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The number of pet cats in South Korea has sharply increased since 2010. Problems have arisen with feral or stray cats, creating conflict among residents, to such an extent that the government provides some sites for people to offer feeding stations for the stray cats. This study investigated hypotheses on peoples attitudes toward feral cats in Seoul, South Korea: (i) dog and cat owners would show more positive attitudes than non-owners toward feral cats; (ii) females would have more positive attitudes toward feral cats than males; (iii) the number of Seoul-provided feeding stations by district would be correlated with peoples positive attitudes toward feral cats. Responses from 7,394 participants were used for the final analyses with 3,179 males, 3,607 females, and 599 others (includes decline to state). Cat owners reported more extremely positive attitudes toward feral cats than people who had no cats. Females more often had cats than males, and they were more extremely positive toward pet and feral cats than males, and strongly opposed to culling as a management strategy. The attitudes toward feral cats of people with only dogs were intermediate between people with cats and people without pets, more resembling those of people without pets. There was a correlation between the number of city-provided feeding stations and peoples attitudes toward feral cats, but only in the areas with at least 40 feeder stations; having many city-provided feeding stations was associated with very negative attitudes to feral cats. Whether the very large number of feeding stations were provided in the two neighborhoods due to a previously excessive number of feral cats in those neighborhoods, vs. those feeding stations attracting or provisioning an ever-growing number of feral cats, is unknown. These results show sharp differences in attitudes between cat owners and non-owners, and between males and females. Results resemble findings in other studies, perhaps with more extreme differen

In terms of the welfare of both human and animal populations, in Western countries animal homelessness is a serious social challenge. Increasing emphasis is placed on controlling the size of the population of animals, particularly stray and feral ones. Three methods of reducing homelessness are most often indicated: education of animal owners, spaying/ neutering animals, and their permanent identification. In Poland the prevention of animal homelessness is a responsibility of the local municipalities. Although legislation allows municipalities to promote spaying/ neutering animals that have owners, there are not many municipalities which decide to dedicate a budget for such activities. This is evaluated negatively by the highest Polish authorities and controlling institutions. In this text we present empirical research on introducing programs that encourage the owners of animals to conduct spaying/castrating procedures. We also identify reasons why municipalities are not willing to designate resources for this purpose., Bezdomność zwierząt w krajach kultury zachodniej jest poważnym wyzwaniem społecznym, ze względu na dobrostan populacji ludzkich i zwierzęcych. W związku z tym coraz większy nacisk kładzie się na kontrolowanie wielkości populacji zwierząt towarzyszących, szczególnie zwierząt bezdomnych i wolno bytujących. Najczęściej wskazuje się trzy metody ograniczania bezdomności zwierząt: edukowanie właścicieli, trwałe znakowanie zwierząt oraz sterylizacje/kastracje zwierząt. W Polsce obowiązek zapobiegania bezdomności zwierząt spoczywa na samorządach gminnych. Mimo że polski ustawodawca umożliwia gminom wprowadzanie programów sterylizacji/ kastracji zwierząt mających opiekunów, niewiele gmin z tego korzysta, co jest oceniane krytycznie przez Najwyższa Izbę Kontroli. W niniejszym tekście zaprezentowano wyniki badań wprowadzania przez gminy w Wielkopolsce programów sterylizacji/ kastracji zwierząt właścicielskich, a także przyczyn niechęci samorządów do przeznaczania środków na realizację tych programów.

