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Hazardous substances such as unexploded ordnance represent a serious threat. It is necessary to develop new methods and equipment for their elimination. For this reason, a laser ablation process is developed where the shell of the objects are weakened in a defined manner to reduce the threat to the environment. This article shows how 25 mm thick steel sheets can be weakened with ablation rates of more than 3000 mm3/min and achieved ablation depths of more than 15 mm by means of an adapted process strategy and an off-axis process gas control. Despite the high incoming process energy, it is ensured that there is no danger to affect the hazardous substances. A critical temperature of 300 °C is not exceeded at the rear surface of the sheet metal.

This bulletin provides the Army’s operating force with recommendations based on a deliberate collection of tactical and technical observations gained during the 2017 Combat Repair Team of the Year Competition as part of the U.S. Army Ordnance Crucible. The 2017 U.S. Army Ordnance Crucible consisted of three major competitions: Ammunition Transfer and Holding Point, Combat Repair Team, and Explosive Ordnance Disposal. The competitions were designed to test Soldiers’ teamwork and critical thinking skills as they applied technical solutions to real-world problems. The U.S. Army Ordnance Crucible allowed divisions to validate institutional training and their respective units’ skills. TOC: Introduction and event description; recovery operations; repair team site; defend a repair team site; ordnance knowledge exam; summary; changes in the institutional domain that supports the operating force.

This document establishes specific design safety criteria for Active Hazard Mitigation Device (AHMD) intended for use with munition systems for the purpose of reducing the severity of response from such systems when subjected to Insensitive Munitions (IM) thermal threat environments., The original document contains color images.

This Record of Decision (ROD) documents the Air Force's decision regarding the implementation of the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF or F-35) beddown portion of the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) decisions and related actions at Eglin Air Force Base (AFB), Floride1.. In making this decision, the information, analysis, and public comments contained in the Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS) for F-35 Beddown at Eglin AFB, Florida, January 2014 (Federal Register, Vol. 79, No. 40, EIS No. 20140047, pg. 11428), were considered, among other relevant factors and supporting materials. This ROD is prepared in accordance with the regulations implementing the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), Title 42 U.S.C. 4321-4347; the President's Council on Enviromnental Quality (CEQ) NEP A regulations at 40 CFR, 1505.2, Record of decision in cases requiring environmental impact statements; and 32 CFR 989.21, implementing the Air Force Enviromnental Impact Analysis Process (EIAP). Specifically, this ROD: States the Air Force's decision; Identifies all alternatives considered by the Air Force in reaching the Initial Joint Training Site (IJTS) decision and specifies the alternative considered enviromnentally preferable; Identifies and discusses relevant factors balanced by the Air Force in making the IJTS decision, including economic and technical considerations, the Air Force's missions, and essential national policy considerations, and states how those considerations entered into the decision; States whether all practicable means to avoid or minimize enviromnental harm resulting from the selected alternative have been adopted, and if not, why they were not; and Carries forward and continues the existing mitigation, monitoring, and enforcement program based on the February 2009 ROD and directs its revision to reflect the analyses in the SEIS and this ROD.

This Joint Ordnance Test Procedure (JOTP) shall serve as the US Joint Services Safety and Suitability for Service Test Procedures with regards to Surface and Underwater Launched Munitions until which time the Allied Ammunition Safety And Suitability for Service Assessment Test Procedure (AAS3P-11) and Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 4758 are approved by NATO Allied Committee 326 (AC326). Upon approval of the AAS3P, thorough review of this document shall be conducted with the intent to supersede. The munitions covered by the JOTP include missiles, rockets, torpedoes and sea mines launched from ship, submarine, or land based platforms., The original document contains color images.

We have examined management s assertion of audit readiness1 for the existence, completeness, rights and obligations, and presentation and disclosure of the Department of the Navy s (DON s)2 afloat ordnance as of March 31, 2014. DON asserted audit readiness of the existence, completeness, rights and obligations, and presentation and disclosure of DON ordnance excluding that in the custody of the Army, on February 28, 2013. This examination is the second in a series of examinations of DON ordnance.3 DON management is responsible for its assertion of audit readiness. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the assertion based on our examination. We conducted our examination in accordance with attestation standards established by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and generally accepted government auditing standards as stated in the Government Accountability Office s Government Auditing Standards, December 2011. Those standards require examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the DON s assertion of audit readiness of the existence, completeness, rights and obligations, and presentation and disclosure of its mission-critical assets and performing other procedures we considered necessary. We believe our examination provides a reasonable basis for our opinion on management s assertion.

