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1. MORFEO enters final design phase

Author

Busoni, Lorenzo, Agapito, Guido, Ballone, Alessandro, Puglisi, Alfio, Goncharov, Alexander, Petrella, Amedeo, Di Cianno, Amico, Balestra, Andrea, Baruffolo, Andrea, Bianco, Andrea, Di Dato, Andrea, Valentini, Angelo, Di Francesco, Benedetta, Sassolas, Benoit, Salasnich, Bernardo, Arcidiacono, Carmelo, Plantet, Cedric, Eredia, Christian, Fantinel, Daniela, Selvestrel, Danilo, Malone, Deborah, Magrin, Demetrio, D'Auria, Domenico, Redaelli, Edoardo, Carolo, Elena, Costa, Elia, Portaluri, Elisa, Cascone, Enrico, Giro, Enrico, Battaini, Federico, Annibali, Francesca, Laudisio, Fulvio, Rodeghiero, Gabriele, Umbriaco, Gabriele, Chauvin, Gael, Di Rico, Gianluca, Pariani, Giorgio, Carlà, Giulia, Capasso, Giulio, Cosentino, Giuseppe, Correia, Jean Jacques, Foppiani, Italo, Di Antonio, Ivan, Farinato, Jacopo, Radhakrishnan, Kalyan Kumar, Gluck, Laurence, Pinard, Laurent, Marafatto, Luca, Scalera, Marcello Agostino, Gullieuszik, Marco, Bonaglia, Marco, Riva, Marco, Xompero, Marco, Bergomi, Maria, Aliverti, Matteo, Genoni, Matteo, Munari, Matteo, Dolci, Mauro, Christophe, Michel, Cantiello, Michele, Colapietro, Mirko, Devaney, Nicholas, Azzaroli, Nicolò, Grani, Paolo, Ciliegi, Paolo, Rabou, Patrick, Feautrier, Philippe, Schipani, Pietro, Ragazzoni, Roberto, Sordo, Rosanna, Briguglio, Runa, Lampitelli, Salvatore, Savarese, Salvatore, Benedetti, Simone, Di Filippo, Simone, Esposito, Simone, Chinellato, Simonetta, Oberti, Sylvain, Rochat, Sylvain, Lapucci, Tommaso, Di Giammatteo, Ugo, Cianniello, Vincenzo, De Caprio, Vincenzo, Hubert, Zoltan, Busoni, Lorenzo, Agapito, Guido, Ballone, Alessandro, Puglisi, Alfio, Goncharov, Alexander, Petrella, Amedeo, Di Cianno, Amico, Balestra, Andrea, Baruffolo, Andrea, Bianco, Andrea, Di Dato, Andrea, Valentini, Angelo, Di Francesco, Benedetta, Sassolas, Benoit, Salasnich, Bernardo, Arcidiacono, Carmelo, Plantet, Cedric, Eredia, Christian, Fantinel, Daniela, Selvestrel, Danilo, Malone, Deborah, Magrin, Demetrio, D'Auria, Domenico, Redaelli, Edoardo, Carolo, Elena, Costa, Elia, Portaluri, Elisa, Cascone, Enrico, Giro, Enrico, Battaini, Federico, Annibali, Francesca, Laudisio, Fulvio, Rodeghiero, Gabriele, Umbriaco, Gabriele, Chauvin, Gael, Di Rico, Gianluca, Pariani, Giorgio, Carlà, Giulia, Capasso, Giulio, Cosentino, Giuseppe, Correia, Jean Jacques, Foppiani, Italo, Di Antonio, Ivan, Farinato, Jacopo, Radhakrishnan, Kalyan Kumar, Gluck, Laurence, Pinard, Laurent, Marafatto, Luca, Scalera, Marcello Agostino, Gullieuszik, Marco, Bonaglia, Marco, Riva, Marco, Xompero, Marco, Bergomi, Maria, Aliverti, Matteo, Genoni, Matteo, Munari, Matteo, Dolci, Mauro, Christophe, Michel, Cantiello, Michele, Colapietro, Mirko, Devaney, Nicholas, Azzaroli, Nicolò, Grani, Paolo, Ciliegi, Paolo, Rabou, Patrick, Feautrier, Philippe, Schipani, Pietro, Ragazzoni, Roberto, Sordo, Rosanna, Briguglio, Runa, Lampitelli, Salvatore, Savarese, Salvatore, Benedetti, Simone, Di Filippo, Simone, Esposito, Simone, Chinellato, Simonetta, Oberti, Sylvain, Rochat, Sylvain, Lapucci, Tommaso, Di Giammatteo, Ugo, Cianniello, Vincenzo, De Caprio, Vincenzo, and Hubert, Zoltan

Abstract

MORFEO (Multi-conjugate adaptive Optics Relay For ELT Observations, formerly MAORY), the MCAO system for the ELT, will provide diffraction-limited optical quality to the large field camera MICADO. MORFEO has officially passed the Preliminary Design Review and it is entering the final design phase. We present the current status of the project, with a focus on the adaptive optics system aspects and expected milestones during the next project phase.

Published
2023

2. Non-modulated pyramid wavefront sensor: Use in sensing and correcting atmospheric turbulence

Author

Agapito, Guido, Pinna, Enrico, Esposito, Simone, Heritier, Cedric Taïssir, Oberti, Sylvain, Agapito, Guido, Pinna, Enrico, Esposito, Simone, Heritier, Cedric Taïssir, and Oberti, Sylvain

Abstract

Context. The diffusion of adaptive optics systems in astronomical instrumentation for large ground-based telescopes is rapidly increasing and the pyramid wavefront sensor is replacing the Shack-Hartmann as the standard solution for single conjugate adaptive optics systems. The pyramid wavefront sensor is typically used with a tip-tilt modulation to increase the linearity range of the sensor, but the non-modulated case is interesting because it maximizes the sensor sensitivity. The latter case is generally avoided for the reduced linearity range that prevents robust operation in the presence of atmospheric turbulence. Aims. We aim to solve part of the issues of the non-modulated pyramid wavefront sensor by reducing the model error in the interaction matrix. We linearize the sensor response in the working conditions without extending the sensor linearity range. Methods. We developed a new calibration approach to model the response of pyramid wave front sensor in partial correction, whereby the working conditions in the presence of residual turbulence are considered. Results. We use in simulations to show how the new calibration approach allows for the pyramid wave front sensor without modulation to be used to sense and correct atmospheric turbulence and we discuss when this case is preferable over the modulated case., Comment: 12 pages with 18 figures; accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2023
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3. The ESO's Extremely Large Telescope Working Groups

Author

Padovani, Paolo, Cirasuolo, Michele, van der Burg, Remco, Cantalloube, Faustine, George, Elizabeth, Kasper, Markus, Leschinski, Kieran, Martins, Carlos, Milli, Julien, Möhler, Sabine, Neeser, Mark, Neichel, Benoit, Otarola, Angel, Sánchez-Janssen, Rubén, Serra, Benoit, Smette, Alain, Valenti, Elena, Verinaud, Christophe, Vernet, Joël, Absil, Olivier, Agapito, Guido, Andersen, Morten, Arcidiacono, Carmelo, Arko, Matej, Baudoz, Pierre, Beltramo-Martin, Olivier, Biancalani, Enrico, Bierwirth, Thomas, Burtscher, Leonard, Carlà, Giulia, Castro-Almazán, Julio A., Cheffot, Anne-Laure, Coccato, Lodovico, Correia, Carlos, Fetick, Romain, Fiorentino, Giuliana, Fusco, Thierry, García-Lorenzo, Begoña, Fusillo, Nicola Gentile, Gonzalez, Oscar, Grazian, Andrea, Gullieuszik, Marco, Hainaut, Olivier, Ivanov, Valentin, Kaasinen, Melanie, Kaddad, Darshan, Kamiński, Tomasz, Kausch, Wolfgang, Kerber, Florian, Kimeswenger, Stefan, Kokotanekova, Rosita, Kuznetsov, Arseniy, Lau, Alexis, Louarn, Miska Le, Lemmel, Frédéric, Liske, Jochen, Curto, Gaspare Lo, Lucsanyi, David, Lundin, Lars, Noll, Stefan, Oberti, Sylvain, Osborn, James, Masciadri, Elena, Milaković, Dinko, Murphy, Michael T., Pedichini, Fernando, Santaella, Miguel Pereira, Piazzesi, Roberto, López, Javier Piqueras, Plantet, Cédric, Prod'homme, Thibaut, Przybilla, Norbert, Puech, Mathieu, Reid, Derryck T., Reiners, Ansgar, Rijnenberg, Rutger, Rodrigues, Myriam, Rossi, Fabio, Routledge, Laurence, Smit, Hans, Tecza, Mathias, Thatte, Niranjan, van Boekel, Roy, Verma, Aprajita, Vigan, Arthur, Padovani, Paolo, Cirasuolo, Michele, van der Burg, Remco, Cantalloube, Faustine, George, Elizabeth, Kasper, Markus, Leschinski, Kieran, Martins, Carlos, Milli, Julien, Möhler, Sabine, Neeser, Mark, Neichel, Benoit, Otarola, Angel, Sánchez-Janssen, Rubén, Serra, Benoit, Smette, Alain, Valenti, Elena, Verinaud, Christophe, Vernet, Joël, Absil, Olivier, Agapito, Guido, Andersen, Morten, Arcidiacono, Carmelo, Arko, Matej, Baudoz, Pierre, Beltramo-Martin, Olivier, Biancalani, Enrico, Bierwirth, Thomas, Burtscher, Leonard, Carlà, Giulia, Castro-Almazán, Julio A., Cheffot, Anne-Laure, Coccato, Lodovico, Correia, Carlos, Fetick, Romain, Fiorentino, Giuliana, Fusco, Thierry, García-Lorenzo, Begoña, Fusillo, Nicola Gentile, Gonzalez, Oscar, Grazian, Andrea, Gullieuszik, Marco, Hainaut, Olivier, Ivanov, Valentin, Kaasinen, Melanie, Kaddad, Darshan, Kamiński, Tomasz, Kausch, Wolfgang, Kerber, Florian, Kimeswenger, Stefan, Kokotanekova, Rosita, Kuznetsov, Arseniy, Lau, Alexis, Louarn, Miska Le, Lemmel, Frédéric, Liske, Jochen, Curto, Gaspare Lo, Lucsanyi, David, Lundin, Lars, Noll, Stefan, Oberti, Sylvain, Osborn, James, Masciadri, Elena, Milaković, Dinko, Murphy, Michael T., Pedichini, Fernando, Santaella, Miguel Pereira, Piazzesi, Roberto, López, Javier Piqueras, Plantet, Cédric, Prod'homme, Thibaut, Przybilla, Norbert, Puech, Mathieu, Reid, Derryck T., Reiners, Ansgar, Rijnenberg, Rutger, Rodrigues, Myriam, Rossi, Fabio, Routledge, Laurence, Smit, Hans, Tecza, Mathias, Thatte, Niranjan, van Boekel, Roy, Verma, Aprajita, and Vigan, Arthur