Formål: Dette studie har haft til formål at undersøge, hvilken indflydelse neutralisation har på adfærd hos hanhunde og tæver. Der er fokuseret på 1) kønsspecifik adfærd, 2) aktivitets/ energiniveau, 3) ivrighed for social interaktion med andre hunde, 4) lydighed og trænbarhed afspejlet i graden af koncentrationsbesvær under træning, 5) nervøsitet og/eller frygtsomhed, 6) problemer med at være alene hjemme og separationsangst, og 7) aggressiv adfærd. Design: Litteraturreview og retrospektiv observationel spørgeskemaundersøgelse. Metode: Spørgeskemaundersøgelsen har undersøgt hyppigheden og graden af postoperative adfærdsændringer hos danske hunde af begge køn, som er kirurgisk neutraliseret i 2019-2020. 115 besvarelser fra ejere af neutraliserede hanhunde og 193 besvarelser fra ejere af neutraliserede tæver blev indsamlet i foråret 2021. Databehandling indebar tabulering og beregning af relative frekvenser. Resultater for dette studie er sammenholdt med litteratur fremsøgt ved bloksøgning og kædesøgning på sundhedsvidenskabelige databaser. Resultater: Adfærd var angivet som hovedårsag til neutralisation hos henholdsvis 60% af hanhundene og 19% af tæverne. Efter neutralisation sås en adfærdsændring hos 90% af hanhundene og 81% af tæverne. Kønsspecifik adfærd reduceredes hos 78-95% af hanhundene og >50-90% af tæverne. Foruden aggression, sås der for anden adfærd, som ikke er kønsspecifik, en reducering hos 45-85% af hanhundene og 35-52% af tæverne, mens en øgning sås hos 5-30% af hanhundene og 3-20% af tæverne, som udviste adfærden inden neutralisation. I øvrigt sås nyopstået ikke-kønsspecifik adfærd hos 1-8% af hanhundene og < 12% af tæverne. Inden for de forskellige typer af aggressiv adfærd sås en reducering hos < 75-100% af hundene af begge køn, som udviste aggression inden neutralisation, mens en øgning sås hos < 26-29%. Nyopstået aggression sås hos < 10% af hundene af begge køn. Konklusion: Ifølge dette og tidligere studier har neutralisation en i, Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine how neutering influences the behaviour of both female and male dogs. This study focuses on 1) gender-specific behaviour, 2) level of activity/energy, 3) eagerness to socially interact with other dogs, 4) obedience and trainability reflected as concentration difficulties during training, 5) nervousness and/or fearfulness, 6) distress when home alone and separation anxiety, and 7) aggressive behaviour. Design: Literature review and retrospective observational questionnaire-based study. Method: The questionnaire examines the degree of post-operative behavioural changes of danish dogs of both genders, who have been surgically neutralised in 2019-2020. 115 survey responses from owners of neutered male dogs and 193 responses from owners of neutered bitches were collected in the spring of 2021. Data processing involves tabulation and calculation of relative frequencies. Results from this study are compared to literature found by systematic literature search and chain search on databases in health and medical sciences. Results: Behaviour was the owner’s main reason to neuter for 60% of the male dogs and 19% of the bitches. A change in behaviour after neutering was seen in 90% of the male dogs and 81% of the bitches. Gender-specific behaviour was reduced in 78-95% of the male dogs and >50-90% of the bitches. Besides aggression, other behaviour not depending on gender was reduced in 45-85% of the male dogs and 35-52% of the bitches, while an increase was seen in 5-30% of the males and 3-20% of the bitches, who expressed the behaviour before neutering. Moreover, after neutering 1-8% of the male dogs and <12% of the bitches developed other behaviour not depending on gender. Different types of aggression was reduced in < 75-100% of the dogs, who showed aggression before neutering, while an increase was seen in <26-29% of the dogs. Newly developed aggression was seen in <10% of the dogs of both genders. Conclusion

