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The paper summarises the results achieved during the first 18 months of the project THE FLOW (Interactions-Transmission-Transformation: Long-distance connections in Copper and Bronze Age of the Central Balkans). The project team has visited 12 museums in the territory of Central Serbia and accumulated a total of 5,000 km of road trips. More than 400 pottery samples from 67 archaeological sites were collected for provenance analyses, thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence dating. Samples have also been collected from more than 150 bronze and 64 copper artifacts, as well as more than 25 samples from clay pits and ore deposits. A total of 30 samples from obsidian artifacts have been collected. Following the collection of samples, procurement procedures were conducted for AMS and TL/OSL dating, as well as calls for isotopic analyses of copper and tin provenance. Contracts for TL/OSL analyses have been signed with Instituto Universitario de Geología “Isidro Parga Pondal” from La Coruña (Spain), and for AMS analyses with Isotoptech Zrt. from Debrecen (Hungary), and Rutgers University in New Jersey (USA). Laboratory research within the project has so far brought many important results, among which are those on the origin of the raw materials for making the analysed ceramic vessels, as well as the pigments used for their decoration. Extremely significant data was obtained on the composition of the analysed items made of metal - weapons and jewellery, on the basis of which preliminary conclusions were made about the technology of their production, and them belonging to a certain region or workshop. The project initiated the creation of a network of scientific collaborations that can be continued through future joint projects and applications on international calls. The following project activities will be aimed towards the consolidation of already established methodological procedures as well as the interpretation of the awaited outcomes and their integrati

The paper summarises the results achieved during the first 18 months of the project THE FLOW (Interactions-Transmission-Transformation: Long-distance connections in Copper and Bronze Age of the Central Balkans). The project team has visited 12 museums in the territory of Central Serbia and accumulated a total of 5,000 km of road trips. More than 400 pottery samples from 67 archaeological sites were collected for provenance analyses, thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence dating. Samples have also been collected from more than 150 bronze and 64 copper artifacts, as well as more than 25 samples from clay pits and ore deposits. A total of 30 samples from obsidian artifacts have been collected. Following the collection of samples, procurement procedures were conducted for AMS and TL/OSL dating, as well as calls for isotopic analyses of copper and tin provenance. Contracts for TL/OSL analyses have been signed with Instituto Universitario de Geología “Isidro Parga Pondal” from La Coruña (Spain), and for AMS analyses with Isotoptech Zrt. from Debrecen (Hungary), and Rutgers University in New Jersey (USA). Laboratory research within the project has so far brought many important results, among which are those on the origin of the raw materials for making the analysed ceramic vessels, as well as the pigments used for their decoration. Extremely significant data was obtained on the composition of the analysed items made of metal - weapons and jewellery, on the basis of which preliminary conclusions were made about the technology of their production, and them belonging to a certain region or workshop. The project initiated the creation of a network of scientific collaborations that can be continued through future joint projects and applications on international calls. The following project activities will be aimed towards the consolidation of already established methodological procedures as well as the interpretation of the awaited outcomes and their integrati

CO2 geological storage in deep rock formations is a possible strategy to mitigate the atmospheric CO2 concentration. In storage sites, CO2 is injected through wells. The space between the metal casing of the wellbore and the host rock is filled with Portland cement in which micro-fractures on flow paths between cement and rock may originate. It has been amply shown that the interaction between CO2-rich water, hydrated Portland cement and sedimentary rocks leads to alteration of cement (dissolution of cementitious phases) and rock (dissolution of silicates) and precipitation of secondary minerals. These processes may enhance or seal the existing microfractures through which CO2 may leak. However, the integrity of the cement and (ultra)mafic rocks under acidic conditions has not been investigated. In this study, the geochemical processes associated with the interaction between CO2-rich water and mortar (composed by hydrated Portland cement and quartz aggregates) and two mafic rocks (peridotite and obsidian) were studied to evaluate the stability of wellbores in mafic rocks, i.e., the role of carbonation and dissolution mechanisms during long-term exposures to CO2-rich brines. Three column experiments were performed at 10 bar pressure, room temperature (20 ± 2°C) and two ionic strengths (4.0·10-4 M and 2.8·10-2 M). The chemical composition of the effluents was examined over time and reproduced by 2D reactive transport simulations. Experimental and model results show that dissolution of the cement phases contributed to cement alteration and buffered the solution pH, rendering low rock alteration. Water residence time affected the precipitation of secondary CO2-bearing minerals.

The paper summarises the results achieved during the first 18 months of the project THE FLOW (Interactions-Transmission-Transformation: Long-distance connections in Copper and Bronze Age of the Central Balkans). The project team has visited 12 museums in the territory of Central Serbia and accumulated a total of 5,000 km of road trips. More than 400 pottery samples from 67 archaeological sites were collected for provenance analyses, thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence dating. Samples have also been collected from more than 150 bronze and 64 copper artifacts, as well as more than 25 samples from clay pits and ore deposits. A total of 30 samples from obsidian artifacts have been collected. Following the collection of samples, procurement procedures were conducted for AMS and TL/OSL dating, as well as calls for isotopic analyses of copper and tin provenance. Contracts for TL/OSL analyses have been signed with Instituto Universitario de Geología “Isidro Parga Pondal” from La Coruña (Spain), and for AMS analyses with Isotoptech Zrt. from Debrecen (Hungary), and Rutgers University in New Jersey (USA). Laboratory research within the project has so far brought many important results, among which are those on the origin of the raw materials for making the analysed ceramic vessels, as well as the pigments used for their decoration. Extremely significant data was obtained on the composition of the analysed items made of metal - weapons and jewellery, on the basis of which preliminary conclusions were made about the technology of their production, and them belonging to a certain region or workshop. The project initiated the creation of a network of scientific collaborations that can be continued through future joint projects and applications on international calls. The following project activities will be aimed towards the consolidation of already established methodological procedures as well as the interpretation of the awaited outcomes and their integrati

This dissertation studies land tenure and resource procurement strategies among Middle Holocene hunter-gatherers in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE). The research provides a better understanding of a stratified archaeological site on the eastern flank of the Yellowstone Plateau, 48PA551, a crucial location for winter resource procurement. Geophysical survey, collection’s research, obsidian sourcing, and stable isotope analysis are all used to test theoretical models of social conditions and hunting strategies during the harsh winters of the mountainous environment of northwest Wyoming. Site 48PA551 has already proven to contain evidence for a unique Middle Archaic adaptive strategy, being one of the only locations in the GYE where housepits have been discovered in a mountainous environment. Overall, this dissertation seeks to highlight the importance of interdisciplinary approaches in archaeological research. The outcomes of this research can be used to influence and inform other fields of science such as wildlife management and ecology. It is the hope that this dissertation reflects the importance of an interdisciplinary approach and identifies tangible outcomes that can be used in other fields of scientific inquiry.

