Search

Requirements of immigrants to prove language skills, undertake knowledge tests, or complete courses of civic education, have become central in the process of attaining formal legal membership in the political community. However, while civic integration often is furthered as an emancipatory process and way to strengthen social cohesion, this article maintains that civic integration deviates from a notion of integration as the mutual transformation of migrant and receiving polity alike. Drawing on Paul Ricoeur’s discussion of ipse- and idem-identity, the article analyses the normative underpinnings of civic integration and argues that civic integration is conditioned on a community based in sameness rather than in an inclusive and reciprocal respect for diversity, meaning that civic integration will emerge as strikingly similar to the assimilationist practices it seeks to overcome. Thus, drawing on idem-identity, civic integration is seen to not only defeat its own goals of political emancipation of the migrant and the social cohesion of the community, but also to negate the very possibility of collective selfhood. By contrast, through exploring Ricoeur’s notion of identity as imbued with temporality, this article gestures towards how the normative standards of reflexivity, tolerance and mutuality ought to guide any idea of integration.

Requirements of immigrants to prove language skills, undertake knowledge tests, or complete courses of civic education, have become central in the process of attaining formal legal membership in the political community. However, while civic integration often is furthered as an emancipatory process and way to strengthen social cohesion, this article maintains that civic integration deviates from a notion of integration as the mutual transformation of migrant and receiving polity alike. Drawing on Paul Ricoeur’s discussion of ipse- and idem-identity, the article analyses the normative underpinnings of civic integration and argues that civic integration is conditioned on a community based in sameness rather than in an inclusive and reciprocal respect for diversity, meaning that civic integration will emerge as strikingly similar to the assimilationist practices it seeks to overcome. Thus, drawing on idem-identity, civic integration is seen to not only defeat its own goals of political emancipation of the migrant and the social cohesion of the community, but also to negate the very possibility of collective selfhood. By contrast, through exploring Ricoeur’s notion of identity as imbued with temporality, this article gestures towards how the normative standards of reflexivity, tolerance and mutuality ought to guide any idea of integration.

Through a critical analysis of ten Swedish parliamentary debates, this thesis investigates how Swedish naturalization is conceptualized by the Moderates, the Sweden Democrats, and the Social Democrats, which represent Swedish political elites and the broader category of Swedish political discourse. These conceptualizations are deduced through a systematic analysis which operationalizes concepts of support for multiculturalism, representations of citizenship, functions of naturalization, the lightening vs. strengthening trend in naturalization policy, and otherness. Furthermore, by applying a postructural constructivist perspective and conducting discourse analysis using the text dimension and discourse production dimension of Fairclough’s three dimensional model, this thesis contributes a modern contextualization of Swedish naturalization that future researchers can build upon in the rapidly developing area of Swedish naturalization. The value of this research is tied to the poststructural perspective that the production of discourse by political elites reflects and generates contextual meanings that have influence over naturalization decisions and policy.

Through a critical analysis of ten Swedish parliamentary debates, this thesis investigates how Swedish naturalization is conceptualized by the Moderates, the Sweden Democrats, and the Social Democrats, which represent Swedish political elites and the broader category of Swedish political discourse. These conceptualizations are deduced through a systematic analysis which operationalizes concepts of support for multiculturalism, representations of citizenship, functions of naturalization, the lightening vs. strengthening trend in naturalization policy, and otherness. Furthermore, by applying a postructural constructivist perspective and conducting discourse analysis using the text dimension and discourse production dimension of Fairclough’s three dimensional model, this thesis contributes a modern contextualization of Swedish naturalization that future researchers can build upon in the rapidly developing area of Swedish naturalization. The value of this research is tied to the poststructural perspective that the production of discourse by political elites reflects and generates contextual meanings that have influence over naturalization decisions and policy.

Publisher: UniorPress Series: Miscellaneous Pages: 226 Language: Italian NBN: http://nbn.depositolegale.it/urn:nbn:it:unina-29177 Abstract: The study of the relationship between digital data and archaeological methodology is one of the main fields of interest of Digital Archaeology, a discipline that has recently emerged in parallel with the digital transformation of society. The introduction of digital tools and methods into the field of historical and archaeological research has changed scholars’ approach to reconstructing the ancient cultures. This volume aims to investigate the composition of the archaeologist's new toolbox, which has complemented the traditional trowel with sophisticated equipment producing high-quality digital data. The exponential growth of research-generated digital documents (text, images, audio, and video) requires the development of innovative procedures and strategies for preservation and, above all, for sharing archives. Semantic technologies make an important contribution in this direction, allowing textual, geographic, and geometric information to be standardized, thus making it accessible and reusable on the Web. Science claims, today, greater collaboration and interaction among researchers; the prospect of knowledge, data, and methods, freely available on the Web, becomes a concrete reality that crosses all disciplinary barriers. The book outlines the scenarios inaugurated by the principles of Open Science, introducing the reader to the latest challenges involving the field of archaeological sciences., Editore: UniorPress Collana: Fuori Collana Pagine: 226 Lingua: Italiano NBN:  Abstract: Lo studio della relazione tra i dati digitali e la metodologia archeologica costituisce uno dei principali campi di interesse dell’Archeologia Digitale, una disciplina che si è affermata recentemente, in parallelo alla trasformazione digitale della società. L’introduzione di strumenti e metodi digitali nel campo della ricerca storica e archeologica ha cambiato l’approccio degli studiosi alla ricostruzione del mondo antico. Il volume si propone di indagare la composizione della nuova cassetta degli attrezzi dell’archeologo che ha affiancato alla tradizionale cazzuola sofisticate attrezzature che producono dati digitali di alta qualità. La crescita esponenziale dei documenti digitali generati dalla ricerca (testi, immagini, audio e video) richiede la messa a punto di procedure e strategie innovative per la conservazione e, soprattutto, per la condivisione degli archivi. Le tecnologie semantiche forniscono un importante contributo in tale direzione, consentendo di standardizzare informazioni testuali, geografiche e geometriche, rendendole, così, accessibili e riutilizzabili in rete. La scienza reclama, oggi, una maggiore collaborazione e interazione tra i ricercatori; la prospettiva di saperi, dati e metodi, disponibili liberamente in rete, diviene una realtà concreta che supera ogni barriera disciplinare. Il libro delinea gli scenari inaugurati dai principi dell’Open Science, introducendo il lettore alle più recenti sfide che coinvolgono il settore delle scienze archeologiche.

This article reviews the field of citizenship studies, with attention to the causes and consequences of policy. It summarizes key findings and points of consensus across three research domains: the determinants of citizenship policy, the consequences of citizenship policy, and the consequences of citizenship, i.e., the utility of obtaining citizenship for immigrant integration. After identifying strengths and weaknesses of each, I propose new directions in research that widen the field in terms of cases and generalizable theory while also deepening the field through serious attention to approaches that center the immigrant experience.

