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The distribution and population density of red deer (Cervus elaphus) are increasing in several regions of Europe. The deer may cause severe damage in commercial forestry and agriculture. Bark stripping is the main problem in forests, especially on Norway spruce (Picea abies), and is thought to mostly occur during winter when other forage is scarce. It has been suggested that an imbalance in the nutrient intake, and especially a diet including high amounts of easily-digestible macronutrients, such as agricultural crops, can lead to an increased urge to consume bark. Feeding on brassicas, for example rapeseed (Brassica napus) might have this effect. The aim with this study was to investigate the relationship between intake of rapeseed and bark stripping on Norway spruce by red deer during early spring. We did this by a controlled feeding experiment with four groups of captive red deer in southern Sweden. All groups were given spruce logs every week, while only two groups had access to freshly harvested rapeseed plants. In addition, influence of air temperature and forage nutritional composition was taken into account. Our results show that red deer bark stripping can be considerable not only during winter but also during spring green-up. We found no significant influence of rapeseed on bark stripping performed by the deer. However, at a threshold temperature, deer suddenly started to ingest large amounts of bark biomass, coinciding with a significant change in the bark's concentration of starch. We suggest that the lack of effect of rapeseed feeding can partly be explained by overshadowing effects caused by such seasonal changes of bark character-istics, and partly by the fact that the rapeseed plants in our study contained lower than expected concentrations of easily-digestible macronutrients (apart from protein). We conclude that the risk of damage on spruce can be especially high during certain periods, something that is important to consider when mitigating bark s

The distribution and population density of red deer (Cervus elaphus) are increasing in several regions of Europe. The deer may cause severe damage in commercial forestry and agriculture. Bark stripping is the main problem in forests, especially on Norway spruce (Picea abies), and is thought to mostly occur during winter when other forage is scarce. It has been suggested that an imbalance in the nutrient intake, and especially a diet including high amounts of easily-digestible macronutrients, such as agricultural crops, can lead to an increased urge to consume bark. Feeding on brassicas, for example rapeseed (Brassica napus) might have this effect. The aim with this study was to investigate the relationship between intake of rapeseed and bark stripping on Norway spruce by red deer during early spring. We did this by a controlled feeding experiment with four groups of captive red deer in southern Sweden. All groups were given spruce logs every week, while only two groups had access to freshly harvested rapeseed plants. In addition, influence of air temperature and forage nutritional composition was taken into account. Our results show that red deer bark stripping can be considerable not only during winter but also during spring green-up. We found no significant influence of rapeseed on bark stripping performed by the deer. However, at a threshold temperature, deer suddenly started to ingest large amounts of bark biomass, coinciding with a significant change in the bark's concentration of starch. We suggest that the lack of effect of rapeseed feeding can partly be explained by overshadowing effects caused by such seasonal changes of bark character-istics, and partly by the fact that the rapeseed plants in our study contained lower than expected concentrations of easily-digestible macronutrients (apart from protein). We conclude that the risk of damage on spruce can be especially high during certain periods, something that is important to consider when mitigating bark s

The distribution and population density of red deer (Cervus elaphus) are increasing in several regions of Europe. The deer may cause severe damage in commercial forestry and agriculture. Bark stripping is the main problem in forests, especially on Norway spruce (Picea abies), and is thought to mostly occur during winter when other forage is scarce. It has been suggested that an imbalance in the nutrient intake, and especially a diet including high amounts of easily-digestible macronutrients, such as agricultural crops, can lead to an increased urge to consume bark. Feeding on brassicas, for example rapeseed (Brassica napus) might have this effect. The aim with this study was to investigate the relationship between intake of rapeseed and bark stripping on Norway spruce by red deer during early spring. We did this by a controlled feeding experiment with four groups of captive red deer in southern Sweden. All groups were given spruce logs every week, while only two groups had access to freshly harvested rapeseed plants. In addition, influence of air temperature and forage nutritional composition was taken into account. Our results show that red deer bark stripping can be considerable not only during winter but also during spring green-up. We found no significant influence of rapeseed on bark stripping performed by the deer. However, at a threshold temperature, deer suddenly started to ingest large amounts of bark biomass, coinciding with a significant change in the bark's concentration of starch. We suggest that the lack of effect of rapeseed feeding can partly be explained by overshadowing effects caused by such seasonal changes of bark character-istics, and partly by the fact that the rapeseed plants in our study contained lower than expected concentrations of easily-digestible macronutrients (apart from protein). We conclude that the risk of damage on spruce can be especially high during certain periods, something that is important to consider when mitigating bark s

