety of forms is referred to as media literacy. This study is aimed at understanding the relationship between media literacy and women empowerment in the context of India. The study highlights the scope and challenges of Indian media and its treatment towards women related issues in India. Further, an attempt has been made to identify the disconnect between the various facets of Indian society which has widened due to the media's distorting of reality with special reference to women.

In the present times the role of media and its impact on holistic development of the society is a topic of scholastic and as well as political discussions across the globe. The power of media to empower the underprivileged, especially the women is a topic that attracts lot of public discourse. Previous studies have proved that for any society to develop and prosper, its women are to be developed first and development is the outcome of empowerment. The ability to develop self-control, independence, and confidence in the face of a patriarchal culture is women empowerment and studies claim that having access to information is one of the major factors of empowerment. And the ability to access, understand, evaluate, and disseminate messages in a variety of forms is referred to as media literacy. This study is aimed at understanding the relationship between media literacy and women empowerment in the context of India. The study highlights the scope and challenges of Indian media and its treatment towards women related issues in India. Further, an attempt has been made to identify the disconnect between the various facets of Indian society which has widened due to the media's distorting of reality with special reference to women.

In the present times the role of media and its impact on holistic development of the society is a topic of scholastic and as well as political discussions across the globe. The power of media to empower the underprivileged, especially the women is a topic that attracts lot of public discourse. Previous studies have proved that for any society to develop and prosper, its women are to be developed first and development is the outcome of empowerment. The ability to develop self-control, independence, and confidence in the face of a patriarchal culture is women empowerment and studies claim that having access to information is one of the major factors of empowerment. And the ability to access, understand, evaluate, and disseminate messages in a variety of forms is referred to as media literacy. This study is aimed at understanding the relationship between media literacy and women empowerment in the context of India. The study highlights the scope and challenges of Indian media and its treatment towards women related issues in India. Further, an attempt has been made to identify the disconnect between the various facets of Indian society which has widened due to the media's distorting of reality with special reference to women.

Myrtha E Reyna-Vargas,1 Arpita Parmar,2 Diana L Lefebvre,3 Meghan B Azad,4– 6 Allan B Becker,4,5 Stuart E Turvey,7 Theo J Moraes,1 Wendy Lou,8 Padmaja Subbarao,1,8 Malcolm R Sears,3 Piushkumar J Mandhane,9 Indra Narang1,10 1Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; 2Sculich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; 3Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; 4Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; 5Developmental Origins of Chronic Diseases in Children Network (DEVOTION), Children’s Hospital, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; 6Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; 7Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; 8Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; 9Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; 10Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, CanadaCorrespondence: Indra Narang, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave-Hill Wing Room #4534, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada, Email indra.narang@sickkids.caIntroduction: Decreased sleep duration and increased screen time as early as preschool age may contribute to overweight and obesity. The effects of bedtime together with nocturnal sleep duration remain unclear with a paucity of data evaluating these associations longitudinally. We aim to evaluate the independent and joint effects of sleep duration, sleep bedtime, and screen time at 3 years of age on BMI status, particularly overweight and obesity by age 5 years.Methods: Data from 2185 participants of the CHILD Cohort Study were analyzed longitudinally using generalized estimating equations (GEE). Models included changes in overweight/obesity status from 3 to 5 years of age as outcome, and nocturnal sleep duration, bedtime, and dail

During Kharif 2019, a field experiment was conducted with eight treatments replicated three times in Randomized Block Design at College farm, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The aim of the study is to investigate the combined effect of chemical fertilizers and bio-agents (bacterial consortia and bio-enhancers) on soil biological parameters (bacterial population, urease, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase) under foxtail millet cultivation in semi-arid region where soil and climatic constraints prevail in general. The bacterial population in the rhizosphere soil was found to be greater in all the treatments that received bacterial consortia appended with bio-enhancers compared to the remaining treatments as they are rich in microbial population. The soil enzyme activity was found to be higher when bioagents were used in conjunction with fertilizers, similar to bacterial population. The use of bacterial consortia or bio-enhancers alone also improved enzyme activity when compared to the control, while fertilizers alone, were poor in the activity of above enzymes. The percentage increase in the overall biological activity over the initial value was found to be highest when bioagents were used along with the chemical fertilizers at 50% flowering and harvest stages whereas it was found least in the control and lower in the treatments applied with chemical fertilizers alone.

Background: The human milk proteome comprises a vast number of proteins with immunomodulatory functions, but it is not clear how this relates to allergy of the mother or allergy development in the breastfed infant. This study aimed to explore the relation between the human milk proteome and allergy of both mother and child. Methods: Proteins were analyzed in milk samples from a subset of 300 mother-child dyads from the Canadian CHILD Cohort Study, selected based on maternal and child allergy phenotypes. For this selection, the definition of “allergy” included food allergy, eczema, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. Proteins were analyzed with non-targeted shotgun proteomics using filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) and nanoLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS. Protein abundances, based on label-free quantification, were compared using multiple statistical approaches, including univariate, multivariate, and network analyses. Results: Using univariate analysis, we observed a trend that milk for infants who develop an allergy by 3 years of age contains higher abundances of immunoglobulin chains, irrespective of the allergy status of the mother. This observation suggests a difference in the milk’s immunological potential, which might be related to the development of the infant’s immune system. Furthermore, network analysis showed overall increased connectivity of proteins in the milk of allergic mothers and milk for infants who ultimately develop an allergy. This difference in connectivity was especially noted for proteins involved in the protein translation machinery and may be due to the physiological status of the mother, which is reflected in the interconnectedness of proteins in her milk. In addition, it was shown that network analysis complements the other methods for data analysis by revealing complex associations between the milk proteome and mother-child allergy status. Conclusion: Together, these findings give new insights into how the human milk proteome, through differences in

To obtain the correct analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, non-physiological and physiological artifacts should be removed from EEG signals. This study aims to give an overview on the existing methodology for removing physiological artifacts, e.g., ocular, cardiac, and muscle artifacts. The datasets, simulation platforms, and performance measures of artifact removal methods in previous related research are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed, including regression method, filtering method, blind source separation (BSS), wavelet transform (WT), empirical mode decomposition (EMD), singular spectrum analysis (SSA), and independent vector analysis (IVA). Also, the applications of hybrid approaches are presented, including discrete wavelet transform - adaptive filtering method (DWT-AFM), DWT-BSS, EMD-BSS, singular spectrum analysis - adaptive noise canceler (SSA-ANC), SSA-BSS, and EMD-IVA. Finally, a comparative analysis for these existing methods is provided based on their performance and merits. The result shows that hybrid methods can remove the artifacts more effectively than individual methods.

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