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It is well established that accidental and non-accidental injuries/child abuse and neglect (CAN) are a major public health problem globally. Not only do they affect individuals, injuries affect families, the community, government and internationally as well. Injuries span throughout childhood and into adulthood. Purpose of this study is to identify what are the difficulties and challenges in identifying and reporting CAN cases at the emergency (ED) department in Malaysian hospitals. Thirty in-depth interviews were conducted at the ED in three major hospitals in the Klang Valley, Malaysia which consists of specialists, medical officers, nurses and medical assistants. The study found that there is a significant gap identified in medical professionals’ knowledge and skills related to understanding, identifying and detecting CAN, particularly among medical officers who are in charge of diagnosis and reports in the hospital. Those who had previous experience or encounters in dealing with CAN cases would have higher suspicion index compared to those who haven’t. Other medical professionals such as nurses and medical assistants although do not have the mandate to diagnose or report of CAN cases, needed to have the basic knowledge and awareness and play more active role in their respective settings.

Background Good vision is essential for safe driving and studies have associated visual impairment with an increased crash risk. Currently, there is little information about the medical review of drivers with visual field loss. This study examines the prevalence of visual field loss among drivers referred for medical review in one Australian jurisdiction and investigates factors associated with licence outcome in this group. Methods A random sample of 10,000 (31.25 per cent) medical review cases was extracted for analysis from the Victorian licensing authority. Files were screened for the presence of six visual field‐related medical conditions. Data were captured on a range of variables, including referral source, age, gender, health status, crash history and licence outcome. Prevalence analyses were univariate and descriptive. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with licence outcomes in the visual field loss group. Results Approximately 1.9 per cent of the 10,000 medical review cases screened had a visual field loss condition identified (n = 194). Among the visual field loss group, 57.2 per cent were permitted to continue driving (conditional/unconditional licence). Primary referral sources were the police, self‐referrals and general medical practitioners. Key factors associated with licence test outcomes were visual field condition, age group, crash involvement and referral to the Driver Licensing Authority's Medical Advisors. Those who were younger had a crash involvement triggering referral and those who were referred to the Medical Advisors were more likely to have a positive licensing outcome. Conclusion The evidence base for making licensing decisions is complicated by the variable causes, patterns, progressions and measuring technologies for visual field loss. This study highlighted that the involvement of an expert medical advisory service in Victoria resulted in an increased likelihood that drivers with vis

Motorcyclists are over-represented in casualty crashes in Malaysia, accounting for approximately 60 percent of all road fatalities. In order to develop effective ways to reduce motorcyclist casualty crashes, it is important to identify the extent of the problem, critical safety issues, the types of crashes that present the greatest risk to riders, and the factors commonly associated with these crashes and their causal factors. The objective of this paper was to explore current crash and injury factors for motorcyclist fatal collisions in Malaysia. Fatal motorcycle crashes occurring between 2007 and 2011 were extracted from the crash database to examine crash and injury patterns, including collision type and location, road geometry, vehicles involved, number of people involved, driver/rider error, demographic characteristics of riders, and injury outcomes. The results identified a number of key collision and rider characteristics that were associated with motorcyclist injury, including riding on rural federal and state roads, and intersections in urban environments, speeding, not wearing a helmet, and being young and a male. Children and young adults were also at risk of injury as pillion passengers. These findings have significant implications for countermeasures to address priority motorcyclist trauma issues in Malaysia including improved road design, speeds, as well as supporting educational and enforcement initiatives.

Motorcyclists are over-represented in casualty crashes in Malaysia, accounting for approximately 60 percent of all road fatalities. In order to develop effective ways to reduce motorcyclist casualty crashes, it is important to identify the extent of the problem, critical safety issues, the types of crashes that present the greatest risk to riders, and the factors commonly associated with these crashes and their causal factors. The objective of this paper was to explore current crash and injury factors for motorcyclist fatal collisions in Malaysia. Fatal motorcycle crashes occurring between 2007 and 2011 were extracted from the crash database to examine crash and injury patterns, including collision type and location, road geometry, vehicles involved, number of people involved, driver/rider error, demographic characteristics of riders, and injury outcomes. The results identified a number of key collision and rider characteristics that were associated with motorcyclist injury, including riding on rural federal and state roads, and intersections in urban environments, speeding, not wearing a helmet, and being young and a male. Children and young adults were also at risk of injury as pillion passengers. These findings have significant implications for countermeasures to address priority motorcyclist trauma issues in Malaysia including improved road design, speeds, as well as supporting educational and enforcement initiatives.

Seat belts are one of the most effective passive safety features in vehicles and there is a host of research literature attesting to the effectiveness of seat belts in protecting against death and injury. Even when use rates are high the potential gains in trauma reduction from further improvements in wearing rates are substantial. However, those currently most resistant to restraint use have also proven most difficult to target using conventional countermeasures. It is necessary to address the issues of non-wearing in order to achieve further gains in seat belt wearing. This study provide evidence-based recommendations for the way forward to tackle the problems of adult restraint non-use in light passenger vehicles in the short, medium and longer term in Australia. While there are substantial issues to be addressed for these groups, these are outside the scope of this study.