Suitability of the vegetation indices of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), blue normalized difference vegetation index (BNDVI), and normalized difference yellowness index (NDYI) obtained by means of UAV at the flowering stage of oil seed rape for the prediction of seed yield and usability of these vegetation indices in the identification of anomalies in the condition of the flowering growth were verified based on the regression analysis. Correlation analysis was performed to find the degree of yield dependence on the values of NDVI, BNDVI, and NDYI indices, which revealed a strong, significant linear positive dependence of seed yield on BNDVI (R = 0.98) and NDYI (R = 0.95). The level of correlation between the NDVI index and the seed yield was weaker (R = 0.70) than the others. Regression analysis was performed for a closer determination of the functional dependence of NDVI, BNDVI, and NDYI indices and the yield of seeds. Coefficients of determination in the linear regression model of NDVI, BNDVI, and NDYI indices reached the following values: R2 = 0.48 (NDVI), R2 = 0.95 (BNDVI), and R2 = 0.90 (NDYI). Thus, it was shown that increased density of yellow flowers decreased the relationship between NDVI and crop yield. The NDVI index is not appropriate for assessing growth conditions and prediction of yields at the flowering stage of oil seed rape. High accuracy of yield prediction was achieved with the use of BNDVI and NDYI. The performed analysis of NDVI, BNDVI, and NDYI demonstrated that particularly the BNDVI and NDYI indices can be used to identify problems in the development of oil seed rape growth at the stage of flowering, for their precise localization, and hence to targeted and effective remedial measures in line with the principles of precision agriculture., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

The distribution and population density of red deer (Cervus elaphus) are increasing in several regions of Europe. The deer may cause severe damage in commercial forestry and agriculture. Bark stripping is the main problem in forests, especially on Norway spruce (Picea abies), and is thought to mostly occur during winter when other forage is scarce. It has been suggested that an imbalance in the nutrient intake, and especially a diet including high amounts of easily-digestible macronutrients, such as agricultural crops, can lead to an increased urge to consume bark. Feeding on brassicas, for example rapeseed (Brassica napus) might have this effect. The aim with this study was to investigate the relationship between intake of rapeseed and bark stripping on Norway spruce by red deer during early spring. We did this by a controlled feeding experiment with four groups of captive red deer in southern Sweden. All groups were given spruce logs every week, while only two groups had access to freshly harvested rapeseed plants. In addition, influence of air temperature and forage nutritional composition was taken into account. Our results show that red deer bark stripping can be considerable not only during winter but also during spring green-up. We found no significant influence of rapeseed on bark stripping performed by the deer. However, at a threshold temperature, deer suddenly started to ingest large amounts of bark biomass, coinciding with a significant change in the bark's concentration of starch. We suggest that the lack of effect of rapeseed feeding can partly be explained by overshadowing effects caused by such seasonal changes of bark character-istics, and partly by the fact that the rapeseed plants in our study contained lower than expected concentrations of easily-digestible macronutrients (apart from protein). We conclude that the risk of damage on spruce can be especially high during certain periods, something that is important to consider when mitigating bark s

Suitability of the vegetation indices of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), blue normalized difference vegetation index (BNDVI), and normalized difference yellowness index (NDYI) obtained by means of UAV at the flowering stage of oil seed rape for the prediction of seed yield and usability of these vegetation indices in the identification of anomalies in the condition of the flowering growth were verified based on the regression analysis. Correlation analysis was performed to find the degree of yield dependence on the values of NDVI, BNDVI, and NDYI indices, which revealed a strong, significant linear positive dependence of seed yield on BNDVI (R = 0.98) and NDYI (R = 0.95). The level of correlation between the NDVI index and the seed yield was weaker (R = 0.70) than the others. Regression analysis was performed for a closer determination of the functional dependence of NDVI, BNDVI, and NDYI indices and the yield of seeds. Coefficients of determination in the linear regression model of NDVI, BNDVI, and NDYI indices reached the following values: R2 = 0.48 (NDVI), R2 = 0.95 (BNDVI), and R2 = 0.90 (NDYI). Thus, it was shown that increased density of yellow flowers decreased the relationship between NDVI and crop yield. The NDVI index is not appropriate for assessing growth conditions and prediction of yields at the flowering stage of oil seed rape. High accuracy of yield prediction was achieved with the use of BNDVI and NDYI. The performed analysis of NDVI, BNDVI, and NDYI demonstrated that particularly the BNDVI and NDYI indices can be used to identify problems in the development of oil seed rape growth at the stage of flowering, for their precise localization, and hence to targeted and effective remedial measures in line with the principles of precision agriculture., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

