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We explore to what extent previously observed pan-cultural association between dimensions of self-construal and personal life satisfaction (PLS) may be moderated by three national-contextual variables: national wealth, economic inequality, and religious heritage. The results showed that Self-reliance (vs. dependence on others) predicted PLS positively in poorer countries but negatively in richer countries. Connectedness to others (vs. self-containment) predicted PLS more strongly in Protestant-heritage countries. Selfexpression (vs. harmony) predicted PLS more weakly (and nonsignificantly) in Muslim-heritage countries. In contrast, previously reported associations of self-direction (vs. reception-to-influence), consistency (vs. variability), and decontextualized (vs. contextualized) self-understanding with personal life satisfaction were not significantly moderated by these aspects of societal context. These results show the importance of considering the impact of national religious and economic context

In the transition to a market economy, profound economic reforms and structural changes have led to a radical change in the attitude to the training of qualified and highly competitive specialists in higher education institutions of the country.

In the transition to a market economy, profound economic reforms and structural changes have led to a radical change in the attitude to the training of qualified and highly competitive specialists in higher education institutions of the country.

In the transition to a market economy, profound economic reforms and structural changes have led to a radical change in the attitude to the training of qualified and highly competitive specialists in higher education institutions of the country.

In the transition to a market economy, profound economic reforms and structural changes have led to a radical change in the attitude to the training of qualified and highly competitive specialists in higher education institutions of the country.

In the transition to a market economy, profound economic reforms and structural changes have led to a radical change in the attitude to the training of qualified and highly competitive specialists in higher education institutions of the country.

In the transition to a market economy, profound economic reforms and structural changes have led to a radical change in the attitude to the training of qualified and highly competitive specialists in higher education institutions of the country.

In the transition to a market economy, profound economic reforms and structural changes have led to a radical change in the attitude to the training of qualified and highly competitive specialists in higher education institutions of the country.

In the transition to a market economy, profound economic reforms and structural changes have led to a radical change in the attitude to the training of qualified and highly competitive specialists in higher education institutions of the country.

В данной статье осуществляется исследование сущности и существования традиционных исторических корней культуры, имеющих свое выражение в различных формах, например, в праздниках. Являясь результатом осмысления человечеством самого себя в рамках реального бытия, праздник создает портрет общества каждой эпохи. Он отражает всю систему эстетических, нравственных, этических, религиозных критериев общества, накопленных в историческом беге времени. Важно отметить, что в статье совершается попытка изучения не истории традиции праздника, когда мы имеем дело с прошлым, а с тем, как люди относятся к прошлому. Неповторимый культурный облик каждой эпохи находит свое отражение в праздничной сфере, репрезентирующей набор ценностей, норм, культурных образцов государства., This article examines the essence and existence of traditional historical roots of culture, which have their expression in various forms, for example, in holidays. As a result of humanity's understanding of itself in the framework of real life, a holiday creates a portrait of the society of each era. It reflects the whole system of aesthetic, moral, ethical, religious criteria of society accumulated in the historical run of time. It is important to note that the article attempts to study not the history of the holiday tradition when we are dealing with the past, but with the way people relate to the past. The unique cultural image of each era is reflected in the festive sphere, representing a set of values, norms, cultural patterns of the state.