Abstract

Since 2005 ESO has been working with its community and industry to develop an extremely large optical/infrared telescope. ESO's Extremely Large Telescope, or ELT for short, is a revolutionary ground-based telescope that will have a 39-metre main mirror and will be the largest visible and infrared light telescope in the world. To address specific topics that are needed for the science operations and calibrations of the telescope, thirteen specific working groups were created to coordinate the effort between ESO, the instrument consortia, and the wider community. We describe here the goals of these working groups as well as their achievements so far., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures

Published
2023
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4. The GRAVITY+ Project: Towards All-sky, Faint-Science, High-Contrast Near-Infrared Interferometry at the VLTI

Author

Collaboration, GRAVITY+, Abuter, Roberto, Alarcon, Patricio, Allouche, Fatme, Amorim, Antonio, Bailet, Christophe, Bedigan, Helen, Berdeu, Anthony, Berger, Jean-Philippe, Berio, Philippe, Bigioli, Azzurra, Blaho, Richard, Boebion, Olivier, Bolzer, Marie-Lena, Bonnet, Henri, Bourdarot, Guillaume, Bourget, Pierre, Brandner, Wolfgang, Cardenas, Cesar, Conzelmann, Ralf, Comin, Mauro, Clénet, Yann, Courtney-Barrer, Benjamin, Dallilar, Yigit, Davies, Ric, Defrère, Denis, Delboulbé, Alain, Delplancke-Ströbele, Françoise, Dembet, Roderick, de Zeeuw, Tim, Drescher, Antonia, Eckart, Andreas, Édouard, Clemence, Eisenhauer, Frank, Fabricius, Maximilian, Feuchtgruber, Helmut, Finger, Gert, Schreiber, Natascha M. Förster, Fuenteseca, Eloy, Garcia, Enrique, Garcia, Paulo, Gao, Feng, Gendron, Eric, Genzel, Reinhard, Gil, Juan Pablo, Gillessen, Stefan, Gomes, Tiago, Gonté, Frédéric, Gouvret, Carole, Guajardo, Patricia, Guidolin, Ivan, Guieu, Sylvain, Guzmann, Ronald, Hackenberg, Wolfgang, Haddad, Nicolas, Hartl, Michael, Haubois, Xavier, Haußmann, Frank, Heißel, Gernot, Henning, Thomas, Hippler, Stefan, Hönig, Sebastian, Horrobin, Matthew, Hubin, Norbert, Jacqmart, Estelle, Jocou, Laurent, Kaufer, Andreas, Kervella, Pierre, Kirchbauer, Jean-Paul, Kolb, Johan, Korhonen, Heidi, Kreidberg, Laura, Krempl, Peter, Lacour, Sylvestre, Lagarde, Stephane, Lai, Olivier, Lapeyrère, Vincent, Laugier, Romain, Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste Le, Leftley, James, Léna, Pierre, Lewis, Steffan, Lutz, Dieter, Magnard, Yves, Mang, Felix, Marcotto, Aurelie, Maurel, Didier, Mérand, Antoine, Millour, Florentin, More, Nikhil, Nowack, Hugo, Nowak, Matthias, Oberti, Sylvain, Olivares, Francisco, Ott, Thomas, Pallanca, Laurent, Paumard, Thibaut, Perraut, Karine, Perrin, Guy, Petrov, Romain, Pfuhl, Oliver, Pourré, Nicolas, Rabien, Sebastian, Rau, Christian, Riquelme, Miguel, Robbe-Dubois, Sylvie, Rochat, Sylvain, Salman, Muhammad, Scherbarth, Malte, Schöller, Markus, Schubert, Joseph, Schuhler, Nicolas, Shangguan, Jinyi, Shchekaturov, Pavel, Shimizu, Taro, Scheithauer, Silvia, Sevin, Arnaud, Soenke, Christian, Soulez, Ferreol, Spang, Alain, Stadler, Eric, Straubmeier, Christian, Sturm, Eckhard, Sykes, Calvin, Tacconi, Linda, Tischer, Helmut, Tristram, Konrad, Vincent, Frédéric, von Fellenberg, Sebastiano, Uysal, Sinem, Widmann, Felix, Wieprecht, Ekkehard, Wiezorrek, Erich, Woillez, Julien, Yazıcı, Şenol, Zins, Gérard, Collaboration, GRAVITY+, Abuter, Roberto, Alarcon, Patricio, Allouche, Fatme, Amorim, Antonio, Bailet, Christophe, Bedigan, Helen, Berdeu, Anthony, Berger, Jean-Philippe, Berio, Philippe, Bigioli, Azzurra, Blaho, Richard, Boebion, Olivier, Bolzer, Marie-Lena, Bonnet, Henri, Bourdarot, Guillaume, Bourget, Pierre, Brandner, Wolfgang, Cardenas, Cesar, Conzelmann, Ralf, Comin, Mauro, Clénet, Yann, Courtney-Barrer, Benjamin, Dallilar, Yigit, Davies, Ric, Defrère, Denis, Delboulbé, Alain, Delplancke-Ströbele, Françoise, Dembet, Roderick, de Zeeuw, Tim, Drescher, Antonia, Eckart, Andreas, Édouard, Clemence, Eisenhauer, Frank, Fabricius, Maximilian, Feuchtgruber, Helmut, Finger, Gert, Schreiber, Natascha M. Förster, Fuenteseca, Eloy, Garcia, Enrique, Garcia, Paulo, Gao, Feng, Gendron, Eric, Genzel, Reinhard, Gil, Juan Pablo, Gillessen, Stefan, Gomes, Tiago, Gonté, Frédéric, Gouvret, Carole, Guajardo, Patricia, Guidolin, Ivan, Guieu, Sylvain, Guzmann, Ronald, Hackenberg, Wolfgang, Haddad, Nicolas, Hartl, Michael, Haubois, Xavier, Haußmann, Frank, Heißel, Gernot, Henning, Thomas, Hippler, Stefan, Hönig, Sebastian, Horrobin, Matthew, Hubin, Norbert, Jacqmart, Estelle, Jocou, Laurent, Kaufer, Andreas, Kervella, Pierre, Kirchbauer, Jean-Paul, Kolb, Johan, Korhonen, Heidi, Kreidberg, Laura, Krempl, Peter, Lacour, Sylvestre, Lagarde, Stephane, Lai, Olivier, Lapeyrère, Vincent, Laugier, Romain, Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste Le, Leftley, James, Léna, Pierre, Lewis, Steffan, Lutz, Dieter, Magnard, Yves, Mang, Felix, Marcotto, Aurelie, Maurel, Didier, Mérand, Antoine, Millour, Florentin, More, Nikhil, Nowack, Hugo, Nowak, Matthias, Oberti, Sylvain, Olivares, Francisco, Ott, Thomas, Pallanca, Laurent, Paumard, Thibaut, Perraut, Karine, Perrin, Guy, Petrov, Romain, Pfuhl, Oliver, Pourré, Nicolas, Rabien, Sebastian, Rau, Christian, Riquelme, Miguel, Robbe-Dubois, Sylvie, Rochat, Sylvain, Salman, Muhammad, Scherbarth, Malte, Schöller, Markus, Schubert, Joseph, Schuhler, Nicolas, Shangguan, Jinyi, Shchekaturov, Pavel, Shimizu, Taro, Scheithauer, Silvia, Sevin, Arnaud, Soenke, Christian, Soulez, Ferreol, Spang, Alain, Stadler, Eric, Straubmeier, Christian, Sturm, Eckhard, Sykes, Calvin, Tacconi, Linda, Tischer, Helmut, Tristram, Konrad, Vincent, Frédéric, von Fellenberg, Sebastiano, Uysal, Sinem, Widmann, Felix, Wieprecht, Ekkehard, Wiezorrek, Erich, Woillez, Julien, Yazıcı, Şenol, and Zins, Gérard