This project was undertaken by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Ocean Service (NOS) National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS) and Haereticus Environmental Laboratory (HEL) to investigate whether munitions compounds (MCs) or their breakdown products impact corals, and to determine the ecological risk they may pose to coral and coral reef health. At the outset of this project, we were asked by the SERDP Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) to modify our originally proposed project by the addition of laboratory toxicity testing. This interim report documents the results for Task 1 of this project, which was to conduct standard laboratory toxicity testing using a coral cell toxicity assay, establishing NOEC and LOEC values and effect-concentration (LC or EC) values., Prepared in collaboration with Haereticus Environmental Laboratory.

Two successive presidents have determined that weapons of mass destruction (WMD) pose the greatest of threats to the American people. Further, the Department of Defense (DoD) has named countering WMD a primary U.S. military mission. Paradoxically, however, DoD has decided that counter-WMD missions will not drive the capacity of U.S. forces, which leads to a potentially critical gap. Relatively little investment has been made in the forces and capabilities needed to eliminate WMD arsenals vulnerable to theft as a result of civil war, state failure, or other pathways to loss or transfer of WMD. A RAND Corporation report addresses the gap between national security strategy and DoD s resource policy relating to force size (capacity) and structure (capabilities) and shows the magnitude of the force structure required to eliminate WMD, including the types and size of U.S. Army forces.

The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS ) uses average annual hydrologic conditions as inputs for multi-media fate and transport models. This simplification reduces model complexity and data input requirements while providing the capability to conduct long-term predictions of the fate of munitions constituents (MC) as well as other contaminants. TREECS was recently modified to allow the option of using time-varying (daily) hydrology for forcing input conditions. This report summarizes the results of testing this new feature. MC fate predictions with daily hydrology are compared with those using average annual hydrology. Results show that the use of average annual hydrology produces more conservative results (i.e., higher media concentrations) than using daily hydrology. A validation application for lead downstream of small arms firing ranges is also presented in this report. The daily hydrology feature will be most useful for applications involving short periods (year or less) to evaluate the effects of variable precipitation and flow on MC concentrations in streams., The original document contains color images. Prepared in collaboration with Los Alamos Technical Associates, Inc., Los Alamos, NM.

We have examined management s assertion of audit readiness1 for the existence, completeness, rights and obligations, and presentation and disclosure of the Department of the Navy s (DON s)2 ordnance as of June 30, 2013. The DON limited its assertion by excluding ordnance in the physical custody of the Army on February 28, 2013, and we excluded ordnance outside the contiguous United States and on ships and submarines.3 DON management is responsible for its assertion of audit readiness. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the assertion based on our examination. We conducted our examination in accordance with attestation standards established by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and generally accepted government auditing standards as stated in the Government Accountability Office s Government Auditing Standards, December 2011. Those standards require examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the DON s assertion of audit readiness of the existence, completeness, rights and obligations, and presentation and disclosure of its mission-critical assets and performing other procedures we considered necessary. We believe that our examination provides a reasonable basis for our opinion on management s assertion. We performed our examination using information obtained from Naval Supply Systems Command Global Logistics Support Ammunitions (NAVSUP GLS AMMO), Marine Corps Systems Command, and DON activities4 for the existence, completeness, rights and obligations, and presentation and disclosure of the DON ordnance as of June 30, 2013. The DON Ordnance Information System (OIS) is the accountable property system of record for ordnance assets. As of June 30, 2013, the DON ordnance universe in OIS consisted of to 308,692,308 assets. We tested a nonstatistical sample of 24,159,045 assets for existence, 1,791,505 assets for completeness, and 25,950,550 assets for rights.

Neutron radiography (NR) is a unique inspection method that can inspect for complex part placements, inclusions of organic materials, and numerous other conditions that no other method is able to detect. It is a complimentary inspection with standard radiography using x-rays or gamma rays and increases the information known about a given item. However with the addition of so many new plastic, synthetic, and composite materials, standard radiography alone is not enough to cover every inspection requirement. The academic world has been progressing in perfecting reactors and research accelerators (spallation sources) to produce high purity beams and build digital neutron detection. However, most of it is only applicable for scientific purposes. Direct application for industrial use of NR is limited to only a few facilities across the country and still requires the use of conventional film. Availability, overall costs, and logistics of onsite energetic storage have also limited the use of NR in the defense sector. This is why the US Army has been in development of technology that brings high output electronic neutron sources into realization. This paper discusses new advances in generator technology that allow small devices to have outputs that are viable for shorten exposure times comparable to reactors and accelerators. Initial base line tests show what current commercial systems can and cannot do, and recent progress made using these advance NR systems is provided., The original document contains color images.

