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Soil pollution and climate change are two current environmental problems that affect everyone. Agriculture is an activity that contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases and is negatively affected by the consequences of climate change, such as the increase in temperature and the dryness of the soil. In addition, soil degradation and loss of soil fertility are major challenges. It is necessary to implement sustainable strategies that increase crop yield without increasing the impact on the cultivated area and that reduce gas emissions into the atmosphere. Biochar is a carbon-rich material obtained from the thermochemical decomposition of organic waste at high temperatures and in the absence of oxygen. The pyrolysis process stabilizes the existing carbon in the organic matter in a form more resistant to chemical and biological decomposition, so when it is incorporated into the soil it does not degrade. The characteristics of biochar improve the physicochemical properties of the soil and increase crop productivity, also contributing to carbon retention, which makes biochar a tool to fight climate change. Regarding lettuce production, it has been shown that the use of biochar as a soil amendment can improve the quality and quantity of lettuce produced. Biochar can improve soil physical properties, such as long-term water and nutrient retention, which can increase crop growth and yield over cycles. In addition, the use of biochar can reduce the need for chemical fertilizers, which can lower costs for farmers. In summary, the use of biochar in agricultural production can significantly improve soil physicochemical properties and increase crop productivity. In addition, consuming local and quality products is relevant for several reasons. Both practices can help reduce the negative environmental impact associated with agriculture., La contaminació del sòl i el canvi climàtic són dos problemes ambientals actuals que afecten a tothom. L'agricultura és una activitat que contribueix a l'emissió de gasos d'efecte d'hivernacle i es veu afectada negativament per les conseqüències derivades del canvi climàtic, com l'augment de la temperatura i l'aridesa del sòl. A més, la degradació i pèrdua de fertilitat del sòl són desafiaments importants. És necessari implementar estratègies sostenibles que augmentin el rendiment dels cultius sense augmentar l'impacte sobre l'àrea conreada i que redueixin les emissions de gasos a l'atmosfera. El biochar és un material ric en carboni que s'obté de la descomposició termoquímica de residus orgànics a temperatures altes i en absència d'oxigen. El procés de piròlisi estabilitza el carboni existent en la matèria orgànica en una forma més resistent a la descomposició química i biològica, per la qual cosa en ser incorporat al sòl no es degrada. Les característiques del biochar milloren les propietats fisicoquímiques del sòl i augmenten la productivitat dels cultius, contribuint a més a la retenció de carboni, la qual cosa converteix al biochar en una eina per a lluitar contra el canvi climàtic. Quant a la producció d'enciams s'ha demostrat que l'ús del biochar com a esmena del sòl pot millorar la qualitat i quantitat dels enciams produïts. El biochar pot millorar les propietats físiques del sòl, com la retenció d'aigua i nutrients a llarg termini, la qual cosa pot augmentar el creixement i rendiment dels cultius al llarg dels cicles. A més, l'ús del biochar pot reduir la necessitat de fertilitzants químics, la qual cosa pot disminuir els costos per als agricultors. En resum, l'ús del biochar en la producció agrícola pot millorar significativament les propietats fisicoquímiques del sòl i augmentar la productivitat dels cultius. A més, consumir productes locals i de qualitat és rellevant per diverses raons. Totes dues pràctiques poden ajudar a reduir l'impacte ambiental nega, La contaminación del suelo y el cambio climático son dos problemas ambientales actuales que afectan a todo el mundo. La agricultura es una actividad que contribuye a la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero y se ve afectada negativamente por las consecuencias derivadas del cambio climático, como el aumento de la temperatura y la aridez del suelo. Además, la degradación y pérdida de fertilidad del suelo son importantes desafíos. Es necesario implementar estrategias sostenibles que aumenten el rendimiento de los cultivos sin aumentar el impacto sobre el área cultivada y que reduzcan las emisiones de gases a la atmósfera. El biochar es un material rico en carbono que se obtiene de la descomposición termoquímica de residuos orgánicos a altas temperaturas y en ausencia de oxígeno. El proceso de pirólisis estabiliza el carbono existente en la materia orgánica en una forma más resistente a la descomposición química y biológica, por lo que al incorporarse al suelo no se degrada. Las características del biochar mejoran las propiedades físico-químicas del suelo y aumentan la productividad de los cultivos, contribuyendo además a la retención de carbono, lo que convierte al biochar en una herramienta para luchar contra el cambio climático. En cuanto a la producción de lechugas se ha demostrado que el uso del biochar como enmienda del suelo puede mejorar la calidad y cantidad de las lechugas producidas. El biochar puede mejorar las propiedades físicas del suelo, como la retención de agua y nutrientes a largo plazo, lo que puede aumentar el crecimiento y rendimiento de los cultivos a lo largo de los ciclos. Además, el uso del biochar puede reducir la necesidad de fertilizantes químicos, lo que puede disminuir los costes para los agricultores. En resumen, el uso del biochar en la producción agrícola puede mejorar significativamente las propiedades físico-químicas del suelo y aumentar la productividad de los cultivos. Además, consumir productos locales y de calidad es relevante po, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::12 - Producció i Consum Responsables

Soil management is a strategy for improving soil suffering from problems such as low pH, nutrient deficiency, and erosion. The study evaluated the effects of human urine (HU), biogas slurry (BS), standard compost (StC), animal manure (AM), and synthetic fertilizer (SF) in comparison with no soil fertility management (NFM) on soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic carbon (SOC), soil moisture content, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in the Karagwe district, a Northwestern Tanzania. Four household farms representing each soil amendment type were selected for soil sampling. A total of 192 soil samples were collected and air-dried. After laboratory analysis, BS-enriched soil had the highest pH (6.558), CEC (23.945 cmol+/kg), SOC (5.573%), soil moisture (5.573%), N (0.497%), P (247.130 mg/kg), K (3.036 cmol+/kg), Ca (18.983 cmol+/kg), Mg (4.076 cmol+/kg), Na (2.960 cmol+/kg), and Cu (12.548 mg/kg). Similar soil properties were lower in NFM than in the other soils. The soil properties on the chosen farms did not differ significantly depending on the sampling zone for each organic fertilizer. Therefore, the result indicates that all evaluated organic fertilizers improved soil health compared to NFM, but BS and HU fertilizers led to relatively better soil health improvements than StC, AM, and SF., Funding: Project "Opening the portfolio of negative emissions technologies: A comprehensive study of social, techno-economic, and ethical dimensions of biomass -based NETs in Sweden and Tanzania" [2019-01973]; Swedish National Research Program on Climate; Swedish Research Council Formas; MAVUNO organization

This review paper presents the factors that effects the growth and yield of cucumber under protected cultivation has be discussed in detail which includes explanation of each factor in detailed has been done and concludes with Discussion. This review paper include collecting and resolving revised and correct dossier from various beginnings, containing research items, convention papers, and connected to the internet possessions. The data collected is analysed and synthesized to comprehensively review the factors affecting cucumber growth and yield in protected cultivation.

This review paper presents the factors that effects the growth and yield of cucumber under protected cultivation has be discussed in detail which includes explanation of each factor in detailed has been done and concludes with Discussion. This review paper include collecting and resolving revised and correct dossier from various beginnings, containing research items, convention papers, and connected to the internet possessions. The data collected is analysed and synthesized to comprehensively review the factors affecting cucumber growth and yield in protected cultivation.

The research deals with the use of natural composts and biocides in Aymara peasant agriculture in the province of El Collao Ilave-Puno, currently the peasant families in their daily work carry out ancestral practices to guarantee agricultural production and control plague such as infestation of the weevil of The Andes. The objective is to explore and describe the traditional practices of use of composts. The procedure used was the ethnographic and interpretive method, the techniques selected are: interview, participant observation and performance, which facilitated the collection of information. As a conclusion of this research, the survival of the peasant knowledge of the application of natural fertilizers and biocides based on natural plants, minerals and human urine is exposed, and they are practiced in their different agricultural processes in order to ensure production, control plague and diseases of the different cultivation plots., La investigación versa sobre uso de abonos naturales y biocidas en la agricultura campesina aymara en la provincia El Collao Ilave-Puno, en la actualidad las familias campesinas en sus haceres y saberes realizan prácticas ancestrales para garantizar la producción agrícola y controlar plagas como el gorgojo de los andes. El objetivo es explorar y describir las prácticas tradicionales de empleo de abonos. El procedimiento que se utilizó fue el método etnográfico e interpretativo, las técnicas que se utilizaron son: la entrevista, la observación participante y performance, que facilitaron recoger información. Como conclusión de la investigación se muestra la pervivencia de la sabiduría campesina de la aplicación de abonos naturales y biocida a base de plantas naturales, minerales y orina humana, y son practicadas en sus diferentes procesos agrícolas con la finalidad de asegurar la producción, el control de las plagas y enfermedades de los diferentes cultivares., les Andes. L'objectif est d'explorer et de décrire les pratiques traditionnelles d'utilisation des engrais. La procédure qui a été utilisée était la méthode ethnographique et interprétative, les techniques qui ont été utilisées sont : l'entretien, l'observation participante et la performance, ce qui a facilité la collecte d'informations. En conclusion de l'enquête, la survie de la sagesse paysanne de l'application d'engrais naturels et de biocides à base de plantes naturelles, de minéraux et d'urine humaine est démontrée, et ils sont pratiqués dans leurs différents processus agricoles afin d'assurer la production, de contrôler les ravageurs et les maladies de différents cultivars.