Abstract

The GRAVITY instrument has been revolutionary for near-infrared interferometry by pushing sensitivity and precision to previously unknown limits. With the upgrade of GRAVITY and the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) in GRAVITY+, these limits will be pushed even further, with vastly improved sky coverage, as well as faint-science and high-contrast capabilities. This upgrade includes the implementation of wide-field off-axis fringe-tracking, new adaptive optics systems on all Unit Telescopes, and laser guide stars in an upgraded facility. GRAVITY+ will open up the sky to the measurement of black hole masses across cosmic time in hundreds of active galactic nuclei, use the faint stars in the Galactic centre to probe General Relativity, and enable the characterisation of dozens of young exoplanets to study their formation, bearing the promise of another scientific revolution to come at the VLTI., Comment: Published in the ESO Messenger

Published
2023
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5. Infrared tip-tilt sensing: on-sky experience, lessons learned and unsolved problems

Author

van Dam, Marcos A., Oberti, Sylvain, Kolb, Johann, Lyke, Jim, Cetre, Sylvain, Neichel, Benoit, van Dam, Marcos A., Oberti, Sylvain, Kolb, Johann, Lyke, Jim, Cetre, Sylvain, and Neichel, Benoit

Abstract

Infrared tip-tilt sensors (IR TTSs) have been deployed on three different laser guide star adaptive optics (AO) systems on three different telescopes. These IR TTS benefit from the high-order loop PSF sharpening in the near infrared, hence they provide a low tip-tilt residual and a good sky coverage. Nevertheless, these IR TTS are challenging and their use in AO is limited. In this paper, we outline existing IR TTS, provide on-sky performance results and describe our experience using IR TTS and along with plans for the near future. The second part of the paper deals with unresolved challenges for IR TTS. These include algorithms and loop stability in the low Strehl regime, using IR TTSs to measure higher-order modes and guiding on multiple guide stars with different magnitudes.

Published
2022

6. Super-resolution wavefront reconstruction

Author

Oberti, Sylvain, Correia, Carlos, Fusco, Thierry, Neichel, Benoit, Guiraud, Pierre, Oberti, Sylvain, Correia, Carlos, Fusco, Thierry, Neichel, Benoit, and Guiraud, Pierre

Abstract

Super-Resolution (SR) is a technique that seeks to upscale the resolution of a set of measured signals. SR retrieves higher-frequency signal content by combining multiple lower resolution sampled data sets. SR is well known both in the temporal and spatial domains. It is widely used in imaging to reduce aliasing and enhance the resolution of coarsely sampled images.This paper applies the SR technique to the bi-dimensional wavefront reconstruction. In particular, we show how SR is intrinsically suited for tomographic multi WaveFront Sensor (WFS) AO systems revealing many of its advantages with minimal design effort. This paper provides a direct space and Fourier-optics description of the wavefront sensing operation and demonstrate how SR can be exploited through signal reconstruction, especially in the framework of Periodic Nonuniform Sampling. Both meta uniform and nonuniform sampling schemes are investigated. Then, the SR bi-dimensional model for a Shack Hartmann (SH) WFS is provided and the characteristics of the sensitivity function are analyzed. The SR concept is finally validated with numerical simulations of representative multi WFS SH AO systems. Our results show that combining several WFS samples in a SR framework grants access to a larger number of modes than the native one offered by a single WFS and that despite the fixed sub-aperture size across samples. Furthermore, we show that the associated noise propagation is not degraded under SR. Finally, the concept is extended to the signal produced by single Pyramid WFS. In conclusion, SR applied to wavefront reconstruction offers a new parameter space to explore as it decouples the size of the subaperture from the desired wavefront sampling resolution. By cutting short with old assumptions, new, more flexible and better performing AO designs become now possible., Comment: Astronomy & Astrophysics Section: 13. Astronomical instrumentation AA/2022/43954

Published
2022
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7. Key wavefront sensors features for laser-assisted tomographic adaptive optics systems on the Extremely Large Telescope

Author

Fusco, Thierry, Agapito, Guido, Neichel, Benoit, Oberti, Sylvain, Correia, Carlos, Haguenauer, Pierre, Plantet, Cédric, Pedreros, Felipe, Ke, Zibo, Costille, Anne, Jouve, Pierre, Busoni, Lorenzo, Esposito, Simone, Fusco, Thierry, Agapito, Guido, Neichel, Benoit, Oberti, Sylvain, Correia, Carlos, Haguenauer, Pierre, Plantet, Cédric, Pedreros, Felipe, Ke, Zibo, Costille, Anne, Jouve, Pierre, Busoni, Lorenzo, and Esposito, Simone

Abstract

Laser guide star (LGS) wave-front sensing (LGSWFS) is a key element of tomographic adaptive optics system. However, when considering Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) scales, the LGS spot elongation becomes so large that it challenges the standard recipes to design LGSWFS. For classical Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor (SHWFS), which is the current baseline for all ELT LGS-assisted instruments, a trade-off between the pupil spatial sampling [number of sub-apertures (SAs)], the SA field-of-view (FoV) and the pixel sampling within each SA is required. For ELT scales, this trade-off is also driven by strong technical constraints, especially concerning the available detectors and in particular their number of pixels. For SHWFS, a larger field of view per SA allows mitigating the LGS spot truncation, which represents a severe loss of performance due to measurement biases. For a given number of available detectors pixels, the SA FoV is competing with the proper sampling of the LGS spots, and/or the total number of SAs. We proposed a sensitivity analysis, and we explore how these parameters impacts the final performance. In particular, we introduce the concept of super resolution, which allows one to reduce the pupil sampling per WFS and opens an opportunity to propose potential LGSWFS designs providing the best performance for ELT scales., Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures, 1 table, part of the 2022 JATIS Special Section on Extremely Large Telescopes

Published
2022
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8. Infrared tip-tilt sensing: on-sky experience, lessons learned and unsolved problems

Author

van Dam, Marcos A., Oberti, Sylvain, Kolb, Johann, Lyke, Jim, Cetre, Sylvain, Neichel, Benoit, van Dam, Marcos A., Oberti, Sylvain, Kolb, Johann, Lyke, Jim, Cetre, Sylvain, and Neichel, Benoit

Abstract

Infrared tip-tilt sensors (IR TTSs) have been deployed on three different laser guide star adaptive optics (AO) systems on three different telescopes. These IR TTS benefit from the high-order loop PSF sharpening in the near infrared, hence they provide a low tip-tilt residual and a good sky coverage. Nevertheless, these IR TTS are challenging and their use in AO is limited. In this paper, we outline existing IR TTS, provide on-sky performance results and describe our experience using IR TTS and along with plans for the near future. The second part of the paper deals with unresolved challenges for IR TTS. These include algorithms and loop stability in the low Strehl regime, using IR TTSs to measure higher-order modes and guiding on multiple guide stars with different magnitudes.

Published
2022

9. Instrumentation for ESO's Extremely Large Telescope

Author

Ramsay, Suzanne, Cirasuolo, Michele, Amico, Paola, Bezawada, Nagaraja Naidu, Caillier, Patrick, Derie, Frederic, Dorn, Reinhold, Egner, Sebastian, George, Elizabeth, Gonte, Frederic, Hammersley, Peter, Haupt, Christoph, Ives, Derek, Jakob, Gerd, Kerber, Florian, Mainieri, Vincenzo, Manescau, Antonio, Oberti, Sylvain, Peroux, Celine, Pfuhl, Oliver, Seemann, Ulf, Siebenmorgen, Ralf, Schmid, Christian, Vernet, Joel, Ramsay, Suzanne, Cirasuolo, Michele, Amico, Paola, Bezawada, Nagaraja Naidu, Caillier, Patrick, Derie, Frederic, Dorn, Reinhold, Egner, Sebastian, George, Elizabeth, Gonte, Frederic, Hammersley, Peter, Haupt, Christoph, Ives, Derek, Jakob, Gerd, Kerber, Florian, Mainieri, Vincenzo, Manescau, Antonio, Oberti, Sylvain, Peroux, Celine, Pfuhl, Oliver, Seemann, Ulf, Siebenmorgen, Ralf, Schmid, Christian, and Vernet, Joel

Abstract

Design and construction of the instruments for ESO's Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) began in 2015. We present here a brief overview of the status of the ELT Instrumentation Plan. Dedicated articles on each instrument are presented elsewhere this volume., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures

Published
2021
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10. Adaptive optics design status of MAORY, the MCAO system of European ELT

Author

Busoni, Lorenzo, Agapito, Guido, Plantet, Cedric, Oberti, Sylvain, Verinaud, Christophe, Louarn, Miska Le, Esposito, Simone, Ciliegi, Paolo, Busoni, Lorenzo, Agapito, Guido, Plantet, Cedric, Oberti, Sylvain, Verinaud, Christophe, Louarn, Miska Le, Esposito, Simone, and Ciliegi, Paolo

Abstract

MAORY is the Multi-conjugate Adaptive Optics RelaY for the European ELT aimed at providing a 1 arcmin corrected field to MICADO, a near-infrared spectro-imager with a focus on astrometry. In this paper we re-view the main requirements and analysis that justify the current adaptive optics architecture and subsystem requirements. We discuss the wavefront error budget allocation focusing on the worst offenders terms and on a statistical analysis of their dependence on atmospheric and sodium profiles. We present an updated revision of the trade-off studies on the main AO parameters that, along with considerations coming from optical and mechanical subsystems, are used to define the preliminary design of the instrument., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures. AO4ELT6 proceedings