'Combatting' irregular migration is one of the key challenges to migration management at EU level. The present book addresses one of the most pressing structural problems regarding the EU’s return policy: the low return rate of irregularly staying migrants. In this regard the EU Return Directive obliges Member States to issue a return decision, yet only 40% of such decisions are enforced annually. Moreover, despite the political and legal efforts, the EU is not making any significant progress in enforcing the rules it has laid down in the Return Directive. The legislation of EU Member States may, however, serve as a source for possible solutions to 'combat' the problem of irregularly staying migrants. It is for this reason that the book compares the system of regularisations in Austria, Germany and Spain. Regularisations constitute an effective alternative to returns because they terminate the irregular residence of migrants, not through deportation, but rather by granting a right of residence. Regularisation is therefore understood as each legal decision that awards legal residency to irregularly staying migrants. As is shown by the examination and comparison of regularisations in Austria, Germany and Spain, differentiated systems of regularisation exist at national level. However, EU regularisations supplementing the present return policy would be more effective at 'combatting' irregular migration at EU level., Eine zentrale Herausforderung der Migrationssteuerung auf Unionsebene ist die "Bekämpfung" irregulärer Einwanderung. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich einem der drängendsten Probleme der EU-Rückführungspolitik, in concreto der niedrigen Rückführungsrate irregulär aufhältiger Migrant:innen. Die Rückführungsrichtlinie der EU erlegt den Mitgliedstaaten in diesem Zusammenhang die Pflicht auf, gegen jede drittstaatsangehörige Person, die sich irregulär in der EU aufhält, eine Rückkehrentscheidung zu erlassen, wobei jährlich nur rund 40% aller Rückkehrentscheidungen auch tatsächlich vollzogen werden. Die EU schafft es insgesamt aber trotz der rechtlichen und politischen Bemühungen kaum, Fortschritte im Hinblick auf die Vorgaben der Rückführungsrichtlinie zu machen. Mögliche Lösungsansätze finden sich in den Rechtsordnungen ausgewählter Mitgliedstaaten. Deshalb wird die österreichische, deutsche und spanische Rechtslage in einem Rechtsvergleich analysiert. Die drei Mitgliedstaaten "bekämpfen" den irregulären Aufenthalt von Migrant:innen mithilfe eines differenzierten Systems von Regularisierungen. Regularisierungen, verstanden als Rechtsinstrument, stellen eine Alternative zu Rückführungen dar und umschreiben jede rechtliche Entscheidung, die irregulär aufhältigen Migrant:innen ein Aufenthaltsrecht gewährt. Sie beenden den irregulären Aufenthalt von Migrant:innen, allerdings nicht durch eine Rückführung im Sinne einer Außerlandesbringung, sondern durch die Gewährung eines Aufenthaltsrechts. Anhand dieser Untersuchung wird die folgende These entwickelt: Durch unionsrechtlich normierte Regularisierungen, die die derzeitige Rückführungspolitik der EU ergänzen, wird die irreguläre Einwanderung auf Unionsebene wirksamer "bekämpft".

Der vom Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge erstellte Migrationsbericht 2021 wurde am 11. Januar 2023 durch das Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat vorgestellt. Neben umfassenden Wanderungsdaten zu Deutschland enthält der Bericht einen europäischen Vergleich zum Migrationsgeschehen und zur Asylzuwanderung. Er behandelt das Phänomen der irregulären Migration und informiert über die Struktur und Entwicklung der Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland.

Publisher: UniorPress Series: Miscellaneous Pages: 226 Language: Italian NBN: http://nbn.depositolegale.it/urn:nbn:it:unina-29177 Abstract: The study of the relationship between digital data and archaeological methodology is one of the main fields of interest of Digital Archaeology, a discipline that has recently emerged in parallel with the digital transformation of society. The introduction of digital tools and methods into the field of historical and archaeological research has changed scholars’ approach to reconstructing the ancient cultures. This volume aims to investigate the composition of the archaeologist's new toolbox, which has complemented the traditional trowel with sophisticated equipment producing high-quality digital data. The exponential growth of research-generated digital documents (text, images, audio, and video) requires the development of innovative procedures and strategies for preservation and, above all, for sharing archives. Semantic technologies make an important contribution in this direction, allowing textual, geographic, and geometric information to be standardized, thus making it accessible and reusable on the Web. Science claims, today, greater collaboration and interaction among researchers; the prospect of knowledge, data, and methods, freely available on the Web, becomes a concrete reality that crosses all disciplinary barriers. The book outlines the scenarios inaugurated by the principles of Open Science, introducing the reader to the latest challenges involving the field of archaeological sciences., Editore: UniorPress Collana: Fuori Collana Pagine: 226 Lingua: Italiano NBN:  Abstract: Lo studio della relazione tra i dati digitali e la metodologia archeologica costituisce uno dei principali campi di interesse dell’Archeologia Digitale, una disciplina che si è affermata recentemente, in parallelo alla trasformazione digitale della società. L’introduzione di strumenti e metodi digitali nel campo della ricerca storica e archeologica ha cambiato l’approccio degli studiosi alla ricostruzione del mondo antico. Il volume si propone di indagare la composizione della nuova cassetta degli attrezzi dell’archeologo che ha affiancato alla tradizionale cazzuola sofisticate attrezzature che producono dati digitali di alta qualità. La crescita esponenziale dei documenti digitali generati dalla ricerca (testi, immagini, audio e video) richiede la messa a punto di procedure e strategie innovative per la conservazione e, soprattutto, per la condivisione degli archivi. Le tecnologie semantiche forniscono un importante contributo in tale direzione, consentendo di standardizzare informazioni testuali, geografiche e geometriche, rendendole, così, accessibili e riutilizzabili in rete. La scienza reclama, oggi, una maggiore collaborazione e interazione tra i ricercatori; la prospettiva di saperi, dati e metodi, disponibili liberamente in rete, diviene una realtà concreta che supera ogni barriera disciplinare. Il libro delinea gli scenari inaugurati dai principi dell’Open Science, introducendo il lettore alle più recenti sfide che coinvolgono il settore delle scienze archeologiche.

In recent years several species of American cudweeds (Gamochaeta; Gnaphalium s.l.) have increasingly been recorded in Belgium and the Netherlands, especially (but not exclusively) in urban habitats. Since these species are naturalizing – at least one even on a relatively large scale – assessing their genuine identity is necessary. Three species are eventually accepted: G. coarctata (previously erroneously ascribed to G. purpurea), G. pensylvanica and G. subfalcata (surprisingly often overlooked for the native species Gnaphalium sylvaticum). In this paper all are copiously depicted and characters useful for their separation are discussed. A key for their identification is also presented, as are details about their distribution and habitat preferences in Belgium and the Netherlands. The naturalized populations reported in this paper are probably the northernmost known worldwide. Finally, the genome size was assessed for several accessions. It turned out that genome size does hardly allow to separate G. pensylvanica and G. subfalcata.

In this qualitative study, interpretive research will be conducted in order to examine subjective experiences of Middle Eastern immigrants in Sweden as well as their perception of how six selected policies and programs affect their sense of belonging and identity. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted to obtain data for this study. Specifically, in this study, the following policies and programs were examined in relation to identity change and sense of belonging: (1) Language learning policies, (2) Education and training programs, (3) Employment and participation in the labour market, (4) Social networking, (5) Right to plan a future, and (6) Naturalization policies. Based on the empirical data gathered from the interviews, only a few of these policies were shown to be effective, while the remainder were evidently ineffective. However, certain 'complementary elements' were mentioned during the data collection process (1) consciously enhancing national identity on behalf of ethnic identity, (2) name changing. This shows the importance of studying migration aspects from the perspective of the immigrants. Also, this study encourages to further examine the relationship between strong national identity, politics, development, and economic growth. It encourages for future research to explore how national and international policies and programs can effectively lead to identity change among immigrants and what the consequences and outcomes may be.

Protected areas are threatened by an unprecedented intensification of land use. The effectiveness of protected areas depends on their ability to stop habitat loss not only within their boundaries but also in their surroundings. Based on the CORINE Land Cover data, we describe the land use-land cover changes in European National Parks, both inside and at distant surrounding areas (1, 5, 20 km), and examine if the detected pattern is homogeneous across Europe. We analysed 192 parks from 25 European countries using five temporal scenarios between 1986 and 2018. Our results indicate that the designation of a protected area is a process that can increase it's the area's natural condition in a few years, thus providing a beneficial effect on its surrounding environment. However, this effect depends on the distance and when the protected area was declared. The naturalization effect is more visible at the nearest buffer distances in reserves that have been protected for the longest time. Furthermore, the role played by protected areas shows a spatially heterogeneous distribution, with clear notable latitudinal differences. In essence, these results are fundamental for developing effective adaptation strategies and proposing better policies to protect European NPs.