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) from animal manure has raised concerns about the potential threats to public health. The bioconversion of animal manure with insect larvae, such as the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL, Hermetia illucens [L.]), is a promising technology for quickly attenuating ARB while also recycling waste. In this study, we investigated BSFL conversion systems for chicken manure. Using metagenomic analysis, we tracked ARB and evaluated the resistome dissemination risk by investigating the co-occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and bacterial taxa in a genetic context. Our results indicated that BSFL treatment effectively mitigated the relative abundance of ARB, ARGs, and MGEs by 34.9%, 53.3%, and 37.9%, respectively, within 28 days. Notably, the transferable ARGs decreased by 30.9%, indicating that BSFL treatment could mitigate the likelihood of ARG horizontal transfer and thus reduce the risk of ARB occurrence. In addition, the significantly positive correlation links between antimicrobial concentration and relative abundance of ARB reduced by 44.4%. Moreover, using variance partition analysis (VPA), we identified other bacteria as the most important factor influencing ARB, explaining 20.6% of the ARB patterns. Further analysis suggested that antagonism of other bacteria on ARB increased by 1.4 times, while nutrient competition on both total nitrogen and crude fat increased by 2.8 times. Overall, these findings provide insight into the mechanistic understanding of ARB reduction during BSFL treatment of chicken manure and provide a strategy for rapidly mitigating ARB in animal manure., This work was funding by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41977279), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2662020SKPY002 and 2662022SKYJ006), the Key Technology R & D Program of Hubei Province (2021BBA258) and the Major Project of Hubei Hongshan Laboratory (2022hszd013)., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

This study examined the influence of compost application on alterations in soil organic matter levels and the content of labile organic matter fractions in soil during maize sowing. Due to the lack of organic fertilizers, industrial compost is being investigated as an alternative. The research aims to identify relevant soil quality and fertility indicators and their effects on agricultural production. Short-term compost application as an organic fertilizer may increase the content of labile organic matter fractions in the soil, especially in less fertile plots. The results indicate a significant influence of compost application on soil quality, confirming its role as a nutrient source and enhancer of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. This highlights its potential for preserving soil quality and supporting agricultural production., U ovom istraživanju ispitivao se uticaj primene komposta na promene nivoa organske materije i sadržaja labilne frakcije organske materije u zemljištu pri setvi kukuruza. Usled nedostatka organskog đubriva, kao alternativa se ispituje kompost dobijen na industrijski način. Cilj istraživanja je identifikacija relevantnih pokazatelja kvaliteta i plodnosti zemljišta i efekti na poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. Kratkoročna primena komposta kao organskog đubriva može povećati sadržaj labilne frakcije organske materije u zemljištu, posebno na siromašnijim parcelama. Rezultati ukazuju na značajan uticaj primene komposta na kvalitet zemljišta, potvrđujući njegovu ulogu kao izvora hraniva i poboljšanja fizičkih, hemijskih i bioloških svojstava zemljišta To ukazuje na njegov potencijal za očuvanje kvaliteta zemljišta i podršku poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji.

Het verspreiden van organische mest en compost past goed bij duurzame doelen, minder kunstmestgebruik en een beter bodemleven. Mest verspreiden gebeurt al niet meer in het najaar. Juist in het voorjaar draagt organische mest bij als basisvoeding voor gewasgroei. Niet met een eenmalige hoge dosering, maar juist met meerdere kleine giften per jaar.

De opkomst van organische meststoffen lijkt op de ontwikkeling die biologische gewasbescherming doormaakte. In het begin stonden telers sceptisch tegenover de werkwijze en bijbehorende producten. Nu is het de standaard in alle teelten. En dat is precies wat er ook gaat gebeuren met meststoffen, verwachten betrokkenen.

This study investigated an innovative and low-cost hybrid system that couples constructed wetland (CW) and solar photo-Fenton (SPF) to enhance the elimination of 17 different micropollutants (MPs) from urban wastewater. The CW unit explored two aquatic plants (Phragmites australis and Cyperus haspan) and two operational modes (with and without recirculation), resulting in four different microcosms. Photo-Fenton experiments were carried out in a bench solar simulator at natural pH using the commercial fertilizer DTPA as iron catalysts. The results showed that the constructed wetlands with recirculation obtained better MPs eliminations than microcosms without recirculation, with no significant difference between the two plants. The average removal of total MPs and different cycles was 67% and 41% in the unit planted with C. haspan, with recirculation and no recirculation, respectively. Additionally, the removal performance of total suspended solids (TSS) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from water was also high, reaching about 80% and 50% for TSS and DOC, respectively in the recirculation unit with no increase in nitrites content. The CWs performance resulted in a rise yields of overall MPs abatement in photo-Fenton process, from an average removal of 73% for the single process up to almost complete removal (95%) for the hybrid system. CW with recirculation combined with SPF would let to achieve the corresponding limits according the final use/fate of the effluent in a more economical, sustainable and green way.

Pig slurries are widely used on calcareous soils in European rainfed systems. Here we assess their impact on the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) and on the composition of humic- type substances (HTS). Seven doses of slurry (five from fattening pigs and two from sows) ranging from 1.0 to 4.8 Mg ha−1 yr−1 of or-ganic matter were evaluated after a period of 12 years and compared with mineral fertilizer treatment. At the end of the last annual cropping season (September), SOC was quantified, and HTS were isolated by alkaline extraction followed by acid precipitation, and studied by visible spectroscopy (800– 400 nm) and Fourier- transformed infrared spectroscopy (4000– 400 cm−1). Following the trend in the slurry organic matter applied rates, SOC increased from 9.5 g C kg−1 (min-eral treatment) to 13.8 g C kg−1. This SOC increase was equivalent to c. 25.4% of the slurry organic carbon applied. The incorporation of aliphatic structures, mainly polyalkyl, from slurries into the HTS tends to modify the composition of the soil organic matter (SOM), which is reflected in a decrease in the intensity of FT- IR peaks related to aromatic structures. Despite the trend of significant increase in SOC with fattening slurries, mainly from the organic matter rate of 1.6 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (c. 185 kg N ha−1), the composition of the HTS showed an impor-tant aliphatic enhancement. The FTIR results showed that using exclusively the relative intensities of specific peaks (alkyl, carboxyl, aromatic and amide groups) as variables for the discriminant analysis, it is possible to identify HA between different groups of soils treated with progressive levels of slurry. Although the new aliphatic components could be considered important to improve soil physi-cal quality, after the incorporation of additional SOM, the spectroscopic charac-teristics of HTS in soils treated with slurries suggested a weak effect in long- term C sequestration, as the newly incorporated OC forms are not qualitatively sim

‘Gesloten Kringlopen: nieuwe inzichten over de transitie naar een circulaire economie’ is het magazine dat de resultaten van het onderzoeksprogramma Gesloten Kringlopen presenteert. Het bevat zeven cases over de gefinancierde onderzoeken en een column van de voorzitter van de programmacommissie Gesloten Kringlopen, om de mooie resultaten van dit programma te vieren.

La mineralització de les matèries orgàniques és la informació bàsica que ens permet tenir criteris tècnics suficients per realitzar unes correctes pràctiques de fertilització orgànica, ja sigui en l’elecció de la matèria orgànica segons el moment de fertilització, així com en la quantificació de les dosis d’aquestes. D’aquesta forma, si no tenim aquest coneixement, podem veure que s’incorpora per sobre o per sota de les necessitats reals del cultiu, patint pèrdues econòmiques i danys ambientals; per aquesta raó es va decidir dur a terme aquest treball experimental, en el qual es van triar deu matèries orgàniques, de fàcil accés a la zona de treball, i es va procedir a analitzar el nitrogen mineralitzat, així com la taxa de nitrificació i la taxa de mineralització, de cadascuna, en condicions d’incubació aeròbica, durant 10 setmanes a 15°C. Es va recollir i tractar un sòl de referència i es van fer mostres amb barreges de sòl i cada adob. Es van aplicar dosis d’adob equivalents a una taxa de fertilització de Nitrogen de 90 kg/ha. Els tractaments, que consistien en un adob químic, dos adobs organo-minerals, quatre adobs orgànics i quatre esmenes, contenien quatre repeticions per moment de lectura del nitrat i l’amoni, i aquests s’analitzaven mitjançant el mètodes d’espectometria UV-vis cada 15 dies durant els 75 que va durar l’assaig. Un cop es van tenir tots els resultats de les analítiques es va procedir a passar les dades pel model estadístic d’anàlisis de variància i per la prova de Tukey, amb un nivell de significació del 0,05, per conèixer diferències significatives existents entre les mitjanes dels tractament. Les dades treballades es van expressar gràficament i es va observar que dels onze tractaments estudiats, sis destacaven conjuntament, sense diferències significatives entre ells, però si que es diferenciaven amb els cinc restants, essent aquests el tractament químic (ENTECR), un tractament organo-mineral (Fortec 4-2-7), dos tractaments orgànics (Fracció s, The mineralization of organic materials is the basic information that allows us to have technic criteria to make the correct organic fertilization practices, the election of the organic material related to the fertilization moment and the quantification of the doses. This way, without this knowledge, we can see what it's included above or under it, regarding the real necessities, the economical loses and the ambiental damage. This experimental project was realized choosing different organic materials of easy access in the area, analyzing the mineralized nitrogen, the rate of nitrification and mineralizing of each one in aerobic incubation conditions, for 10 weeks at 15°C. A fertilizing rate of 90kg/ha of nitrogen were applied in equivalent manure doses. The treatments had four repetitions in the moment of lecturing the nitric and ammonic, and these were analyzed thought spectrometry us-vis method every 15 days during the 75 days that the experiment lasted. Once the results were obtained the data was analyzed though statistic variance models and by the Tukey test. The studied data was expressed with graphics, and it could be observed that from the 11 treatments, 6 of them stranded out without significant differences between them. However, there were differences with the 5 remaining treatment, in the chemistry treatment (ENTECR ) , an organic-mineral (Fortec 4-2-7), two organic treatment (solid fraccion composted by pig slurry and Orga-3) and two treatments with smens (Vegethumus and the Compost). All of them presented values of 200mg NO3-/kg s.m.s the last day, with a rate of 2.7% in mineralized nitrogen per day. It was observed that during the study different mineralizing rates were present, some of them producing all the nitrogen available in the 75 days, like the Compost. Results found in this study gives more specific information of the behavior of manure in control conditions, allowing us to have more knowledge for its correct use, selection regarding necessitie, La mineralización de las materias orgánicas es la información básica que nos permite tener criterios suficientes para realizar unas correctas prácticas de fertilización orgánica, ya sea para la elección de la materia orgánica según el momento o cultivo a fertilizar, así como en la cuantificación de las dosis de estas. De esta forma, si no tenemos dicho conocimiento, podemos ver que se incorpora por encima o por debajo de las necesidades reales de cultivo, sufriendo pérdidas económicas y daños ambientales; por esta razón se decidió llevar a cabo este ensayo experimental, en el cual se eligieron diferentes materias orgánicas de fácil acceso de la zona de trabajo, y se procedió a analizar el nitrógeno mineralizado, así como la tasa de nitrificación y mineralización de cada una en condiciones de incubación aeróbica, durante diez semanas a 15°C. Se recogió y trató un suelo de referencia para poder usarlo para crear las muestras con tierra y abonos. Se aplicaron dosis de abono equivalentes a una tasa de fertilización de Nitrógeno de 90 kg/ha. Los tratamientos, los cuales constaban de un abono químico, dos organo-minerales, cuatro orgánicos y cuatro enmiendas, contenían cuatro repeticiones por momento de lectura de los nitratos y amonios, y estos se analizaban mediante el método de espectrometría UV-VIS cada 15 días durante los 75 días que duro el ensayo. Una vez obtenidos todos los resultados de las analíticas se procedió a pasar los datos por el modelo estadístico de análisis de varianza y por la prueba Tukey, con un nivel de confianza del 95%, para conocer las diferencias significativas existentes entre las medias de los tratamientos. Los datos trabajados se expresaron gráficamente y se puedo observar que de los once tratamientos estudiados, seis destacaban conjuntamente, sin diferencias significativas entre ellos, pero con diferencias con los cinco restantes, siendo estos el tratamiento químico (ENTECR), un tratamiento órgano-mineral (Fortec 4-2-7), dos tratamientos or