Published
2020

11. MAORY AO performances

Author

Agapito, Guido, Plantet, Cedric, Busoni, Lorenzo, Arcidiacono, Carmelo, Oberti, Sylvain, Verinaud, Christophe, Louarn, Miska Le, Puglisi, Alfio, Esposito, Simone, Ciliegi, Paolo, Agapito, Guido, Plantet, Cedric, Busoni, Lorenzo, Arcidiacono, Carmelo, Oberti, Sylvain, Verinaud, Christophe, Louarn, Miska Le, Puglisi, Alfio, Esposito, Simone, and Ciliegi, Paolo

Abstract

The Multi-conjugate Adaptive Optics RelaY (MAORY) should provide 30% SR in K band (50% goal) on half of the sky at the South Galactic Pole. Assessing its performance and the sensitivity to parameter variations during the design phase is a fundamental step for the engineering of such a complex system. This step, centered on numerical simulations, is the connection between the performance requirements and the Adaptive Optics system configuration. In this work we present MAORY configuration and performance and we justify theAdaptive Optics system design choices., Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, 1 table. SPIE conference Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, 14 - 18 December 2020, digital forum

Published
2020
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12. Physics-based model of the adaptive-optics corrected point-spread-function

Author

Fétick, Romain, Fusco, Thierry, Neichel, Benoit, Mugnier, Laurent, Beltramo-Martin, Olivier, Bonnefois, Aurélie, Petit, Cyril, Milli, Julien, Vernet, Joel, Oberti, Sylvain, Bacon, Roland, Fétick, Romain, Fusco, Thierry, Neichel, Benoit, Mugnier, Laurent, Beltramo-Martin, Olivier, Bonnefois, Aurélie, Petit, Cyril, Milli, Julien, Vernet, Joel, Oberti, Sylvain, and Bacon, Roland

Abstract

Context. Adaptive optics (AO) systems greatly increase the resolution of large telescopes, but produce complex point spread function (PSF) shapes, varying in time and across the field of view. This PSF must be accurately known since it provides crucial information about optical systems for design, characterisation, diagnostics and image post processing. Aims. We develop here a model of the AO long exposure PSF, adapted to various seeing conditions and any AO system. This model is made to match accurately both the core of the PSF and its turbulent halo. Methods. The PSF model we develop is based on a parsimonious parameterization of the phase power spectral density with only five parameters to describe circularly symmetric PSFs and seven parameters for asymmetrical ones. Moreover, one of the parameters is directly the Fried parameter r0 of the turbulence s strength. This physical parameter is an asset in the PSF model since it can be correlated with external measurements of the r0, such as phase slopes from the AO real time computer (RTC) or site seeing monitoring. Results. We fit our model against endtoend simulated PSFs using OOMAO tool, and against on sky PSFs from the SPHERE ZIMPOL imager and the MUSE integral field spectrometer working in AO narrowfield mode. Our model matches the shape of the AO PSF both in the core and the halo, with a sub 1 percent relative error for simulated and experimental data. We also show that we retrieve the r0 parameter with subcentimeter precision on simulated data. For ZIMPOL data, we show a correlation of 97 percent between our r0 estimation and the RTC estimation. Finally, MUSE allows us to test the spectral dependency of the fitted r0 parameter. It follows the theoretical $\lambda^{6/5}$ evolution with a standard deviation of 0.3 cm. Evolution of other PSF parameters, such as residual phase variance or aliasing, is also discussed.

Published
2019
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13. Physics-based model of the adaptive-optics corrected point-spread-function

Author

Fétick, Romain, Fusco, Thierry, Neichel, Benoit, Mugnier, Laurent, Beltramo-Martin, Olivier, Bonnefois, Aurélie, Petit, Cyril, Milli, Julien, Vernet, Joel, Oberti, Sylvain, Bacon, Roland, Fétick, Romain, Fusco, Thierry, Neichel, Benoit, Mugnier, Laurent, Beltramo-Martin, Olivier, Bonnefois, Aurélie, Petit, Cyril, Milli, Julien, Vernet, Joel, Oberti, Sylvain, and Bacon, Roland

Abstract

Context. Adaptive optics (AO) systems greatly increase the resolution of large telescopes, but produce complex point spread function (PSF) shapes, varying in time and across the field of view. This PSF must be accurately known since it provides crucial information about optical systems for design, characterisation, diagnostics and image post processing. Aims. We develop here a model of the AO long exposure PSF, adapted to various seeing conditions and any AO system. This model is made to match accurately both the core of the PSF and its turbulent halo. Methods. The PSF model we develop is based on a parsimonious parameterization of the phase power spectral density with only five parameters to describe circularly symmetric PSFs and seven parameters for asymmetrical ones. Moreover, one of the parameters is directly the Fried parameter r0 of the turbulence s strength. This physical parameter is an asset in the PSF model since it can be correlated with external measurements of the r0, such as phase slopes from the AO real time computer (RTC) or site seeing monitoring. Results. We fit our model against endtoend simulated PSFs using OOMAO tool, and against on sky PSFs from the SPHERE ZIMPOL imager and the MUSE integral field spectrometer working in AO narrowfield mode. Our model matches the shape of the AO PSF both in the core and the halo, with a sub 1 percent relative error for simulated and experimental data. We also show that we retrieve the r0 parameter with subcentimeter precision on simulated data. For ZIMPOL data, we show a correlation of 97 percent between our r0 estimation and the RTC estimation. Finally, MUSE allows us to test the spectral dependency of the fitted r0 parameter. It follows the theoretical $\lambda^{6/5}$ evolution with a standard deviation of 0.3 cm. Evolution of other PSF parameters, such as residual phase variance or aliasing, is also discussed.

Published
2019
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14. Multiple Star Systems in the Orion Nebula

Author

GRAVITY collaboration, Karl, Martina, Pfuhl, Oliver, Eisenhauer, Frank, Genzel, Reinhard, Grellmann, Rebekka, Habibi, Maryam, Abuter, Roberto, Accardo, Matteo, Amorim, António, Anugu, Narsireddy, Ávila, Gerardo, Benisty, Myriam, Berger, Jean-Philippe, Bland, Nicolas, Bonnet, Henri, Bourget, Pierre, Brandner, Wolfgang, Brast, Roland, Buron, Alexander, Garatti, Alessio Caratti o, Chapron, Frédéric, Clénet, Yann, Collin, Claude, Foresto, Vincent Coudé du, de Wit, Willem-Jan, de Zeeuw, Tim, Deen, Casey, Delplancke-Ströbele, Françoise, Dembet, Roderick, Derie, Frédéric, Dexter, Jason, Duvert, Gilles, Ebert, Monica, Eckart, Andreas, Esselborn, Michael, Fédou, Pierre, Finger, Gert, Garcia, Paulo, Dabo, Cesar Enrique Garcia, Lopez, Rebeca Garcia, Gao, Feng, Gandron, Éric, Gillessen, Stefan, Gonté, Frédéric, Gordo, Paulo, Grözinger, Ulrich, Guajardo, Patricia, Guieu, Sylvain, Haguenauer, Pierre, Hans, Oliver, Haubois, Xavier, Haug, Marcus, Haußmann, Frank, Henning, Thomas, Hippler, Stefan, Horrobin, Matthew, Huber, Armin, Hubert, Zoltan, Hubin, Norbert, Hummel, Christian A., Jakob, Gerd, Jochum, Lieselotte, Jocou, Laurent, Kaufer, Andreas, Kellner, Stefan, Kandrew, Sarah, Kern, Lothar, Kervella, Pierre, Kiekebusch, Mario, Klein, Ralf, Köhler, Rainer, Kolb, Johan, Kulas, Martin, Lacour, Sylvestre, Lapeyrère, Vincent, Lazareff, Bernard, Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste Le, Léna, Pierre, Lenzen, Rainer, Lévêque, Samuel, Lin, Chien-Cheng, Lippa, Magdalena, Magnard, Yves, Mehrgan, Leander, Mérand, Antoine, Moulin, Thibaut, Müller, Eric, Müller, Friedrich, Neumann, Udo, Oberti, Sylvain, Ott, Thomas, Pallanca, Laurent, Panduro, Johana, Pasquini, Luca, Paumard, Thibaut, Percheron, Isabelle, Perraut, Karine, Perrin, Guy, Pflüger, Andreas, Duc, Thanh Phan, Plewa, Philipp M., Popovic, Dan, Rabien, Sebastian, Ramírez, Andrés, Ramos, Jose, Rau, Christian, Riquelme, Miguel, Rodríguez-Coira, Gustavo, Rohloff, Ralf-Rainer, Rosales, Alejandra, Rousset, Gérard, Sanchez-Bermudez, Joel, Scheithauer, Silvia, Schöller, Markus, Schuhler, Nicolas, Spyromilio, Jason, Straub, Odele, Straubmeier, Christian, Sturm, Eckhard, Suarez, Marcos, Tristram, Konrad R. W., Ventura, Noel, Vincent, Frédéric, Waisberg, Idel, Wank, Imke, Widmann, Felix, Wieprecht, Ekkehard, Wiest, Michael, Wiezorrek, Erich, Wittkowski, Markus, Woillez, Julien, Wolff, Burkhard, Yazici, Senol, Ziegler, Denis, Zins, Gérard, GRAVITY collaboration, Karl, Martina, Pfuhl, Oliver, Eisenhauer, Frank, Genzel, Reinhard, Grellmann, Rebekka, Habibi, Maryam, Abuter, Roberto, Accardo, Matteo, Amorim, António, Anugu, Narsireddy, Ávila, Gerardo, Benisty, Myriam, Berger, Jean-Philippe, Bland, Nicolas, Bonnet, Henri, Bourget, Pierre, Brandner, Wolfgang, Brast, Roland, Buron, Alexander, Garatti, Alessio Caratti o, Chapron, Frédéric, Clénet, Yann, Collin, Claude, Foresto, Vincent Coudé du, de Wit, Willem-Jan, de Zeeuw, Tim, Deen, Casey, Delplancke-Ströbele, Françoise, Dembet, Roderick, Derie, Frédéric, Dexter, Jason, Duvert, Gilles, Ebert, Monica, Eckart, Andreas, Esselborn, Michael, Fédou, Pierre, Finger, Gert, Garcia, Paulo, Dabo, Cesar Enrique Garcia, Lopez, Rebeca Garcia, Gao, Feng, Gandron, Éric, Gillessen, Stefan, Gonté, Frédéric, Gordo, Paulo, Grözinger, Ulrich, Guajardo, Patricia, Guieu, Sylvain, Haguenauer, Pierre, Hans, Oliver, Haubois, Xavier, Haug, Marcus, Haußmann, Frank, Henning, Thomas, Hippler, Stefan, Horrobin, Matthew, Huber, Armin, Hubert, Zoltan, Hubin, Norbert, Hummel, Christian A., Jakob, Gerd, Jochum, Lieselotte, Jocou, Laurent, Kaufer, Andreas, Kellner, Stefan, Kandrew, Sarah, Kern, Lothar, Kervella, Pierre, Kiekebusch, Mario, Klein, Ralf, Köhler, Rainer, Kolb, Johan, Kulas, Martin, Lacour, Sylvestre, Lapeyrère, Vincent, Lazareff, Bernard, Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste Le, Léna, Pierre, Lenzen, Rainer, Lévêque, Samuel, Lin, Chien-Cheng, Lippa, Magdalena, Magnard, Yves, Mehrgan, Leander, Mérand, Antoine, Moulin, Thibaut, Müller, Eric, Müller, Friedrich, Neumann, Udo, Oberti, Sylvain, Ott, Thomas, Pallanca, Laurent, Panduro, Johana, Pasquini, Luca, Paumard, Thibaut, Percheron, Isabelle, Perraut, Karine, Perrin, Guy, Pflüger, Andreas, Duc, Thanh Phan, Plewa, Philipp M., Popovic, Dan, Rabien, Sebastian, Ramírez, Andrés, Ramos, Jose, Rau, Christian, Riquelme, Miguel, Rodríguez-Coira, Gustavo, Rohloff, Ralf-Rainer, Rosales, Alejandra, Rousset, Gérard, Sanchez-Bermudez, Joel, Scheithauer, Silvia, Schöller, Markus, Schuhler, Nicolas, Spyromilio, Jason, Straub, Odele, Straubmeier, Christian, Sturm, Eckhard, Suarez, Marcos, Tristram, Konrad R. W., Ventura, Noel, Vincent, Frédéric, Waisberg, Idel, Wank, Imke, Widmann, Felix, Wieprecht, Ekkehard, Wiest, Michael, Wiezorrek, Erich, Wittkowski, Markus, Woillez, Julien, Wolff, Burkhard, Yazici, Senol, Ziegler, Denis, and Zins, Gérard