The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS ) is currently under development by the Army with varying levels of capability. TREECS forecasts the fate of munitions constituents (MC), such as high explosives (HE), within firing/training ranges; it also forecasts the risk of MC transport from surface water to groundwater. The overall objectives are to provide environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for migration of MC into surface water and groundwater systems and to assess range management strategies for protecting human and environmental health. The MC fate models within TREECS require hydrologic information as input. A hydrology model was developed to estimate these inputs. This model has been revised several times during the course of TREECS development. Although portions of several reports have documented parts of this hydrology model, this report was needed to consolidate the latest version of the model within a single report. The model uses a modified version of the Soil Conservation Service curve number method to compute daily runoff using daily rainfall. Snow build-up and melt is accounted for by using daily precipitation and daily average and maximum air temperatures. Potential evapotranspiration is computed using the Thornthwaite Method. Infiltration is computed from a water balance., The original document contains color images. Prepared in cooperation with Los Alamos Technical Associates, Inc., Los Alamos, NM.

The greatest challenge the USAF has faced since 1947 has come from one place--itself. The USAF was born out of the vision to find another way of waging war, focused on uniquely strategic ideas of economically meeting the ends of national security policy. The USAF existed to command the air, while also contributing to the command of other domains in meeting the ends of policy. The development and inclusion of nuclear weapons in the arsenal changed everything. This began a shift in strategic thinking to experts other than airmen and professional military members. Deterrence became diplomacy and quality discourse between civilian and military actors atrophied. The net result was that airmen could no longer effectively connect and communicate the concepts of airpower theory (the anvil) to the technological tools (the fast moving hammer). The focus of airpower slowly shifted from the ends to the means. The USAF had not forgotten why it existed, but confused it with how it did business. The misguided focus that largely rejected the ends of airpower had committed the USAF to a means-centric focus. This myopic focus consequently proved costly when the USAF engaged in intellectual debate on roles and missions. The USAF voice fell silent on debates that focused on meeting the ends of policy, and grew louder on those emphasizing the traditional means, the airplane. The USAF began, and continues, to struggle communicating the connections between the anvil and hammer to answer HOW and WHY the USAF provides what is taken for granted. Thus, the debate is ultimately about focus--requiring conceptualization of the high ground--above the means to make the connections.

The Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) hosted a workshop on Acoustic Detection and Classification of Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) in the Underwater Environment on 16-17 July, 2013, at the Fort Myer Community Center in Arlington, Virginia. The purpose of the workshop was to evaluate the progress made in development of acoustic techniques to detect and classify UXO in the underwater environment and to outline a path for future research. The 38 workshop attendees represented 20 institutions and six countries. Program managers, research scientists, system developers, and remediation managers were in attendance. The workshop began with introductory presentations and white papers on previous and current UXO remediation and mine clearance work supported by SERDP, the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) and the Office of Naval Research (ONR). This included a summary of the highly successful SERDP/ESTCP Munitions Response detection, classification, and remediation research program, the past and present Munitions Response underwater research program, and ONR s mine detection and classification programs. This was followed by presentations on the inventory of underwater Munitions Response sites and a description of the Department of Defense s (DOD) munitions response program. The last two presentations included a review of the science and technology of high- and low-frequency acoustic detection and classification, research needs, and future possibilities. Breakout groups developed perspectives on current state of underwater UXO research, directions for the future, and future system requirements. This report summarizes the introductory presentations and discussions. We include details on some example underwater munitions sites and a listing of the similarities and differences between UXO detection and classification and mine countermeasures for use by sensor and system developers. Finally, we propose a roadmap for the cont

The intent of this research project is to explore alternatives to conventional dipole inversion for extracting target features from multi-axis EMI sensor array data. Conventional dipole inversion searches for the target parameter values (location and polarizabilities) which minimize the difference between measured signals and those calculated using the dipole response model. Here, we consider an alternative approach that seeks to determine the parameter values which minimize an objective function based on the dispersion in estimates of the target s polarizability using different combinations of transmitters and receivers. The alternative inversion approach exploits rotationally invariant properties of the polarizability tensor. Focusing the processing on the primary invariant (trace of the polarizability tensor) allows us to significantly limit the search space that is required to invert EMI data. Conventional dipole inversion requires that we search over target (x, y, z) location, target ( , , ) orientation and ( 1, 2, 3) principal axis polarizabilities to minimize the difference between the measured response and response predicted by the dipole model fit. With tensor invariant processing we only need to search on (x, y, z) to find the target location which minimizes the dispersion in calculated values for the rotationally invariant trace. The principal axis polarizabilities can then be calculated directly. This report documents results on the convergence properties of a downhill simplex based algorithm for determining a target s location (and polarizabilities) using this approach. Specifically we examined convergence of the algorithm for data collected with the 2x2 TEM array at the former Camp Beale in 2011 and found no impact due to signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and background leveling effects.