The paper presents the basic research principles of the project THE FLOW (Interactions-Transmission-Transformation: Long-distance connections in the Copper and Bronze Age of the Central Balkans), which is carried by the Institute of Archaeology in Belgrade, the Institute of Nuclear Sciences “Vinča, and the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade. The theoretical and methodological perspectives of the project research engage an interdisciplinary approach based on analytical techniques incorporated within archaeology and natural sciences, such as physics and chemistry. The project‘s goal is to apply an exact method to the problems of the origin of raw materials for the production of four specific groups of objects made of obsidian, pottery, copper, and bronze. Each of those materials represents a unique problem and requires a specific treatment, presented within this paper, together with the existing practice, analytic techniques, and methodological procedures for the collected samples. Further, the project incorporates the collection of absolute dates through AMS and OSL dating, with the application of the latest OxCal 4.4. calibration. The acquired dates, combined with the disposition of samples and raw materials will serve as the backbone for the creation of spatio-temporal models and the formation of an SQL database, all with the goal of creating the interpretative basis for the study of local paleo-economies, long-distance connections, and social networks in the Central Balkans during the Copper and Bronze Age, Rad prezentuje osnovne istraživačke smernice projekta THE FLOW (Interactions-Transmission-Transformation: Long-distance connections in Copper and Bronze Age of the Central Balkans), koji sprovode Arheološki institut, Beograd, Institut za nuklearne nauke “Vinča” i Filozofski fakultet, Univerziteta u Beogradu. Teorijske i metodološke perspektive istraživanja podrazumevaju multidisciplinarni pristup zasnovan na analitičkim tehnikama koje nude arheologiji prirodne nauke poput fizike i hemije. Cilj projekta je da se egzaktno pristupi problematici porekla sirovina za izradu predmeta korišćenih u praistoriji, koji će se odvijati kroz studije slučaja usmerene na nalaze izrađene od četiri vrste materijala: keramike, bakra, bronze i opsidijana. Svaki od navedenih materijala zahteva posebno tretiranje pa je u radu izložena osnovna istraživačka problematika, dosadašnje prakse, analitičke tehnike i metodološke procedure u ispitivanju prikupljenih uzoraka. Analize vezane za poreklo sirovina u proizvodnji keramičkih predmeta podrazumevaju nedestruktivna ispitivanja elementnog sastava EDXRF spektrometrijskom tehnikom, kao i analizu prisutnih hemijskih veza korišćenjem rFTIR spektrometrije, nakon čega će uzorci biti tretirani difraktometrijskom tehnikom (XRD), kako bi se ispitale kristalne strukture i faze u keramici, što pored hemijskog sastava treba da ukaže i na tehnologiju izrade. Sledeća studija slučaja podrazumeva analizu predmeta od bakra, tačnije analizu izotopa olova i drugih nečistoća u bakru, što uključuje i komparativnu analizu sa rudom bakra iz rudnika ili površinskih kopova koji se nalaze u blizini regiona sa konstatovanom koncentracijom bakarnih predmeta, među kojima se u prvom redu izdvajaju sekire tipa Jasladany, Kozarac, Padureni i dr. Treća studija slučaja odnosi se na analizu izotopa kalaja (Sn124) u predmetima od bronze na osnovu koje će biti izvršeno upoređivanje nalaza iz dobro definisanih hronoloških, regionalnih ili kulturno-istorijskih celina, što se posebn

Over the last decade, confocal microscopy has been increasingly employed to investigate changes in stone tool surfaces and has proved to be an accurate technique for use-wear quantification. Promising results have been obtained characterising polish formation on both experimental and archaeological flint tools. Recent studies also highlighted the potential of confocal microscopy for the analysis of tools made on reflective materials, such as quartz and quartzite. In this contribution, we explore the capacity of confocal microscopy to quantitively discriminate use-wear on obsidian tools. The experimental samples used in this study are part of the larger reference ObsiLab collection, hosted at the Laboratory of Sardinian Antiquities and Palaeoethnology in Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy). Experimentally worn areas produced by four contact materials (meat, dry hide, cereals, and wood) were scanned using a Sensofar PLu Neox confocal microscopy, with 20x and 50x objectives, and then processed with surface measurement parameters through metrology software. The analytical protocol will be presented and discussed in order to evaluate the ability of texture parameters to discriminate use-wear surfaces on obsidian tools.

The thirteenth century saw a great migration of people into the Northern Rio Grande region. One of the small, dispersed unit pueblos in the area, T’aitöna, experienced an increase in population during this period. There are multiple lines of evidence, including ritual constructions, supporting the possibility that a new cultural group joined with the local group to build the pueblo’s multistory 10 room block village. There are also indications that the different cultural groups worked to create a coalescent society, including unique architectural features such as the center-post/basin room support developed at and used throughout T’aitöna Pueblo. This thesis reports on the spatial analyses conducted on obsidian and ceramic assemblages from the T’aitöna excavations. A 323-piece obsidian assemblage was mapped based on the geological source of each artifact that was obtained through X-ray Fluorescence. At T’aitöna Pueblo, obsidian sourced from El Rechuelos, Valles Grande, and Cerro Toledo in the Jemez Mountains, were distributed in roughly the same proportions for each room block. El Rechuelos was over 50% in each location, with Valles Grande as the second most abundant, and Cerro Toledo the third most represented. Spatial analyses of the distributions of Kwahe’e Black-on-white and Santa Fe Black-on-white ceramics indicate that both pottery types were used during the 70 years that the settlement was occupied. Both the obsidian and the pottery were found in the greatest concentrations in the midden. This may be a strong indication that all the rooms in the pueblo were being used for habitation or storage. The distribution trends found in each spatial analysis support the view that the multiple cultural groups living together at T’aitöna Pueblo were participating in creating a coalescent society.