The distribution and population density of red deer (Cervus elaphus) are increasing in several regions of Europe. The deer may cause severe damage in commercial forestry and agriculture. Bark stripping is the main problem in forests, especially on Norway spruce (Picea abies), and is thought to mostly occur during winter when other forage is scarce. It has been suggested that an imbalance in the nutrient intake, and especially a diet including high amounts of easily-digestible macronutrients, such as agricultural crops, can lead to an increased urge to consume bark. Feeding on brassicas, for example rapeseed (Brassica napus) might have this effect. The aim with this study was to investigate the relationship between intake of rapeseed and bark stripping on Norway spruce by red deer during early spring. We did this by a controlled feeding experiment with four groups of captive red deer in southern Sweden. All groups were given spruce logs every week, while only two groups had access to freshly harvested rapeseed plants. In addition, influence of air temperature and forage nutritional composition was taken into account. Our results show that red deer bark stripping can be considerable not only during winter but also during spring green-up. We found no significant influence of rapeseed on bark stripping performed by the deer. However, at a threshold temperature, deer suddenly started to ingest large amounts of bark biomass, coinciding with a significant change in the bark's concentration of starch. We suggest that the lack of effect of rapeseed feeding can partly be explained by overshadowing effects caused by such seasonal changes of bark characteristics, and partly by the fact that the rapeseed plants in our study contained lower than expected concentrations of easily-digestible macronutrients (apart from protein). We conclude that the risk of damage on spruce can be especially high during certain periods, something that is important to consider when mitigating bark st, Funding text: We thank Kurt Svensson, Lars Hansson, Charlotte Hansson, Emy Vu, Johan Andersson and Klas Pernebratt. The study was financed by The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (802-0100-15) and The Swedish Association for Hunting and Wildlife Management (F2015/131) . Annika M. Felton was financed by the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (FR -2016/0005) . Johan Mnsson was financed by SLU and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency.

Suitability of the vegetation indices of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), blue normalized difference vegetation index (BNDVI), and normalized difference yellowness index (NDYI) obtained by means of UAV at the flowering stage of oil seed rape for the prediction of seed yield and usability of these vegetation indices in the identification of anomalies in the condition of the flowering growth were verified based on the regression analysis. Correlation analysis was performed to find the degree of yield dependence on the values of NDVI, BNDVI, and NDYI indices, which revealed a strong, significant linear positive dependence of seed yield on BNDVI (R = 0.98) and NDYI (R = 0.95). The level of correlation between the NDVI index and the seed yield was weaker (R = 0.70) than the others. Regression analysis was performed for a closer determination of the functional dependence of NDVI, BNDVI, and NDYI indices and the yield of seeds. Coefficients of determination in the linear regression model of NDVI, BNDVI, and NDYI indices reached the following values: R2 = 0.48 (NDVI), R2 = 0.95 (BNDVI), and R2 = 0.90 (NDYI). Thus, it was shown that increased density of yellow flowers decreased the relationship between NDVI and crop yield. The NDVI index is not appropriate for assessing growth conditions and prediction of yields at the flowering stage of oil seed rape. High accuracy of yield prediction was achieved with the use of BNDVI and NDYI. The performed analysis of NDVI, BNDVI, and NDYI demonstrated that particularly the BNDVI and NDYI indices can be used to identify problems in the development of oil seed rape growth at the stage of flowering, for their precise localization, and hence to targeted and effective remedial measures in line with the principles of precision agriculture.

Suitability of the vegetation indices of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), blue normalized difference vegetation index (BNDVI), and normalized difference yellowness index (NDYI) obtained by means of UAV at the flowering stage of oil seed rape for the prediction of seed yield and usability of these vegetation indices in the identification of anomalies in the condition of the flowering growth were verified based on the regression analysis. Correlation analysis was performed to find the degree of yield dependence on the values of NDVI, BNDVI, and NDYI indices, which revealed a strong, significant linear positive dependence of seed yield on BNDVI (R = 0.98) and NDYI (R = 0.95). The level of correlation between the NDVI index and the seed yield was weaker (R = 0.70) than the others. Regression analysis was performed for a closer determination of the functional dependence of NDVI, BNDVI, and NDYI indices and the yield of seeds. Coefficients of determination in the linear regression model of NDVI, BNDVI, and NDYI indices reached the following values: R2 = 0.48 (NDVI), R2 = 0.95 (BNDVI), and R2 = 0.90 (NDYI). Thus, it was shown that increased density of yellow flowers decreased the relationship between NDVI and crop yield. The NDVI index is not appropriate for assessing growth conditions and prediction of yields at the flowering stage of oil seed rape. High accuracy of yield prediction was achieved with the use of BNDVI and NDYI. The performed analysis of NDVI, BNDVI, and NDYI demonstrated that particularly the BNDVI and NDYI indices can be used to identify problems in the development of oil seed rape growth at the stage of flowering, for their precise localization, and hence to targeted and effective remedial measures in line with the principles of precision agriculture., info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