This Environmental Assessment (EA) analyzes and presents the potential environmental consequences associated with the conduct of live ordnance testing in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) as part of the 53d Wing Maritime Strike Operations Tactics Development and Evaluation (TD&E) Program. The Air Force proposes to employ live munitions against operationally representative high-speed remotely controlled boat targets. The purpose of the Proposed Action is to continue the development of tactics, techniques and procedures (TTP) for Air Force strike aircraft to counter small maneuvering maritime targets in order to better protect U.S. and other vessels or assets from small boat threats. The Proposed Action is needed because current weaponeering systems do not accurately model air-launched weapon detonations on or under water. A description of each alternative is provided below. The differences between the alternatives pertain to the number of live munitions used, and different depth scenarios. All other aspects of the alternatives (with the exception of the No Action Alternative) would be the same.

Vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (VSFS) can be used to detect trace quantities of high explosives (HEs) adsorbed on surfaces. As a trace detection method, VSFS has the advantages of being non-contact and non-destructive with sub-second detection times. Therefore, a HE-detection method for detecting IEDs or portal defense that was based on VSFS could provide stand-off trace detecting for IEDs and increase the throughput of package screening (in terms of objects scanned per minute) for portal defense. Furthermore, because VSFS does not degrade contaminants on surfaces, a positive detection result leaves any explosives detected in place for subsequent forensic analysis such as fingerprint identification. This research has shown that that VSFS provides high chemically selectivity for nitro-containing HEs in the presence of environmental chemical contamination., The original document contains color images.

Naval Weapons Station Earle is a U.S. Navy installation with the primary mission of transshipment of munitions. This document is an assessment of two previous Section 110 surveys of Earle. During this reassessment, it was determined that portions of Earle are eligible to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) as a historic district under Criteria A and C. The period of significance is from 1943 1945. None of the buildings in the reassessment were found to be individually eligible for the NRHP. This reassessment satisfies Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 as amended, and it was used to determine the preliminary eligibility of Earle for inclusion on the NRHP. This report recommends that a complete integrity analysis be performed of all buildings during the period of significance to determine final eligibility., The original document contains color images.

American Systems Corporation has provided professional engineering, analysis, and cost data support to the Force protection & EFP Warheads group. By assisting the engineer in setting up testing schedules, liaising between test site and engineer, assisting in evaluating test data, analyzing cost data, and writing technical reports from raw data, American System Corporation has greatly contributed to the branches ability to rapidly test/evaluate material and armor concepts and to get them to to the user for further test and evaluation and ultimately and more rapidly to the end user; the soldier., The original document contains color images.

In 2012, USAFSAM Radiation Consulting and AFSEC personnel completed radiation contamination clearance surveys on 15 igloos located at Lackland AFB Medina Annex. All results were found to be below applicable action levels. This letter serves as the final radiological report for applicable structures so final disposition and permitting issues of these buildings can be determined by AFSEC.

This technical note (TN) documents application of the Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS) (http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/treecs/) to small arms firing ranges (SAFRs) located at Fort Leonard Wood, MO. This application provided an opportunity to further evaluate the utility of TREECS; it also provided forecasting information to the installation regarding the fate of lead in bullets deposited on these ranges. This TN also provides guidance about the application of TREECS. TREECS was developed by the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC). TREECS has varying levels of capability to forecast the fate of munitions constituents (MC), such as high explosives and metals, within firing/training ranges. TREECS also evaluates the likelihood of MC transport from firing/training ranges to surface water and groundwater. The overall purpose of TREECS is to provide environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for MC migration into surface water and groundwater systems and to evaluate range management strategies for protecting human health and the environment. Although TREECS was developed for fate of MC on firing ranges, it has applicability to many other situations requiring prediction of contaminant fate in multi-media environmental systems. The primary objective in this TN is to document the application of TREECS to predict the fate of lead from rounds fired on small arms ranges 20-22 located at Fort Leonard Wood (FLW), MO. The secondary objective of this TN is to provide guidance on the application of TREECS to other users of this software.