This review paper presents the factors that effects the growth and yield of cucumber under protected cultivation has be discussed in detail which includes explanation of each factor in detailed has been done and concludes with Discussion. This review paper include collecting and resolving revised and correct dossier from various beginnings, containing research items, convention papers, and connected to the internet possessions. The data collected is analysed and synthesized to comprehensively review the factors affecting cucumber growth and yield in protected cultivation.

Organic agriculture offers many benefits through the increased nutritional quality of produced crops, agro-ecosystem preservation, and climate change mitigation. The development of an efficient nutrient management strategy in low-input systems, such as organic agriculture, which supports soil fertility and essential nutrients absorption by crops, is continually exploring. Thus, a study with maize–spelt–soybean rotation during a 5-year period in organic production was established to evaluate the variability in soil organic matter (SOM) and the status of available elements: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Si from the soil, as well as grain yield (GY) and the content of protein, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Si concentration in the grain of spelt, maize, and soybean. Significant variations in mineral elements in the soil, GY, and grain composition were detected. Spelt achieved the highest average GY, while soybean grain was the richest in a majority of examined nutrients. The soil Ca content was important for GY, while the protein level in grain was generally tied to the Mn level in the soil. It was recognized that soil–crop crosstalk is an important strategy for macro- and micro-nutrients management in the soil and grain of organically produced spelt, maize, and soybean. While a reduction in the GY and protein concentration in grain was present over time, it was established that a low-input system under dry-farming conditions supports nutrient availability and accumulation in grain, under semi-arid agro-ecological conditions of central Serbia.

Organic agriculture offers many benefits through the increased nutritional quality of produced crops, agro-ecosystem preservation, and climate change mitigation. The development of an efficient nutrient management strategy in low-input systems, such as organic agriculture, which supports soil fertility and essential nutrients absorption by crops, is continually exploring. Thus, a study with maize–spelt–soybean rotation during a 5-year period in organic production was established to evaluate the variability in soil organic matter (SOM) and the status of available elements: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Si from the soil, as well as grain yield (GY) and the content of protein, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Si concentration in the grain of spelt, maize, and soybean. Significant variations in mineral elements in the soil, GY, and grain composition were detected. Spelt achieved the highest average GY, while soybean grain was the richest in a majority of examined nutrients. The soil Ca content was important for GY, while the protein level in grain was generally tied to the Mn level in the soil. It was recognized that soil–crop crosstalk is an important strategy for macro- and micro-nutrients management in the soil and grain of organically produced spelt, maize, and soybean. While a reduction in the GY and protein concentration in grain was present over time, it was established that a low-input system under dry-farming conditions supports nutrient availability and accumulation in grain, under semi-arid agro-ecological conditions of central Serbia.

The pea, pea or pea is a crop that has a protein level that ranges between 20 and 24 %, which makes it an important food for food security. Given the high content of phosphorus and protein, it is demanding in fertilization, but highly cultivated in several municipalities of the department of Cauca, the research aimed to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer based on coca leaf in the production of Pisum sativum L. in two municipalities of the department, through foliar and edaphic fertilization, to compare with conventional fertilization. A randomized complete block design was used with three repetitions and six treatments (Control; 4 % CocALOFA I; 8 % CocALOFA I; 4 % CocALOFA II: 8 % CocALOFA II; 8 % CocALOFA II) and as response variables were the performance components. Statistically significant differences were detected for plant height, green bean production and yield in Popayán, while in Timbío there were statistical differences in plant height, grains per pod, weight of one hundred grains, green bean production and yield. The treatment with the best results was 4 % CocALOFA I reaching heights between 1,57 and 1,55 m, weight of one hundred grains of 65 g, production per plant of 108,3 and 100,59 g and yields of 3009,28 and 2794,17 kg/ha. The yield with the mineralized organic liquid fertilizer based on 4 % coca leaf was 34 and 28 % higher than the commercial biofertilizer in the two experimental centers., La arveja, alverja o guisante es un cultivo que tiene un nivel proteico que oscila entre 20 y 24 %, lo cual lo convierte en un alimento importante para la seguridad alimentaria. Dado el alto contenido de fósforo y proteína es exigente en fertilización, pero altamente cultivado en varios municipios del departamento del Cauca, la investigación tuvo por objeto evaluar el efecto del abono orgánico a base de hoja de coca en la producción de Pisum sativum L. en dos municipios del departamento, mediante fertilización foliar y edáfica, para comparar con la fertilización convencional. Se empleó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones y seis tratamientos (Testigo; CocALOFA I al 4 %; CocALOFA I al 8 %; CocALOFA II al 4 %: CocALOFA II al 8 %; CocALOFA II al 8 %) y como variables de respuesta se tuvieron los componentes de rendimiento. Se detectaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para altura de la planta, producción en grano verde y rendimiento en Popayán, mientras en Timbío se presentaron diferencias estadísticas en altura de la planta, granos por vaina, peso de cien granos, producción en grano verde y rendimiento. El tratamiento con mejores resultados fue CocALOFA I al 4 % alcanzando alturas entre 1,57 y 1,55 m, peso de cien granos de 65 g, producción por planta de 108,3 y 100,59 g y rendimientos de 3009,28 y 2794,17 kg/ha. El rendimiento con el abono líquido orgánico mineralizado a base de hoja de coca al 4 % superó en un 34 y 28 % al biofertilizante comercial en los dos centros experimentales.

Agriculture, especially cotton farming, is an activity of numerous economic benefits, but also of special care that could negatively impact the environment, overlooking the quantification or remediation of such damage. The main idea focused on identifying the environmental impact, how to partially compensate for the damage caused and the responsibility of accounting in sustainability. Framing the research in a critical interpretative posture, technical elements were found that help to compensate the ecosystem for the damages attributed to the agricultural praxis, such as organic techniques less aggressive to the environment, it was also evidenced that accounting as a science is not by itself responsible for the commitment of the organizations to implement philanthropic actions to the ecosystem, it only records and informs for subsequent decision making. For the intention of sustainability to happen, the participation of other disciplines and ethical conduct in business management is required., La agricultura, en especial la del algodón, es una actividad de numerosos beneficios económicos, pero también de cuidados especiales que pudiesen impactar negativamente al ambiente, pasando por alto el cuantificar o subsanar esos daños. La idea principal se centró en identificar el impacto ambiental, la forma de compensar parte del daño causado y la responsabilidad de la contabilidad en la sostenibilidad. Enmarcando la investigación en una postura crítico interpretativa, se encontraron elementos técnicos que ayudan a compensar al ecosistema por los daños atribuidos a la praxis agrícola, como técnicas orgánicas menos agresivas al ambiente, igualmente se evidenció, que la contabilidad como ciencia no es por si sola responsable del compromiso propio de las organizaciones de implementar acciones filántropas al ecosistema, esta solo registra e informa para la posterior toma de decisiones. Para que suceda la intención de sustentabilidad, se requiere de la participación de otras disciplinas y conductas éticas en las gerencias empresariales.