Forest plantations are an example of widespread land-use change shaping terrestrial ecosystems. They usually have high stand density, low tree diversity, and homogeneous structure. Their conversion into more natural forests, i.e. naturalization, to foment active regeneration, heterogeneous structure, high biodiversity levels, and high resilience to disturbances such as pests and fires, is urgently needed. More diverse and heterogeneous forest stands display greater resilience to global change, in addition to protecting the ecosystem services that mountainous pine-plantations provide. We present diveRpine (diveRsification of pine plantation), an interactive application designed to show how the species richness (and therefore resilience) varies in pine plantations based on the mountain landscape configuration, the internal structure of the stand, and the composition of the dispersal vectors. The aim of the application is double. On the one hand, it would provide a guidance tool for natural resource managers that aid in the naturalization of forest plantations to recover the multifunctionality of these ecosystems. On the other hand, this tool could be a valuable teaching resource in ecology and conservation classes, since it has great value to explore virtual scenarios and demonstrate the process of prioritization of the management actions. The user can simulate different combinations and analyze how they would affect the tree-species richness in a specific pine plantation stand. It also allows the user to visualize some of the complex ecological processes that underlie the diversification of pine plantations in Mediterranean mountain areas. This tool provides a valuable aid for decision making, for example helping managers to decide whether or not to intervene in a certain pine stand, by projecting the most probable ecological succession under a specific scenario. Our diveRpine concept combining scientific rigor with simplicity of presentation and interpretation is ap

Publisher: UniorPress Series: Miscellaneous Pages: 226 Language: Italian NBN: http://nbn.depositolegale.it/urn:nbn:it:unina-29177 Abstract: The study of the relationship between digital data and archaeological methodology is one of the main fields of interest of Digital Archaeology, a discipline that has recently emerged in parallel with the digital transformation of society. The introduction of digital tools and methods into the field of historical and archaeological research has changed scholars’ approach to reconstructing the ancient cultures. This volume aims to investigate the composition of the archaeologist's new toolbox, which has complemented the traditional trowel with sophisticated equipment producing high-quality digital data. The exponential growth of research-generated digital documents (text, images, audio, and video) requires the development of innovative procedures and strategies for preservation and, above all, for sharing archives. Semantic technologies make an important contribution in this direction, allowing textual, geographic, and geometric information to be standardized, thus making it accessible and reusable on the Web. Science claims, today, greater collaboration and interaction among researchers; the prospect of knowledge, data, and methods, freely available on the Web, becomes a concrete reality that crosses all disciplinary barriers. The book outlines the scenarios inaugurated by the principles of Open Science, introducing the reader to the latest challenges involving the field of archaeological sciences., Editore: UniorPress Collana: Fuori Collana Pagine: 226 Lingua: Italiano NBN:  Abstract: Lo studio della relazione tra i dati digitali e la metodologia archeologica costituisce uno dei principali campi di interesse dell’Archeologia Digitale, una disciplina che si è affermata recentemente, in parallelo alla trasformazione digitale della società. L’introduzione di strumenti e metodi digitali nel campo della ricerca storica e archeologica ha cambiato l’approccio degli studiosi alla ricostruzione del mondo antico. Il volume si propone di indagare la composizione della nuova cassetta degli attrezzi dell’archeologo che ha affiancato alla tradizionale cazzuola sofisticate attrezzature che producono dati digitali di alta qualità. La crescita esponenziale dei documenti digitali generati dalla ricerca (testi, immagini, audio e video) richiede la messa a punto di procedure e strategie innovative per la conservazione e, soprattutto, per la condivisione degli archivi. Le tecnologie semantiche forniscono un importante contributo in tale direzione, consentendo di standardizzare informazioni testuali, geografiche e geometriche, rendendole, così, accessibili e riutilizzabili in rete. La scienza reclama, oggi, una maggiore collaborazione e interazione tra i ricercatori; la prospettiva di saperi, dati e metodi, disponibili liberamente in rete, diviene una realtà concreta che supera ogni barriera disciplinare. Il libro delinea gli scenari inaugurati dai principi dell’Open Science, introducendo il lettore alle più recenti sfide che coinvolgono il settore delle scienze archeologiche.

Sixteen new Asteraceae are added to the non-indigenous flora of Tunisia. Six of them (Dimorphotheca ecklonis, Gaillardia pulchella, Gazania linearis var. linearis, Guizotia abyssinica, Rudbeckia triloba and Tithonia diversifolia) are also new for the flora of North Africa. Chrysanthemum morifolium is here first reported for the Mediterranean Basin. Seven genera (Argyranthemum, Bidens, Dimorphotheca, Gaillardia, Guizotia, Rudbeckia and Tithonia) are recorded for the first time for the vascular flora of Tunisia. Most of these species escaped from gardens and pots and became casual along roadsides and/or disturbed areas after cypsela dispersion (except for Chrysanthemum morifolium). Some species, even though appearing to be well established locally and are potentially invasive at a worldwide level, still do not behave so in Tunisia. In addition to the floristic notes, the typification of the names Dimorphotheca ecklonis, Gorteria linearis and Mirasolia diversifolia are discussed.

Die Passportisierung, d. h. die extraterritoriale und massenhafte, in einem Schnellverfahren durchgeführte Einbürgerung von Bewohner:innen des Donbas seit April 2019, zeigt, dass die russische Invasion der territorialen Integrität und Souveränität der Ukraine ein gradueller und kontinuierlicher Prozess ist, der nicht nur mit militärischer Gewalt erfolgt.

The German citizenship law underwent a paradigmatic amendment in 2000. One often overlooked change of this reform was the abolishment of the domestic clause (“Inlandsklausel”) that implied a substantial restriction to de facto dual citizenship acceptance. Combining data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (waves 1993–2006) with original data on origin country policies on dual citizenship and citizenship reacquisition, we analyse the impact of the abolishment of the domestic clause on naturalization rates. We apply a difference-in-difference design to investigate the causal impact of this element of the reform which has remained under-studied. We do not find an impact of the abolishment of the domestic clause on naturalization rates, neither among the general migrant population, nor among Turkish migrants who are alleged to be targeted specifically by this reform. These results suggest that a more restrictive approach to dual citizenship did not dissuade migrants from acquiring German citizenship after 2000.

Passportization - the securitized, fast-track extraterritorial naturalization of Donbas residents en masse since April 2019 - demonstrates that the Russian invasion of Ukraine's territorial integrity and sovereignty is a gradual process and does not relate only to the use of force.

Die historische Migrationsforschung steht mitunter vor dem Problem, dass viele Methoden und Materialien, die in den übrigen Sozialwissenschaften zum Standard gehören, nicht zur Verfügung stehen. Dies gilt insbesondere dann, wenn die häufig stark betonte quantitative oder administrativ-juristische und politische Perspektive erweitert werden soll auf sozialkulturelle Phänomene, etwa auf Fragen der Konstitution von Gruppen und Gemeinschaften, der Identitätsbildung und des Identitätswandels sowie der Vielfalt der Adaptionsstrategien und ihrer Motivationen. Methoden der Oral History fallen praktisch völlig aus, wenn die Zeit vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg oder gar noch frühere Epochen untersucht werden sollen. Auch schriftliche Zeugnisse aus dem Kreis der Wandernden bzw. Gewanderten sind äußerst rar, und wenn sie vorliegen, bilden sie einen sehr eng eingegrenzten Ausschnitt aus dem sozialen Spektrum des Migrationsgeschehens ab. Schwierig zu beantworten ist insbesondere die Frage nach dem Alltagsleben und den Sozialbeziehungen innerhalb von Einwanderergruppen sowie nach deren Beziehungen zu den vollberechtigten Staatsangehörigen.

Der Migrationsbericht 2020 enthält neben umfassenden Wanderungsdaten zu Deutschland einen europäischen Vergleich zum Migrationsgeschehen und zur Asylzuwanderung. Er behandelt das Phänomen der irregulären Migration und informiert über die Struktur und Entwicklung der Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland.