Abstract

This work presents an interferometric study of the massive-binary fraction in the Orion Trapezium Cluster with the recently comissioned GRAVITY instrument. We observe a total of 16 stars of mainly OB spectral type. We find three previously unknown companions for $\theta ^1$ Ori B, $\theta ^2$ Ori B, and $\theta ^2$ Ori C. We determine a separation for the previously suspected companion of NU Ori. We confirm four companions for $\theta ^1$ Ori A, $\theta ^1$ Ori C, $\theta ^1$ Ori D, and $\theta ^2$ Ori A, all with substantially improved astrometry and photometric mass estimates. We refine the orbit of the eccentric high-mass binary $\theta ^1$ Ori C and we are able to derive a new orbit for $\theta ^1$ Ori D. We find a system mass of 21.7 $M_{\odot}$ and a period of $53$ days. Together with other previously detected companions seen in spectroscopy or direct imaging, eleven of the 16 high-mass stars are multiple systems. We obtain a total number of 22 companions with separations up to 600 AU. The companion fraction of the early B and O stars in our sample is about 2, significantly higher than in earlier studies of mostly OB associations. The separation distribution hints towards a bimodality. Such a bimodality has been previously found in A stars, but rarely in OB binaries, which up to this point have been assumed to be mostly compact with a tail of wider companions. We also do not find a substantial population of equal-mass binaries. The observed distribution of mass ratios declines steeply with mass, and like the direct star counts, indicates that our companions follow a standard power law initial mass function. Again, this is in contrast to earlier findings of flat mass ratio distributions in OB associations. We exclude collision as a dominant formation mechanism but find no clear preference for core accretion or competitive accretion., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2018
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15. Multiple star systems in the Orion nebula

Author

Karl, Martina, Pfuhl, Oliver, Eisenhauer, Frank, Genzel, Reinhard, Grellmann, Rebekka, Habibi, Maryam, Abuter, Roberto, Accardo, Matteo, Amorim, Antonio, Anugu, Narsireddy, Avila, Gerardo, Benisty, Myriam, Berger, Jean-Philippe, Blind, Nicolas, Bonnet, Henri, Bourget, Pierre, Brandner, Wolfgang, Brast, Roland, Buron, Alexander, Garatti, Alessio Caratti O., Chapron, Frederic, Clenet, Yann, Collin, Claude, du Foresto, Vincent Coude, de Wit, Willem-Jan, de Zeeuw, Tim, Deen, Casey, Delplancke-Stroebele, Francoise, Dembet, Roderick, Derie, Frederic, Dexter, Jason, Duvert, Gilles, Ebert, Monica, Eckart, Andreas, Esselborn, Michael, Fedou, Pierre, Finger, Gert, Garcia, Paulo, Dabo, Cesar Enrique Garcia, Lopez, Rebeca Garcia, Gao, Feng, Gendron, Eric, Gillessen, Stefan, Gonte, Frederic, Gordo, Paulo, Groezinger, Ulrich, Guajardo, Patricia, Guieu, Sylvain, Haguenauer, Pierre, Hans, Oliver, Haubois, Xavier, Haug, Marcus, Haussmann, Frank, Henning, Thomas, Hippler, Stefan, Horrobin, Matthew, Huber, Armin, Hubert, Zoltan, Hubin, Norbert, Jakob, Gerd, Jochum, Lieselotte, Jocou, Laurent, Kaufer, Andreas, Kellner, Stefan, Kendrew, Sarah, Kern, Lothar, Kervella, Pierre, Kiekebusch, Mario, Klein, Ralf, Koehler, Rainer, Kolb, Johan, Kulas, Martin, Lacour, Sylvestre, Lapeyrere, Vincent, Lazareff, Bernard, Le Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste, Lena, Pierre, Lenzen, Rainer, Leveque, Samuel, Lin, Chien-Cheng, Lippa, Magdalena, Magnard, Yves, Mehrgan, Leander, Merand, Antoine, Moulin, Thibaut, Mueller, Eric, Mueller, Friedrich, Neumann, Udo, Oberti, Sylvain, Ott, Thomas, Pallanca, Laurent, Panduro, Johana, Pasquini, Luca, Paumard, Thibaut, Percheron, Isabelle, Perraut, Karine, Perrin, Guy, Pflueger, Andreas, Plewa, Philipp M., Popovic, Dan, Rabien, Sebastian, Ramirez, Andres, Ramos, Jose, Rau, Christian, Riquelme, Miguel, Rodriguez-Coira, Gustavo, Rohloff, Ralf-Rainer, Rosales, Alejandra, Rousset, Gerard, Sanchez-Bermudez, Joel, Scheithauer, Silvia, Schoeller, Markus, Schuhler, Nicolas, Spyromilio, Jason, Straub, Odele, Straubmeier, Christian, Sturm, Eckhard, Suarez, Marcos, Tristram, Konrad R. W., Ventura, Noel, Vincent, Frederic, Waisberg, Idel, Wank, Imke, Widmann, Felix, Wieprecht, Ekkehard, Wiest, Michael, Wiezorrek, Erich, Wittkowski, Markus, Woillez, Julien, Wolff, Burkhard, Yazici, Senol, Ziegler, Denis, Zins, Gerard, Karl, Martina, Pfuhl, Oliver, Eisenhauer, Frank, Genzel, Reinhard, Grellmann, Rebekka, Habibi, Maryam, Abuter, Roberto, Accardo, Matteo, Amorim, Antonio, Anugu, Narsireddy, Avila, Gerardo, Benisty, Myriam, Berger, Jean-Philippe, Blind, Nicolas, Bonnet, Henri, Bourget, Pierre, Brandner, Wolfgang, Brast, Roland, Buron, Alexander, Garatti, Alessio Caratti O., Chapron, Frederic, Clenet, Yann, Collin, Claude, du Foresto, Vincent Coude, de Wit, Willem-Jan, de Zeeuw, Tim, Deen, Casey, Delplancke-Stroebele, Francoise, Dembet, Roderick, Derie, Frederic, Dexter, Jason, Duvert, Gilles, Ebert, Monica, Eckart, Andreas, Esselborn, Michael, Fedou, Pierre, Finger, Gert, Garcia, Paulo, Dabo, Cesar Enrique Garcia, Lopez, Rebeca Garcia, Gao, Feng, Gendron, Eric, Gillessen, Stefan, Gonte, Frederic, Gordo, Paulo, Groezinger, Ulrich, Guajardo, Patricia, Guieu, Sylvain, Haguenauer, Pierre, Hans, Oliver, Haubois, Xavier, Haug, Marcus, Haussmann, Frank, Henning, Thomas, Hippler, Stefan, Horrobin, Matthew, Huber, Armin, Hubert, Zoltan, Hubin, Norbert, Jakob, Gerd, Jochum, Lieselotte, Jocou, Laurent, Kaufer, Andreas, Kellner, Stefan, Kendrew, Sarah, Kern, Lothar, Kervella, Pierre, Kiekebusch, Mario, Klein, Ralf, Koehler, Rainer, Kolb, Johan, Kulas, Martin, Lacour, Sylvestre, Lapeyrere, Vincent, Lazareff, Bernard, Le Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste, Lena, Pierre, Lenzen, Rainer, Leveque, Samuel, Lin, Chien-Cheng, Lippa, Magdalena, Magnard, Yves, Mehrgan, Leander, Merand, Antoine, Moulin, Thibaut, Mueller, Eric, Mueller, Friedrich, Neumann, Udo, Oberti, Sylvain, Ott, Thomas, Pallanca, Laurent, Panduro, Johana, Pasquini, Luca, Paumard, Thibaut, Percheron, Isabelle, Perraut, Karine, Perrin, Guy, Pflueger, Andreas, Plewa, Philipp M., Popovic, Dan, Rabien, Sebastian, Ramirez, Andres, Ramos, Jose, Rau, Christian, Riquelme, Miguel, Rodriguez-Coira, Gustavo, Rohloff, Ralf-Rainer, Rosales, Alejandra, Rousset, Gerard, Sanchez-Bermudez, Joel, Scheithauer, Silvia, Schoeller, Markus, Schuhler, Nicolas, Spyromilio, Jason, Straub, Odele, Straubmeier, Christian, Sturm, Eckhard, Suarez, Marcos, Tristram, Konrad R. W., Ventura, Noel, Vincent, Frederic, Waisberg, Idel, Wank, Imke, Widmann, Felix, Wieprecht, Ekkehard, Wiest, Michael, Wiezorrek, Erich, Wittkowski, Markus, Woillez, Julien, Wolff, Burkhard, Yazici, Senol, Ziegler, Denis, and Zins, Gerard