Formål: Dette studie har haft til formål at undersøge, hvilken indflydelse neutralisation har på adfærd hos hanhunde og tæver. Der er fokuseret på 1) kønsspecifik adfærd, 2) aktivitets/ energiniveau, 3) ivrighed for social interaktion med andre hunde, 4) lydighed og trænbarhed afspejlet i graden af koncentrationsbesvær under træning, 5) nervøsitet og/eller frygtsomhed, 6) problemer med at være alene hjemme og separationsangst, og 7) aggressiv adfærd. Design: Litteraturreview og retrospektiv observationel spørgeskemaundersøgelse. Metode: Spørgeskemaundersøgelsen har undersøgt hyppigheden og graden af postoperative adfærdsændringer hos danske hunde af begge køn, som er kirurgisk neutraliseret i 2019-2020. 115 besvarelser fra ejere af neutraliserede hanhunde og 193 besvarelser fra ejere af neutraliserede tæver blev indsamlet i foråret 2021. Databehandling indebar tabulering og beregning af relative frekvenser. Resultater for dette studie er sammenholdt med litteratur fremsøgt ved bloksøgning og kædesøgning på sundhedsvidenskabelige databaser. Resultater: Adfærd var angivet som hovedårsag til neutralisation hos henholdsvis 60% af hanhundene og 19% af tæverne. Efter neutralisation sås en adfærdsændring hos 90% af hanhundene og 81% af tæverne. Kønsspecifik adfærd reduceredes hos 78-95% af hanhundene og >50-90% af tæverne. Foruden aggression, sås der for anden adfærd, som ikke er kønsspecifik, en reducering hos 45-85% af hanhundene og 35-52% af tæverne, mens en øgning sås hos 5-30% af hanhundene og 3-20% af tæverne, som udviste adfærden inden neutralisation. I øvrigt sås nyopstået ikke-kønsspecifik adfærd hos 1-8% af hanhundene og < 12% af tæverne. Inden for de forskellige typer af aggressiv adfærd sås en reducering hos < 75-100% af hundene af begge køn, som udviste aggression inden neutralisation, mens en øgning sås hos < 26-29%. Nyopstået aggression sås hos < 10% af hundene af begge køn. Konklusion: Ifølge dette og tidligere studier har neutralisation en i, Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine how neutering influences the behaviour of both female and male dogs. This study focuses on 1) gender-specific behaviour, 2) level of activity/energy, 3) eagerness to socially interact with other dogs, 4) obedience and trainability reflected as concentration difficulties during training, 5) nervousness and/or fearfulness, 6) distress when home alone and separation anxiety, and 7) aggressive behaviour. Design: Literature review and retrospective observational questionnaire-based study. Method: The questionnaire examines the degree of post-operative behavioural changes of danish dogs of both genders, who have been surgically neutralised in 2019-2020. 115 survey responses from owners of neutered male dogs and 193 responses from owners of neutered bitches were collected in the spring of 2021. Data processing involves tabulation and calculation of relative frequencies. Results from this study are compared to literature found by systematic literature search and chain search on databases in health and medical sciences. Results: Behaviour was the owner’s main reason to neuter for 60% of the male dogs and 19% of the bitches. A change in behaviour after neutering was seen in 90% of the male dogs and 81% of the bitches. Gender-specific behaviour was reduced in 78-95% of the male dogs and >50-90% of the bitches. Besides aggression, other behaviour not depending on gender was reduced in 45-85% of the male dogs and 35-52% of the bitches, while an increase was seen in 5-30% of the males and 3-20% of the bitches, who expressed the behaviour before neutering. Moreover, after neutering 1-8% of the male dogs and <12% of the bitches developed other behaviour not depending on gender. Different types of aggression was reduced in < 75-100% of the dogs, who showed aggression before neutering, while an increase was seen in <26-29% of the dogs. Newly developed aggression was seen in <10% of the dogs of both genders. Conclusion

Degenerative joint disease (DJD) is one of the most common causes of chronic pain in cats. Two studies were designed to identify risk factors for DJD in 6-year-old cats by examining prospective data from a longitudinal cohort study, and compare the activity profiles and quality of life of cats with (cases) and without (controls) early owner-reported signs of impaired mobility using orthopaedic examination, accelerometry and owner-completed questionnaires (Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (FMPI), VetMetrica). Binomial logistic regression using backwards elimination identified four risk factors for increased owner-reported mobility impairment score in 6-year-old cats: entire neuter status at six months of age (OR=1.97, 95%CI 1.26–3.07), sustained trauma before six years of age (OR=1.85, 95%CI 1.3–2.6), outdoor access at six years of age (OR=1.67, 95%CI 0.96–2.9), and overweight/obese status at six years of age (OR=1.62, 95%CI 1.13–2.33). Case cats scored significantly lower than control cats for the FMPI (p=0.003) and the VetMetrica domain of comfort (p=0.002), but not vitality (p=0.009) or emotional wellbeing (p=0.018). Total pain (p<0.0001), crepitus (p=0.002) and thickening (p=0.003) scores were higher in case cats. Accelerometry differentiated cases from controls with a 90.9% accuracy. Risk factor analysis demonstrated that obesity, outdoor access, and a history of trauma predispose cats to developing DJD, whereas neutering appears to decrease that risk. Changes in joint health as detected by orthopaedic examination and accelerometry reflected owner-reported mobility changes, differentiating cats with early DJD-related signs from healthy cats, whilst the VetMetrica comfort domain score indicated an impaired quality of life of cats with early DJD compared to healthy cats. Being able to recognise signs of mobility impairment earlier would allow interventions aimed at slowing DJD progression, thereby improving feline health and welfare. These findings

Degenerative joint disease (DJD) is one of the most common causes of chronic pain in cats. Two studies were designed to identify risk factors for DJD in 6-year-old cats by examining prospective data from a longitudinal cohort study, and compare the activity profiles and quality of life of cats with (cases) and without (controls) early owner-reported signs of impaired mobility using orthopaedic examination, accelerometry and owner-completed questionnaires (Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (FMPI), VetMetrica). Binomial logistic regression using backwards elimination identified four risk factors for increased owner-reported mobility impairment score in 6-year-old cats: entire neuter status at six months of age (OR=1.97, 95%CI 1.26–3.07), sustained trauma before six years of age (OR=1.85, 95%CI 1.3–2.6), outdoor access at six years of age (OR=1.67, 95%CI 0.96–2.9), and overweight/obese status at six years of age (OR=1.62, 95%CI 1.13–2.33). Case cats scored significantly lower than control cats for the FMPI (p=0.003) and the VetMetrica domain of comfort (p=0.002), but not vitality (p=0.009) or emotional wellbeing (p=0.018). Total pain (p<0.0001), crepitus (p=0.002) and thickening (p=0.003) scores were higher in case cats. Accelerometry differentiated cases from controls with a 90.9% accuracy. Risk factor analysis demonstrated that obesity, outdoor access, and a history of trauma predispose cats to developing DJD, whereas neutering appears to decrease that risk. Changes in joint health as detected by orthopaedic examination and accelerometry reflected owner-reported mobility changes, differentiating cats with early DJD-related signs from healthy cats, whilst the VetMetrica comfort domain score indicated an impaired quality of life of cats with early DJD compared to healthy cats. Being able to recognise signs of mobility impairment earlier would allow interventions aimed at slowing DJD progression, thereby improving feline health and welfare. These findings

German Shepherd Dogs are important in police and military work, and are a popular family pet. The debilitating joint disorders of hip dysplasia, cranial cruciate ligament tear (CCL) and elbow dysplasia can shorten a dog's useful working life and impact its role as a family member. For this study, veterinary hospital records were examined over a 14.5-year period on 1170 intact and neutered (including spaying) German Shepherd Dogs for joint disorders and cancers previously associated with neutering. The diseases were followed through 8 years of age, with the exception of mammary cancer (MC) in females that was followed through 11 years. The cancers followed, apart from mammary, were osteosarcoma, lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma and mast cell tumour. In intact males, 7% were diagnosed with one or more joint disorders, while in males neutered prior to a year of age, a significantly higher 21% were diagnosed with one or more joint disorders. In intact females, 5% were diagnosed with one or more joint disorders, while in females neutered prior to a year of age, this measure was significantly increased to 16%. The increased joint disorder incidence mostly associated with early neutering was CCL. MC was diagnosed in 4% of intact females compared with less than 1% in females neutered before 1 year. The occurrence of the other cancers followed through 8 years of age was not higher in the neutered than in the intact dogs. Urinary incontinence, not diagnosed in intact females, was diagnosed in 7% of females neutered before 1 year, a significant difference. These findings, profiling the increase in joint disorders associated with early neutering, should help guide the timing of neutering for this breed.