An effort was undertaken to begin development of a high maneuverability airframe for use in the moving target portion of the 2013 U.S. Army Research Laboratory Low-Cost Hyper-Accurate Weapon mission program. To this end, a computational analysis of possible body-fin configurations, with particular emphasis on the aft end of the projectile, was completed to determine the aerodynamic coefficients. For the initial configuration, a complete grid resolution, turbulence model, and computational code version study were completed. The computational aerodynamic coefficients for the body-fin configurations were integrated with previously determined canard aerodynamic coefficients for use in an aerodynamic optimization routine. The aerodynamic optimization routine allowed for approximate determination of necessary fin and canard characteristics to enable a highly maneuverable airframe. The artillery boattail aft end was chosen as the configuration to proceed with foroptimization, with the inclusion of canard interaction effects., The original document contains color images.

This Joint Ordnance Test Procedure (JOTP) shall serve as the US Joint Services Safety and Suitability for Service Test Procedures with regards to large caliber ammunition greater than 40 millimeters until which time the Allied Ammunition Safety And Suitability for Service Assessment Test Procedure (AAS3P-20) is approved by NATO Allied Committee 326 (AC326). Upon approval of the Allied Publication (AP), thorough review of this document shall be conducted with the intent to supersede.

This document has been developed to address Department of Defense (DoD) identification marking of Munitions with less sensitive explosive fills, so that they can be distinguished from their more sensitive counterparts to enable appropriate application (or selection) of EOD procedures for disposal.

Insensitive munition formulation (IMX)-101 consists of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), and nitroguanidine (NQ). While general aquatic ecotoxicological information is available for two of the IMX constituents (NTO and NQ), such data are not known to be available for DNAN. Thus, acute and chronic aquatic toxicity bioassays were conducted using standard fish (Pimephales promelas) and invertebrate (Ceriodaphnia dubia) models. Chemical analysis of test water indicated that DNAN concentrations were relatively stable during the bioassays. Acute toxicity was similar for the two species tested, with 48-hr lethal median concentrations (LC50) ranging from 37 to 42 mg/L DNAN. Chronic toxicity tests indicated that fish survival (7-day LC50 = 10 mg/L) was significantly more sensitive to DNAN relative to the invertebrate (no significant impact on survival at 24 mg/L). However, the reproduction endpoint for the invertebrate was significantly more sensitive to DNAN than survival. When assessing the most sensitive chronic endpoints, the two test species indicated similar chronic toxicity, with lowest observable adverse impacts ranging from 10 to 12 mg/L DNAN and median effects on sublethal endpoints (growth, reproduction) ranging from 11 to 15 mg/L DNAN. Chronic no-effect concentrations ranged from approximately 6 to 8 mg/L DNAN., Prepared in collaboration with the U.S. Army Institute of Public Health (MCHB-IP-THE Toxicology), Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Prepared in cooperation with Badger Technical Services, San Antonio, TX and BAE SYSTEMS Ordnance Systems, Inc., Holston Army Ammunition Plant, Kingsport, TN.

We developed electrophysiological and pharmacological studies to investigate the effects of levetiracetam, topiramate and carbamazepine in excitatory (glutamatergic) synaptic transmission onto granule cells in the dentate gyrus from slices of control and pilocarpine-treated epileptic rats and mice. We discover a novel presynaptic action of topiramate reducing the frequency of mEPSC in a dose-dependent manner while the inhibitory action on mEPSC amplitude was also present in both control and epileptic slices. Hence, our findings indicate that topiramate exert, at least in part a presynaptic action inhibiting the release of glutamate.We detected that levetiracetam inhibits the spontaneous glutamate release (mEPSC frequency) in control and epileptic rats and mice. In addition, levetiracetam was more effective in reducing excitatory synaptic transmission onto dentate granule cells in slices from chronically epileptic rats while no effect was detected on the amplitude of mEPSC indicating no action of post-synaptic AMPA receptors. We also detected that LEV increase the GABAergic inhbnitory transmission onto dentate granule cells by increasing the frequency of mIPSCs. These data indicate that presynaptically acting drugs as levetiracetam may become a key piece in the arsenal of antiepileptic drugs in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Thereby, screening for a presynaptic action site may be part of the strategy to discover novel and effective antiepileptic drugs., The original document contains color images.

This Joint Ordnance Test Procedure (JOTP) shall serve as the US Joint Services Safety and Suitability for Service Test Procedures with regards to Aircraft Launched Munitions until which time the Allied Ammunition Safety And Suitability for Service Assessment Test Procedure (AAS3P-12) is approved by NATO Allied Committee 326 (AC326). Upon approval of the Allied Publication (AP), thorough review of this document shall be conducted with the intent to supersede.