Побудова правової держави в Україні передбачає цивілізаційні підходи до правового регулювання захисту тваринного світу в Україні. За період формування української державності суспільство прийшло до розуміння того, що без утвердження верховенства права в суспільному житті, правових принципів справедливості і гуманізму; захисту прав і свобод людини, її честі і гідності не можливо без утвердження гуманного ставлення до тваринного світу. Тваринний світ є одним з компонентів навколишнього природного середовища, національним багатством України. Відповідно до ст. 6. Закону України «Про захист тварин від жорстокого поводження» підкреслює, що виховання гуманного ставлення до тварин передбачає формування високого рівня еколого-етичної свідомості та культури громадян., The construction of the rule of law in Ukraine involves civilizational approaches to legal regulation of protection of animal life in Ukraine. During the formation period Ukrainian statehood society has come to understand that without the establishment of the rule of law in public life, legal principles justice and humanism; protection of human rights and freedoms, its honor and dignity is not possibly without a humane attitude towards the animal world. The animal world is one of the components of the natural environment environment, national wealth of Ukraine. According to Art. 6. Law of Ukraine «On the Protection of Animals from Cruel Treatment» emphasizes that the upbringing of a humane attitude towards animals involves the formation of a high level ecological and ethical consciousness and culture of citizens., Построение правового государства в Украине предусматривает цивилизационные подходы к правовому регулированию защиты животного мира в Украине. За период формирования украинской государственности общество пришло к пониманию того, что без утверждения верховенства права в общественной жизни, правовых принципов справедливости и гуманизма; защиты прав и свобод человека, его чести и достоинства не возможно без утверждения гуманного отношения к животному миру. Животный мир является одним из компонентов окружающей природной среды, национальным богатством Украины. В соответствии со ст. 6. Закона Украины «О защите животных от жестокого обращения» подчеркивает, что воспитание гуманного отношения к животным предусматривает формирование высокого уровня эколого-этического сознания и культуры граждан.

Побудова правової держави в Україні передбачає цивілізаційні підходи до правового регулювання захисту тваринного світу в Україні. За період формування української державності суспільство прийшло до розуміння того, що без утвердження верховенства права в суспільному житті, правових принципів справедливості і гуманізму; захисту прав і свобод людини, її честі і гідності не можливо без утвердження гуманного ставлення до тваринного світу. Тваринний світ є одним з компонентів навколишнього природного середовища, національним багатством України. Відповідно до ст. 6. Закону України «Про захист тварин від жорстокого поводження» підкреслює, що виховання гуманного ставлення до тварин передбачає формування високого рівня еколого-етичної свідомості та культури громадян., The construction of the rule of law in Ukraine involves civilizational approaches to legal regulation of protection of animal life in Ukraine. During the formation period Ukrainian statehood society has come to understand that without the establishment of the rule of law in public life, legal principles justice and humanism; protection of human rights and freedoms, its honor and dignity is not possibly without a humane attitude towards the animal world. The animal world is one of the components of the natural environment environment, national wealth of Ukraine. According to Art. 6. Law of Ukraine «On the Protection of Animals from Cruel Treatment» emphasizes that the upbringing of a humane attitude towards animals involves the formation of a high level ecological and ethical consciousness and culture of citizens., Построение правового государства в Украине предусматривает цивилизационные подходы к правовому регулированию защиты животного мира в Украине. За период формирования украинской государственности общество пришло к пониманию того, что без утверждения верховенства права в общественной жизни, правовых принципов справедливости и гуманизма; защиты прав и свобод человека, его чести и достоинства не возможно без утверждения гуманного отношения к животному миру. Животный мир является одним из компонентов окружающей природной среды, национальным богатством Украины. В соответствии со ст. 6. Закона Украины «О защите животных от жестокого обращения» подчеркивает, что воспитание гуманного отношения к животным предусматривает формирование высокого уровня эколого-этического сознания и культуры граждан.

Побудова правової держави в Україні передбачає цивілізаційні підходи до правового регулювання захисту тваринного світу в Україні. За період формування української державності суспільство прийшло до розуміння того, що без утвердження верховенства права в суспільному житті, правових принципів справедливості і гуманізму; захисту прав і свобод людини, її честі і гідності не можливо без утвердження гуманного ставлення до тваринного світу. Тваринний світ є одним з компонентів навколишнього природного середовища, національним багатством України. Відповідно до ст. 6. Закону України «Про захист тварин від жорстокого поводження» підкреслює, що виховання гуманного ставлення до тварин передбачає формування високого рівня еколого-етичної свідомості та культури громадян., The construction of the rule of law in Ukraine involves civilizational approaches to legal regulation of protection of animal life in Ukraine. During the formation period Ukrainian statehood society has come to understand that without the establishment of the rule of law in public life, legal principles justice and humanism; protection of human rights and freedoms, its honor and dignity is not possibly without a humane attitude towards the animal world. The animal world is one of the components of the natural environment environment, national wealth of Ukraine. According to Art. 6. Law of Ukraine «On the Protection of Animals from Cruel Treatment» emphasizes that the upbringing of a humane attitude towards animals involves the formation of a high level ecological and ethical consciousness and culture of citizens., Построение правового государства в Украине предусматривает цивилизационные подходы к правовому регулированию защиты животного мира в Украине. За период формирования украинской государственности общество пришло к пониманию того, что без утверждения верховенства права в общественной жизни, правовых принципов справедливости и гуманизма; защиты прав и свобод человека, его чести и достоинства не возможно без утверждения гуманного отношения к животному миру. Животный мир является одним из компонентов окружающей природной среды, национальным богатством Украины. В соответствии со ст. 6. Закона Украины «О защите животных от жестокого обращения» подчеркивает, что воспитание гуманного отношения к животным предусматривает формирование высокого уровня эколого-этического сознания и культуры граждан.