Abstract

This work presents an interferometric study of the massive-binary fraction in the Orion Trapezium cluster with the recently comissioned GRAVITY instrument. We observed a total of 16 stars of mainly OB spectral type. We find three previously unknown companions for theta(1) Ori B, theta(2) Ori B, and theta(2) Ori C. We determined a separation for the previously suspected companion of NU Ori. We confirm four companions for theta(1) Ori A, theta(1) Ori C, theta(1) Ori D, and theta(2) Ori A, all with substantially improved astrometry and photometric mass estimates. We refined the orbit of the eccentric high-mass binary theta(1) Ori C and we are able to derive a new orbit for theta(1) Ori D. We find a system mass of 21.7 M-circle dot and a period of 53 days. Together with other previously detected companions seen in spectroscopy or direct imaging, eleven of the 16 high-mass stars are multiple systems. We obtain a total number of 22 companions with separations up to 600 AU. The companion fraction of the early B and O stars in our sample is about two, significantly higher than in earlier studies of mostly OB associations. The separation distribution hints toward a bimodality. Such a bimodality has been previously found in A stars, but rarely in OB binaries, which up to this point have been assumed to be mostly compact with a tail of wider companions. We also do not find a substantial population of equal-mass binaries. The observed distribution of mass ratios declines steeply with mass, and like the direct star counts, indicates that our companions follow a standard power law initial mass function. Again, this is in contrast to earlier findings of flat mass ratio distributions in OB associations. We excluded collision as a dominant formation mechanism but find no clear preference for core accretion or competitive accretion.

Published
2018

16. Multiple star systems in the Orion nebula

Author

Karl, Martina, Pfuhl, Oliver, Eisenhauer, Frank, Genzel, Reinhard, Grellmann, Rebekka, Habibi, Maryam, Abuter, Roberto, Accardo, Matteo, Amorim, Antonio, Anugu, Narsireddy, Avila, Gerardo, Benisty, Myriam, Berger, Jean-Philippe, Blind, Nicolas, Bonnet, Henri, Bourget, Pierre, Brandner, Wolfgang, Brast, Roland, Buron, Alexander, Garatti, Alessio Caratti O., Chapron, Frederic, Clenet, Yann, Collin, Claude, du Foresto, Vincent Coude, de Wit, Willem-Jan, de Zeeuw, Tim, Deen, Casey, Delplancke-Stroebele, Francoise, Dembet, Roderick, Derie, Frederic, Dexter, Jason, Duvert, Gilles, Ebert, Monica, Eckart, Andreas, Esselborn, Michael, Fedou, Pierre, Finger, Gert, Garcia, Paulo, Dabo, Cesar Enrique Garcia, Lopez, Rebeca Garcia, Gao, Feng, Gendron, Eric, Gillessen, Stefan, Gonte, Frederic, Gordo, Paulo, Groezinger, Ulrich, Guajardo, Patricia, Guieu, Sylvain, Haguenauer, Pierre, Hans, Oliver, Haubois, Xavier, Haug, Marcus, Haussmann, Frank, Henning, Thomas, Hippler, Stefan, Horrobin, Matthew, Huber, Armin, Hubert, Zoltan, Hubin, Norbert, Jakob, Gerd, Jochum, Lieselotte, Jocou, Laurent, Kaufer, Andreas, Kellner, Stefan, Kendrew, Sarah, Kern, Lothar, Kervella, Pierre, Kiekebusch, Mario, Klein, Ralf, Koehler, Rainer, Kolb, Johan, Kulas, Martin, Lacour, Sylvestre, Lapeyrere, Vincent, Lazareff, Bernard, Le Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste, Lena, Pierre, Lenzen, Rainer, Leveque, Samuel, Lin, Chien-Cheng, Lippa, Magdalena, Magnard, Yves, Mehrgan, Leander, Merand, Antoine, Moulin, Thibaut, Mueller, Eric, Mueller, Friedrich, Neumann, Udo, Oberti, Sylvain, Ott, Thomas, Pallanca, Laurent, Panduro, Johana, Pasquini, Luca, Paumard, Thibaut, Percheron, Isabelle, Perraut, Karine, Perrin, Guy, Pflueger, Andreas, Plewa, Philipp M., Popovic, Dan, Rabien, Sebastian, Ramirez, Andres, Ramos, Jose, Rau, Christian, Riquelme, Miguel, Rodriguez-Coira, Gustavo, Rohloff, Ralf-Rainer, Rosales, Alejandra, Rousset, Gerard, Sanchez-Bermudez, Joel, Scheithauer, Silvia, Schoeller, Markus, Schuhler, Nicolas, Spyromilio, Jason, Straub, Odele, Straubmeier, Christian, Sturm, Eckhard, Suarez, Marcos, Tristram, Konrad R. W., Ventura, Noel, Vincent, Frederic, Waisberg, Idel, Wank, Imke, Widmann, Felix, Wieprecht, Ekkehard, Wiest, Michael, Wiezorrek, Erich, Wittkowski, Markus, Woillez, Julien, Wolff, Burkhard, Yazici, Senol, Ziegler, Denis, Zins, Gerard, Karl, Martina, Pfuhl, Oliver, Eisenhauer, Frank, Genzel, Reinhard, Grellmann, Rebekka, Habibi, Maryam, Abuter, Roberto, Accardo, Matteo, Amorim, Antonio, Anugu, Narsireddy, Avila, Gerardo, Benisty, Myriam, Berger, Jean-Philippe, Blind, Nicolas, Bonnet, Henri, Bourget, Pierre, Brandner, Wolfgang, Brast, Roland, Buron, Alexander, Garatti, Alessio Caratti O., Chapron, Frederic, Clenet, Yann, Collin, Claude, du Foresto, Vincent Coude, de Wit, Willem-Jan, de Zeeuw, Tim, Deen, Casey, Delplancke-Stroebele, Francoise, Dembet, Roderick, Derie, Frederic, Dexter, Jason, Duvert, Gilles, Ebert, Monica, Eckart, Andreas, Esselborn, Michael, Fedou, Pierre, Finger, Gert, Garcia, Paulo, Dabo, Cesar Enrique Garcia, Lopez, Rebeca Garcia, Gao, Feng, Gendron, Eric, Gillessen, Stefan, Gonte, Frederic, Gordo, Paulo, Groezinger, Ulrich, Guajardo, Patricia, Guieu, Sylvain, Haguenauer, Pierre, Hans, Oliver, Haubois, Xavier, Haug, Marcus, Haussmann, Frank, Henning, Thomas, Hippler, Stefan, Horrobin, Matthew, Huber, Armin, Hubert, Zoltan, Hubin, Norbert, Jakob, Gerd, Jochum, Lieselotte, Jocou, Laurent, Kaufer, Andreas, Kellner, Stefan, Kendrew, Sarah, Kern, Lothar, Kervella, Pierre, Kiekebusch, Mario, Klein, Ralf, Koehler, Rainer, Kolb, Johan, Kulas, Martin, Lacour, Sylvestre, Lapeyrere, Vincent, Lazareff, Bernard, Le Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste, Lena, Pierre, Lenzen, Rainer, Leveque, Samuel, Lin, Chien-Cheng, Lippa, Magdalena, Magnard, Yves, Mehrgan, Leander, Merand, Antoine, Moulin, Thibaut, Mueller, Eric, Mueller, Friedrich, Neumann, Udo, Oberti, Sylvain, Ott, Thomas, Pallanca, Laurent, Panduro, Johana, Pasquini, Luca, Paumard, Thibaut, Percheron, Isabelle, Perraut, Karine, Perrin, Guy, Pflueger, Andreas, Plewa, Philipp M., Popovic, Dan, Rabien, Sebastian, Ramirez, Andres, Ramos, Jose, Rau, Christian, Riquelme, Miguel, Rodriguez-Coira, Gustavo, Rohloff, Ralf-Rainer, Rosales, Alejandra, Rousset, Gerard, Sanchez-Bermudez, Joel, Scheithauer, Silvia, Schoeller, Markus, Schuhler, Nicolas, Spyromilio, Jason, Straub, Odele, Straubmeier, Christian, Sturm, Eckhard, Suarez, Marcos, Tristram, Konrad R. W., Ventura, Noel, Vincent, Frederic, Waisberg, Idel, Wank, Imke, Widmann, Felix, Wieprecht, Ekkehard, Wiest, Michael, Wiezorrek, Erich, Wittkowski, Markus, Woillez, Julien, Wolff, Burkhard, Yazici, Senol, Ziegler, Denis, and Zins, Gerard