This document has been developed to address HERO safety testing. It is intended to act as the seminal HERO test procedures among a family of overarching safety procedures for tests simulating common environmental stimuli for the purpose of service assessment and testing of conventional (non-nuclear) munitions.

This Joint Ordnance Test Procedure (JOTP) shall serve as the US Joint Services Safety and Suitability for Service Test Guidance with regards to Non-Nuclear Munitions until which time the Allied Ammunition Safety And Suitability for Service Assessment Testing Publication - Guidance (AAS3P-1) is approved by NATO Allied Committee 326 (AC326). Upon approval of the Allied Publication (AP), thorough review of this document shall be conducted with the intent to supersede.

The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Environmental and Munitions Center of Expertise (EM CX) and their contractor (Tetra Tech) have conducted a Study that follows the process of considering, incorporating, documenting, and evaluating the benefits of green and sustainable remediation (GSR) practices (hereafter referred to as the Study ). The objectives of the Study were to: (1) Follow the consideration and incorporation of GSR practices on Army environmental remediation projects; (2) Ascertain the effectiveness of the GSR practices considered and incorporated; and (3) Provide procedures by which GSR practices shown to be effective can be identified, considered, implemented and documented by Project Teams working on Army sites. This report includes a summary of the Study execution and Pilot Projects, including findings and lessons learned. Recommendations for consideration by the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management (OACSIM) regarding development of Army-wide GSR guidance and policy, and recommendations for USACE regarding USACE GSR guidance, have been provided separately to the Army and are currently under internal review., See also ADA586800.

The US Army Engineering and Support Center, Huntsville (USAESCH), Environmental and Munitions Center of Expertise (EM CX) has contracted Tetra Tech EC, Inc. (Tetra Tech) under Contract W912DQ- 08-D-0019, Delivery Order No. ZW02, to conduct and document a Study that follows the process of considering, incorporating, documenting, and evaluating the benefits of green and sustainable remediation (GSR) practices (hereafter referred to as the Study ). The objective of the Study is to: (1) Follow the consideration and incorporation of GSR practices into Army environmental remediation projects; (2) Ascertain the effectiveness of the GSR practices that are considered and incorporated; and (3) Provide procedures by which GSR practices that are shown to be effective can be identified, considered, implemented and documented by project teams working on Army sites. The information obtained from this Study will be used to provide recommendations to the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Installation Management (OACSIM) for development of Army-wide GSR guidance and policy., See also ADA586799.

The Obama administration's desire to rebalance the United States global focus to the Western Pacific and East Asia has serious ramifications for the manned airborne intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) community. That force, historically steeped in strategic-level intelligence collection, has become through the exigencies of the counterinsurgency conflicts of the early twenty-first century the world's finest supplier of tactical-level intelligence. The US Air Force's arsenal of manned airborne ISR assets is a fixture over the battlefields of Afghanistan, and ground war fighters rely on these platforms for tactical intelligence. The intelligence that the United States manned airborne ISR force communicates often means the difference between life and death for ground forces engaged in combat. This was not always the case, however. Prior to the Persian Gulf War, these platforms were the masters of the peacetime airborne reconnaissance program. They spent the Cold War flying near the periphery of the Soviet Union and that of many other nations gathering intelligence designed to inform national-level decision makers. Beginning with the Persian Gulf War and developing fully in Operation Enduring Freedom, manned airborne ISR was transformed. First providing indications and warning to aircrews patrolling over Iraq and developing the ability to give near-real-time threat warning to ground forces in Afghanistan, the new force is now a world-class provider of tactical intelligence. The upcoming Asia rebalance and the nearsimultaneous Afghanistan drawdown, however, herald a shift in mission. The question now becomes, What next for manned airborne ISR?, Published in Air & Space Power Journal p34-52 Nov-Dec 2012.

The Training Range Environmental Evaluation and Characterization System (TREECS ) (http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/treecs/) is being developed by the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) for the Army. TREECS will have varying levels of capability to forecast the fate of munitions constituents (MC) (such as high explosives (HE) and metals) found on firing/training ranges, as well as those subsequently transported to surface water and groundwater. The overall purpose of TREECS is to provide environmental specialists with tools to assess the potential for MC migration into surface water and groundwater systems and to assess range management strategies to ensure protection of human health and the environment. Although TREECS was developed for the fate of MC from ranges, it has general applicability to many other situations requiring prediction of contaminant fate in multi-media environmental systems. TREECS was applied to the Borschi watershed near the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ukraine. At this site, TREECS was used as a modeling tool to predict the fate of radionuclides. This application also provided an additional validation test case for the TREECS Tier 2 soil model. This Technical Note (TN) describes the input data and results of this application.