En la literatura referente al transhumanismo hay mucho espacio dedicado a descripciones y taxonomías, pero escasa discusión en profundidad de las bases y límites de los planteamientos teóricos subyacentes. Los críticos apostan en demasía por los argumentos ad hominem, mientras que los partidarios se entretienen más de lo conveniente en exaltar las futuras prestaciones de un progreso exponencialmente acelerado. En este texto se intenta llevar a cabo una reflexión más serena, centrada en las nociones de «esencia humana», «naturalización» y «autoconciencia»., In the literature on transhumanism there is a lot of space devoted to descriptions and taxonomies, but little in-depth discussion of the bases and limits of the underlying theoretical approaches. Critics gamble too much on ad hominem arguments, while supporters linger more than they should in extolling the future benefits of exponentially accelerated progress. In this text an attempt is made to carry out a more serene reflection, centered on the notions of «human essence», «naturalization» and «self-consciousness».

In the literature on transhumanism there is a lot of space devoted to descriptions and taxonomies, but little in-depth discussion of the bases and limits of the underlying theoretical approaches. Critics gamble too much on ad hominem arguments, while supporters linger more than they should in extolling the future benefits of exponentially accelerated progress. In this text an attempt is made to carry out a more serene reflection, centered on the notions of «human essence», «naturalization» and «self-consciousness»., En la literatura referente al transhumanismo hay mucho espacio dedicado a descripciones y taxonomías, pero escasa discusión en profundidad de las bases y límites de los planteamientos teóricos subyacentes. Los críticos apostan en demasía por los argumentos ad hominem, mientras que los partidarios se entretienen más de lo conveniente en exaltar las futuras prestaciones de un progreso exponencialmente acelerado. En este texto se intenta llevar a cabo una reflexión más serena, centrada en las nociones de «esencia humana», «naturalización» y «autoconciencia».

This thesis analyzes the accelerated process for immigrants to become naturalized citizens in the United States and the arguments made for and against the allowance of the process and having immigrants serve in the U.S. military. Immigrants have been serving in the U.S. armed forces since the Revolutionary War and have had an expedited pathway to citizenship since 1952, when the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) of 1952 established guidelines to the process. The Trump administration enacted policy changes that impacted the ability of the Military Accessions Vital to National Interest (MAVNI) program to recruit service members and the ability for members to be naturalized. This thesis explores the history of changes made to the immigration and naturalization policy and how that has influenced the policy in place today. The standard and accelerated policies are described as well as the goals of the MAVNI program. The discussion continues into the main arguments made for the allowance of immigrants to serve in the U.S. Armed Forces and those against, as well as recommendations for the path forward with allowing immigrants to serve in the armed forces and the continued use of the process for naturalization through military service., Lieutenant, United States Navy, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

En la literatura referente al transhumanismo hay mucho espacio dedicado a descripciones y taxonomías, pero escasa discusión en profundidad de las bases y límites de los planteamientos teóricos subyacentes. Los críticos apostan en demasía por los argumentos ad hominem, mientras que los partidarios se entretienen más de lo conveniente en exaltar las futuras prestaciones de un progreso exponencialmente acelerado. En este texto se intenta llevar a cabo una reflexión más serena, centrada en las nociones de «esencia humana», «naturalización» y «autoconciencia»., In the literature on transhumanism there is a lot of space devoted to descriptions and taxonomies, but little in-depth discussion of the bases and limits of the underlying theoretical approaches. Critics gamble too much on ad hominem arguments, while supporters linger more than they should in extolling the future benefits of exponentially accelerated progress. In this text an attempt is made to carry out a more serene reflection, centered on the notions of «human essence», «naturalization» and «self-consciousness».

The approach to issues such as good and evil from philosophy leads us to specify what is understood by ethics and morals. Canonically, ethics is a branch of philosophy that studies and systematizes these concepts and aims to rationally define what constitutes a good or virtuous act, regardless of the culture in which it is framed. Morality is defined as the set of norms that govern the behavior of people who are part of a given society, thus contributing to the maintenance of stability and social structure. Based on these definitions, naturalization consists of seeking foundations in the empirical sciences to justify moral principles. The objective of this work is to see to what extent science can contribute knowledge that supports ethics and moral principles, a project based on the naturalization of philosophy, questioning any apriorism that ignores science. First, the naturalizing program and its main variants in philosophy will be examined. Second, two proposals from the philosophy of science that can be framed in naturalism will be analyzed, namely: Philip Kitcher and Patricia S. Churchland. Next, some of the main theses that provide scientific explanation of human behavior from the point of view of moral virtues will be addressed., El abordaje de cuestiones como el bien y el mal desde la filosofía nos lleva a especificar lo que se entiende por ética y por moral. Canónicamente, la ética es una rama de la filosofía que estudia y sistematiza dichos conceptos y tiene como objetivo definir de forma racional qué constituye un acto bueno o virtuoso, independientemente de la cultura en la que se enmarque. La moral se define como el conjunto de normas que rigen el comportamiento de las personas que forman parte de una sociedad determinada, contribuyendo así al mantenimiento de la estabilidad y de la estructura social. A partir de estas definiciones, la naturalización consiste en buscar fundamentos en las ciencias empíricas para justificar los principios morales. El objetivo de este trabajo es ver cómo las disciplinas científicas pueden aportar conocimientos que fundamenten la ética y los principios morales, un proyecto basado en la naturalización de la filosofía, cuestionando cualquier apriorismo que haga caso omiso de la ciencia. En primer lugar, se examinará el programa naturalizador y sus principales variantes en la filosofía. En segundo lugar, se analizarán dos propuestas desde la filosofía de la ciencia que pueden enmarcarse en el naturalismo, a saber: Philip Kitcher y Patricia S. Churchland. A continuación, se abordarán algunas de las principales tesis que proporcionan explicación científica del comportamiento humano desde el punto de vista de las virtudes morales.

En la literatura referente al transhumanismo hay mucho espacio dedicado a descripciones y taxonomías, pero escasa discusión en profundidad de las bases y límites de los planteamientos teóricos subyacentes. Los críticos apostan en demasía por los argumentos ad hominem, mientras que los partidarios se entretienen más de lo conveniente en exaltar las futuras prestaciones de un progreso exponencialmente acelerado. En este texto se intenta llevar a cabo una reflexión más serena, centrada en las nociones de «esencia humana», «naturalización» y «autoconciencia»., In the literature on transhumanism there is a lot of space devoted to descriptions and taxonomies, but little in-depth discussion of the bases and limits of the underlying theoretical approaches. Critics gamble too much on ad hominem arguments, while supporters linger more than they should in extolling the future benefits of exponentially accelerated progress. In this text an attempt is made to carry out a more serene reflection, centered on the notions of «human essence», «naturalization» and «self-consciousness».

In the literature on transhumanism there is a lot of space devoted to descriptions and taxonomies, but little in-depth discussion of the bases and limits of the underlying theoretical approaches. Critics gamble too much on ad hominem arguments, while supporters linger more than they should in extolling the future benefits of exponentially accelerated progress. In this text an attempt is made to carry out a more serene reflection, centered on the notions of «human essence», «naturalization» and «self-consciousness»., En la literatura referente al transhumanismo hay mucho espacio dedicado a descripciones y taxonomías, pero escasa discusión en profundidad de las bases y límites de los planteamientos teóricos subyacentes. Los críticos apostan en demasía por los argumentos ad hominem, mientras que los partidarios se entretienen más de lo conveniente en exaltar las futuras prestaciones de un progreso exponencialmente acelerado. En este texto se intenta llevar a cabo una reflexión más serena, centrada en las nociones de «esencia humana», «naturalización» y «autoconciencia».