Abstract

This work presents an interferometric study of the massive-binary fraction in the Orion Trapezium cluster with the recently comissioned GRAVITY instrument. We observed a total of 16 stars of mainly OB spectral type. We find three previously unknown companions for theta(1) Ori B, theta(2) Ori B, and theta(2) Ori C. We determined a separation for the previously suspected companion of NU Ori. We confirm four companions for theta(1) Ori A, theta(1) Ori C, theta(1) Ori D, and theta(2) Ori A, all with substantially improved astrometry and photometric mass estimates. We refined the orbit of the eccentric high-mass binary theta(1) Ori C and we are able to derive a new orbit for theta(1) Ori D. We find a system mass of 21.7 M-circle dot and a period of 53 days. Together with other previously detected companions seen in spectroscopy or direct imaging, eleven of the 16 high-mass stars are multiple systems. We obtain a total number of 22 companions with separations up to 600 AU. The companion fraction of the early B and O stars in our sample is about two, significantly higher than in earlier studies of mostly OB associations. The separation distribution hints toward a bimodality. Such a bimodality has been previously found in A stars, but rarely in OB binaries, which up to this point have been assumed to be mostly compact with a tail of wider companions. We also do not find a substantial population of equal-mass binaries. The observed distribution of mass ratios declines steeply with mass, and like the direct star counts, indicates that our companions follow a standard power law initial mass function. Again, this is in contrast to earlier findings of flat mass ratio distributions in OB associations. We excluded collision as a dominant formation mechanism but find no clear preference for core accretion or competitive accretion.

Published
2018

17. Multiple Star Systems in the Orion Nebula

Author

GRAVITY collaboration, Karl, Martina, Pfuhl, Oliver, Eisenhauer, Frank, Genzel, Reinhard, Grellmann, Rebekka, Habibi, Maryam, Abuter, Roberto, Accardo, Matteo, Amorim, António, Anugu, Narsireddy, Ávila, Gerardo, Benisty, Myriam, Berger, Jean-Philippe, Bland, Nicolas, Bonnet, Henri, Bourget, Pierre, Brandner, Wolfgang, Brast, Roland, Buron, Alexander, Garatti, Alessio Caratti o, Chapron, Frédéric, Clénet, Yann, Collin, Claude, Foresto, Vincent Coudé du, de Wit, Willem-Jan, de Zeeuw, Tim, Deen, Casey, Delplancke-Ströbele, Françoise, Dembet, Roderick, Derie, Frédéric, Dexter, Jason, Duvert, Gilles, Ebert, Monica, Eckart, Andreas, Esselborn, Michael, Fédou, Pierre, Finger, Gert, Garcia, Paulo, Dabo, Cesar Enrique Garcia, Lopez, Rebeca Garcia, Gao, Feng, Gandron, Éric, Gillessen, Stefan, Gonté, Frédéric, Gordo, Paulo, Grözinger, Ulrich, Guajardo, Patricia, Guieu, Sylvain, Haguenauer, Pierre, Hans, Oliver, Haubois, Xavier, Haug, Marcus, Haußmann, Frank, Henning, Thomas, Hippler, Stefan, Horrobin, Matthew, Huber, Armin, Hubert, Zoltan, Hubin, Norbert, Hummel, Christian A., Jakob, Gerd, Jochum, Lieselotte, Jocou, Laurent, Kaufer, Andreas, Kellner, Stefan, Kandrew, Sarah, Kern, Lothar, Kervella, Pierre, Kiekebusch, Mario, Klein, Ralf, Köhler, Rainer, Kolb, Johan, Kulas, Martin, Lacour, Sylvestre, Lapeyrère, Vincent, Lazareff, Bernard, Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste Le, Léna, Pierre, Lenzen, Rainer, Lévêque, Samuel, Lin, Chien-Cheng, Lippa, Magdalena, Magnard, Yves, Mehrgan, Leander, Mérand, Antoine, Moulin, Thibaut, Müller, Eric, Müller, Friedrich, Neumann, Udo, Oberti, Sylvain, Ott, Thomas, Pallanca, Laurent, Panduro, Johana, Pasquini, Luca, Paumard, Thibaut, Percheron, Isabelle, Perraut, Karine, Perrin, Guy, Pflüger, Andreas, Duc, Thanh Phan, Plewa, Philipp M., Popovic, Dan, Rabien, Sebastian, Ramírez, Andrés, Ramos, Jose, Rau, Christian, Riquelme, Miguel, Rodríguez-Coira, Gustavo, Rohloff, Ralf-Rainer, Rosales, Alejandra, Rousset, Gérard, Sanchez-Bermudez, Joel, Scheithauer, Silvia, Schöller, Markus, Schuhler, Nicolas, Spyromilio, Jason, Straub, Odele, Straubmeier, Christian, Sturm, Eckhard, Suarez, Marcos, Tristram, Konrad R. W., Ventura, Noel, Vincent, Frédéric, Waisberg, Idel, Wank, Imke, Widmann, Felix, Wieprecht, Ekkehard, Wiest, Michael, Wiezorrek, Erich, Wittkowski, Markus, Woillez, Julien, Wolff, Burkhard, Yazici, Senol, Ziegler, Denis, Zins, Gérard, GRAVITY collaboration, Karl, Martina, Pfuhl, Oliver, Eisenhauer, Frank, Genzel, Reinhard, Grellmann, Rebekka, Habibi, Maryam, Abuter, Roberto, Accardo, Matteo, Amorim, António, Anugu, Narsireddy, Ávila, Gerardo, Benisty, Myriam, Berger, Jean-Philippe, Bland, Nicolas, Bonnet, Henri, Bourget, Pierre, Brandner, Wolfgang, Brast, Roland, Buron, Alexander, Garatti, Alessio Caratti o, Chapron, Frédéric, Clénet, Yann, Collin, Claude, Foresto, Vincent Coudé du, de Wit, Willem-Jan, de Zeeuw, Tim, Deen, Casey, Delplancke-Ströbele, Françoise, Dembet, Roderick, Derie, Frédéric, Dexter, Jason, Duvert, Gilles, Ebert, Monica, Eckart, Andreas, Esselborn, Michael, Fédou, Pierre, Finger, Gert, Garcia, Paulo, Dabo, Cesar Enrique Garcia, Lopez, Rebeca Garcia, Gao, Feng, Gandron, Éric, Gillessen, Stefan, Gonté, Frédéric, Gordo, Paulo, Grözinger, Ulrich, Guajardo, Patricia, Guieu, Sylvain, Haguenauer, Pierre, Hans, Oliver, Haubois, Xavier, Haug, Marcus, Haußmann, Frank, Henning, Thomas, Hippler, Stefan, Horrobin, Matthew, Huber, Armin, Hubert, Zoltan, Hubin, Norbert, Hummel, Christian A., Jakob, Gerd, Jochum, Lieselotte, Jocou, Laurent, Kaufer, Andreas, Kellner, Stefan, Kandrew, Sarah, Kern, Lothar, Kervella, Pierre, Kiekebusch, Mario, Klein, Ralf, Köhler, Rainer, Kolb, Johan, Kulas, Martin, Lacour, Sylvestre, Lapeyrère, Vincent, Lazareff, Bernard, Bouquin, Jean-Baptiste Le, Léna, Pierre, Lenzen, Rainer, Lévêque, Samuel, Lin, Chien-Cheng, Lippa, Magdalena, Magnard, Yves, Mehrgan, Leander, Mérand, Antoine, Moulin, Thibaut, Müller, Eric, Müller, Friedrich, Neumann, Udo, Oberti, Sylvain, Ott, Thomas, Pallanca, Laurent, Panduro, Johana, Pasquini, Luca, Paumard, Thibaut, Percheron, Isabelle, Perraut, Karine, Perrin, Guy, Pflüger, Andreas, Duc, Thanh Phan, Plewa, Philipp M., Popovic, Dan, Rabien, Sebastian, Ramírez, Andrés, Ramos, Jose, Rau, Christian, Riquelme, Miguel, Rodríguez-Coira, Gustavo, Rohloff, Ralf-Rainer, Rosales, Alejandra, Rousset, Gérard, Sanchez-Bermudez, Joel, Scheithauer, Silvia, Schöller, Markus, Schuhler, Nicolas, Spyromilio, Jason, Straub, Odele, Straubmeier, Christian, Sturm, Eckhard, Suarez, Marcos, Tristram, Konrad R. W., Ventura, Noel, Vincent, Frédéric, Waisberg, Idel, Wank, Imke, Widmann, Felix, Wieprecht, Ekkehard, Wiest, Michael, Wiezorrek, Erich, Wittkowski, Markus, Woillez, Julien, Wolff, Burkhard, Yazici, Senol, Ziegler, Denis, and Zins, Gérard