Johnston Atoll was added to the United States National Wildlife Refuge system in 1926 to protect an important tropical ecosystem and the wildlife that it harbors. Johnston Atoll s ecosystem now includes extensive coral reefs and tropical terrestrial habitats on its four islands. Hundreds of thousands of seabirds inhabit and raise their young on the atoll and hundreds of migrating shorebirds spend their winters there. Extensive coral reefs are home to myriad tropical fish and invertebrates. Its location in the central Pacific also made it an important site for military activities beginning in World War II. Concern about preserving Johnston Atoll's ecosystem prompted the original planners of the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS), a demilitarization and incineration project, to arrange for scientists to monitor the birds and marine life of the atoll beginning 6 years before the project began and continuing throughout a total of 20 years of research and monitoring. The preliminary 6 years of data provided a baseline of the health of the atoll and a goal to strive to preserve throughout the incineration process. Dr. Phil Lobel (Professor of Biology, Ichthyology, with the Boston University Marine Program, Marine Biological Laboratory) and Dr. Betty Anne Schreiber (Ornithologist with the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution) carried out this important research and their results are presented here., Prepared in cooperation with the the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, and the Washington Group International, Abingdon, MD.

Presented at the NDIA Environment, Energy Security & Sustainability (E2S2) Symposium & Exhibition held 21-24 May 2012 in New Orleans, LA.

With the advances in mobile technology the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and the military services have recently moved towards incorporating mobile devices, like smart phones, into the warfighter's arsenal to increase the efficiency of command and control (C2). The use of widgets and specialized apps has become another method through which the warfighter can easily access data to increase situational awareness as well as connect rapidly with a command center. These devices also provide warfighters with the ability to provide pertinent data to the central command center thereby increasing the total situational awareness. Utilizing innovative information and communication technologies such as specialized widgets and apps on mobile systems supports the development of agile C2 systems. The DoD and the military services are currently working to provide widget and app storefronts to disseminate applications. This paper will draw on previous work done in looking at the efficacy of these widgets and apps and examine the steps already taken in utilizing these specialized apps, both in traditional and mobile systems, to increase the agility for the warfighter. In addition, it will provide a look ahead at the possible future of the apps given the current U.S. budgetary climate and other technological challenges they may face., Presented at the 17th International Command & Control Research & Technology Symposium (ICCRTS) held 19-21 June, 2012 in Fairfax, VA.

This paper presents a technique, Probabilistic Road Map (PRM) planning and its application to aircraft for rapidly generating routes using aggressive maneuvers to avoid incoming munitions, terrain, and other aircraft while trying to maintain other mission objectives. The technique was applied to a high fidelity simulation and shown to always generate correct routes within its 0.1 seconds deadline. Results are presented for several scenarios, some of which are quite complex. Future plans are also described., Presented at the Proceedings of the Infotech@Aerospace 2012 Conference, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics held in Los Angeles, California, 2012.

An advanced multi-axis electromagnetic induction system, ALLTEM, has been specifically designed and developed for detection and discrimination of unexploded ordnance (UXO) by the U.S. Geological Survey. This document is a combined user s manual for operating the ALLTEM including data acquisition with navigation, data pre-processing in a customized LabView interface, and finally data processing from within Geosoft Oasis Montaj. This ALLTEM software manual is a supplement to the on-line tutorials and help files that are in each software program. The on-line tutorials, simulators and help files should be sufficient for most purposes, but additional explanations and details are contained in this manual. This manual includes chapters for system nulling, data acquisition, a system nulling simulator, a data acquisition simulator, data preprocessing, data processing within Oasis Montaj, and using the dipole inversion program. Accompanying this manual are ZIP files containing the acquisition and pre-processing LabView software and also data acquisition and calibration (nulling) software simulators that can be used offline for training. Installation instructions are also included in this manual for each of the software packages., ESTCP Project MM-0809

All ordnance systems must be classified for hazards that are often coupled with insensitive munitions in order to lower development costs and ensure that the ordnance performs as intended, but are less prone to violent reaction when subjected to external hazards. Traditionally, large-scale liquid hydrocarbon pool fire, often referred to as the fast-cook-off test, raises the ordnance temperature very quickly and evaluates how it reacts when engulfed in fire. Currently, the liquid fuel external fire is used to determine the type of reaction and time to reaction of the ordnance when exposed to a thermal insult. The test requires the complete ordnance package be completely engulfed within a liquid pool fire. The allowable hydrocarbons fuels have relatively high soot yields and therefore generate highly-radioactive thermal environments to objects immersed within the fire plume. There has been an international push to develop alternative fuel fire exposures due to lack of control over the current fire scenario and the environmental implications associated with the hydrocarbon pool fire. The alternative methods are more environmentally sustainable than the baseline test method, produce less soot, do not use HAPs, and pose a lower risk for occupational and environmental exposures. This report summarizes alternative fuel fire exposures and additional benefits over the existing liquid fuel fire exposure. The benefits considered in this work were with respect to cost of operation, added control over exposure, and environmental impact.