The distribution and population density of red deer (Cervus elaphus) are increasing in several regions of Europe. The deer may cause severe damage in commercial forestry and agriculture. Bark stripping is the main problem in forests, especially on Norway spruce (Picea abies), and is thought to mostly occur during winter when other forage is scarce. It has been suggested that an imbalance in the nutrient intake, and especially a diet including high amounts of easily-digestible macronutrients, such as agricultural crops, can lead to an increased urge to consume bark. Feeding on brassicas, for example rapeseed (Brassica napus) might have this effect. The aim with this study was to investigate the relationship between intake of rapeseed and bark stripping on Norway spruce by red deer during early spring. We did this by a controlled feeding experiment with four groups of captive red deer in southern Sweden. All groups were given spruce logs every week, while only two groups had access to freshly harvested rapeseed plants. In addition, influence of air temperature and forage nutritional composition was taken into account. Our results show that red deer bark stripping can be considerable not only during winter but also during spring green-up. We found no significant influence of rapeseed on bark stripping performed by the deer. However, at a threshold temperature, deer suddenly started to ingest large amounts of bark biomass, coinciding with a significant change in the bark's concentration of starch. We suggest that the lack of effect of rapeseed feeding can partly be explained by overshadowing effects caused by such seasonal changes of bark character-istics, and partly by the fact that the rapeseed plants in our study contained lower than expected concentrations of easily-digestible macronutrients (apart from protein). We conclude that the risk of damage on spruce can be especially high during certain periods, something that is important to consider when mitigating bark s

Red deer (Cervus elaphus) is increasing in distribution and population density in several regions of Europe and may cause severe damage in commercial forestry and agriculture. Bark stripping is the main problem in forests, especially on Norway spruce (Picea abies). It has been suggested that an imbalance in the nutrient intake, and especially a diet composed of high amounts of easily-digestible macronutrients, such as crops, can lead to an increased urge to consume bark. Feeding on brassicas, for example oil seed rape (Brassica napus) might have this effect. My aim with this study is to investigate the relationship between intake of oil seed rape and bark stripping on Norway spruce by red deer during early spring. I did this by a controlled feeding experiment with four groups of captive red deer in southern Sweden. All groups were given spruce logs every week, while only two groups had access to fresh harvested oil seed rape plants. In addition, influence of air temperature and plant diversity was taken into account, and the deers’ selectivity of different parts of oil seed rape plants was measured. My results show that red deer bark stripping can be considerable not only during periods of food shortage but also during spring green-up. There was no significant influence of oil seed rape on bark stripping. This was most likely due to overshadowing factors: air temperature was significantly positively related to bark intake, and red deer in enclosures with lowest plant diversity consumed the highest amount of bark. Finally, red deer showed a positive selection towards leaves, rather than stems, of oil seed rape, and this selection increased with the amount of oil seed rape provided (the dose). I conclude that to understand and to mitigate bark stripping by red deer on spruce several interactive effects must be considered, such as crop intake, plant diversity in the habitat and air temperature. Obviously, interactions between agriculture and forestry needs to be furthe