The site of Kotlina was discovered in 2009 during a large archaeology prospection project of Baranya in NE Croatia. Systematic archaeological research of the site was initiated in 2018 and the project “Kotlina, the prehistoric site” encompassed non-invasive field survey and excavations. Until today, the area covering approximately 150 m2 was excavated, revealing diverse archaeological structures: post holes, rubbish pits and graves. The portable archaeological finds were rich and diverse and consist of pottery sherds, animal bones, bone artefacts, chipped stone artefacts, polished and abrasive stone artefacts as well as one bead made from mollusc shell. Also, one very small fragment of copper and a large quantity of obsidian tools were discovered during the excavations. Portable archaeological finds and absolute dates show that the site can be attributed to the Late Neolithic Lengyel culture. In this paper, the results of the analysis of flint, stone and bone artefacts using variety of techniques that focus on the raw materials selection, technology and typology will be presented. Both local and imported raw materials were used, thus showing a complex pattern of raw material acquisition and management. The study of archaeological implements provided important information about the Lengyel communities located to the south of the Drava River. It will be very interesting to compare these data with other Lengyel sites in the north.

The Kura-Araxes complex has a distinctive material assemblage that stretched across a wide geographical area from the Transcaucasus, through Lake Urmia basin in Northern Iran to Eastern Turkey and the Upper Euphrates region over at least 1000 years (3500–2400 BC); in certain locations it lasted even longer. Similar assemblages became apparent in the Amuq Plain and further south in the Levant later in the Early Bronze Age. This phenomenon is characterized by small village-type settlements, an agro-pastoralist lifestyle and handmade red-black burnished pottery. However, in most of the studies dealing with this culture, lithics have been overlooked. This thesis examines the technological aspects of stone tool making in the highlands of Turkey during the Early Bronze Age. My research discusses the limits of urbanisation from the lithics perspective and examines the tool types and stone tool making techniques in the ancient site of Sos Hoyuk. Stratigraphic analysis of stone tools provides insights to daily activities of the inhabitants. Two techniques were employed in different places in the settlement: flake technology used in domestic production and blade technology as a specialised activity producing a regionally exchanged commodity. Percussion and bipolar techniques were present in the assemblage, which mostly consisted of retouched blades and flakes, scrapers, notched and nosed tools. Micro-lithics and bifacial technology is almost absent in contrast to other sites in the region. From the results of fieldwork conducted for this research, I was able to identify raw material procurement strategies concerning obsidian artefacts from the settlement. The obsidian used to make artefacts in Sos Hoyuk seems to have been locally sourced from nearby deposits. In addition, a regional exchange system developed across the Erzurum Plain. Furthermore, the absence of caches and significant artefact density throughout the stratigraphic deposits indicates that obsidian was always ava

Until recently, several hypotheses on the origin(s) and dispersion of microblade technology in Northeast Asia have been presented and discussed. Although various definitions of microblade and bladelet have been proposed in diverse geographic and chronological contexts, several researchers may agree that the pressure knapping technique for microblade production plays a paramount role in the process of significant changes in lithic technology and human behaviours between marine isotope stages (MIS) 3 and 2. One of the main topics in the study of microblade technology in Northeast Asia is establishing a systematic and reliable method for identifying microblade knapping techniques that are quantitatively verified. This paper attempts to present a more improved method for identifying microblade knapping techniques by dealing with the analysis of fracture wings which are the reliable indicators of the crack velocity. The focus of this paper is on identifying obsidian microblade-like debitage knapping techniques in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) assemblage of Kawanishi-C in Hokkaido, Northern Japan. The results of fracture wing analysis show that the microblade-like longitudinal debitage production at the Kashiwadai-C site was employed by not pressure but percussion techniques. This gives new insights into the diversity of microblade and microblae-like debitage reduction sequences in the LGM Hokkaido and complex process of significant changes in lithic technology, especially in relation to the emergence of microblade technology. In addition, this study shows that the analysis of fracture wings can allow appropriate technological evaluation of the microblades and microblade-like longitudinal debitage production in the period before and around the LGM in Northeast Asia.

Since 2009, the Belgian Archaeological Mission to Elkab of the Royal Museums of Art and History is excavating the remains of a large settlement that has its origin in the Badarian period. During the excavation season of 2012, the distal end of an obsidian flake was found in the early Naqada II horizon of test pit 3. The geochemical analysis of its trace elements indicates that this flake, like other analysed samples from Hiera- konpolis and Naqada, originates from obsidian sources in the Ethiopian Afar triangle. The Elkab flake brings additional data to the existing corpus of provenanced obsidian fragments and the discussion on possible exchange routes. Based on the archaeological context, the geographical and chronological distribution of all known obsidian objects, combined with new data emerging from recent and intensive archaeological research in the deserts south and west of the Egyptian Nile Valley, the question of these exchange routes needs to be reconsidered within a broader framework of various simultaneous supply networks. In this paper, we propose to break down the procurement of obsidian in early Egypt in two phases that also highlight some of the socio-economic develop- ments occurring during the Predynastic period and the changes following the formation of the Egyptian state., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

A recent survey in the western foothills of the Zagros Mountains has located five new Neolithic sites. We present here the occupational features and finds of this period in the Sar Pol-e Zahāb region, along with an interpretation of their distribution and associated settlement patterns. Our research indicates that the visible distribution of Neolithic sites is highly influenced by geomorphological factors. All sites are located on natural outcrops or on the edge of alluvial plains. Many others have certainly been buried beneath layers of later sedimentation. All of the sites identified by our survey are small and of modest elevation, with cultural remains, particularly ceramics, similar to Neolithic sites such as Guran and Sarāb in the central Zagros region and Jarmo and Tamarkhan in Mesopotamia. Based on the ceramic evidence and the location of the region, between the central Zagros mountains on the east and Mesopotamia on the west, we suggest that this vast area maintained an integrated ceramic tradition, which suggests an overall cultural homogeneity of these areas during the seventh and early sixth millennia B.C. In other words, these recent discoveries indicate that similarities in Neolithic material culture in the Māhidasht, Kermanshāh and Hulailan plains with material culture of regions in Mesopotamia are not accidental or random but indicative of a large coherent zone with unique ceramic and cultural traditions (the patterned ceramic tradition of Sarāb-Jarmo), extending from Iraqi Kurdistan east into the central Zagros range. Regarding the lack of eighth and seventh millennium B.C. sites in the northern reaches of the Iranian part of the Zagros range, we may consider the pathway of Sar Pol-e Zahāb a primary route for transporting obsidian to upland areas of the central Zagros. This also suggests a lasting network of cross-regional communications, since archaeological discoveries prove this pathway was the main node connecting these two cultural regions fo