Recent studies have demonstrated the crop uptake of antibiotics (ABs) from soils treated with AB-carrying fertilisers. However, there is a lack of plot-scale studies linking their effects at the agronomic and metabolomic/transcriptomic level to their impact on human health. This paper assesses the plant uptake of 23 ABs following two productive cycles of lettuce and radish cropped with sewage sludge, pig slurry, the organic fraction of municipal solid waste, or chemical fertilisation under plot-scale conditions (32 plots spanning 3-10 m2 each). AB uptake by plants depended on both the vegetable and the AB class and was higher in radish than in lettuce edible parts. Levels ranged from undetectable to up to 76 ng/g (fresh weight). Repetitive organic fertilisation resulted in an increase in the concentration of ABs in lettuce leaves, but not in radish roots. Significant metabolomic and transcriptomic changes were observed following soil fertilisation. Nevertheless, a human health risk assessment indicates that the occurrence of ABs in lettuce or radish edible parts does not pose any risk. To our knowledge, this is the first holistic plot-scale study demonstrating that the use of organic fertilisers containing ABs is safe for crop security and human health., The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through projects AGL2017- 89518-R and RTI2018-096175-B-I00. IDAEA-CSIC is a Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Project CEX2018-000794-S). Mònica Escolà Casas wishes to thank the Beatriu de Pinós 2018 grant programme (MSCA grant agreement number 801370) for the funding., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Die Auswirkungen der globalen Erwärmung und der Verschwendung von Ressourcen rücken immer mehr in den Fokus der Öffentlichkeit. Die Eindämmung der globalen Erwärmung, die Verbesserung der Lebensmittel- und Futtermittelproduktion und dadurch Schließung von Nährstoffkreisläufen wird daher zu einem äußerst wichtigen Ziel auf der ganzen Welt. Eine Strategie zur Erreichung dieser Ziele ist der effiziente Einsatz von Düngemitteln. Die hier vorgestellte Arbeit gibt neue Einblicke in die Verwendung verschiedener Düngemittel und deren Auswirkungen auf die physikochemischen Eigenschaften des Bodens, die mikrobiellen Parameter (Basale Respiration, mikrobielle Biomasse und Metabolischer Quotient) und die Zusammensetzung der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft sowie auf das Pflanzenwachstum und den Pflanzenertrag. Die während dieser Arbeit untersuchten Düngemittel und Bodenhilfsstoffe reichen von verschiedenen Komposten, Schlämmen und Gülle, Biomasseasche, Mineraldüngern und Kombinationen davon. Das erste Kapitel befasst sich mit den Einflüssen von Kompost aus vier verschiedenen Quellen (organische Abfälle, Grünabfälle, Abfälle von Bauernhöfen und Klärschlamm) und mineralischen Stickstoffdüngern (N) allein oder in Kombination in einem Langzeitfeldversuch. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Grünabfall- und Klärschlammkompost in Kombination mit mineralischem N-Dünger den Maisertrag im Vergleich zu einer ungedüngten Kontrolle verbessern können. Darüber hinaus konnten signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den physikochemischen Eigenschaften festgestellt werden. Diese Unterschiede konnten auf die Düngung mit den unterschiedlichen Komposten zurückgeführt werden. Die Unterschiede zwischen der ungedüngten Kontrolle und dem mineralischen N-Dünger, dem Klärschlammkompost und der Gruppe der „grünen“ Komposte (Bioabfall, Grünschnitt und Stallmist) waren signifikant. Die Menge an N und damit die Zugabe von mineralischen N-Düngemitteln zu den Komposten scheint jedoch keinen Einfluss auf die physikochemischen, The impact of global warming and the depletion of natural resources has come to the forefront of public attention. The mitigation of global warming, enhancing food and feed production and closing resource circles have become a highly important target all over the globe. One strategy to fulfill these goals is the replacement of chemical fertilizers by organic ones. The work presented here gives novel insights in the utilization of different fertilizers and their impact on soil physicochemical properties, microbial parameters (basal respiration, microbial biomass and metabolic quotient) and community composition as well as on plant growth and yield. The fertilizers and amendments under scrutiny range from different composts, slurries, biomass ashes, mineral fertilizers and combinations thereof. The first chapter deals with the influences of composts produced from four different sources (organic waste, green waste, farmyard manure and sewage sludge) and mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers alone or in combination in a long-term field trial. Our results showed that green waste and sewage sludge compost in combination with mineral N fertilizer enhanced maize yield compared to an unfertilized control in the studied crop rotation system. Furthermore, significant differences among physicochemical properties were detected and attributed to the different composts applied. Differences were significant between the unfertilized control and the mineral N fertilizer, the sewage sludge compost and the group of “green” composts (organic waste, green waste and farmyard manure composts). However, the amount of N and therefore, the addition of mineral N fertilizers to the composts did not seem to have an impact on the physicochemical properties. Furthermore, the addition of composts increased soil microbial biomass and modulated the composition of the soil’s bacterial community. The microbial biomass showed significant enhancement when organic fertilizers were applied compared to solely mi, presented by: Felix Rudolf Kurzemann, Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers, Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache, Kumulative Dissertation aus vier Artikeln, Dissertation University of Innsbruck 2022

Die Auswirkungen der globalen Erwärmung und der Verschwendung von Ressourcen rücken immer mehr in den Fokus der Öffentlichkeit. Die Eindämmung der globalen Erwärmung, die Verbesserung der Lebensmittel- und Futtermittelproduktion und dadurch Schließung von Nährstoffkreisläufen wird daher zu einem äußerst wichtigen Ziel auf der ganzen Welt. Eine Strategie zur Erreichung dieser Ziele ist der effiziente Einsatz von Düngemitteln. Die hier vorgestellte Arbeit gibt neue Einblicke in die Verwendung verschiedener Düngemittel und deren Auswirkungen auf die physikochemischen Eigenschaften des Bodens, die mikrobiellen Parameter (Basale Respiration, mikrobielle Biomasse und Metabolischer Quotient) und die Zusammensetzung der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft sowie auf das Pflanzenwachstum und den Pflanzenertrag. Die während dieser Arbeit untersuchten Düngemittel und Bodenhilfsstoffe reichen von verschiedenen Komposten, Schlämmen und Gülle, Biomasseasche, Mineraldüngern und Kombinationen davon. Das erste Kapitel befasst sich mit den Einflüssen von Kompost aus vier verschiedenen Quellen (organische Abfälle, Grünabfälle, Abfälle von Bauernhöfen und Klärschlamm) und mineralischen Stickstoffdüngern (N) allein oder in Kombination in einem Langzeitfeldversuch. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Grünabfall- und Klärschlammkompost in Kombination mit mineralischem N-Dünger den Maisertrag im Vergleich zu einer ungedüngten Kontrolle verbessern können. Darüber hinaus konnten signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den physikochemischen Eigenschaften festgestellt werden. Diese Unterschiede konnten auf die Düngung mit den unterschiedlichen Komposten zurückgeführt werden. Die Unterschiede zwischen der ungedüngten Kontrolle und dem mineralischen N-Dünger, dem Klärschlammkompost und der Gruppe der „grünen“ Komposte (Bioabfall, Grünschnitt und Stallmist) waren signifikant. Die Menge an N und damit die Zugabe von mineralischen N-Düngemitteln zu den Komposten scheint jedoch keinen Einfluss auf die physikochemischen, The impact of global warming and the depletion of natural resources has come to the forefront of public attention. The mitigation of global warming, enhancing food and feed production and closing resource circles have become a highly important target all over the globe. One strategy to fulfill these goals is the replacement of chemical fertilizers by organic ones. The work presented here gives novel insights in the utilization of different fertilizers and their impact on soil physicochemical properties, microbial parameters (basal respiration, microbial biomass and metabolic quotient) and community composition as well as on plant growth and yield. The fertilizers and amendments under scrutiny range from different composts, slurries, biomass ashes, mineral fertilizers and combinations thereof. The first chapter deals with the influences of composts produced from four different sources (organic waste, green waste, farmyard manure and sewage sludge) and mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers alone or in combination in a long-term field trial. Our results showed that green waste and sewage sludge compost in combination with mineral N fertilizer enhanced maize yield compared to an unfertilized control in the studied crop rotation system. Furthermore, significant differences among physicochemical properties were detected and attributed to the different composts applied. Differences were significant between the unfertilized control and the mineral N fertilizer, the sewage sludge compost and the group of “green” composts (organic waste, green waste and farmyard manure composts). However, the amount of N and therefore, the addition of mineral N fertilizers to the composts did not seem to have an impact on the physicochemical properties. Furthermore, the addition of composts increased soil microbial biomass and modulated the composition of the soil’s bacterial community. The microbial biomass showed significant enhancement when organic fertilizers were applied compared to solely mi, presented by: Felix Rudolf Kurzemann, Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung des Verfassers, Zusammenfassung in deutscher Sprache, Kumulative Dissertation aus vier Artikeln, Dissertation University of Innsbruck 2022

Alles over bemesten volgens de 4 juistheden in de weidebouw : adviezen en machines.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a practice that is mainly carried out to give treatment to different kinds of organic residues (e.g. food waste, manure, agricultural residues) in order to obtain biogas and produce bioenergy. Because of its nature, the generated biogas is considered to be a renewable energy source, henceforth an important strategy in the fight against climate change. Anaerobic digesters carry out the AD process under specific conditions to allow microbial communities to develop and decompose organic matter (OM) into the desired biogas. In addition to biogas, the degradation of organic waste in the digester also produces a liquid effluent (digestate) (U.S. EPA, 2021). This exiting digestate is a combination of solid and liquid fractions from the AD process, rich in nutrients and OM. Because of its characteristics, digestate is a valuable effluent, as it can be used as organic fertilizer and spread on agricultural lands (Panuccio, et al., 2018). The use of digestate as fertilizer has several benefits, such as boosting crop growth and quality, acting as soil amender, or mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Wang & Lee, 2021). Nonetheless, depending on the characteristics of the feedstock and on the further use of the digestate, it has to undergo treatment and/or stabilization to avoid the spreading of pathogens, toxic metals or other pollutants that might be present in it (Cucina et al., 2021; Wang & Lee, 2021). For this study, this rationale has been implemented in Colombian low-income small-scale farms. Colombia is a country with a great agricultural tradition, considering that by 2017 more than 15% of the domestic extraction of the country was related to the agricultural industry (Material Flows, 2019). Nevertheless, even though Colombia has expected a considerable growth throughout the past 30 years, up to 50% of its population is considered to live in poverty (Garfí, et al., 2019). Consequently, low income populations have to rely on self-sufficie, The research was funded by the Centre for Development Cooperation (CCD) of the Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) (CCD2021-J004), the Universidad Industrial de Santander, Colombia (Proyecto 2504), and the Ministry of Science and Technology of Colombia (Contrato número 583-2020). Marianna Garfí are grateful to the Government of Catalonia (Consolidated Research Group 2017 SGR 1029), and to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (RYC-2016 20059)., Postprint (published version)

Nowadays, reaction mechanisms of photo-Fenton process with chelated iron are not yet clearly defined. In this study, five organic fertilizers were used as iron complexes to investigate the role of sunlight and oxygen in photo-Fenton at near neutral pH. UV absorbance and stability constant of each selected iron chelate is different, and this work demonstrates that these parameters affect the reaction mechanisms in SMX degradation. Irradiation experiments without H2O2 revealed that only EDDS-Fe and DTPA-Fe achieved SMX degradation, but different iron release. These results, together with soluble oxygen free experiments, allowed the proposal of complementary reaction mechanisms to those of the classical photo-Fenton. The proposed mechanisms start through the potential photoexcitation of the iron complex, followed by subsequent oxygen-mediated hydroxyl radical generation reactions that are different for EDDS-Fe and DTPA-Fe. Moreover, irradiation experiments using EDTA-Fe and HEDTA-Fe had negligible SMX degradation despite iron release was observed, evidencing the differences between iron chelates.

