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Parameterisation of the air-sea gas transfer velocity of CO2 and other trace gases under open-ocean conditions has been a focus of air-sea interaction research and is required for accurately determining ocean carbon uptake. Ships are the most widely used platform for air-sea flux measurements but the quality of the data can be compromised by airflow distortion and sensor cross-sensitivity effects. Recent improvements in the understanding of these effects have led to enhanced corrections to the shipboard eddy covariance (EC) measurements. Here, we present a revised analysis of eddy covariance measurements of air-sea CO2 and momentum fluxes from the Southern Ocean Surface Ocean Aerosol Production (SOAP) study. We show that it is possible to significantly reduce the scatter in the EC data and achieve consistency between measurements taken on station and with the ship underway. The gas transfer velocities from the EC measurements correlate better with the EC friction velocity (u∗) than with mean wind speeds derived from shipboard measurements corrected with an airflow distortion model. For the observed range of wind speeds (u10N =3-23 ms-1), the transfer velocities can be parameterised with a linear fit to u∗. The SOAP data are compared to previous gas transfer parameterisations using u10N computed from the EC friction velocity with the drag coefficient from the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) model version 3.5. The SOAP results are consistent with previous gas transfer studies, but at high wind speeds they do not support the sharp increase in gas transfer associated with bubble-mediated transfer predicted by physically based models.

Parameterisation of the air-sea gas transfer velocity of CO2 and other trace gases under open-ocean conditions has been a focus of air-sea interaction research and is required for accurately determining ocean carbon uptake. Ships are the most widely used platform for air-sea flux measurements but the quality of the data can be compromised by airflow distortion and sensor cross-sensitivity effects. Recent improvements in the understanding of these effects have led to enhanced corrections to the shipboard eddy covariance (EC) measurements. Here, we present a revised analysis of eddy covariance measurements of air-sea CO2 and momentum fluxes from the Southern Ocean Surface Ocean Aerosol Production (SOAP) study. We show that it is possible to significantly reduce the scatter in the EC data and achieve consistency between measurements taken on station and with the ship underway. The gas transfer velocities from the EC measurements correlate better with the EC friction velocity (u∗) than with mean wind speeds derived from shipboard measurements corrected with an airflow distortion model. For the observed range of wind speeds (u10N =3-23 ms-1), the transfer velocities can be parameterised with a linear fit to u∗. The SOAP data are compared to previous gas transfer parameterisations using u10N computed from the EC friction velocity with the drag coefficient from the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) model version 3.5. The SOAP results are consistent with previous gas transfer studies, but at high wind speeds they do not support the sharp increase in gas transfer associated with bubble-mediated transfer predicted by physically based models.

Parameterisation of the air-sea gas transfer velocity of CO2 and other trace gases under open-ocean conditions has been a focus of air-sea interaction research and is required for accurately determining ocean carbon uptake. Ships are the most widely used platform for air-sea flux measurements but the quality of the data can be compromised by air flow distortion and sensor cross-sensitivity effects. Recent improvements in the understanding of these effects have led to enhanced corrections to the shipboard eddy covariance (EC) measurements. Here we present a revised analysis of eddy covariance measurements of air-sea CO2 and momentum fluxes from the Southern Ocean Surface Ocean Aerosol Production study (SOAP). We show that it is possible to significantly reduce the scatter in the EC data and achieve consistency between measurements taken on-station and with the ship underway. The gas transfer velocities from the EC measurements correlate better with the EC friction velocity (u*) than with mean wind speeds derived from shipboard measurements corrected with an air flow distortion model. For the observed range of wind speeds (u10N = 3–23 m s−1), the transfer velocities can be parameterised with a linear fit to u*. The SOAP data are compared to previous gas transfer parameterisations using u10N computed from the EC friction velocity with the drag coefficient from the COARE model. The SOAP results are consistent with previous gas transfer studies, but at high wind speeds they do not support the sharp increase in gas transfer associated with bubble-mediated transfer predicted by physically based models.