Archaeologists have long used obsidian hydration dating method to give chronometric dates for obsidian artifacts. Models using these equations independently employ different measurement systems, which are based on rim thicknesses determined by optical microscope and hydrogen depths measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), respectively, although the inconsistency of both measurements has been reported. Firstly, this paper describes a systematic comparison that was done on optical rim thicknesses and hydrogen depths by means of an isotope microscope, which provides micro-imaging with SIMS. Depth profiles of hydrogen were precisely obtained from the spots where optical measurements were taken on the archaeological obsidian flakes from two distinctive cultural horizons (older: Upper Paleolithic, younger: Initial Jomon) in the stratified open-air site of Jozuka in southern Kyushu (Japan). Secondarily, using the measurements of hydrogen depths that are the most consistent to the measurements of optical thicknesses, the estimated hydration rate of the Holocene (Initial Jomon) is slower than that of the Late Pleistocene (Upper Paleolithic), implying that the difference in hydration rates was due to the difference of intrinsic water content of obsidian and/or obsidian geochemistry. An application of micro-imaging with SIMS to measure hydrogen depths on obsidian shows promise as a tool for improving the practice of hydration dating and evaluating local climatic condition.

This paper describes the results of X˗ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses performed on 30 obsidian samples from Quebrada del Toro sites (Salta, Argentina) covering a time span of about 2,000 years of occupation (ca. 2500˗500 BP). After establishing the provenance of the samples, we discuss the distribution patterns of this raw material between different sites and periods considered. The obtained results allow us to argue a relatively sustained use in time of the Alto Tocomar, Laguna Blanca-Zapaleri and Ona-Las Cuevas deposits (although the latter is absent for an interval of around 500 years), and some temporal variations in the use of minor sources. These results provide information to discuss the access and consumption of obsidians in a long-term perspective. These practices are reviewed under the framework of change processes occurred in the studied chronological range, which is characterized by important transformations in the socio-political and economical systems., Este trabajo describe los resultados de los análisis de fluorescencia de rayos X (XRF) realizados sobre 30 muestras de obsidiana de sitios de Quebrada del Toro (Salta, Argentina), que cubren un lapso de alrededor de 2000 años de ocupación (ca. 2500˗500 AP). Establecida la procedencia de las muestras se discuten los patrones de distribución de esta materia prima observados entre los diferentes sitios y períodos considerados. Los resultados alcanzados permiten argumentar el uso relativamente sostenido en el tiempo de las canteras de Alto Tocomar, Laguna Blanca˗Zapaleri y Ona˗Las Cuevas (aunque esta última está ausente durante un intervalo de alrededor de 500 años), y algunas variaciones temporales en el uso de fuentes menores. Estos resultados proveen información para discutir el acceso y consumo de obsidianas desde una perspectiva de larga duración. Estas prácticas son evaluadas en el marco de los procesos de cambio ocurridos en el rango cronológico abordado, caracterizados por importantes transformaciones en los sistemas sociopolíticos y económicos.

The main aim of this paper is to present and analyze the archaeological information from the late local sites of the Hualfín Valley (Belén, Catamarca) that would imply interregional relations. With this purpose, the background of the research in the valley and in neighboring regions is exposed, and the information of the investigations of the last years developed within the framework of the idea of ​​landscape as a network of relations is incorporated. From the analysis of the foreign elements –mainly obsidian and non-local style ceramics, etc.– two networks of relationships between elements and sites are made using a network analysis software and GIS: one focused in late local sites and the other with inka sites and elements. This allows to represent and visualize the relationships between elements, evaluate the degree of centrality of each of them in the network and estimate the distances and paths between the interrelated places. For late pre-inka times, the results lead to infer strong links with the Southern Puna and a great influence of the Santa María sphere in the valley. The “Inka” network, on the other hand, would be dominated by the centrality of El Shincal de Quimivil and the Qhapaq Ñan, although the regions involved, with the exception of Cusco, would be the same., El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar y analizar la información arqueológica procedente de los sitios locales tardíos del Valle de Hualfín (Belén, Catamarca) que implicaría relaciones interregionales. Con este fin, se exponen los antecedentes de las investigaciones en el valle y en regiones vecinas y se incorpora la información desarrollada en los últimos años en un marco conceptual que considera al paisaje como una red de relaciones. A partir del análisis de los elementos foráneos –principalmente obsidiana y cerámica de estilos no-locales– se elaboran dos redes de relaciones entre elementos y sitios utilizando un software de análisis de redes y SIG, una de ellas enfocada en los sitios locales tardíos y la otra en la evidencia inka. Se representan y visualizan las relaciones entre elementos y sitios, se evalúa el grado de centralidad de cada uno de ellos en la red y se estiman las distancias y recorridos entre los lugares interrelacionados. Para tiempos tardíos, los resultados llevan a plantear fuertes vínculos con la Puna Meridional y una gran influencia de la esfera santamariana en el valle. La red “inka” en cambio, estaría dominada por la centralidad de El Shincal de Quimivil y el Qhapaq Ñan, aunque las regiones involucradas, a excepción del Cusco, serían las mismas.

Archaeologists have long used obsidian hydration dating method to give chronometric dates for obsidian artifacts. Models using these equations independently employ different measurement systems, which are based on rim thicknesses determined by optical microscope and hydrogen depths measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), respectively, although the inconsistency of both measurements has been reported. Firstly, this paper describes a systematic comparison that was done on optical rim thicknesses and hydrogen depths by means of an isotope microscope, which provides micro-imaging with SIMS. Depth profiles of hydrogen were precisely obtained from the spots where optical measurements were taken on the archaeological obsidian flakes from two distinctive cultural horizons (older: Upper Paleolithic, younger: Initial Jomon) in the stratified open-air site of Jozuka in southern Kyushu (Japan). Secondarily, using the measurements of hydrogen depths that are the most consistent to the measurements of optical thicknesses, the estimated hydration rate of the Holocene (Initial Jomon) is slower than that of the Late Pleistocene (Upper Paleolithic), implying that the difference in hydration rates was due to the difference of intrinsic water content of obsidian and/or obsidian geochemistry. An application of micro-imaging with SIMS to measure hydrogen depths on obsidian shows promise as a tool for improving the practice of hydration dating and evaluating local climatic condition.