The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilization in agricultural production has caused serious damage to the environment, so organic production alternatives are sought, which have positive effects on crop yield and quality. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the use of different substrates in the growth, yield and quality of the Chichen Itzá hybrid habanero pepper in greenhouse, establishing four treatments with the following substrates and mixtures: T1: 100% earthworm humus with organic management (ORG-LOM); T2: earthworm humus mixture: regional soil: gravel in proportion 1:1:1 (v/v/v) with organic management (ORG-LSG); T3: earthworm humus mixture: river sand: gravel in proportion 1:1:1 (v/v/v) with organic management (ORG-BRICOMPOSTA); and as a control T4: chemically managed river sand (QUIM-AR). The experiment was established under a design of random complete blocks. The ORG-LOM treatment showed the best results, average plant height of 192.6 cm, stem diameter of 19.1 mm, number of flowers and fruits of 33.84 and 35.8% respectively of the total obtained, and yield per plant of 616.41 g, In addition, the fruit weight was 7.8 g, with length of 35.7 mm, diameter of 25.76 mm, pericarp thickness of 2.08 mm and number of lobules of 3.44. In all the variables evaluated, treatment with 100% earthworm humus substrate and organic management (ORG-LOM) was the best., El uso indiscriminado de la fertilización química en la producción agrícola, ha ocasionado daños de consideración al medio ambiente, por tal motivo se buscan alternativas de producción orgánica, que tenga efectos positivos en el rendimiento y calidad de los cultivos. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el uso de diferentes sustratos en el crecimiento, rendimiento y calidad de fruto del chile habanero híbrido Chichen Itzá en invernadero, estableciendo cuatro tratamientos con los siguientes sustratos y sus mezclas: T1: lombricomposta al 100% con manejo orgánico (ORG-LOM); T2: mezcla de lombricomposta: suelo regional: grava en proporción 1:1:1 (v/v/v) con manejo orgánico (ORG-LSG); T3: mezcla de lombricomposta: arena de río: grava en proporción 1:1:1 (v/v/v) con manejo orgánico (ORG-LAG); y como testigo T4: arena de río con manejo químico (QUIM-AR). El experimento se estableció bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar. El tratamiento ORG-LOM fue el que mostró los mejores resultados, altura promedio de planta de 192.6 cm, diámetro de tallo de 19.1 mm, número de flores y frutos de 33.84 y 35.8% respectivamente del total obtenido, y rendimiento por planta de 616.41 g, además, el peso de fruto fue de 7.8 g, con longitud de 35.7 mm, diámetro de 25.76 mm, grosor de pericarpio de 2.08 mm y número de lóculos de 3.44. En todas las variables evaluadas el tratamiento con sustrato lombricomposta al 100% y manejo orgánico (ORG-LOM) fue el que mejores resultados obtuvo.

Vanuit het project Levende Bodem Brabant organiseerden WUR Open Teelten en Delphy op 20 september 2022 een praktijkdag op proefbedrijf Vredepeel, met als centraal thema ‘Bodem en Nutriënten Kringlopen’. Onder de vlag ‘van onderzoek naar praktijk’, werden resultaten besproken van praktijkdemo’s uit het project Levende Bodem Brabant naast die van een brede selectie van lopende onderzoeksprogramma’s van derden (zie kader). Dit verslag geeft de hoofdlijnen van de verschillende presentaties en workshops weer. Het volledige programma van de dag is als losse bijlage beschikbaar.

WUR Open Teelten en Delphy organiseerden op 20 september 2022 een Praktijkdag op proefbedrijf Vredepeel, met als centraal thema Bodem en Nutriënten Kringlopen. Onder de vlag 'van onderzoek naar praktijk', werden resultaten besproken van praktijkdemo's uit het project Leve(n)de Bodem Brabant naast die van een brede selectie van lopende onderzoeksprogramma's van derden.

Presentatie van Romke Postma van NMI (Nutriënten Management Instituut) over bemesting.

Presentaties gegeven op de Praktijkdag bodem en nutrienten kringlopen: 'van wetenschap naar praktijk’ op 20 september 2022. De volgende presentaties zijn te vinden in dit deelbestand: De effecten van Bokashi’s en andere bodemverbeteraars op bodemorganismen; Nieuwe kennisvragen vanuit de praktijk; Ontwikkeling van een evaluatiekader voor organische meststoffen; Organische stof tot nadenken; De voor- en nadelen van het jaarlijkse toevoegen van verschillende vormen van berm maaisel op agrarische grond: resultaten van een veldexperiment vanuit Wageningen Universiteit; Proefveld BKZ compost; Invloed keuze groenbesmesters op organische stof balans: een praktijkvoorbeeld; Organische stof en bodemleven meerjarige teelten: een praktijkvoorbeeld; Kringloop organische stof én bodemweerbaarheid bevorderen; Compost ‐ basis voor een gezonde bodem; WP2b Balansen Organische stof, N en P: Effecten compost op zand en dalgrond; Ontwikkeling van HET Mesokosmos outdoorlab.

Het doel van dit project is om de kennisbehoefte van boeren m.b.t. natuurinclusieve maatregelen tegemoet te komen door middel van het ontwikkelen van een Digitaal gids natuurinclusieve akkerbouw. Door het praktisch toegankelijk te maken van deze kennis wordt het mogelijk voor alle akkerbouwers om gefundeerde keuzes te maken voor maatregelen op hun bedrijf en op die manier bij te dragen aan verduurzaming en meerdere maatschappelijke opgaven. Het project draagt bij aan de missie voor kringloop-, klimaatneutrale- en klimaatbestendige landbouw door boeren te informeren over hun handelingsperspectief wat betreft maatregelen op hun bedrijf. Projectleiders: Andrew Dawson en Isabella Selin Noren.

The spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) into agricultural soils, products, and foods severely limits the use of organic fertilizers in agriculture. In order to help designing agricultural practices that minimize the spread of ARG, we fertilized, sown, and harvested lettuces and radish plants in experimental land plots for two consecutive agricultural cycles using four types of fertilizers: mineral fertilization, sewage sludge, pig slurry, or composted organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The analysis of the relative abundances of more than 200,000 ASV (Amplicon Sequence Variants) identified a small, but significant overlap (<10%) between soil's and fertilizer microbiomes. Clinically relevant ARG were found in higher loads (up to 100 fold) in fertilized soils than in the initial soil, particularly in those treated with organic fertilizers, and their loads grossly correlated to the amount of antibiotic residues found in the corresponding fertilizer. Similarly, low, but measurable ARG loads were found in lettuce (tetM, sul1) and radish (sul1), corresponding the lowest values to samples collected from minerally fertilized fields. Comparison of soil samples collected along the total period of the experiment indicated a relatively year-round stability of soil microbiomes in amended soils, whereas ARG loads appeared as unstable and transient. The results indicate that ARG loads in soils and foodstuffs were likely linked to the contribution of bacteria from organic fertilizer to the soil microbiomes, suggesting that an adequate waste management and good pharmacological and veterinarian practicesmay significantly reduce the presence of these ARGs in agricultural soils and plant products., Postprint (published version)

The pea, pea or pea is a crop that has a protein level that ranges between 20 and 24 %, which makes it an important food for food security. Given the high content of phosphorus and protein, it is demanding in fertilization, but highly cultivated in several municipalities of the department of Cauca, the research aimed to evaluate the effect of organic fertilizer based on coca leaf in the production of Pisum sativum L. in two municipalities of the department, through foliar and edaphic fertilization, to compare with conventional fertilization. A randomized complete block design was used with three repetitions and six treatments (Control; 4 % CocALOFA I; 8 % CocALOFA I; 4 % CocALOFA II: 8 % CocALOFA II; 8 % CocALOFA II) and as response variables were the performance components. Statistically significant differences were detected for plant height, green bean production and yield in Popayán, while in Timbío there were statistical differences in plant height, grains per pod, weight of one hundred grains, green bean production and yield. The treatment with the best results was 4 % CocALOFA I reaching heights between 1,57 and 1,55 m, weight of one hundred grains of 65 g, production per plant of 108,3 and 100,59 g and yields of 3009,28 and 2794,17 kg/ha. The yield with the mineralized organic liquid fertilizer based on 4 % coca leaf was 34 and 28 % higher than the commercial biofertilizer in the two experimental centers., La arveja, alverja o guisante es un cultivo que tiene un nivel proteico que oscila entre 20 y 24 %, lo cual lo convierte en un alimento importante para la seguridad alimentaria. Dado el alto contenido de fósforo y proteína es exigente en fertilización, pero altamente cultivado en varios municipios del departamento del Cauca, la investigación tuvo por objeto evaluar el efecto del abono orgánico a base de hoja de coca en la producción de Pisum sativum L. en dos municipios del departamento, mediante fertilización foliar y edáfica, para comparar con la fertilización convencional. Se empleó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones y seis tratamientos (Testigo; CocALOFA I al 4 %; CocALOFA I al 8 %; CocALOFA II al 4 %: CocALOFA II al 8 %; CocALOFA II al 8 %) y como variables de respuesta se tuvieron los componentes de rendimiento. Se detectaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para altura de la planta, producción en grano verde y rendimiento en Popayán, mientras en Timbío se presentaron diferencias estadísticas en altura de la planta, granos por vaina, peso de cien granos, producción en grano verde y rendimiento. El tratamiento con mejores resultados fue CocALOFA I al 4 % alcanzando alturas entre 1,57 y 1,55 m, peso de cien granos de 65 g, producción por planta de 108,3 y 100,59 g y rendimientos de 3009,28 y 2794,17 kg/ha. El rendimiento con el abono líquido orgánico mineralizado a base de hoja de coca al 4 % superó en un 34 y 28 % al biofertilizante comercial en los dos centros experimentales.