Ispitivanje bionomije male repičine pipe (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus) i velike repičine pipe (Ceutorhynchus napi) obavljeno je na dva lokaliteta u Bačkoj, Vojvodina, Srbija. Jedan od lokaliteta, Rimski šančevi, nalazi se u južnom delu, a drugi, Crvenka, u centralnom delu Bačke. Brojnost vrsta je praćena upotrebom metoda žutih lovnih posuda (Merikovi sudovi), sakupljanjem kečerom i vizuelnim pregledom, tokom sezona 2011-2013. Najefikasnija je bila metoda žutih lovnih posuda sa 73% od ukupno uhvaćenih jedinki. Na drugom mestu je metoda izlovljavanja kečerom (17,5%) a na trećem vizuelna metoda (9,5%). Ukupno je uhvaćeno 1007 jedinki od kojih 530 na lokalitetu Rimski šančevi (285 jedinki male repičine pipe i 245 jedinki velike repičine pipe) i 477 jedinki na lokalitetu Crvenka (117 jedinki male repičine pipe i 360 jedinki velike repičine pipe). Mala repičina pipa je bila brojnija na lokalitetu Rimski šančevi dok je na lokalitetu Crvenka brojnija bila velika repičina pipa. Mužjaci i ženke obe vrste su se javljali skoro u isto vreme. Seksualni indeks je iznosio približno 1:1 sa variranjima u odnosu na lokalitet i godinu. Utvrđen je početak aktivnosti, maksimalna brojnost odraslih jedinki kao i završetak aktivnosti na oba lokaliteta tokom svake godine praćenja. Početak aktivnosti, za obe vrste, je uglavnom sredinom marta a maksimum leta krajem marta i početkom aprila. U drugoj polovini aprila brojnost opada. Zabeležena je sporadična pojava jedinki nove generacije krajem maja i početkom juna meseca. Uticaj larvi male i velike repičine pipe na biljke uljane repice ispitivan je u izolacionim kavezima tokom 2012. i 2013. godine u varijantama sa različitim brojem jedinki svake vrste pojedinačno i kombinovano. Iako su postojale statistički značajne razlike (P˂0,05) između varijanti za parametre visina biljaka i visina prve bočne grane, nisu uočene pravilnosti u vezi sa uticajem konkretne varijante na date parametre. Broj oštećenih listova bio je najveći kod varijante sa jednom, Investigation on cabbage stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus) and rape stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus napi) bionomy was done on two sites in Vojvodina province, Serbia. One of them, Rimski šančevi, is located in the southern part, and the other, Crvenka, in the central part of Bačka region. The species were monitored from 2011 to 2013 using yellow water traps method (Moericke dishes), sweep netting and visual method. The yellow water trap method was the most efficient, yielding 73% of the total collected specimens, followed by the sweeping method, with 17.5% of sampled specimens, while the visual method gave the poorest results with 9.5% of specimens. In total, 1007 specimens were collected, 530 of which at Rimski šančevi (285 cabbage stem weevil specimens and 245 rape stem weevil specimens) and 477 at Crvenka (117 cabbage stem weevil specimens and 360 rape stem weevil specimens). The cabbage stem weevil was more abundant at Rimski šančevi while the situation was inverted in Crvenka where rape stem weevil was more common species. Males and females appeared synchronically at both localities. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1, with variations between sites and year. The beginning and the end of the flight period, as well as its maximum, were determined for the two species in both sites during every year. Both species usually resume their feeding activities starting from the middle of March, while maximum flight usually occurs at the beginning of April. In the second half of April activity declined. The occurrence of the new generation was recorded in the second half of May and beginning of June. The potential harmfulness of both species to oilseed rape was estimated using isolation cages during 2012 and 2013 with different combinations of both species. Although there were significant statistical differences (P˂0.05) between variants for plant height and first lateral raceme height parameters, no specific correlation with certain variant was obtained. The highest me

Investigation on cabbage stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus) and rape stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus napi) bionomy was done on two sites in Vojvodina province, Serbia. One of them, Rimski šančevi, is located in the southern part, and the other, Crvenka, in the central part of Bačka region. The species were monitored from 2011 to 2013 using yellow water traps method (Moericke dishes), sweep netting and visual method. The yellow water trap method was the most efficient, yielding 73% of the total collected specimens, followed by the sweeping method, with 17.5% of sampled specimens, while the visual method gave the poorest results with 9.5% of specimens. In total, 1007 specimens were collected, 530 of which at Rimski šančevi (285 cabbage stem weevil specimens and 245 rape stem weevil specimens) and 477 at Crvenka (117 cabbage stem weevil specimens and 360 rape stem weevil specimens). The cabbage stem weevil was more abundant at Rimski šančevi while the situation was inverted in Crvenka where rape stem weevil was more common species. Males and females appeared synchronically at both localities. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1, with variations between sites and year. The beginning and the end of the flight period, as well as its maximum, were determined for the two species in both sites during every year. Both species usually resume their feeding activities starting from the middle of March, while maximum flight usually occurs at the beginning of April. In the second half of April activity declined. The occurrence of the new generation was recorded in the second half of May and beginning of June. The potential harmfulness of both species to oilseed rape was estimated using isolation cages during 2012 and 2013 with different combinations of both species. Although there were significant statistical differences (P˂0.05) between variants for plant height and first lateral raceme height parameters, no specific correlation with certain variant was obtained. The highest me, Ispitivanje bionomije male repičine pipe (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus) i velike repičine pipe (Ceutorhynchus napi) obavljeno je na dva lokaliteta u Bačkoj, Vojvodina, Srbija. Jedan od lokaliteta, Rimski šančevi, nalazi se u južnom delu, a drugi, Crvenka, u centralnom delu Bačke. Brojnost vrsta je praćena upotrebom metoda žutih lovnih posuda (Merikovi sudovi), sakupljanjem kečerom i vizuelnim pregledom, tokom sezona 2011-2013. Najefikasnija je bila metoda žutih lovnih posuda sa 73% od ukupno uhvaćenih jedinki. Na drugom mestu je metoda izlovljavanja kečerom (17,5%) a na trećem vizuelna metoda (9,5%). Ukupno je uhvaćeno 1007 jedinki od kojih 530 na lokalitetu Rimski šančevi (285 jedinki male repičine pipe i 245 jedinki velike repičine pipe) i 477 jedinki na lokalitetu Crvenka (117 jedinki male repičine pipe i 360 jedinki velike repičine pipe). Mala repičina pipa je bila brojnija na lokalitetu Rimski šančevi dok je na lokalitetu Crvenka brojnija bila velika repičina pipa. Mužjaci i ženke obe vrste su se javljali skoro u isto vreme. Seksualni indeks je iznosio približno 1:1 sa variranjima u odnosu na lokalitet i godinu. Utvrđen je početak aktivnosti, maksimalna brojnost odraslih jedinki kao i završetak aktivnosti na oba lokaliteta tokom svake godine praćenja. Početak aktivnosti, za obe vrste, je uglavnom sredinom marta a maksimum leta krajem marta i početkom aprila. U drugoj polovini aprila brojnost opada. Zabeležena je sporadična pojava jedinki nove generacije krajem maja i početkom juna meseca. Uticaj larvi male i velike repičine pipe na biljke uljane repice ispitivan je u izolacionim kavezima tokom 2012. i 2013. godine u varijantama sa različitim brojem jedinki svake vrste pojedinačno i kombinovano. Iako su postojale statistički značajne razlike (P˂0,05) između varijanti za parametre visina biljaka i visina prve bočne grane, nisu uočene pravilnosti u vezi sa uticajem konkretne varijante na date parametre. Broj oštećenih listova bio je najveći kod varijante sa jednom