This paper examines two non-consecutive occupations of the Tajamar site, located in Pomasqui, in the current city of Quito. Tajamar evidences a Formative occupation between 1191 - 850 cal. B.C., and an Integration occupation (600 - 1423 cal. A.D.). Both occupations present obsidian, a lithic material that has been analyzed to understand the technology with which it was worked, the sources from which the obsidian was extracted, and its possible use. The two Tajamar occupations were examined with inthe archaeological perspective of operational chains and morpho-technological methodology. This methodology, in addition to allowing for more possibilities with respect to the material, can be compared between sites and sets a precedent for future lithic studies in Ecuador. This research is a pertinent example of the relationship that human beings have in an environment that culturally transformed and which also requires adaptive dynamics., Este trabajo examina dos ocupaciones no consecutivas del sitio Tajamar, ubicado en Pomasqui, en la actual ciudad de Quito. Tajamar registra una ocupación Formativa datada entre los años 1191 – 850 cal a.C., y una ocupación de Integración (600 – 1423 cal d.C.). Ambas ocupaciones presentan obsidiana, material lítico que ha sido analizado para inferir la tecnología con el que fue trabajado, las fuentes desde donde la obsidiana fue extraída y su posible uso. Las dos ocupaciones de Tajamar fueron examinadas bajo la perspectiva arqueológica de cadenas operativas y con una metodología morfo-tecnológica. Esta metodología, además de abarcar más posibilidades con respecto al material, puede ser comparada entre sitios y sienta un precedente a los futuros estudios líticos en el Ecuador. Esta investigación es un ejemplo pertinente de la relación que tiene el ser humano dentro de un entorno que es transformado culturalmente y que también exige dinámicas adaptativas.

Clinopyroxene and plagioclase (andesine) microlites in an obsidian flow from Glass Mountain (NE California, USA) display strong alignment. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction, coupled with Rietveld analysis, was used to quantify crystallographic-preferred orientation (CPO). Clinopyroxene, with a rod-shaped morphology, shows a strong alignment of [001] in the flow direction and (010) aligned parallel to the inferred flow plane. Andesine, with a platy morphology, displays an alignment of (010) platelets in the flow plane. Some pole densities exceed 90 multiples of random distribution. Applying a model of rigid ellipsoidal inclusions in a viscous matrix, the local pure shear strains are between 2 and 3.

355 obsidian artifacts from Guadalupe, a Cocal Period (AD 1000 to 1530) site on the north coast of Honduras, were subjected to chemical analysis using a portable X-Ray fluorescence device. I used multivariate analyses to determine the raw material from which each artifact was produced, with a discussion of the implications for contacts with other parts of Mesoamerica. The majority of the assemblage was composed of Güinope obsidian, a low-quality Honduran source frequently found in small cobbles. The organization of production at Guadalupe was assessed through a technological analysis. It was determined that prismatic blades were produced onsite using Güinope obsidian, the first evidence for blade production using this raw material. To make use of small cobbles, initial core shaping was done through cortex-grinding and decortication flakes. The platforms were ground, and flakes were struck using hand-held techniques. In addition, formal tools and complete prismatic blades were imported of La Esperanza (Honduran) and Ixtepeque (Guatemalan) obsidian. A causal industry of Güinope, La Esperanza, and Otumba (Mexican) obsidian is also present. The inhabitants of Guadalupe adapted foreign technologies to local conditions and materials, a common occurrence in Lower Central American archaeology.

355 obsidian artifacts from Guadalupe, a Cocal Period (AD 1000 to 1530) site on the north coast of Honduras, were subjected to chemical analysis using a portable X-Ray fluorescence device. I used multivariate analyses to determine the raw material from which each artifact was produced, with a discussion of the implications for contacts with other parts of Mesoamerica. The majority of the assemblage was composed of Güinope obsidian, a low-quality Honduran source frequently found in small cobbles. The organization of production at Guadalupe was assessed through a technological analysis. It was determined that prismatic blades were produced onsite using Güinope obsidian, the first evidence for blade production using this raw material. To make use of small cobbles, initial core shaping was done through cortex-grinding and decortication flakes. The platforms were ground, and flakes were struck using hand-held techniques. In addition, formal tools and complete prismatic blades were imported of La Esperanza (Honduran) and Ixtepeque (Guatemalan) obsidian. A causal industry of Güinope, La Esperanza, and Otumba (Mexican) obsidian is also present. The inhabitants of Guadalupe adapted foreign technologies to local conditions and materials, a common occurrence in Lower Central American archaeology.

Clinopyroxene and plagioclase (andesine) microlites in an obsidian flow from Glass Mountain (NE California, USA) display strong alignment. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction, coupled with Rietveld analysis, was used to quantify crystallographic-preferred orientation (CPO). Clinopyroxene, with a rod-shaped morphology, shows a strong alignment of [001] in the flow direction and (010) aligned parallel to the inferred flow plane. Andesine, with a platy morphology, displays an alignment of (010) platelets in the flow plane. Some pole densities exceed 90 multiples of random distribution. Applying a model of rigid ellipsoidal inclusions in a viscous matrix, the local pure shear strains are between 2 and 3.