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Organic agriculture offers many benefits through the increased nutritional quality of produced crops, agro-ecosystem preservation, and climate change mitigation. The development of an efficient nutrient management strategy in low-input systems, such as organic agriculture, which supports soil fertility and essential nutrients absorption by crops, is continually exploring. Thus, a study with maize–spelt–soybean rotation during a 5-year period in organic production was established to evaluate the variability in soil organic matter (SOM) and the status of available elements: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Si from the soil, as well as grain yield (GY) and the content of protein, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Si concentration in the grain of spelt, maize, and soybean. Significant variations in mineral elements in the soil, GY, and grain composition were detected. Spelt achieved the highest average GY, while soybean grain was the richest in a majority of examined nutrients. The soil Ca content was important for GY, while the protein level in grain was generally tied to the Mn level in the soil. It was recognized that soil–crop crosstalk is an important strategy for macro- and micro-nutrients management in the soil and grain of organically produced spelt, maize, and soybean. While a reduction in the GY and protein concentration in grain was present over time, it was established that a low-input system under dry-farming conditions supports nutrient availability and accumulation in grain, under semi-arid agro-ecological conditions of central Serbia.

Organic agriculture offers many benefits through the increased nutritional quality of produced crops, agro-ecosystem preservation, and climate change mitigation. The development of an efficient nutrient management strategy in low-input systems, such as organic agriculture, which supports soil fertility and essential nutrients absorption by crops, is continually exploring. Thus, a study with maize–spelt–soybean rotation during a 5-year period in organic production was established to evaluate the variability in soil organic matter (SOM) and the status of available elements: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Si from the soil, as well as grain yield (GY) and the content of protein, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Si concentration in the grain of spelt, maize, and soybean. Significant variations in mineral elements in the soil, GY, and grain composition were detected. Spelt achieved the highest average GY, while soybean grain was the richest in a majority of examined nutrients. The soil Ca content was important for GY, while the protein level in grain was generally tied to the Mn level in the soil. It was recognized that soil–crop crosstalk is an important strategy for macro- and micro-nutrients management in the soil and grain of organically produced spelt, maize, and soybean. While a reduction in the GY and protein concentration in grain was present over time, it was established that a low-input system under dry-farming conditions supports nutrient availability and accumulation in grain, under semi-arid agro-ecological conditions of central Serbia.

Given the degradation of soils observed mainly by the decline in fertility, the use of agricultural techniques and practices based on organic inputs appears to be a healthy alternative. This study focused on the capitalization of local agricultural knowledge in the fight against soil degradation. The objective was to show the importance of taking peasant knowledge into account in the process of popularizing sustainable agricultural practices to combat soil degradation. We have indeed conducted observations with farmers in the villages of Bamendjo in the Bamboutos and Bapa in the highlands of the West Cameroon region. The study focused on a sample of 419 producers, identified through contacts and to whom we submitted questionnaires to all and interviews to 37 of them. The other source of data was obtained from desk research. These data were analysed and tested using flat sorts, cross sorts and Pearson correlations. We carried out a descriptive analysis presenting the results of the collection in a rough way and we used the Pearson correlation to cross the variables and test their homogeneity. A third source of data was obtained from the results of laboratory analyses, comparing soil samples taken between 0-20cm, 20-40cm and 40-60cm in two fields (1) and (2) exploited with techniques and different cultivation practices, one conventionally (1) and the other organically (2). The main results enabled us to retain the various indicators that show the contribution of peasant knowledge to sustainable soil management. More than 65% of the producers met had to develop knowledge enabling them to better develop their agricultural activities while contributing to the preservation of the soil. The results of the soil analyses showed through the proportions of certain properties, in particular Ca, CEC including the heavy metal content that the farm (2) has a higher level of fertility than that of the farm (1). This proves that organic fertilizers increase the sustainability of soi

Given the degradation of soils observed mainly by the decline in fertility, the use of agricultural techniques and practices based on organic inputs appears to be a healthy alternative. This study focused on the capitalization of local agricultural knowledge in the fight against soil degradation. The objective was to show the importance of taking peasant knowledge into account in the process of popularizing sustainable agricultural practices to combat soil degradation. We have indeed conducted observations with farmers in the villages of Bamendjo in the Bamboutos and Bapa in the highlands of the West Cameroon region. The study focused on a sample of 419 producers, identified through contacts and to whom we submitted questionnaires to all and interviews to 37 of them. The other source of data was obtained from desk research. These data were analysed and tested using flat sorts, cross sorts and Pearson correlations. We carried out a descriptive analysis presenting the results of the collection in a rough way and we used the Pearson correlation to cross the variables and test their homogeneity. A third source of data was obtained from the results of laboratory analyses, comparing soil samples taken between 0-20cm, 20-40cm and 40-60cm in two fields (1) and (2) exploited with techniques and different cultivation practices, one conventionally (1) and the other organically (2). The main results enabled us to retain the various indicators that show the contribution of peasant knowledge to sustainable soil management. More than 65% of the producers met had to develop knowledge enabling them to better develop their agricultural activities while contributing to the preservation of the soil. The results of the soil analyses showed through the proportions of certain properties, in particular Ca, CEC including the heavy metal content that the farm (2) has a higher level of fertility than that of the farm (1). This proves that organic fertilizers increase the sustainability of soi

The use of wastewater as a culture medium for algae and its subsequent use as a biofertilizer is a promising alternative to mineral fertilizers. The present study has been conducted in order to evaluate the efficiency of microalgae as fertilizer. The biofertilizer produced, composed mainly of Scenedesmus sp, has the following composition: 12% dry matter, 7.6% nitrogen, 1.6% phosphorus and 0.9% potassium. The effects of three different fertilizing treatments (100% mineral fertilization, 50% mineral fertilization + 50% biofertilizer and 100% biofertilizer) were studied in a basil crop (Ocimum basilicum L.). Chlorophyll levels have been determined with a CCM sensor and both macro and micronutrients through foliar analysis, in addition to growth parameters such as No. of stems and leaves, both fresh and dry weight of stems and leaves and the in-leaf chlorophyll content in a basil crop. The biofertilizer has produced significantly positive or equal effects compared to the control treatment on both the fresh and dry weights of stems and leaves. When applying the treatment that mixes both fertilizers (T-2), chlorophyll levels showed to be statistically equal to those of the mineral fertilizer. To conclude, this study suggests that the treatment that combines microalgae with inorganic fertilizer is a promising alternative for the growth of basil., El uso de aguas residuales como medio de cultivo para algas y su posterior uso como biofertilizante es una alternativa prometedora a los abonos minerales. Con el objetivo de evaluar la eficiencia de las microalgas como fertilizante se ha llevado a cabo el presente estudio. El biofertilizante producido, compuesto principalmente por Scenedesmus sp, presenta la composición siguiente: 12% materia seca, 7,6% nitrógeno, 1,6% fósforo y 0,9% potasio. Se han evaluado los efectos de tres tratamientos fertilizantes (100% fertilización mineral, 50% fertilización mineral + 50% biofertilizante y 100% biofertilizante) en un cultivo de albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.). Se han determinado los niveles de clorofila con un sensor CCM y tanto macro como micronutrientes mediante un análisis foliar, además de parámetros de crecimiento como N.º de tallos y hojas, pesos frescos y secos de tallos y hojas y el contenido de clorofila en hoja de un cultivo de albahaca. El biofertilizante ha producido efectos significativamente positivos o iguales al control en los pesos frescos y secos de tallos y hojas. El contenido de clorofila en hoja en el tratamiento que mezcla ambos fertilizantes (T-2) es estadísticamente igual a las plantas tratadas con abono mineral. En conclusión, este estudio sugiere que el tratamiento que combina la microalga con el fertilizante inorgánico es una alternativa prometedora para el crecimiento de la albahaca., L'ús d'aigües residuals com a mitjà de cultiu per a algues i el seu ús posterior com a biofertilitzant és una alternativa prometedora als adobs minerals. Amb l'objectiu d'avaluar l'eficiència de les microalgues com a fertilitzant s'ha dut a terme aquest estudi. El biofertilitzant produït, compost principalment per Scenedesmus sp, presenta la composició següent: 12% matèria seca, 7,6% nitrogen, 1,6% fòsfor i 0,9% potassi. S'han avaluat els efectes de tres tractaments fertilitzants (100% fertilització mineral, 50% fertilització mineral + 50% biofertilitzant i 100% biofertilitzant) en un cultiu d'alfàbrega (Ocimum basilicum L.). S'han determinat els nivells de clorofil·la amb un sensor CCM i tant macro com micronutrients mitjançant una anàlisi foliar, a més de paràmetres de creixement com Núm. de tiges i fulles, pesos tant frescs com secs de tiges i fulles i el contingut de clorofil·la en fulla d’un cultiu d’alfàbrega. El biofertilitzant ha produït efectes significativament positius o iguals al control en els pesos frescos i secs de tiges i fulles. El contingut de clorofil·la en fulla en el tractament que barreja ambdós fertilitzants (T-2) és estadísticament igual a les plantes tractades amb adob mineral. En conclusió, aquest estudi suggereix que el tractament que combina la microalga amb el fertilitzant inorgànic és una alternativa prometedora pel creixement de l'alfàbrega.