Research objective. The study was aimed to establish development and distribution patterns of cabbage stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus), cabbage seed weevil (C. obstrictus) and Brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae) in winter and spring oilseed rape crops, to estimate insect damage, to compare the efficacy of insecticides of different mode of action and to determine the optimal timing of insecticide application. Research tasks. 1. To determine species abundance and diversity of Ceutorhynchus spp. infesting oilseed rape crops. 2. To study cabbage stem weevil’s (C. pallidactylus) biology (migration activity of adult insects, embryonic and post-embryonic development) in winter and spring oilseed rape crops and to estimate insect injury. 3. To establish the patterns of distribution of adults of cabbage seed weevil (C. obstrictus) as well as those of embryonic and post-embryonic development in winter and spring oilseed rape crops and to estimate insect injury. 4. To explore the biology of Brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae), to identify distribution and development peculiarities and damage done to winter and spring oilseed rape. 5. To determine biological and economic efficacy and optimal application timing of insecticides of different mode of action against stem (C. pallidactylus) and pod (C. obstrictus and D. brassicae) insect pests in winter and spring oilseed rape., Tyrimų tikslas. Nustatyti kopūstinių stiebinių paslėptastraublių (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus), ankštarinių paslėptastraublių (C. obstrictus) ir ankštarinių gumbauodžių (Dasineura brassicae) plitimo ir vystymosi ypatumus žieminiuose ir vasariniuose rapsuose bei žalingumą, palyginti skirtingo poveikio insekticidų efektyvumą ir nustatyti optimalų insekticidų naudojimo laiką nuo šių kenkėjų. Tyrimų uždaviniai. 1. Nustatyti žieminių ir vasarinių rapsų pasėliuose plintančių paslėptastraublių (Ceutorhynchus spp.) rūšių gausumą ir įvairovę. 2. Ištirti kopūstinių stiebinių paslėptastraublių (C. pallidactylus) biologiją (suaugėlių migracijos aktyvumą, embrioninį ir poembrioninį vystymąsi) žieminiuose ir vasariniuose rapsuose, įvertinti šių kenkėjų žalingumą. 3. Nustatyti ankštarinių paslėptastraublių (C. obstrictus) suaugėlių paplitimo, embrioninio ir poembrioninio vystymosi ypatumus žieminiuose ir vasariniuose rapsuose bei jų žalingumą. 4. Ištirti ankštarinių gumbauodžių (Dasineura brassicae) biologiją, nustatyti jų žalingumą bei vystymosi ypatumus žieminiuose ir vasariniuose rapsuose. 5. Nustatyti skirtingo poveikio insekticidų biologinį ir ūkinį efektyvumą ir optimalų jų naudojimo laiką nuo stiebų (C. pallidactylus) ir ankštarų kenkėjų (C. obstrictus ir D. brassicae) žieminiuose ir vasariniuose rapsuose.