Forest adaptation to global change has become one of the main objectives of forest management in recent years. Species and structural diversification by thinning is a well-known adaptation measure, often applied by managers in monospecific even-aged stands. However, regeneration fellings may be more efficient for enhancing naturalization and resilience of monospecific refor-ested pine stands, widely distributed throughout the Mediterranean basin. This work focuses on the evaluation of natural regeneration after seed-tree method cuttings, adopted as a diversification strategy in a 60-year old P. pin-aster reforestation with varying presence of broad-leaved species (mainly Quercus spp.) in mountains of Southern Spain. A trial consisting of 78 circular plots (1 m radius) was installed to monitor annual tree-species regeneration over seven years, classified into seedlings (0-10 cm height) and saplings (10-130 cm). Scrub coverage and other ecological variables were also measured. Sampling was carried out in three stand types (Pure, Mixed 1 and Mixed 2, in order of increasing presence of broad-leaved species), according to forest species composition before the felling. Maritime pine regeneration was successfully achieved by the end of the study period (over 2000 trees ha-1 widely distributed throughout the stand), whereas Quercus spp. seedlings even col-onised plots in which there were no seed trees. Pine seedling density was pos-itively affected by summer precipitation and the presence of conspecific adult pines, and negatively influenced by scrub coverage. High temperatures during the mid-summer months (especially August) negatively affected the seedling to sapling change ratio as well as sapling survival during the study period. Our results point to regeneration fellings with retention of pine and broadleaf species as a suitable method for diversifying species composition in Pinus pinaster reforestations in the Mediterranean region.

Sixteen new Asteraceae are added to the non-indigenous flora of Tunisia. Six of them (Dimorphotheca ecklonis, Gaillardia pulchella, Gazania linearis var. linearis, Guizotia abyssinica, Rudbeckia triloba and Tithonia diversifolia) are also new for the flora of North Africa. Chrysanthemum morifolium is here first reported for the Mediterranean Basin. Seven genera (Argyranthemum, Bidens, Dimorphotheca, Gaillardia, Guizotia, Rudbeckia and Tithonia) are recorded for the first time for the vascular flora of Tunisia. Most of these species escaped from gardens and pots and became casual along roadsides and/or disturbed areas after cypsela dispersion (except for Chrysanthemum morifolium). Some species, even though appearing to be well established locally and are potentially invasive at a worldwide level, still do not behave so in Tunisia. In addition to the floristic notes, the typification of the names Dimorphotheca ecklonis, Gorteria linearis and Mirasolia diversifolia are discussed.

Cultivated plant species often naturalize and enter wild communities in a process known as feralization. To successfully feralize, crops must overcome ecological barriers and may undergo selection on certain traits, diverging phenotypically and genetically from their crop ancestors. In spite of the agronomic and ecological relevance of crop feralization, the eco-evolutionary dynamics driving it remain understudied. In this paper, we evaluated phenotypic and genotypic differentiation in fruit and seed traits during the naturalization of the almond tree (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) in SE Iberia and evaluated the potential role of natural selection in this process. To do so, we investigated the patterns of genetic divergence between cultivated and feral populations using functional (the cyanogenesis Sk gene) and neutral (17 SSR loci) markers and analysed morphological and biochemical traits in kernels of 342 individuals from 15 cultivated and 24 feral populations. We detected very little genetic differentiation in neutral markers between cultivated and feral populations. The majority of the observed genetic variation was due to differences within each type. Conversely, the recessive allele sk responsible for seed toxicity was significantly more frequent in feral populations. Phenotypic differentiation between cultivated and naturalized almond populations was also significant. Feral almond kernels were smaller and lighter, had denser and more resistant shells (endocarps) and more toxic seeds. Selection analyses indicated that these genetic and phenotypic patterns might be driven by directional selection on fruit and seed traits, potentially linked to defence against predation. Synthesis. Our findings indicate that almond naturalization is consistent with strong directional selection on fruits and seeds, leading to smaller and more toxic seeds encased in harder endocarps. Accordingly, we propose that feralization of this crop is, at least to some degree, driven by a

En aquest estudi s’han extret 387 topònims de 64 textos literaris ídixs traduïts a l’anglès, el francès, el castellà i el català. S’han comparat amb les formes ídixs tal com apareixen a les obres originals i s’han identificat les tècniques de traducció emprades. L’examen mostra que en el trasllat d’endotopònims ídixs sense equivalents en la llengua d’arribada sovintegen les interferències de terceres llengües. Tenint en compte l’especificitat de la toponímia ídix i diverses perspectives traductològiques sobre el trasllat de topònims, argumentem que aquesta pràctica és problemàtica perquè invisibilitza l’arrelament territorial de les comunitats idixòfones de l’Europa central i de l’est i, a més, resulta incoherent amb el tractament donat als antropònims i als referents culturals en les mateixes traduccions. Sobre aquesta base, es proposa una estratègia alternativa per a traslladar els endotopònims ídixs que no tinguin un equivalent en la llengua d’arribada. &nbsp, In this study, 387 toponyms have been extracted from 64 English, French, Spanish or Catalan translations of Yiddish literary texts and compared to the original Yiddish forms in the source texts to identify the translation techniques used. The study shows that interference from third languages is frequent in the rendering of Yiddish endonyms without equivalents in the target language. Taking the specificities of Yiddish toponyms and several different theoretical approaches to the translation of toponyms into consideration, it is argued that the practice in question is problematic because it conceals the roots of the Yiddish-speaking communities of Central and Eastern Europe and is inconsistent with the way in which anthroponyms and cultural references are dealt with in the same translations. On that basis, an alternative strategy for the translation of Yiddish endonyms without equivalents in the target language is proposed.&nbsp

At least 10 million people are stateless worldwide, and are therefore without any form of legal recognition by any state. Statelessness result in denial of access to basic and essential services such as; healthcare, education, housing, bank account, and are often unable to get married. The phenomenon occurs for several reasons, including discrimination against a particular group of people, gaps in nationality legislations and administrative procedures, state succession or dissolution, boundary adjustments, amongst others. Every State has its own law to determine how its nationality can be acquired or withdrawn. ‘If these laws are not carefully written and correctly applied, some people can be excluded and left stateless.’ The right to a nationality has been described as a ‘fundamental human right’, which is necessary for the enjoyment of other human rights. This right avail the bearer with diplomatic protection of the state. Consequently, in the United States case of Trop v. Dulles, the Supreme Court described the right to nationality as the ‘right to have rights’. This study aims at advancing the scope of statelessness research, the need to protect, reduce and prevent statelessness across the world and Nigeria in particular. This study like previous studies, identifies areas of possible law reforms to guarantee right and access to nationality, and with a view to reducing existing cases of statelessness and preventing new cases. However, a review of existing literatures in this regard, especially with reference to Nigeria reveals that there is no previous research on risk of statelessness in Nigeria. Therefore, this study not only examines the legislative gaps and the risk of statelessness in Nigeria, it also suggests the need for both a nationality / citizenship law separate from the constitution. It moreover suggests the need for a legally established procedure for determining statelessness with the aim of ensuring protection, prevention and reduction of stateless

2015年になって法務省は46年ぶりに朝鮮籍と韓国籍の人口を個別に発表するようになり、これにより朝鮮籍保持者数が1970年から近年に至る約半世紀の間に約25万人減少していることが分かり、在日コリアン社会の国籍の構成要素が大きく変化したことが明らかとなった。この朝鮮籍者数の減少は、朝鮮籍者が登場して70年以上が過ぎたことによる死亡累計の増加、朝鮮籍同士の婚姻の減少による朝鮮籍の子の減少、そして多くの朝鮮籍者が朝鮮籍を離脱し、韓国籍又は日本籍に帰化したことを示している。朝鮮籍からの離脱には多くの要因が関係していると考えられるが、本稿では兵庫県において、在日コリアン企業家の方々を対象としたアンケート調査を実施した。結論として、朝鮮籍離脱には多くの複合要因が存在するが、ビジネス的要因も離脱に大きな影響を与えていたことが明らかになり、また時期的な傾向として20世紀後半と21世紀の初めに離脱が多かったことが明らかになった。, The number of North Koreans in Japan has decreased so much recently (The number of North Koreans in Japan has decreased by 250 thousand since 1970), according to a press release of Ministry of Justice. Though counting the mumber of Koreans by the Ministry had added up both North Koreans and South Koreans in Japan since 1970, the Ministry published the mumber of North Koreans in Japan in 2015. It shows so many North Koreans naturalized in South Korea or Japan. To find out the factors of this naturalization process, we conducted a questionnaire survey in Hyogo Prefecture. According to the questionnaire investigation, business factors has concerned in withdrawal of the registeration of Korean families in Japan.