Parameterisation of the air-sea gas transfer velocity of CO2 and other trace gases under open-ocean conditions has been a focus of air-sea interaction research and is required for accurately determining ocean carbon uptake. Ships are the most widely used platform for air-sea flux measurements but the quality of the data can be compromised by air flow distortion and sensor cross-sensitivity effects. Recent improvements in the understanding of these effects have led to enhanced corrections to the shipboard eddy covariance (EC) measurements. Here we present a revised analysis of eddy covariance measurements of air-sea CO2 and momentum fluxes from the Southern Ocean Surface Ocean Aerosol Production study (SOAP). We show that it is possible to significantly reduce the scatter in the EC data and achieve consistency between measurements taken on-station and with the ship underway. The gas transfer velocities from the EC measurements correlate better with the EC friction velocity (u*) than with mean wind speeds derived from shipboard measurements corrected with an air flow distortion model. For the observed range of wind speeds (u10N = 3–23 m s−1), the transfer velocities can be parameterised with a linear fit to u*. The SOAP data are compared to previous gas transfer parameterisations using u10N computed from the EC friction velocity with the drag coefficient from the COARE model. The SOAP results are consistent with previous gas transfer studies, but at high wind speeds they do not support the sharp increase in gas transfer associated with bubble-mediated transfer predicted by physically based models.

One of the most important and common features of the school systems of the several states is the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction. This study seeks to show the conditions pertaining to the office and particularly to present these conditions as reflected by current legislation in Kansas.

One of the most important and common features of the school systems of the several states is the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction. This study seeks to show the conditions pertaining to the office and particularly to present these conditions as reflected by current legislation in Kansas.

One of the most important and common features of the school systems of the several states is the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction. This study seeks to show the conditions pertaining to the office and particularly to present these conditions as reflected by current legislation in Kansas.

One of the most important and common features of the school systems of the several states is the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction. This study seeks to show the conditions pertaining to the office and particularly to present these conditions as reflected by current legislation in Kansas.

One of the most important and common features of the school systems of the several states is the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction. This study seeks to show the conditions pertaining to the office and particularly to present these conditions as reflected by current legislation in Kansas.

One of the most important and common features of the school systems of the several states is the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction. This study seeks to show the conditions pertaining to the office and particularly to present these conditions as reflected by current legislation in Kansas.

One of the most important and common features of the school systems of the several states is the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction. This study seeks to show the conditions pertaining to the office and particularly to present these conditions as reflected by current legislation in Kansas.

One of the most important and common features of the school systems of the several states is the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction. This study seeks to show the conditions pertaining to the office and particularly to present these conditions as reflected by current legislation in Kansas.

One of the most important and common features of the school systems of the several states is the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction. This study seeks to show the conditions pertaining to the office and particularly to present these conditions as reflected by current legislation in Kansas.

One of the most important and common features of the school systems of the several states is the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction. This study seeks to show the conditions pertaining to the office and particularly to present these conditions as reflected by current legislation in Kansas.

For questions contact ScholarsRepository@fhsu.edu, During the Late Miocene, significant changes in plant and animal life marked the evolution and spread of grasslands across continents. Fort Hays State University’s Sternberg Museum of Natural History holds an extensive fossil vertebrate collection from the Minimum Quarry, a Kansas locality that has proved important for understanding these biotic shifts. Most fossils from this locality were collected ~35 years ago, with quarrying only resuming in the past few years. Despite the significance of this collection, only 1717 specimens had been curated with ~ 3600 additional fossils needing assessment, curation, and preservation. In 2022, the Sternberg Museum was awarded an Institute for Museum and Library Services grant to address the long-term preservation of this collection. The Minimum Quarry Project (MQP) builds on paleontology collection improvements initiatives that started in 2016 to institute a relational database and advance digitization and data-sharing efforts by the Stenberg Museum. Similarities with previous projects have allowed us to test, update, and build on past efforts to expedite progress towards project goals.