German Shepherd Dogs are important in police and military work, and are a popular family pet. The debilitating joint disorders of hip dysplasia, cranial cruciate ligament tear (CCL) and elbow dysplasia can shorten a dog's useful working life and impact its role as a family member. For this study, veterinary hospital records were examined over a 14.5-year period on 1170 intact and neutered (including spaying) German Shepherd Dogs for joint disorders and cancers previously associated with neutering. The diseases were followed through 8 years of age, with the exception of mammary cancer (MC) in females that was followed through 11 years. The cancers followed, apart from mammary, were osteosarcoma, lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma and mast cell tumour. In intact males, 7% were diagnosed with one or more joint disorders, while in males neutered prior to a year of age, a significantly higher 21% were diagnosed with one or more joint disorders. In intact females, 5% were diagnosed with one or more joint disorders, while in females neutered prior to a year of age, this measure was significantly increased to 16%. The increased joint disorder incidence mostly associated with early neutering was CCL. MC was diagnosed in 4% of intact females compared with less than 1% in females neutered before 1 year. The occurrence of the other cancers followed through 8 years of age was not higher in the neutered than in the intact dogs. Urinary incontinence, not diagnosed in intact females, was diagnosed in 7% of females neutered before 1 year, a significant difference. These findings, profiling the increase in joint disorders associated with early neutering, should help guide the timing of neutering for this breed.

In einem 45 ha großen Untersuchungsgebiet in der Innenstadt von Berlin wurden von Februar 1996 bis Juni 1999 alle dort vorkommenden verwilderten Katzen erfaßt. Wir untersuchten Alter- und Geschlechtsverteilung, Populationsdichte und -stabilität, Reproduktions- und Mortalitätsraten, Gesundheitsstatus, Territorialverhalten, Ver- wandtschaftsbeziehungen und den Einfluß der Kastration auf das individuelle Verhal- ten der Katzen und die Entwicklung der Population. Insgesamt wurden 75 Tiere in- nerhalb von 42 Monaten beobachtet. Im Untersuchungsgebiet waren gleichzeitig je- weils 25-32 Tiere ansässig, außerdem wurden durchschnittlich 10 Durchzügler pro Jahr registriert. Die ansässigen Katzen lebten in 2 genetisch differenzierten Teilpopu- lationen. Unkastrierte Kater hatten größere Streifgebiete (20-66 ha) als kastrierte Ka- ter, kastrierte und unkastrierte Katzen sowie Jungtiere (0,5-7,5 ha). Die Mortalität der ansässigen Katzen betrug 25 % pro Jahr. Vakante Streifgebiete wurden durch eige- ne Nachkommen aufgefüllt. Die Anzahl unkastrierter adulter Kater im Untersu- chungsgebiet blieb über die gesamte Zeit konstant, Kastration und Tod von Deckka- tern wurde durch Einwanderung fremder Kater kompensiert. Nach Kastration aller weiblicher Katzen einer Teilpopulation sank die Populationsdichte trotz signifikant höherer Zuwanderung fremder Tiere., In a 45 ha study area of Berlin city all cats were studied between February 1996 and June 1999. We investigated age and sex composition, population density and stabil- ity, rates of reproduction and mortality, health status, territorial behaviour, kinship re- lation, and the influence of neutering on individual behaviour and population devel- opment. Altogether we observed 75 cats within 42 months. 25 to 35 cats lived simul- taneously in the study area, additionally we found 10 transient animals per year on average. The resident cats lived in two genetically distinct subpopulations. Uncas- trated adult males had larger home ranges (20-66 ha) than castrated males, cas- trated and uncastrated females and subadult cats (0,5-7,5 ha). Mortality rate of resi- dent cats was 25 % per year. Vacancies were filled by own kittens. The number of uncastrated adult tomcats was constant throughout the study period, castration and death of stud males were compensated by immigration of unknown tomcats. After the castration of all females in one subpopulation population density declined, even though immigration of unknown cats increased significantly.