[ES] El Plan especial de infraestructura verde urbana de Callosa d¿en Sarrià tiene por objeto analizar la infraestructura verde urbana actual del municipio con el fin de identificar aquellos aspectos que son susceptibles de mejoras y así impulsar un nuevo modelo urbano más verde y sostenible, consiguiendo así naturalizar el municipio. Para ello se realiza un análisis de la estructura urbana, identificando la infraestructura verde existente, los principales focos de actividad, así como las características principales de la movilidad municipal. Con el análisis realizado, se pasa al diagnóstico de la estructura urbana, que se concreta en la definición los principales retos y las necesidades del municipio. Luego, a partir del diagnóstico, se definen cuatro líneas de acción, que establecen la ruta a seguir para la concreción de la infraestructura verde municipal: incremento de la infraestructura verde, mejora de la existente, medidas para la implicación de la ciudadanía en el desarrollo de la infraestructura verde y definición de estrategias para la planificación, gestión y seguimiento de esta. En cada una ellas se definen acciones concretas, como la creación de nuevos parques y jardines o la mejora de los espacios verdes existentes. Estudiando todas las medidas, se establecen tres alternativas a llevar a cabo. La elección de una de estas alternativas se realiza a partir de una valoración multicriterio, pudiendo así discernir cuál de ellas ofrece mayores beneficios tanto sociales como medioambientales, permitiendo alcanzar los objetivos previamente definidos., [EN] The special plan for green urban infrastructure of Callosa d'en Sarrià aims to analyse the current green urban infrastructure of the municipality in order to identify those aspects that are susceptible to improvement and thus promote a new, greener and more sustainable urban model, thus achieving the naturalisation of the municipality. To this end, an analysis of the urban structure is carried out, identifying the existing green infrastructure, the main centres of activity and the main characteristics of municipal mobility. With the analysis carried out, we move on to the diagnosis of the urban structure, which is specified in the definition of the main challenges and needs of the municipality. Then, based on the diagnosis, four lines of action are defined, which establish the route to be followed for the realization of the municipal green infrastructure: increase of green infrastructure, improvement of the existing one, measures for the involvement of the citizens in the development of green infrastructure and definition of strategies for the planning, management and monitoring of it. In each of these, specific actions are defined, such as the creation of new parks and gardens or the improvement of existing green spaces. Studying all the measures, three alternatives are established to be carried out. The choice of one of these alternatives is made on the basis of a multi-criteria assessment, thus allowing us to discern which one offers the greatest social and environmental benefits, enabling us to achieve the previously defined objectives.

[ES] El Plan especial de infraestructura verde urbana de Callosa d¿en Sarrià tiene por objeto analizar la infraestructura verde urbana actual del municipio con el fin de identificar aquellos aspectos que son susceptibles de mejoras y así impulsar un nuevo modelo urbano más verde y sostenible, consiguiendo así naturalizar el municipio. Para ello se realiza un análisis de la estructura urbana, identificando la infraestructura verde existente, los principales focos de actividad, así como las características principales de la movilidad municipal. Con el análisis realizado, se pasa al diagnóstico de la estructura urbana, que se concreta en la definición los principales retos y las necesidades del municipio. Luego, a partir del diagnóstico, se definen cuatro líneas de acción, que establecen la ruta a seguir para la concreción de la infraestructura verde municipal: incremento de la infraestructura verde, mejora de la existente, medidas para la implicación de la ciudadanía en el desarrollo de la infraestructura verde y definición de estrategias para la planificación, gestión y seguimiento de esta. En cada una ellas se definen acciones concretas, como la creación de nuevos parques y jardines o la mejora de los espacios verdes existentes. Estudiando todas las medidas, se establecen tres alternativas a llevar a cabo. La elección de una de estas alternativas se realiza a partir de una valoración multicriterio, pudiendo así discernir cuál de ellas ofrece mayores beneficios tanto sociales como medioambientales, permitiendo alcanzar los objetivos previamente definidos., [EN] The special plan for green urban infrastructure of Callosa d'en Sarrià aims to analyse the current green urban infrastructure of the municipality in order to identify those aspects that are susceptible to improvement and thus promote a new, greener and more sustainable urban model, thus achieving the naturalisation of the municipality. To this end, an analysis of the urban structure is carried out, identifying the existing green infrastructure, the main centres of activity and the main characteristics of municipal mobility. With the analysis carried out, we move on to the diagnosis of the urban structure, which is specified in the definition of the main challenges and needs of the municipality. Then, based on the diagnosis, four lines of action are defined, which establish the route to be followed for the realization of the municipal green infrastructure: increase of green infrastructure, improvement of the existing one, measures for the involvement of the citizens in the development of green infrastructure and definition of strategies for the planning, management and monitoring of it. In each of these, specific actions are defined, such as the creation of new parks and gardens or the improvement of existing green spaces. Studying all the measures, three alternatives are established to be carried out. The choice of one of these alternatives is made on the basis of a multi-criteria assessment, thus allowing us to discern which one offers the greatest social and environmental benefits, enabling us to achieve the previously defined objectives.

[ES] El Plan especial de infraestructura verde urbana de Callosa d¿en Sarrià tiene por objeto analizar la infraestructura verde urbana actual del municipio con el fin de identificar aquellos aspectos que son susceptibles de mejoras y así impulsar un nuevo modelo urbano más verde y sostenible, consiguiendo así naturalizar el municipio. Para ello se realiza un análisis de la estructura urbana, identificando la infraestructura verde existente, los principales focos de actividad, así como las características principales de la movilidad municipal. Con el análisis realizado, se pasa al diagnóstico de la estructura urbana, que se concreta en la definición los principales retos y las necesidades del municipio. Luego, a partir del diagnóstico, se definen cuatro líneas de acción, que establecen la ruta a seguir para la concreción de la infraestructura verde municipal: incremento de la infraestructura verde, mejora de la existente, medidas para la implicación de la ciudadanía en el desarrollo de la infraestructura verde y definición de estrategias para la planificación, gestión y seguimiento de esta. En cada una ellas se definen acciones concretas, como la creación de nuevos parques y jardines o la mejora de los espacios verdes existentes. Estudiando todas las medidas, se establecen tres alternativas a llevar a cabo. La elección de una de estas alternativas se realiza a partir de una valoración multicriterio, pudiendo así discernir cuál de ellas ofrece mayores beneficios tanto sociales como medioambientales, permitiendo alcanzar los objetivos previamente definidos., [EN] The special plan for green urban infrastructure of Callosa d'en Sarrià aims to analyse the current green urban infrastructure of the municipality in order to identify those aspects that are susceptible to improvement and thus promote a new, greener and more sustainable urban model, thus achieving the naturalisation of the municipality. To this end, an analysis of the urban structure is carried out, identifying the existing green infrastructure, the main centres of activity and the main characteristics of municipal mobility. With the analysis carried out, we move on to the diagnosis of the urban structure, which is specified in the definition of the main challenges and needs of the municipality. Then, based on the diagnosis, four lines of action are defined, which establish the route to be followed for the realization of the municipal green infrastructure: increase of green infrastructure, improvement of the existing one, measures for the involvement of the citizens in the development of green infrastructure and definition of strategies for the planning, management and monitoring of it. In each of these, specific actions are defined, such as the creation of new parks and gardens or the improvement of existing green spaces. Studying all the measures, three alternatives are established to be carried out. The choice of one of these alternatives is made on the basis of a multi-criteria assessment, thus allowing us to discern which one offers the greatest social and environmental benefits, enabling us to achieve the previously defined objectives.