This thesis examines the fabrication and provenance of 2,871 obsidian artifacts collected from twelve prehispanic archaeological sites in four physiographic zones throughout the Department of Chinandega, the northwesternmost department of Nicaragua. This research represents the first systematic study of obsidian artifacts in the region and focuses on two aspects of the obsidian artifacts. First, I present a macroscopic technical analysis of artifacts collected from twelve sites in the Department. The second part of the thesis presents a collaborative geochemical provenance study of obsidian procurement across these sites. Results indicate that most prehispanic sites participated in multiple sets of long-distance trade networks centered on obsidian as early as the Late Preclassic, up until the Late Postclassic, exploiting trade from four obsidian sources to the north. Analyses show that populations in the Department primarily, though not exclusively, utilized a core-flake industry that was worked on-site with material from the Güinope source in Honduras. A limited number of prismatic blades and a few other formal tools sourced from two additional further sources (La Esperanza in Honduras and Ixtepeque in Guatemala) appear almost exclusively as imported finished products more recently in the archaeological sequence. Additionally, the archaeological sites situated in the eastern coastal plains of the Department contained the largest variety of source material, followed by the sites of the northern foothills, a single site in the Nicaraguan depression, and lastly a single site in the Maribios volcanic front. Although ceramic analyses from the collection are partially complete and developing, this region is best understood as a cultural mosaic connected to the Mesoamerican populations in the north., 2018, Includes bibliography., Degree granted: Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2018., Collection: FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

El objetivo principal de este proyecto consiste en iniciar la implementación del programa SourceSeeker en un entorno web, diseñando una interfaz de usuario nueva que permita a cualquier persona hacer uso del programa desde el navegador de su o rdenador , a través de internet y sin la necesidad de instalar el programa en su equipo. Este proyecto da continuación a dos trabajos de fin de grado de la escuela que desarrollaron el programa SourceSeeker , escrito con código Python y diseñado para realiz ar análisis de procedencia. Estos son utilizados en el campo de la arqueología para determinar el origen de objetos de la antigüedad. Para realizar este trabajo se estudiará cómo está enlazada la interfaz de usuario original del programa , diseñada con la l ibrería Pyqt4 , con sus funciones para posteriormente deshacer este enlace y crear una nueva unión de estas funciones del SourceSeeker con una nueva interfaz en un entorno web. Para la creación del entorno web se programará un servidor Flask que contendrá todo lo necesario para que funcione el SourceSeeker . El servidor realizará todos los cálculos y operaciones que se requieran y controlará el funcionamiento de la nueva interfaz de usuario. Al término del proyecto se obtiene un prototipo de interficie de u suario que p ermite al usuario realizar la gran mayoría d e las funciones del programa desde el navegador de su ordenador. También se presentan vías de continuación para que futuros desarrolladores puedan terminar la implementación y, finalmente, subir el se rvidor a la web para que el programa sea accesible desde internet.

Les sites monumentaux de l’Est des États-Unis attribués aux «mound builders» font l’objet de plusieurs recherches archéologiques et scientifiques depuis leur découverte. Malgré tout, une grande partie de la culture Hopewell reste inconnue. Le peu d’analyse effectué sur les collections d’artéfacts en obsidienne Hopewell contribue entre autres à faire de cette matière un sujet énigmatique. C’est pourquoi la présente recherche se donne comme objectif de déterminer la valeur attribuée à l’obsidienne par les populations Hopewell de l’Ohio. Pour ce faire, une partie de la collection d’artéfacts en obsidienne du site Hopewell Mound Group, dans le comté de Ross, en Ohio, a été soumise à une analyse tracéologique, technologique et spatiale. Le but de la recherche est, d’une part, de confirmer les hypothèses voulant que les grands bifaces Hopewell en obsidienne soient cérémoniels et symboliques, et d’autre part, de déterminer si ces objets ont été utilisés. Les résultats ont entre autres permis de constater que ces objets n’ont pas été utilisés à des fins domestiques quotidiennes. Il a aussi été possible de déterminer que la majorité de ces objets a été chauffée à haute température. Enfin, l’analyse du contexte de déposition des artéfacts en obsidienne de ce site jumelée aux traitements perceptibles à travers les traces de ces outils permet de confirmer l’aspect symbolique de cette matière première et des artéfacts qui y sont attribués. The monumental sites attributed to the Hopewell mound builders have always been a source of great interest for archaeologists and scientific research. However, a great amount of information still needs to be discovered about this culture. The lack of analyses on the obsidian Hopewell collections, as well as the material itself, contributes to the mystery around this culture. This is why this research aims to find the value attributed to obsidian by the Hopewell populations. In order to do so, a fraction of the Hopewell obsidian collections fro

Similar projectile point types were used by groups living over a wide geographic region in central and southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries A.D. Substantial changes that occurred in southeastern Arizona at this time include population aggregation, the arrival of northern migrant groups, and an increase in obsidian use. An analysis focusing on two sub-regions, the Tucson Basin and the San Pedro Valley, was conducted to explore how social, technological and environmental factors influenced projectile point technology during the Classic period (A.D. 1150–1450) in southeastern Arizona. Projectile point metric and morphological attributes and obsidian source data were used for comparisons within both of the sub-regions. Despite differences in social relations, obsidian exchange networks, and access to large game, comparisons between sites in the northeastern and northwestern Tucson Basin did not reveal significant differences in projectile point types. However, a good deal of variation in base morphology is evident regardless of type among the Tucson Basin sites. Projectile points from Kayenta enclaves in the Lower San Pedro Valley are overwhelmingly made of obsidian, but do not possess significantly different attributes from those used by local groups. Notable variation was seen in the small sample from the Upper San Pedro Valley, which may be attributed to the lack of influence from groups living to the north. Overall, the similarities in projectile point forms correspond with the growth of social networks during the Classic period. Although the small size of these points restricts their usefulness for signaling group identity, variation in base morphology, serrated blade edges, and other small details may continue to inform on the learning traditions or cultural preferences of groups in the region. Future research should expand the study area to include the Upper Gila region of New Mexico, where groups were living

This Research Article presents the first interpretations about lytic analysis of the 873 pieces of obsidian, mainly of utilitarian character, that Bonampak Archaeological Project has until now. The analysis focus in three aspects: 1) Spatial distribution of obsidian inside residential elite’s compounds such as Grupo Quemado and Grupo Frey, indicating possible activity areas; 2) Spatial distribution inside the city; and 3) Type-technological industries of the place, that indicate that Bonampak was a consumer of obsidian artefacts and no a producer of these., Este Artículo de investigación presenta las primeras interpretaciones sobre el análisis lítico de los 873 elementos de obsidiana, mayoritariamente de carácter utilitario, con que cuenta, hasta el momento, el proyecto arqueológico Bonampak. El análisis se centra en tres aspectos: 1) la distribución espacial de la obsidiana dentro de conjuntos residenciales de élite como el Grupo Quemado y el Grupo Frey, marcando posibles áreas de actividad; 2) la distribución del material dentro de la ciudad; y 3) las industrias tipo-tecnológicas presentes en el sitio, lo cual indica que Bonampak fue un sitio consumidor de artefactos de obsidiana y no productor de estos.