Research objective. The study was aimed to establish development and distribution patterns of cabbage stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus), cabbage seed weevil (C. obstrictus) and Brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae) in winter and spring oilseed rape crops, to estimate insect damage, to compare the efficacy of insecticides of different mode of action and to determine the optimal timing of insecticide application. Research tasks. 1. To determine species abundance and diversity of Ceutorhynchus spp. infesting oilseed rape crops. 2. To study cabbage stem weevil’s (C. pallidactylus) biology (migration activity of adult insects, embryonic and post-embryonic development) in winter and spring oilseed rape crops and to estimate insect injury. 3. To establish the patterns of distribution of adults of cabbage seed weevil (C. obstrictus) as well as those of embryonic and post-embryonic development in winter and spring oilseed rape crops and to estimate insect injury. 4. To explore the biology of Brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae), to identify distribution and development peculiarities and damage done to winter and spring oilseed rape. 5. To determine biological and economic efficacy and optimal application timing of insecticides of different mode of action against stem (C. pallidactylus) and pod (C. obstrictus and D. brassicae) insect pests in winter and spring oilseed rape., Tyrimų tikslas. Nustatyti kopūstinių stiebinių paslėptastraublių (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus), ankštarinių paslėptastraublių (C. obstrictus) ir ankštarinių gumbauodžių (Dasineura brassicae) plitimo ir vystymosi ypatumus žieminiuose ir vasariniuose rapsuose bei žalingumą, palyginti skirtingo poveikio insekticidų efektyvumą ir nustatyti optimalų insekticidų naudojimo laiką nuo šių kenkėjų. Tyrimų uždaviniai. 1. Nustatyti žieminių ir vasarinių rapsų pasėliuose plintančių paslėptastraublių (Ceutorhynchus spp.) rūšių gausumą ir įvairovę. 2. Ištirti kopūstinių stiebinių paslėptastraublių (C. pallidactylus) biologiją (suaugėlių migracijos aktyvumą, embrioninį ir poembrioninį vystymąsi) žieminiuose ir vasariniuose rapsuose, įvertinti šių kenkėjų žalingumą. 3. Nustatyti ankštarinių paslėptastraublių (C. obstrictus) suaugėlių paplitimo, embrioninio ir poembrioninio vystymosi ypatumus žieminiuose ir vasariniuose rapsuose bei jų žalingumą. 4. Ištirti ankštarinių gumbauodžių (Dasineura brassicae) biologiją, nustatyti jų žalingumą bei vystymosi ypatumus žieminiuose ir vasariniuose rapsuose. 5. Nustatyti skirtingo poveikio insekticidų biologinį ir ūkinį efektyvumą ir optimalų jų naudojimo laiką nuo stiebų (C. pallidactylus) ir ankštarų kenkėjų (C. obstrictus ir D. brassicae) žieminiuose ir vasariniuose rapsuose.

Oil seed rape is important culture for oil production. Oil seed rape vegetation started at the end of summer or at the beginning of autumn and finished at beginning of summer next year. During this vegetation it is necessary to protect oil seed rape against some insects like meligethes aeneus which cause damages and decrease of yield. In this paper it was analyze problems in oil seed rape protection against insects. Accent is on analyses of bio-efficacy and quality parameters by treatment with different type of nozzles. The most important quality parameters which was analyze in this paper is leaf coverage. Beside this research it was also analyzed transversal distribution of nozzles. Treating was done with application rate 200 l/ha and three different type of nozzles. The lowest leaf coverage was achieved with standard nozzles Lechler LU120-04, 36,79 %. Better coverage was achieved with nozzles IDK 120-04, 37,24 % and the best coverages of 44,64 % was reach with 'Twin Jet' IDKT 120-04 nozzles. It was not found any different in bio-efficacy by treatment with different type of nozzles, but because very low insects attack intensity this results should be take with reserve. Checking of transversal distribution shown that CV of different nozzles was between 4,86 % and 6,02 %, which is good, because permit level is 10 %., Uljana repica je važna uljana kultura. Njena vegetacija počinje krajem leta i početkom jeseni, a završava se obično početkom leta naredne godine. Tokom vegetacije vrši se hemijska zaštita uljane repice u cilju suzbijanja sjajnika i repine pipe. U radu su dati rezultati istraživanja kvaliteta i biološke efikasnosti hemijske zaštite repice protiv sjajnika i repine pipe uz istovremenu analizu uniformnosti poprečne distribucije. Tretiranje je obavljeno sa normom od 200 l/ha i tri vrste rasprskivača na istoj parceli u istim uslovima. Kvalitet tretiranja je praćen analizom pokrivenosti. Najbolja pokrivenost od 44,64 % je ostvarena primenom Lechler Twin Jet IDKT 120-04 rasprskivača dok primena klasičnog injektorskog Lechler IDK 120-04 i standardnog rasprskivača Lechler LU 120-04 beleži gotovo identičnu pokrivenost od 37,24 % i 36,79 %. Analiza biološke efikasnosti nije dala nikakve razlike po pitanju primene različitih tipova rasprskivača, ali zbog izuzetno slabog intenziteta napada štetočina ove rezultate treba uzeti sa rezervom. Provera koeficijenta varijacije poprečne distribuciju je pokazala da je poprečna distribucija sva tri rasprskivača bila dobra i kretala se u intervalu od 4,86 % do 6,02 %, što su vrednosti manje od dozvoljenih 10 %.