[ES] El Plan especial de infraestructura verde urbana de Callosa d¿en Sarrià tiene por objeto analizar la infraestructura verde urbana actual del municipio con el fin de identificar aquellos aspectos que son susceptibles de mejoras y así impulsar un nuevo modelo urbano más verde y sostenible, consiguiendo así naturalizar el municipio. Para ello se realiza un análisis de la estructura urbana, identificando la infraestructura verde existente, los principales focos de actividad, así como las características principales de la movilidad municipal. Con el análisis realizado, se pasa al diagnóstico de la estructura urbana, que se concreta en la definición los principales retos y las necesidades del municipio. Luego, a partir del diagnóstico, se definen cuatro líneas de acción, que establecen la ruta a seguir para la concreción de la infraestructura verde municipal: incremento de la infraestructura verde, mejora de la existente, medidas para la implicación de la ciudadanía en el desarrollo de la infraestructura verde y definición de estrategias para la planificación, gestión y seguimiento de esta. En cada una ellas se definen acciones concretas, como la creación de nuevos parques y jardines o la mejora de los espacios verdes existentes. Estudiando todas las medidas, se establecen tres alternativas a llevar a cabo. La elección de una de estas alternativas se realiza a partir de una valoración multicriterio, pudiendo así discernir cuál de ellas ofrece mayores beneficios tanto sociales como medioambientales, permitiendo alcanzar los objetivos previamente definidos., [EN] The special plan for green urban infrastructure of Callosa d'en Sarrià aims to analyse the current green urban infrastructure of the municipality in order to identify those aspects that are susceptible to improvement and thus promote a new, greener and more sustainable urban model, thus achieving the naturalisation of the municipality. To this end, an analysis of the urban structure is carried out, identifying the existing green infrastructure, the main centres of activity and the main characteristics of municipal mobility. With the analysis carried out, we move on to the diagnosis of the urban structure, which is specified in the definition of the main challenges and needs of the municipality. Then, based on the diagnosis, four lines of action are defined, which establish the route to be followed for the realization of the municipal green infrastructure: increase of green infrastructure, improvement of the existing one, measures for the involvement of the citizens in the development of green infrastructure and definition of strategies for the planning, management and monitoring of it. In each of these, specific actions are defined, such as the creation of new parks and gardens or the improvement of existing green spaces. Studying all the measures, three alternatives are established to be carried out. The choice of one of these alternatives is made on the basis of a multi-criteria assessment, thus allowing us to discern which one offers the greatest social and environmental benefits, enabling us to achieve the previously defined objectives.

En aquest estudi s'han extret 387 topònims de 64 textos literaris ídixs traduïts a l'anglès, el francès, el castellà i el català. S'han comparat amb les formes ídixs tal com apareixen a les obres originals i s'han identificat les tècniques de traducció emprades. L'examen mostra que en el trasllat d'endotopònims ídixs sense equivalents en la llengua d'arribada sovintegen les interferències de terceres llengües. Tenint en compte l'especificitat de la toponímia ídix i diverses perspectives traductològiques sobre el trasllat de topònims, argumentem que aquesta pràctica és problemàtica perquè invisibilitza l'arrelament territorial de les comunitats idixòfones de l'Europa central i de l'est i, a més, resulta incoherent amb el tractament donat als antropònims i als referents culturals en les mateixes traduccions. Sobre aquesta base, es proposa una estratègia alternativa per a traslladar els endotopònims ídixs que no tinguin un equivalent en la llengua d'arribada., In this study, 387 toponyms have been extracted from 64 English, French, Spanish or Catalan translations of Yiddish literary texts and compared to the original Yiddish forms in the source texts to identify the translation techniques used. The study shows that interference from third languages is frequent in the rendering of Yiddish endonyms without equivalents in the target language. Taking the specificities of Yiddish toponyms and several different theoretical approaches to the translation of toponyms into consideration, it is argued that the practice in question is problematic because it conceals the roots of the Yiddish-speaking communities of Central and Eastern Europe and is inconsistent with the way in which anthroponyms and cultural references are dealt with in the same translations. On that basis, an alternative strategy for the translation of Yiddish endonyms without equivalents in the target language is proposed.

Citizenship acquisition is viewed as the key indicator of political incorporation into US society and one motivated by the desire to formally engage in the civic realm, but we know naturalization is undertaken for many reasons. What we know less about is what motivates particular groups. Through surveying 74 lower socio-economic immigrants of color initiating the naturalization process at free citizenship clinics in the Boston, Massachusetts area in the northeastern United States in fall 2019, we examine the stated motivations to naturalize. The survey data reveal that the desire to engage politically is the most commonly cited primary motivation to naturalize (44%), followed by a desire to feel safer in the US (29%). When looking at primary and secondary motivations, 66% cite the ability to vote, and 59% cite the desire to feel safer. The combined motivations of security and political engagement suggest a “threat-opportunity” model of citizenship acquisition, whereby immigrants assess the external socio-political threats and seek to neutralize them through both naturalizing and then engaging politically to change the environment. At the same time, statistically significant relationships between motivations and ethno-racial group and country of origin suggest additional factors must be examined.

Citizenship acquisition is viewed as the key indicator of political incorporation into US society and one motivated by the desire to formally engage in the civic realm, but we know naturalization is undertaken for many reasons. What we know less about is what motivates particular groups. Through surveying 74 lower socio-economic immigrants of color initiating the naturalization process at free citizenship clinics in the Boston, Massachusetts area in the northeastern United States in fall 2019, we examine the stated motivations to naturalize. The survey data reveal that the desire to engage politically is the most commonly cited primary motivation to naturalize (44%), followed by a desire to feel safer in the US (29%). When looking at primary and secondary motivations, 66% cite the ability to vote, and 59% cite the desire to feel safer. The combined motivations of security and political engagement suggest a “threat-opportunity” model of citizenship acquisition, whereby immigrants assess the external socio-political threats and seek to neutralize them through both naturalizing and then engaging politically to change the environment. At the same time, statistically significant relationships between motivations and ethno-racial group and country of origin suggest additional factors must be examined.

Many researchers on nietzschian philosophy, while in the aim of analyzing their moral genealogy, point out that the philosopher commits the genetic fallacy when evaluating moral values based on their provenance. In this paper, I intend to prove that Nietzsche not only does not commit the genetic fallacy based on his own understanding of what morality and the genealogic procedure are, but also that he is the one critic of those who commit such fallacy. Once the philosopher naturalizes the moral through the will to power doctrine, the values are understood as projections that conserve, potentialize and cultivate a type of man. Therefore, the genealogic investigation of moral values seeks to unveil what kind of life moral benefits and cultivates. Moreover, Nietzsche’s analysis is not limited to investigate only how some affections and instincts create and reinforce our beliefs and values, but also how some of them fortify our affections and instincts., Muitos pesquisadores da filosofia nietzschiana, buscando analisar a sua genealogia da moral, apontam que o filósofo comete a falácia genética ao avaliar o valor dos valores morais a partir das suas proveniências. Nesse texto, pretendo mostrar que Nietzsche não só não comete a falácia genética partindo do seu próprio entendimento do que seja a moralidade e o procedimento genealógico, como também é ele mesmo um crítico de quem comete tal falácia. Uma vez que o filósofo realiza uma naturalização da moral através da doutrina da vontade de potência, os valores são compreendidos como projeções que conservam, potencializam e cultivam um tipo de homem. Logo, a investigação genealógica dos valores morais busca desvelar qual tipo de vida a moral beneficia e cultiva. Ademais, a análise de Nietzsche não se limita a investigar apenas como alguns afetos e instintos criam e reforçam nossas crenças e valores, mas também como algumas crenças e valores fortificam nossos afetos e instintos.