In einem 45 ha großen Untersuchungsgebiet in der Innenstadt von Berlin wurden von Februar 1996 bis Juni 1999 alle dort vorkommenden verwilderten Katzen erfaßt. Wir untersuchten Alter- und Geschlechtsverteilung, Populationsdichte und -stabilität, Reproduktions- und Mortalitätsraten, Gesundheitsstatus, Territorialverhalten, Ver- wandtschaftsbeziehungen und den Einfluß der Kastration auf das individuelle Verhal- ten der Katzen und die Entwicklung der Population. Insgesamt wurden 75 Tiere in- nerhalb von 42 Monaten beobachtet. Im Untersuchungsgebiet waren gleichzeitig je- weils 25-32 Tiere ansässig, außerdem wurden durchschnittlich 10 Durchzügler pro Jahr registriert. Die ansässigen Katzen lebten in 2 genetisch differenzierten Teilpopu- lationen. Unkastrierte Kater hatten größere Streifgebiete (20-66 ha) als kastrierte Ka- ter, kastrierte und unkastrierte Katzen sowie Jungtiere (0,5-7,5 ha). Die Mortalität der ansässigen Katzen betrug 25 % pro Jahr. Vakante Streifgebiete wurden durch eige- ne Nachkommen aufgefüllt. Die Anzahl unkastrierter adulter Kater im Untersu- chungsgebiet blieb über die gesamte Zeit konstant, Kastration und Tod von Deckka- tern wurde durch Einwanderung fremder Kater kompensiert. Nach Kastration aller weiblicher Katzen einer Teilpopulation sank die Populationsdichte trotz signifikant höherer Zuwanderung fremder Tiere., In a 45 ha study area of Berlin city all cats were studied between February 1996 and June 1999. We investigated age and sex composition, population density and stabil- ity, rates of reproduction and mortality, health status, territorial behaviour, kinship re- lation, and the influence of neutering on individual behaviour and population devel- opment. Altogether we observed 75 cats within 42 months. 25 to 35 cats lived simul- taneously in the study area, additionally we found 10 transient animals per year on average. The resident cats lived in two genetically distinct subpopulations. Uncas- trated adult males had larger home ranges (20-66 ha) than castrated males, cas- trated and uncastrated females and subadult cats (0,5-7,5 ha). Mortality rate of resi- dent cats was 25 % per year. Vacancies were filled by own kittens. The number of uncastrated adult tomcats was constant throughout the study period, castration and death of stud males were compensated by immigration of unknown tomcats. After the castration of all females in one subpopulation population density declined, even though immigration of unknown cats increased significantly.

The aim of this study was to compare the two opioids methadone and buprenorphine in sedative combinations administered to cats undergoing castration in a high-volume neutering setting. Both combinations were used prior to orchidectomy in cats (Routine Cat Castrations) as part of a ‘drop-in clinic’ with no prior appointments required. The overall outcome was to determine a combination to best enable a safe, quick, effective turnover of neuters with limited financial, infrastructure and staffing resources. A total of 166 cats were recruited as part of this clinical trial. This included 15 cases as part of a pilot study. The aim was to gain two equal numbers for each group over a set period of time. Quantitative planning of the total study was not known as this was incorporated as part of a working teaching unit in conjunction with Nottingham university. The drop-in clinic took place every Friday which allowed an open appointment system from different demographics such as vet triage, owned patients, multi-cat household, stray and ferals as part of an TNR programme. Cats received one of two possible combinations, medetomidine 600mcg/m² with buprenorphine 180mcg/m² (MB) or medetomidine 500mcg/m² with methadone 5mg/m² (MM) administered intramuscularly (IM). Sedation was scored using a modified simple descriptive score (SDS) 10 minutes after administering the initial injection. Anaesthesia was induced using isoflurane administered in 100% oxygen via a tight-fitting face mask connected to an Ayres T piece with Jackson Rees modification. Parameters were recorded at 5-minute intervals intraoperatively. At the end of surgery isoflurane was discontinued and one minute later atipamezole was administered IM. The recovery stage was monitored and timing to sternal recumbency followed by portal exploration were recorded. Data collection was recorded on anaesthetic record sheets and transposed to an Excel spreadsheet at a later date. The medetomidine and methadone combination had sig