The current need to create a sustainable agriculture system based on the circular bioeconomy demands the use of biofertilizers as an alternative to conventional chemical fertilizers. It has been studied that microalgae, especially the species treated here (Scenedesmus sp.), have a dual purpose in terms of environmental issues, since they not only serve as organic fertilizers, but also constitute a clear alternative in the improvement of wastewater quality. This is mainly due to their high biodegradation potential and their ability to remove excess macronutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. In addition, because of the selenium deficit in certain areas worldwide, enrichment of the micronutrient in biofertilizers from microalgae has been carried out, as it has beneficial qualities for human health. Thus, the main objective of this work is to study the biofertilizing and biostimulating power of microalgal biomass grown in a domestic wastewater treatment system. For this purpose, the effects of different doses will be tested on crops of Asian cabbage or pak choi (Brassica Chinensis L.), where the dimensions and biomass produced by the plant will be analyzed. The trial was carried out in the laboratories of the Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Group (GEMMA), using its facilities at the Campus Nord of the UPC in Barcelona. It has been observed that the higher the concentration of biofertilizer, the larger the leaf dimensions. Plants with high concentrations of microalgae showed higher growth and a greater amount of biomass than low doses. Moreover, the replicates with high concentrations of microalgae and addition of Se stood out from the rest in terms of growth, demonstrating that both had a positive influence on crop development. On the contrary, those pots on which mineral fertilizer was used did not grow adequately, due to too high doses of urea and/or KH2PO4., L'actual necessitat de crear un sistema d'agricultura sostenible basat en la bioeconomia circular demanda l'ús de biofertilitzants com a alternativa als fertilitzants químics convencionals. S’ha estudiat que les microalgues, especialmente l’espècie aquí tractada (Scenedesmus sp.), tenen una doble finalitat respecte el tema mediambiental, ja que no sols serveixen com a fertilitzants orgànics, sinó que també constitueixen una clara alternativa en la millora de la qualitat de les aigües residuals. Això es deu, sobretot, al seu alt potencial biodegradador i a la seva capacitat d’eliminar excessos de macronutrients como el nitrogen o el fòsfor. A més, a conseqüència del dèficit de seleni en determinades zones a nivell mundial, s’ha dut a terme l’enriquiment en el micronutrient de biofertilitzants a partir de microalgues, ja que té qualitats beneficioses per a la salut humana. D’aquesta manera, l'objectiu principal d'aquest treball consisteix en estudiar el poder biofertilitzant i bioestimulant de biomassa microalgal crescuda en un sistema de tractament d'aigües residuals domèstiques. Per a això, es provaran els efectes de diferents dosis en cultius de col asiàtica o pak choi (Brassica Chinensis L.), on finalment s'analitzaran les dimensions i la biomassa produïda per la planta. L'assaig es va desenvolupar en els laboratoris del grup d'Enginyeria i Microbiologia del Medi Ambient (GEMMA), fent ús de les seves instal·lacions al Campus Nord de la UPC, a Barcelona. S'ha observat que, a altes concentracions del biofertilitzant, majors són les dimensions de les fulles. Les plantes amb concentracions altes de microalgues van presentar un major creixement i una major quantitat de biomassa que les dosis baixes. A més, les rèpliques amb elevada concentració de microalgues i addició de Se destaquen en creixement sobre la resta, demostrant que ambdues influeixen positivament en el desenvolupament dels cultius. Per contra, aquells tests sobre les quals es va emprar el fertilitzant min, La actual necesidad de crear un sistema de agricultura sostenible basado en la bioeconomía circular demanda el uso de biofertilizantes como alternativa a los fertilizantes químicos convencionales. Se ha estudiado que lasmicroalgas, especialmente la especie aquí tratada (Scenedesmussp.),tienen una doble finalidad en cuanto al tema medioambiental, ya que no solo sirven como fertilizantes orgánicos, sino que también constituyen una clara alternativa en la mejora de la calidad de las aguas residuales. Esto se debe, sobre todo, a su alto potencial biodegradador y a su capacidad de eliminar excesos de macronutrientes como el nitrógeno o el fósforo. Además, como consecuencia del déficit de selenio en determinadas zonas a nivel mundial, se ha llevado a cabo el enriquecimiento en el micronutriente de biofertilizantes a partir de microalgas, ya que tiene cualidades beneficiosas para la salud humana. De esta manera, el objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste en estudiar el poder biofertilizante y bioestimulante de biomasa microalgal crecida en un sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas con o sin selenio añadido. Para ello, se probarán los efectos de distintas dosis en cultivos de col asiática o pak choi (Brassica Chinensis L.), donde finalmente se analizarán las dimensiones y la biomasa producida por la planta. El ensayo se ha desarrollado en los laboratorios del grupo de Ingeniería y Microbiología del Medio Ambiente (GEMMA), haciendo uso de sus instalaciones en el Campus Nord de la UPC, en Barcelona. Se ha observado que, a altas concentraciones del biofertilizante, mayores son las dimensiones de las hojas. Las plantas con concentraciones altas de microalgas presentaron un mayor crecimiento y una mayor cantidad de biomasa que las dosis bajas. Además, las réplicas con elevada concentración de microalgas y adición de Se destacan en crecimiento sobre el resto, demostrando que ambas influyen positivamente en el desarrollo de los cultivos. Por el contrario, aquell, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::3 - Salut i Benestar, Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::6 - Aigua Neta i Sanejament

Producción Científica, The use of mineral fertilizers in agriculture has significantly increased to support the growing global food demand. Organic fertilizers are produced from renewable waste materials to overcome the drawbacks of inorganic fertilizers. The development of novel production processes of organic fertilizers entails a significant advance towards the circular economy that reincorporates waste materials into the production cycle. In this work, the economic and environmental feasibility of an industrial plant with a treatment capacity of 300 kg/h of organic waste for the production of liquid fertilizers has been performed. Two extraction technologies (conventional and microwave) and two solvents (water and alkaline) have been compared to select the most sustainable and profitable scenario for scaling-up. The extraction process consists of 2 steps: extraction followed by a concentration stage (necessary only if water extraction is applied). The resolution of the mass balances shows that the fertilizer production under alkaline conditions is ten times higher than for water-based extraction. The economic analysis demonstrated that the total investment cost of microwave technology (>3.5 M€) is three times higher compared to the conventional extraction technology (<1.5 M€), mainly due to the higher complexity of the equipment. These facts directly impact the minimum selling price, because the fertilizers obtained by conventional extraction with alkaline solvent would have a lower selling price (about 1 €/L). As for environmental assessment, the indicators show that the environmental impact produced by water-based extraction is higher than alkaline-solvent extraction, mainly due to the necessity of a concentration stage of the liquid extract to meet the requirements of European regulations. In view of the results obtained in the economic and environmental evaluation, it could be concluded that the most favourable scenario for scaling up the production of liquid fertilizers from orga, Programa INTERREG V-A España-Portugal y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project 0119_VALORCOMP_2_P), Junta de Castilla y León (grants UIC 320, CLU 2017-09 and E-47-2019-0114592)

Background: Microbiomes play vital roles in plant health and performance, and the development of plant beneficial microbiomes can be steered by organic fertilizer inputs. Especially well-studied are fertilizer-induced changes on bacteria and fungi and how changes in these groups alter plant performance. However, impacts on protist communities, including their trophic interactions within the microbiome and consequences on plant performance remain largely unknown. Here, we tracked the entire microbiome, including bacteria, fungi, and protists, over six growing seasons of cucumber under different fertilization regimes (conventional, organic, and Trichoderma bio-organic fertilization) and linked microbial data to plant yield to identify plant growth-promoting microbes. Results: Yields were higher in the (bio-)organic fertilization treatments. Soil abiotic conditions were altered by the fertilization regime, with the prominent effects coming from the (bio-)organic fertilization treatments. Those treatments also led to the pronounced shifts in protistan communities, especially microbivorous cercozoan protists. We found positive correlations of these protists with plant yield and the density of potentially plant-beneficial microorganisms. We further explored the mechanistic ramifications of these relationships via greenhouse experiments, showing that cercozoan protists can positively impact plant growth, potentially via interactions with plant-beneficial microorganisms including Trichoderma, the biological agent delivered by the bio-fertilizer. Conclusions: We show that protists may play central roles in stimulating plant performance through microbiome interactions. Future agricultural practices might aim to specifically enhance plant beneficial protists or apply those protists as novel, sustainable biofertilizers. [MediaObject not available: see fulltext.].