Abstract

This work presents an interferometric study of the massive-binary fraction in the Orion Trapezium Cluster with the recently comissioned GRAVITY instrument. We observe a total of 16 stars of mainly OB spectral type. We find three previously unknown companions for $\theta ^1$ Ori B, $\theta ^2$ Ori B, and $\theta ^2$ Ori C. We determine a separation for the previously suspected companion of NU Ori. We confirm four companions for $\theta ^1$ Ori A, $\theta ^1$ Ori C, $\theta ^1$ Ori D, and $\theta ^2$ Ori A, all with substantially improved astrometry and photometric mass estimates. We refine the orbit of the eccentric high-mass binary $\theta ^1$ Ori C and we are able to derive a new orbit for $\theta ^1$ Ori D. We find a system mass of 21.7 $M_{\odot}$ and a period of $53$ days. Together with other previously detected companions seen in spectroscopy or direct imaging, eleven of the 16 high-mass stars are multiple systems. We obtain a total number of 22 companions with separations up to 600 AU. The companion fraction of the early B and O stars in our sample is about 2, significantly higher than in earlier studies of mostly OB associations. The separation distribution hints towards a bimodality. Such a bimodality has been previously found in A stars, but rarely in OB binaries, which up to this point have been assumed to be mostly compact with a tail of wider companions. We also do not find a substantial population of equal-mass binaries. The observed distribution of mass ratios declines steeply with mass, and like the direct star counts, indicates that our companions follow a standard power law initial mass function. Again, this is in contrast to earlier findings of flat mass ratio distributions in OB associations. We exclude collision as a dominant formation mechanism but find no clear preference for core accretion or competitive accretion., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2018
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18. The numerical simulation tool for the MAORY multiconjugate adaptive optics system

Author

Arcidiacono, Carmelo, Schreiber, Laura, Bregoli, Giovanni, Diolaiti, Emiliano, Foppiani, Italo, Agapito, Guido, Puglisi, Alfio, Xompero, Marco, Oberti, Sylvain, Cosentino, Giuseppe, Lombini, Matteo, Butler, Chris R., Ciliegi, Paolo, Cortecchia, Fausto, Patti, Mauro, Esposito, Simone, Feautrier, Philippe, Arcidiacono, Carmelo, Schreiber, Laura, Bregoli, Giovanni, Diolaiti, Emiliano, Foppiani, Italo, Agapito, Guido, Puglisi, Alfio, Xompero, Marco, Oberti, Sylvain, Cosentino, Giuseppe, Lombini, Matteo, Butler, Chris R., Ciliegi, Paolo, Cortecchia, Fausto, Patti, Mauro, Esposito, Simone, and Feautrier, Philippe

Abstract

The Multiconjugate Adaptive Optics RelaY (MAORY) is and Adaptive Optics module to be mounted on the ESO European-Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). It is a hybrid Natural and Laser Guide System that will perform the correction of the atmospheric turbulence volume above the telescope feeding the Multi-AO Imaging Camera for Deep Observations Near Infrared spectro-imager (MICADO). We developed an end-to-end Monte- Carlo adaptive optics simulation tool to investigate the performance of a the MAORY and the calibration, acquisition, operation strategies. MAORY will implement Multiconjugate Adaptive Optics combining Laser Guide Stars (LGS) and Natural Guide Stars (NGS) measurements. The simulation tool implements the various aspect of the MAORY in an end to end fashion. The code has been developed using IDL and uses libraries in C++ and CUDA for efficiency improvements. Here we recall the code architecture, we describe the modeled instrument components and the control strategies implemented in the code., Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure, Proceeding 9909 310 of the conference SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2016, 26 June 1 July 2016 Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

Published
2016
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19. The numerical simulation tool for the MAORY multiconjugate adaptive optics system

Author

Arcidiacono, Carmelo, Schreiber, Laura, Bregoli, Giovanni, Diolaiti, Emiliano, Foppiani, Italo, Agapito, Guido, Puglisi, Alfio, Xompero, Marco, Oberti, Sylvain, Cosentino, Giuseppe, Lombini, Matteo, Butler, Chris R., Ciliegi, Paolo, Cortecchia, Fausto, Patti, Mauro, Esposito, Simone, Feautrier, Philippe, Arcidiacono, Carmelo, Schreiber, Laura, Bregoli, Giovanni, Diolaiti, Emiliano, Foppiani, Italo, Agapito, Guido, Puglisi, Alfio, Xompero, Marco, Oberti, Sylvain, Cosentino, Giuseppe, Lombini, Matteo, Butler, Chris R., Ciliegi, Paolo, Cortecchia, Fausto, Patti, Mauro, Esposito, Simone, and Feautrier, Philippe

Abstract

The Multiconjugate Adaptive Optics RelaY (MAORY) is and Adaptive Optics module to be mounted on the ESO European-Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT). It is a hybrid Natural and Laser Guide System that will perform the correction of the atmospheric turbulence volume above the telescope feeding the Multi-AO Imaging Camera for Deep Observations Near Infrared spectro-imager (MICADO). We developed an end-to-end Monte- Carlo adaptive optics simulation tool to investigate the performance of a the MAORY and the calibration, acquisition, operation strategies. MAORY will implement Multiconjugate Adaptive Optics combining Laser Guide Stars (LGS) and Natural Guide Stars (NGS) measurements. The simulation tool implements the various aspect of the MAORY in an end to end fashion. The code has been developed using IDL and uses libraries in C++ and CUDA for efficiency improvements. Here we recall the code architecture, we describe the modeled instrument components and the control strategies implemented in the code., Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure, Proceeding 9909 310 of the conference SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2016, 26 June 1 July 2016 Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

Published
2016
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20. Layer Oriented Wavefront sensor for MAD on Sky operations

Author

Arcidiacono, Carmelo, Lombini, Matteo, Ragazzoni, Roberto, Farinato, Jacopo, Diolaiti, Emiliano, Baruffolo, Andrea, Bagnara, Paolo, Gentile, Giorgia, Schreiber, Laura, Marchetti, Enrico, Kolb, Johann, Tordo, Sebastien, Donaldson, Robert, Soenke, Christian, Oberti, Sylvain, Fedrigo, Enrico, Vernet, Elise, Hubin, Norbert, Arcidiacono, Carmelo, Lombini, Matteo, Ragazzoni, Roberto, Farinato, Jacopo, Diolaiti, Emiliano, Baruffolo, Andrea, Bagnara, Paolo, Gentile, Giorgia, Schreiber, Laura, Marchetti, Enrico, Kolb, Johann, Tordo, Sebastien, Donaldson, Robert, Soenke, Christian, Oberti, Sylvain, Fedrigo, Enrico, Vernet, Elise, and Hubin, Norbert

Abstract

The Multiconjugate Adaptive optics Demonstrator (MAD) has successfully demonstrated on sky both Star Oriented (SO) and Layer Oriented (LO) multiconjugate adaptive optics techniques. While SO has been realized using 3 Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors (WFS), we designed a multi-pyramid WFS for the LO. The MAD bench accommodates both WFSs and a selecting mirror allows choosing which sensor to use. In the LO approach up to 8 pyramids can be placed on as many reference stars and their light is co-added optically on two different CCDs conjugated at ground and to an high layer. In this paper we discuss LO commissioning phase and on sky operations., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, typo and cut&paste-corrected Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 7015, pp. 70155P-70155P-12 (Marseille 2008)

Published
2009
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21. Layer Oriented Wavefront sensor for MAD on Sky operations

Author

Arcidiacono, Carmelo, Lombini, Matteo, Ragazzoni, Roberto, Farinato, Jacopo, Diolaiti, Emiliano, Baruffolo, Andrea, Bagnara, Paolo, Gentile, Giorgia, Schreiber, Laura, Marchetti, Enrico, Kolb, Johann, Tordo, Sebastien, Donaldson, Robert, Soenke, Christian, Oberti, Sylvain, Fedrigo, Enrico, Vernet, Elise, Hubin, Norbert, Arcidiacono, Carmelo, Lombini, Matteo, Ragazzoni, Roberto, Farinato, Jacopo, Diolaiti, Emiliano, Baruffolo, Andrea, Bagnara, Paolo, Gentile, Giorgia, Schreiber, Laura, Marchetti, Enrico, Kolb, Johann, Tordo, Sebastien, Donaldson, Robert, Soenke, Christian, Oberti, Sylvain, Fedrigo, Enrico, Vernet, Elise, and Hubin, Norbert

Abstract

The Multiconjugate Adaptive optics Demonstrator (MAD) has successfully demonstrated on sky both Star Oriented (SO) and Layer Oriented (LO) multiconjugate adaptive optics techniques. While SO has been realized using 3 Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors (WFS), we designed a multi-pyramid WFS for the LO. The MAD bench accommodates both WFSs and a selecting mirror allows choosing which sensor to use. In the LO approach up to 8 pyramids can be placed on as many reference stars and their light is co-added optically on two different CCDs conjugated at ground and to an high layer. In this paper we discuss LO commissioning phase and on sky operations., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, typo and cut&paste-corrected Proceedings of the SPIE, Volume 7015, pp. 70155P-70155P-12 (Marseille 2008)

Published
2009
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