This Research Article presents the first interpretations about lytic analysis of the 873 pieces of obsidian, mainly of utilitarian character, that Bonampak Archaeological Project has until now. The analysis focus in three aspects: 1) Spatial distribution of obsidian inside residential elite’s compounds such as Grupo Quemado and Grupo Frey, indicating possible activity areas; 2) Spatial distribution inside the city; and 3) Type-technological industries of the place, that indicate that Bonampak was a consumer of obsidian artefacts and no a producer of these., Este Artículo de investigación presenta las primeras interpretaciones sobre el análisis lítico de los 873 elementos de obsidiana, mayoritariamente de carácter utilitario, con que cuenta, hasta el momento, el proyecto arqueológico Bonampak. El análisis se centra en tres aspectos: 1) la distribución espacial de la obsidiana dentro de conjuntos residenciales de élite como el Grupo Quemado y el Grupo Frey, marcando posibles áreas de actividad; 2) la distribución del material dentro de la ciudad; y 3) las industrias tipo-tecnológicas presentes en el sitio, lo cual indica que Bonampak fue un sitio consumidor de artefactos de obsidiana y no productor de estos.

This Research Article presents the first interpretations about lytic analysis of the 873 pieces of obsidian, mainly of utilitarian character, that Bonampak Archaeological Project has until now. The analysis focus in three aspects: 1) Spatial distribution of obsidian inside residential elite’s compounds such as Grupo Quemado and Grupo Frey, indicating possible activity areas; 2) Spatial distribution inside the city; and 3) Type-technological industries of the place, that indicate that Bonampak was a consumer of obsidian artefacts and no a producer of these., Este Artículo de investigación presenta las primeras interpretaciones sobre el análisis lítico de los 873 elementos de obsidiana, mayoritariamente de carácter utilitario, con que cuenta, hasta el momento, el proyecto arqueológico Bonampak. El análisis se centra en tres aspectos: 1) la distribución espacial de la obsidiana dentro de conjuntos residenciales de élite como el Grupo Quemado y el Grupo Frey, marcando posibles áreas de actividad; 2) la distribución del material dentro de la ciudad; y 3) las industrias tipo-tecnológicas presentes en el sitio, lo cual indica que Bonampak fue un sitio consumidor de artefactos de obsidiana y no productor de estos.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal continuar con el desarrollo del programa informático Source Seeker destinado a la realización de análisis de procedencia basados en el estudio geoquímico de la obsidiana. Se centra en implementar algunas de las mejoras sugeridas por sus predecesores y aquellas necesarias para la mejora de su funcionamiento. Los estudios de procedencia se basan en la existencia de sustancias químicas o características mineralógicas que dependen de la ubicación geográfica del material. Forman parte de los campos más importantes donde se comprueba la utilidad de la química en ramas más humanistas, como la arqueología o la historia. Los resultados obtenidos permiten delimitar el tamaño de los territorios, las interacciones entre las diferentes culturas o civilizaciones y las posibles rutas comerciales existentes en la antigüedad. Por lo tanto, este trabajo pretende centrarse en el estudio explicado anteriormente, y se dedicará parte de su contenido a realizar una mejora del programa informático, así como a facilitar su uso para que se puedan realizar análisis de procedencia sin poseer amplios conocimientos informáticos. Del mismo modo, se pretende analizar material arqueológico de Oriente Próximo y Medio con el fin de comprobar la aplicabilidad del programa desarrollado.

This Research Article presents the first interpretations about lytic analysis of the 873 pieces of obsidian, mainly of utilitarian character, that Bonampak Archaeological Project has until now. The analysis focus in three aspects: 1) Spatial distribution of obsidian inside residential elite’s compounds such as Grupo Quemado and Grupo Frey, indicating possible activity areas; 2) Spatial distribution inside the city; and 3) Type-technological industries of the place, that indicate that Bonampak was a consumer of obsidian artefacts and no a producer of these., Este Artículo de investigación presenta las primeras interpretaciones sobre el análisis lítico de los 873 elementos de obsidiana, mayoritariamente de carácter utilitario, con que cuenta, hasta el momento, el proyecto arqueológico Bonampak. El análisis se centra en tres aspectos: 1) la distribución espacial de la obsidiana dentro de conjuntos residenciales de élite como el Grupo Quemado y el Grupo Frey, marcando posibles áreas de actividad; 2) la distribución del material dentro de la ciudad; y 3) las industrias tipo-tecnológicas presentes en el sitio, lo cual indica que Bonampak fue un sitio consumidor de artefactos de obsidiana y no productor de estos.

Similar projectile point types were used by groups living over a wide geographic region in central and southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries A.D. Substantial changes that occurred in southeastern Arizona at this time include population aggregation, the arrival of northern migrant groups, and an increase in obsidian use. An analysis focusing on two sub-regions, the Tucson Basin and the San Pedro Valley, was conducted to explore how social, technological and environmental factors influenced projectile point technology during the Classic period (A.D. 1150–1450) in southeastern Arizona. Projectile point metric and morphological attributes and obsidian source data were used for comparisons within both of the sub-regions. Despite differences in social relations, obsidian exchange networks, and access to large game, comparisons between sites in the northeastern and northwestern Tucson Basin did not reveal significant differences in projectile point types. However, a good deal of variation in base morphology is evident regardless of type among the Tucson Basin sites. Projectile points from Kayenta enclaves in the Lower San Pedro Valley are overwhelmingly made of obsidian, but do not possess significantly different attributes from those used by local groups. Notable variation was seen in the small sample from the Upper San Pedro Valley, which may be attributed to the lack of influence from groups living to the north. Overall, the similarities in projectile point forms correspond with the growth of social networks during the Classic period. Although the small size of these points restricts their usefulness for signaling group identity, variation in base morphology, serrated blade edges, and other small details may continue to inform on the learning traditions or cultural preferences of groups in the region. Future research should expand the study area to include the Upper Gila region of New Mexico, where groups were living

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Obsidian source attribution has become an important tool in examining many aspects of prehistoric lifeways including exchange, identity, social and economic boundaries, and many others. This thesis provides a comprehensive look at obsidian spatial distributions in the Tucson Basin Hohokam Pre-Classic period, ca. A.D. 750-1150. By examining currently available data and providing new data from three sites in the northern Tucson Basin conclusions about trends in spatial and temporal use of obsidian are made. Obsidian procurement and spatial distribution in the Tucson Basin appears to be distinct from neighboring regions and continuity with later Classic period, ca. A.D. 1150-1450 obsidian use is likely. There appears to be a clear preference for western obsidian sources in the northern Tucson basin, while the southern basin may have a slight preference for materials to the east. The limited obsidian data for the Colonial period, ca. A.D. 750-950 suggests that its distribution was controlled by similar processes to those observed in the Sedentary period, ca. A.D. 950-1150. This research further suggests that strong avenues are open for future research.