Organic fertilizers became a better alternative to chemical fertilizers in modern agricultural practices however, contamination of copper (Cu) from organic fertilizer is still a major concern for the globe. Plant growth promoting (PGP) microorganisms showed their efficiency to combat with this problem and thus Cu tolerant PGP endophytes from roots of Odontarrhena obovata (Alyssum obovatum) growing on Cu smelter contaminated serpentine soil were explored in present study. Out of twenty-four isolates, Pseudomonas lurida strain EOO26 identified by 16s rRNA gene sequencing was selected to check its efficacy for Cu-remediation. The strain EOO26 showed multi-metal tolerance, drought resistance and exhibited PGP attributes such as 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase, siderophore and ammonia production. Significant production of indole-3-acetic acid and phosphate-solubilization under different Cu concentration (0–100 mg L−1) at varying pH (5.0–8.0) suggests potentiality of this strain to work effectively under wide range of abiotic stress conditions. Plant growth experiment (pH 6.8 ± 0.3) in copper spiked soil suggested a significant increase in length and dry weight of root and shoot of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) after inoculation with strain EOO26. Plants inoculated with strain EOO26 resulted in increase in Cu uptake by 8.6-fold for roots and 1.9-fold for leaves than uninoculated plants. The total plant uptake in inoculated Cu treatment was 2.6-fold higher than uninoculated one, which is much higher than the previously reported Cu accumulating plants. The excellent adaptation abilities and promising metal removal efficiency strongly indicate superiority of strain EOO26 for phytoremediation of Cu-contamination and may work effectively for Cu removal from contaminated soils. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd

Producción Científica, The use of mineral fertilizers in agriculture has significantly increased to support the growing global food demand. Organic fertilizers are produced from renewable waste materials to overcome the drawbacks of inorganic fertilizers. The development of novel production processes of organic fertilizers entails a significant advance towards the circular economy that reincorporates waste materials into the production cycle. In this work, the economic and environmental feasibility of an industrial plant with a treatment capacity of 300 kg/h of organic waste for the production of liquid fertilizers has been performed. Two extraction technologies (conventional and microwave) and two solvents (water and alkaline) have been compared to select the most sustainable and profitable scenario for scaling-up. The extraction process consists of 2 steps: extraction followed by a concentration stage (necessary only if water extraction is applied). The resolution of the mass balances shows that the fertilizer production under alkaline conditions is ten times higher than for water-based extraction. The economic analysis demonstrated that the total investment cost of microwave technology (>3.5 M€) is three times higher compared to the conventional extraction technology (<1.5 M€), mainly due to the higher complexity of the equipment. These facts directly impact the minimum selling price, because the fertilizers obtained by conventional extraction with alkaline solvent would have a lower selling price (about 1 €/L). As for environmental assessment, the indicators show that the environmental impact produced by water-based extraction is higher than alkaline-solvent extraction, mainly due to the necessity of a concentration stage of the liquid extract to meet the requirements of European regulations. In view of the results obtained in the economic and environmental evaluation, it could be concluded that the most favourable scenario for scaling up the production of liquid fertilizers from orga, Programa INTERREG V-A España-Portugal y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project 0119_VALORCOMP_2_P), Junta de Castilla y León (grants UIC 320, CLU 2017-09 and E-47-2019-0114592)

Producción Científica, The use of mineral fertilizers in agriculture has significantly increased to support the growing global food demand. Organic fertilizers are produced from renewable waste materials to overcome the drawbacks of inorganic fertilizers. The development of novel production processes of organic fertilizers entails a significant advance towards the circular economy that reincorporates waste materials into the production cycle. In this work, the economic and environmental feasibility of an industrial plant with a treatment capacity of 300 kg/h of organic waste for the production of liquid fertilizers has been performed. Two extraction technologies (conventional and microwave) and two solvents (water and alkaline) have been compared to select the most sustainable and profitable scenario for scaling-up. The extraction process consists of 2 steps: extraction followed by a concentration stage (necessary only if water extraction is applied). The resolution of the mass balances shows that the fertilizer production under alkaline conditions is ten times higher than for water-based extraction. The economic analysis demonstrated that the total investment cost of microwave technology (>3.5 M€) is three times higher compared to the conventional extraction technology (<1.5 M€), mainly due to the higher complexity of the equipment. These facts directly impact the minimum selling price, because the fertilizers obtained by conventional extraction with alkaline solvent would have a lower selling price (about 1 €/L). As for environmental assessment, the indicators show that the environmental impact produced by water-based extraction is higher than alkaline-solvent extraction, mainly due to the necessity of a concentration stage of the liquid extract to meet the requirements of European regulations. In view of the results obtained in the economic and environmental evaluation, it could be concluded that the most favourable scenario for scaling up the production of liquid fertilizers from orga, Programa INTERREG V-A España-Portugal y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (project 0119_VALORCOMP_2_P), Junta de Castilla y León (grants UIC 320, CLU 2017-09 and E-47-2019-0114592)

Background: Microbiomes play vital roles in plant health and performance, and the development of plant beneficial microbiomes can be steered by organic fertilizer inputs. Especially well-studied are fertilizer-induced changes on bacteria and fungi and how changes in these groups alter plant performance. However, impacts on protist communities, including their trophic interactions within the microbiome and consequences on plant performance remain largely unknown. Here, we tracked the entire microbiome, including bacteria, fungi, and protists, over six growing seasons of cucumber under different fertilization regimes (conventional, organic, and Trichoderma bio-organic fertilization) and linked microbial data to plant yield to identify plant growth-promoting microbes. Results: Yields were higher in the (bio-)organic fertilization treatments. Soil abiotic conditions were altered by the fertilization regime, with the prominent effects coming from the (bio-)organic fertilization treatments. Those treatments also led to the pronounced shifts in protistan communities, especially microbivorous cercozoan protists. We found positive correlations of these protists with plant yield and the density of potentially plant-beneficial microorganisms. We further explored the mechanistic ramifications of these relationships via greenhouse experiments, showing that cercozoan protists can positively impact plant growth, potentially via interactions with plant-beneficial microorganisms including Trichoderma, the biological agent delivered by the bio-fertilizer. Conclusions: We show that protists may play central roles in stimulating plant performance through microbiome interactions. Future agricultural practices might aim to specifically enhance plant beneficial protists or apply those protists as novel, sustainable biofertilizers. [MediaObject not available: see fulltext.].

The Dutch climate agreement comprises a target for agricultural soils to sequester an additional 0.4-0.6 Mton CO2 per year in 2030. In this study the technical potential for carbon sequestration in Dutch agricultural soils has been determined using the soil carbon model RothC at national scale. The total potential for the combination of measures is about 0,9 Mton CO2 per year compared to the baseline of 2017. More permanent grassland, cover crops and an increased share of cereals in the rotation are the measures that contribute most. More carbon in the soil can also result in an increased N2O emission due to the addition of easily decomposable organic matter. A literature study showed that most measures have a net emission reduction, but the effect depends on the current crop and soil management. This study also assessed carbon sequestration in biomass in landscape elements and agroforestry. An increase in the area of landscape elements to 1% of the agricultural area results in a sequestration rate of 0.4 Mton CO2/year for a period of 15 years. For agroforestry the potential is estimated at 0.1 Mton CO2/year if the Masterplan Agroforestry (25 000 ha) will be implemented., In het Nederlandse Klimaatakkoord is voor landbouwbodems een doelstelling van 0,4-0,6 Mton extra CO2-vastlegging per jaar in 2030 vastgesteld. In deze studie is de technische potentie voor koolstofvastlegging in Nederlandse landbouwbodems bepaald op basis van berekeningen met het RothC-model. De potentie voor de combinatie van maatregelen is berekend op 0,9 Mton CO2 per jaar ten opzichte van 2017. De maatregelen die het meest bijdragen, zijn meer blijvend grasland, vanggewassen/groenbemesters en het verhogen van het aandeel rustgewassen. Meer organische stof kan echter ook leiden tot een toename van N2O-emissie door het toevoegen van gemakkelijk afbreekbare organische stof. Een literatuurstudie laat zien dat de meeste maatregelen een netto positief effect hebben op reductie van broeikasgasemissies, maar afhankelijk is van het huidige gewas- en bodembeheer. Voor C-vastlegging in biomassa is ook gekeken naar landschapselementen en agroforestry. Een uitbreiding van het areaal landschapselementen naar 1% van het landbouwareaal resulteert in een vastlegging van 0,4 Mton CO2/jaar voor een periode van vijftien jaar. Het uitvoeren van het Masterplan Agroforestry (25.000 ha) resulteert in een jaarlijkse vastlegging van ongeveer 0,1 Mton CO2/jaar.

Compost and other organic fertilizers contain phosphorus and their application rates should therefore comply with the P application rate standards for agricultural soil. Phosphorus in compost is exempted from this regulation for 50% (with a maximum of 3.5 kg P2O5/kg dry matter) due to the fact that compost consist partly of soil originating from garden waste. This project assessed phosphorus speciation in composts and several other organic fertilisers and relates the results to the potential availability of phosphorus for crop uptake., Compost en andere organische meststoffen bevatten fosfaat waardoor de aanvoer hiervan moet voldoen aan de fosfaatgebruiksnormen voor landbouwgrond. Voor compost geldt dat fosfaat voor 50% (tot 3,5 kg P2O5/kg droge stof) is vrijgesteld van deze fosfaatgebruiksnorm, omdat compost voor een aanzienlijk deel bestaat uit grond dat met tuinafval wordt meegevoerd. In dit project zijn composten en andere organische meststoffen uitvoerig geanalyseerd om verschillende fosfaatvormen in kaart te brengen en dit te relateren aan de potentiële beschikbaarheid van fosfaat voor gewasopname.

Het Duitse familiebedrijf Tebbe specialiseert zich al zestig jaar in meststrooiers. Na een bedrijfswijziging focust importeur LMC Gennep uit het Brabantse Oss zich op dit merk. Die ziet de markt voor organische droge meststoffen groeien.

Microbiomes play vital roles in plant health and performance, and the development of plant beneficial microbiomes can be steered by organic fertilizer inputs. Especially well-studied are fertilizer-induced changes on bacteria and fungi and how changes in these groups alter plant performance. However, impacts on protist communities, including their trophic interactions within the microbiome and consequences on plant performance remain largely unknown. Here, we tracked the entire microbiome, including bacteria, fungi, and protists, over six growing seasons of cucumber under different fertilization regimes (conventional, organic, and Trichoderma bio-organic fertilization) and linked microbial data to plant yield to identify plant growth-promoting microbes.