Oil seed rape is one of three most important culture on the world. Production and protection of oil seed have some specific according to other cultures. When we speak of mechanization in oil seed production then we think on seed treatment with plant protection products. There is also need for protection against weeds, disease and insect. Sometime we need to protect oil seed rape against rodent using some rodenticide. In some moister condition it can be done desiccation with nonselective herbicide. Efficiency of pesticide application depends from application time and correct use and choice of machine and nozzles for application. This paper work analyze problems in oil seed rape protection from insects meligethes aeneus which cause damages and decrease of yield. Accent is on quality parameters analyses of using different type of nozzles for insecticides application in spring. The most important parameters which was analyze in this paper is leaf coverage. Treating was done with application rate 200 l/ha and three different type of nozzles. The lowest leaf coverage was achieved with standard nozzles Lechler LU12004, 36,79 %. Better coverage was achieved with nozzles IDK 12004, 37,24 % and the best overages was reached with 'Twin Jet' IDKT 04 nozzles. It was a coverage of 44,64 %., Uljana repica je veoma važna uljana kultura. Njena vegetacija počinje krajem leta i početkom jeseni, a završava se obično početkom leta naredne godine. Njeno gajenje i zaštita u odnosu na druge kulture, ima određenih specifičnosti. Mehanizovana hemijska zaštita uljane repice obuhvata uobičajene mere i dopunske mere, koje se sprovode ukoliko to uslovi zahtevaju. Uobičajeno je da se obavlja tretiranje semena repice fungicidima i insekticidima, dok se u prolećnom periodu u toku vegetacije, vrši zaštita od štetočina (sjajnik). Po potrebi izvodi se zaštita od korova, u nekim slučajevima, vrši se tretiranje protiv bolesti fungicidima u toku vegetacije. Ako period sazrevanja uljane repice prate česte kiše, može se sprovesti mehanizovana desikacija. U radu su dati rezultati istraživanja mehanizovane hemijske zaštite repice u toku vegetacije protiv štetočina (sjajnik). Tretiranje je obavljeno sa normom od 200 l/ha i tri vrste rasprskivača na istoj parceli u istim uslovima. Najniža pokrivenost površina, ostvarena je korišćenjem standardnih rasprskivača Lechler LU12004 (crveni) od 36, 79 %, nešto viša sa rasprskivačima IDK od 37,24 %, a značajno viša 44,64 % sa rasprskivačima sa duplim mlazom Twin Jet.

Protection of oil seed rape is very complex. Particular aspect is possibility of reduce pesticide application, especially insecticides applications using equipment for band treating with sowing or cultivation, furrow treating with tube pumps, pesticide application with distributor and seed treating. Seed treating is the best technical solution although expensive technology. Seed treating is final phase in seed processing and for that we need seed treater. Aim of this paperwork was to establish ecology advantages and quality of insecticides seed treating with treater. Quantity of insecitides per hectar is 0,03 do 0,04 l/ha, when we do seed treating. In this case there is only 3 % of soil contamination according 100 % of soil contamination when we use sprayers. Deviation of insecticides active materials for different oil seed rape sorts was from 1,28 to 2,9 %. That confirmation of seed treating quality together with ecology advantages put seed treating on the top of chemical protection measures., Zaštita uljane repice zasniva se na korišćenju velikog broja mera za suzbijanja patogena i insekata. Kada se govori o hemijskim merama, poseban aspekt je analiza mogućnosti redukovane primene insekticida korišćenjem posebnih uređaja kao što su: uređaji za tretiranje u trake zajedno sa setvom ili kultivacijom, tretiranje u brazdicu sa peristaltik pumpom, depozitori za granulisane preparate i tretiranje semena. Tretiranje semena je najbolje tehnološko rešenje, iako je tehnologija nanošenja pesticida skupa. Hemijsko tretiranje semena je završna faza dorade i vrši se specijalnim uređajima za zaprašivanje semena koji se zovu zaprašivači. U slučaju tretiranja semena insekticidom količina istog se kreće po hektaru od 0,03 do 0,04 l/ha uz svega 3 % kontaminacije zemljišta u odnosu na 100 % kontaminacije kod primene tretiranja prskalicama. Odstupanje ravnomernosti nanošenja aktivne materije insekticida od željene vrednosti se kretalo u rasponu od 1,28 do 2,9 % što je potvrda kvaliteta ove hemijske mere, koja je uz pomenuti ekološki značaj stavlja na sam vrh hemijske zaštite bez obzira na nešto veću cenu koštanja.