Obsidian source attribution has become an important tool in examining many aspects of prehistoric lifeways including exchange, identity, social and economic boundaries, and many others. This thesis provides a comprehensive look at obsidian spatial distributions in the Tucson Basin Hohokam Pre-Classic period, ca. A.D. 750-1150. By examining currently available data and providing new data from three sites in the northern Tucson Basin conclusions about trends in spatial and temporal use of obsidian are made. Obsidian procurement and spatial distribution in the Tucson Basin appears to be distinct from neighboring regions and continuity with later Classic period, ca. A.D. 1150-1450 obsidian use is likely. There appears to be a clear preference for western obsidian sources in the northern Tucson basin, while the southern basin may have a slight preference for materials to the east. The limited obsidian data for the Colonial period, ca. A.D. 750-950 suggests that its distribution was controlled by similar processes to those observed in the Sedentary period, ca. A.D. 950-1150. This research further suggests that strong avenues are open for future research.

[EN] The analysis of obsidian exchange allows for a better understanding of systems of interaction between sedentary villages at the onset of the Near Eastern Neolithic. The down-the-line model of obsidian exchange has prevailed as the mechanism used to explain obsidian distribution between villages. However, archaeological data on the quantity of obsidian present in Neolithic sites, mathematical simulations of this model and of alternative ones, and the analysis of the ethnographic record suggest that a more complex model of exchange existed during this period. In this paper, we use regression analysis to analyze archaeological data currently available, and a complex network model is proposed for obsidian exchange that we test through mathematical modelling. Finally, using archaeological and ethnographic data, we explore the social and economic implications of the existence of a complex network of exchange and interaction between Neolithic villages., [FR] L'étude des échanges d'obsidienne permet d'obtenir une meilleure connaissance des systèmes d'interaction entre les villages sédentaires au début du Néolithique au Proche-Orient. Le modèle d'échange d'obsidienne, down-the-line, a dominé pour expliquer la diffusion de l'obsidienne entre les villages néolithiques. Cependant, l'information disponible sur la quantité d'obsidienne présente dans les sites, les simulations mathématiques de cette distribution et l'observation des parallèles ethnographiques suggèrent l'existence d'un modèle d'échange plus complexe au cours de cette période. Dans cet article, nous utilisons l'analyse de régression pour étudier les données archéologiques et proposer l'existence d'un réseau complexe, testé par modélisation mathématique, pour expliquer les échanges d'obsidienne. À l'appui des données ethnographiques et archéologiques, on discute des implications d'ordre social et économique de ce réseau complexe d'échanges entre les villages néolithiques.

Tato bakalářská práce zpracovává záchranné archeologické výzkumy z lokality Úhřetice provedené v roce 1961 L. Skružným a roku 1971 P. Šebestou. Nalezený materiál pochází především z období neolitu a únětické kultury. Cílem této práce je zhotovit katalog archeologických nálezů, odpovídající kresebnou a fotografickou dokumentaci a provést analýzu a zhodnocení výzkumu., This bachelor thesis deals with the processing of rescue archaeological excavations from Úhřetice locality executed in 1961 by L. Skružný and in 1971 by P. Šebesta. Found materials originate mainly from the Neolithic and the Únětice culture. The objective of this thesis is to create the catalogue of archaeological findings, relevant drawing and photographic documentation, and additionally to perform an analysis and assess the research., Fakulta filozofická

To assess the eruption and emplacement of volumetrically diverse rhyolite lavas, we measured microlite number densities and orientations from samples collected from nine lavas in Yellowstone Caldera and two from Mono Craters, USA. Microlite populations are composed of Fe-Ti oxides ± alkali feldspar ± clinopyroxene. Number densities range from 108.11 ± 0.03 to 109.45 ± 0.15 cm−3 and do not correlate with distance from the vent across individual flows and are remarkably similar between large- and small-volume lavas. Together, those observations suggest that number densities are unmodified during emplacement and that ascent rates in the conduit are similar between small domes and large lava flows. Microtextures produced by continuous decompression experiments best replicate natural textures at decompression rates of 1–2 MPa hr−1. Acicular microlites have a preferred orientation in all natural samples. Because the standard deviation of microlite orientation does not become better aligned with distance travelled, we conclude that microlites exit the conduit aligned and that strain during subaerial flow was insufficient to further align microlites. The orientations of microlite trend and plunge in near-vent samples indicate that pure shear was the dominant style of deformation in the conduit. We speculate that collapsing permeable foam(s) provides a mechanism to concurrently allow microlite formation and alignment in response to the combination of degassing and flattening by pure shear.

Many researchers believe that prehistoric Rapa Nui society collapsed because of centuries of unchecked population growth within a fragile environment. Recently, the notion of societal collapse has been questioned with the suggestion that extreme societal and demographic change occurred only after European contact in AD 1722. Establishing the veracity of demographic dynamics has been hindered by the lack of empirical evidence and the inability to establish a precise chronological framework. We use chronometric dates from hydrated obsidian artifacts recovered from habitation sites in regional study areas to evaluate regional land-use within Rapa Nui. The analysis suggests region-specific dynamics including precontact land use decline in some near-coastal and upland areas and postcontact increases and subsequent declines in other coastal locations. These temporal land-use patterns correlate with rainfall variation and soil quality, with poorer environmental locations declining earlier. This analysis confirms that the intensity of land use decreased substantially in some areas of the island before European contact.

Diapositivas de la conferencia magistral presentada el día miércoles 22 de julio 2015 de 18:00 a 20:00 hrs. en el Instituto de Alta Investigación de la Universidad de Tarapacá, Antofagasta 1520, Arica, Chile.