The Explosive Ordnance Disposal Training and Evaluation Unit TWO (EODTEU TWO) trains Explosive Ordnance and Disposal (EOD) and Mobile Diving and Salvage (MDS) companies and platoons prior to worldwide deployments. This thesis describes EODSKED, an optimization model designed to assist EODTEU TWO in scheduling platoons that optimizes the use of limited resources and maximizes training value. EODSKED produces an optimized schedule that respects a large number of manpower and materiel resource constraints, such a schedule is difficult to achieve with the current manual scheduling process. Schedule modifications are often required after a schedule has been published; therefore, EODSKED incorporates persistence constraints to generate new schedules that match existing schedules closely.

Just a few decades ago, we viewed airpower primarily as rated aircrews operating combat aircraft and dropping bombs on targets. Today, it means so much more. For example, 16 of the 18 Airmen whose heroic accomplishments are highlighted in the latest edition of the Air Force chief of staff s Portraits in Courage are not flyers, and 15 are enlisted personnel. All of them, however, delivered airpower on the front lines of combat, whether driving convoys, disposing of explosive ordnance, providing security outside the wire, serving as instructors to Afghan and Iraqi forces, or calling in precision strikes from aircraft flying above. In fact, the most recent version of our capstone doctrine document, AFDD 1, Air Force Basic Doctrine, Organization, and Command, recognizes this changing nature of airpower by defining it as the ability to project military power or influence through the control and exploitation of air, space, and cyberspace to achieve strategic, operational, or tactical objectives. General of the Air Force Henry Hap Arnold offered sage counsel when he declared that we must think in terms of tomorrow. A large part of airpower s tomorrow will take place in the emerging operational domain of cyberspace. Rapid advancement in computer and communication technologies, as well as the tight coupling of the digital domain to physical operations, makes cyberspace increasingly important to military success. The challenges presented by cyberspace reflect its global nature, the political sovereignties it transcends, and the fact that operations take place at the speed of light. By no stretch of the imagination does the United States enjoy the clear, asymmetrical advantage in cyberspace that we do in the land, sea, air, and space domains., Published in Air & Space Journal, p4-11 Sep-Oct 2012.

The United States Marine Corps (Marine Corps) Range Environmental Vulnerability Assessment (REVA) program meets the requirements of the Department of Defense (DoD) Directive 4715.11 Environmental and Explosives Safety Management on Operational Ranges within the United States and DoD Instruction 4715.14 Operational Range Assessments (2004; 2005). The purpose of the REVA program is to identify whether there is a release or substantial threat of a release of munitions constituents (MC) from the operational range or range complex areas to off range areas. This is accomplished through a baseline assessment of operational range areas and periodic five year review assessments, and, where applicable, the use of fate and transport modeling of the REVA indicator MC based upon site specific environmental conditions at the operational ranges and training areas. This report presents the five year review assessment results for the operational ranges and training areas at Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Cherry Point, located in North Carolina. This report serves as the first five year review assessment documenting the period of MC loading associated with operational range activity from the completion of the baseline assessment (July 2005) through July 2010.

It has been four years since the Secretary of the Army created the LG branch, and now is the right time to reflect on this new branch. How did the logistics community get to where it is today? Has the Army's implementation of the LG branch gone as planned? Has the advent of the LG branch created any unintended consequences? If so, what are they, and what has been their impact? Should the Army address these unintended consequences, can they be corrected, and what is the next logical step? The Army's implementation of the LG branch in 2008 was not an end state, but rather the latest milestone in an ongoing evolutionary process to improve how best to sustain our fighting forces and develop our logistics leaders. The implementation required detailed planning that was able to capitalize on an impressive body of scholarly work. However, the implementation had some unintended consequences that require attention. Overall, LG branch implementation has been successful, widely accepted, and provided great benefit to the Army. There is always room for improvement, and the history of sustainment evolution indicates that more change is on the way.