This paper researches Immanuel Kant’s conception of madness developed during his intellectual lifetime. In order to achieve satisfactory results in this task, the author adopts a naturalized interpretation of Kant’s transcendentalism developed in the works about this German philosopher of the Prof. Dr. Eugenio Moya Cantero. From this methodological point of view the author tries to reconcile two different and traditionally opposed research levels by Kant, i.e the empirical and the transcendental ones, the quid factiand the quid juris . And this reconciliation offers a picture of the human reason located in the nature and its history (evolution) and characterized by complexity, heterogeneity and dynamism, and in which madness appears, consequently, as a conflict of the reason wit h itself. The article concludes explaining the Kantian concept of positive unreason as the most serious kind of mental illness and showing both the influence and use of this concept in other scientific fields, like contemporary psychiatry., Este artículo pretende indagar en la concepción de la locura desarrollada por el filósofo Immanuel Kant a lo largo de su trayectoria intelectual. Para llevar a cabo esta indagación el autor adopta una interpretación naturalizada del transcendentalismo kantiano desarrollada por Eugenio Moya Cantero en sus trabajos sobre el pensador alemán. Se pretende con ello conciliar dos planos de la investigación kantiana que han sido tradicionalmente contrapuestos: facticidad y transcendentalidad, quid facti y quid juris. Este planteamiento ofrece una razón humana situada en el seno de la naturaleza y de su historia (evolución) y constituida como entidad compleja, heterogénea y dinámica, concepción desde la que la locura aparece como un conflicto de la propia razón consigo misma. El artículo concluye exponiendo el concepto kantiano de sinrazón positiva como la forma más grave de locura y mostrando la influencia y utilidad que dicho concepto ha tenido en otras disciplinas científicas como la psiquiatría contemporánea.

En aquest estudi s’han extret 387 topònims de 64 textos literaris ídixs traduïts a l’anglès, el francès, el castellà i el català. S’han comparat amb les formes ídixs tal com apareixen a les obres originals i s’han identificat les tècniques de traducció emprades. L’examen mostra que en el trasllat d’endotopònims ídixs sense equivalents en la llengua d’arribada sovintegen les interferències de terceres llengües. Tenint en compte l’especificitat de la toponímia ídix i diverses perspectives traductològiques sobre el trasllat de topònims, argumentem que aquesta pràctica és problemàtica perquè invisibilitza l’arrelament territorial de les comunitats idixòfones de l’Europa central i de l’est i, a més, resulta incoherent amb el tractament donat als antropònims i als referents culturals en les mateixes traduccions. Sobre aquesta base, es proposa una estratègia alternativa per a traslladar els endotopònims ídixs que no tinguin un equivalent en la llengua d’arribada., In this study, 387 toponyms have been extracted from 64 English, French, Spanish or Catalan translations of Yiddish literary texts and compared to the original Yiddish forms in the source texts to identify the translation techniques used. The study shows that interference from third languages is frequent in the rendering of Yiddish endonyms without equivalents in the target language. Taking the specificities of Yiddish toponyms and several different theoretical approaches to the translation of toponyms into consideration, it is argued that the practice in question is problematic because it conceals the roots of the Yiddish-speaking communities of Central and Eastern Europe and is inconsistent with the way in which anthroponyms and cultural references are dealt with in the same translations. On that basis, an alternative strategy for the translation of Yiddish endonyms without equivalents in the target language is proposed.

People of Turkish ethnicity constitute Germany’s largest immigrant group but only a small percentage have naturalized as German citizens This article explores the historical foundation of Turkish migration to Germany and the legislative attempts made by both Germany and Turkey to accommodate these people with one foot in each country. It argues that only by abandoning its long-held prejudice against dual citizenship can Germany increase the naturalization rate of all foreigners in its country, not just those from Turkey.

The aim of this paper is to answer some questions concerning the identity of the maskilim of Romania, mainly those of the second generation, called "the generation of 1878" or "the generation of the Congress of Berlin". They called themselves "Romanian Israelites," similarly to the maskilim of other countries, just like the "French Israelites," "German Israelites," "Russian Israelites," and so on. What was it that defined their Jewish identity and what their Romanian one? When did this "Romanian Israelite" identity appear? Under what conditions did the new kind of maskil of the "generation of 1878" emerge, and why did these maskilim struggle for emancipation? Did this identification influence the Romanian Jewish community on issues other than emancipation as well? In fact, the "Romanian Israelite" identity appeared with the maskilim of the first generation of Moldavia and Wallachia, in the fifth decade of the 19th century, under the double influence of the Haskalah ideology and the national-cultural Romanian Renaissance. The refusal of the succeeding Romanian governments to naturalize the Jews gave an impetus to the maskilim to fight for emancipation, mainly after the 1878 Berlin Congress. In their polemics related to Romanian citizenship, they used various arguments to demonstrate that the Jewish presence in Romania dated back to ancient times, that they were descendants of Jews who had lived on these lands from the antiquity and the middle ages. They also tried to convince the entire Jewish community to accept the "Romanian Israelite identity" and apply for individual naturalization. They promoted the idea of a double identity, Jewish ("Israelite") from the viewpoint of religion and ethnicity, and Romanian from that of nationality.

This article provides a brief critical assessment of the European Commission’s January 2019 “Report on Investor Citizenship and Residence Schemes in the European Union”. Since it is the first detailed document by the Commission outlining this institution’s position on the matters of investment residence and citizenship, and given the Commission’s recently articulated intentions to take Cyprus and Malta to Court over their investment migration law and practice, the Report in question is of paramount importance. The document sets the legal-political context of the regulation of the migration of wealthy third-country nationals in Europe. It is also deeply flawed. Rather that summarising the document, this article focuses on five core deficiencies of the Commission’s embarrassing product and demonstrates how the Commission failed to get the EU’s own law right, in addition to showing a poor understanding of international law on the matter. Ripe with nationalist assumptions not rooted in the Treaties or the secondary law of the Union and showcasing a timid, convoluted and inconsistent analysis of the issues it purports to address, the Report has unsurprisingly failed to change the landscape of regulation in the field of investment citizenship and residence in the EU or anywhere else in the world. What it did make clear, however, was that the mere political suspicion of a particular type of naturalisation is enough for the European Commission to set aside the law and misinform the public, underlying once again the problematic tension between the growing political nature of this institution and its key task as guardian of the Treaties. There is a burning need for the Commission to take a more careful, coherent and informed approach to its actions, an approach indispensable for the preservation of the rule of law in the Union.

Der vom Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge erstellte Migrationsbericht 2019 wurde am 2. Dezember 2020 durch das Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat vorgestellt. Neben umfassenden Wanderungsdaten zu Deutschland enthält der Bericht einen europäischen Vergleich zum Migrationsgeschehen und zur Asylzuwanderung. Er behandelt das Phänomen der irregulären Migration und informiert über die Struktur und Entwicklung der Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland.

Citizenship acquisition is viewed as the key indicator of political incorporation into US society and one motivated by the desire to formally engage in the civic realm, but we know naturalization is undertaken for many reasons. What we know less about is what motivates particular groups. Through surveying 74 lower socio-economic immigrants of color initiating the naturalization process at free citizenship clinics in the Boston, Massachusetts area in the northeastern United States in fall 2019, we examine the stated motivations to naturalize. The survey data reveal that the desire to engage politically is the most commonly cited primary motivation to naturalize (44%), followed by a desire to feel safer in the US (29%). When looking at primary and secondary motivations, 66% cite the ability to vote, and 59% cite the desire to feel safer. The combined motivations of security and political engagement suggest a “threat-opportunity” model of citizenship acquisition, whereby immigrants assess the external socio-political threats and seek to neutralize them through both naturalizing and then engaging politically to change the environment. At the same time, statistically significant relationships between motivations and ethno-racial group and country of origin suggest additional factors must be examined.

Citizenship acquisition is viewed as the key indicator of political incorporation into US society and one motivated by the desire to formally engage in the civic realm, but we know naturalization is undertaken for many reasons. What we know less about is what motivates particular groups. Through surveying 74 lower socio-economic immigrants of color initiating the naturalization process at free citizenship clinics in the Boston, Massachusetts area in the northeastern United States in fall 2019, we examine the stated motivations to naturalize. The survey data reveal that the desire to engage politically is the most commonly cited primary motivation to naturalize (44%), followed by a desire to feel safer in the US (29%). When looking at primary and secondary motivations, 66% cite the ability to vote, and 59% cite the desire to feel safer. The combined motivations of security and political engagement suggest a “threat-opportunity” model of citizenship acquisition, whereby immigrants assess the external socio-political threats and seek to neutralize them through both naturalizing and then engaging politically to change the environment. At the same time, statistically significant relationships between motivations and ethno-racial group and country of origin suggest additional factors must be examined.