Побудова правової держави в Україні передбачає цивілізаційні підходи до правового регулювання захисту тваринного світу в Україні. За період формування української державності суспільство прийшло до розуміння того, що без утвердження верховенства права в суспільному житті, правових принципів справедливості і гуманізму; захисту прав і свобод людини, її честі і гідності не можливо без утвердження гуманного ставлення до тваринного світу. Тваринний світ є одним з компонентів навколишнього природного середовища, національним багатством України. Відповідно до ст. 6. Закону України «Про захист тварин від жорстокого поводження» підкреслює, що виховання гуманного ставлення до тварин передбачає формування високого рівня еколого-етичної свідомості та культури громадян., The construction of the rule of law in Ukraine involves civilizational approaches to legal regulation of protection of animal life in Ukraine. During the formation period Ukrainian statehood society has come to understand that without the establishment of the rule of law in public life, legal principles justice and humanism; protection of human rights and freedoms, its honor and dignity is not possibly without a humane attitude towards the animal world. The animal world is one of the components of the natural environment environment, national wealth of Ukraine. According to Art. 6. Law of Ukraine «On the Protection of Animals from Cruel Treatment» emphasizes that the upbringing of a humane attitude towards animals involves the formation of a high level ecological and ethical consciousness and culture of citizens., Построение правового государства в Украине предусматривает цивилизационные подходы к правовому регулированию защиты животного мира в Украине. За период формирования украинской государственности общество пришло к пониманию того, что без утверждения верховенства права в общественной жизни, правовых принципов справедливости и гуманизма; защиты прав и свобод человека, его чести и достоинства не возможно без утверждения гуманного отношения к животному миру. Животный мир является одним из компонентов окружающей природной среды, национальным богатством Украины. В соответствии со ст. 6. Закона Украины «О защите животных от жестокого обращения» подчеркивает, что воспитание гуманного отношения к животным предусматривает формирование высокого уровня эколого-этического сознания и культуры граждан.

Побудова правової держави в Україні передбачає цивілізаційні підходи до правового регулювання захисту тваринного світу в Україні. За період формування української державності суспільство прийшло до розуміння того, що без утвердження верховенства права в суспільному житті, правових принципів справедливості і гуманізму; захисту прав і свобод людини, її честі і гідності не можливо без утвердження гуманного ставлення до тваринного світу. Тваринний світ є одним з компонентів навколишнього природного середовища, національним багатством України. Відповідно до ст. 6. Закону України «Про захист тварин від жорстокого поводження» підкреслює, що виховання гуманного ставлення до тварин передбачає формування високого рівня еколого-етичної свідомості та культури громадян., The construction of the rule of law in Ukraine involves civilizational approaches to legal regulation of protection of animal life in Ukraine. During the formation period Ukrainian statehood society has come to understand that without the establishment of the rule of law in public life, legal principles justice and humanism; protection of human rights and freedoms, its honor and dignity is not possibly without a humane attitude towards the animal world. The animal world is one of the components of the natural environment environment, national wealth of Ukraine. According to Art. 6. Law of Ukraine «On the Protection of Animals from Cruel Treatment» emphasizes that the upbringing of a humane attitude towards animals involves the formation of a high level ecological and ethical consciousness and culture of citizens., Построение правового государства в Украине предусматривает цивилизационные подходы к правовому регулированию защиты животного мира в Украине. За период формирования украинской государственности общество пришло к пониманию того, что без утверждения верховенства права в общественной жизни, правовых принципов справедливости и гуманизма; защиты прав и свобод человека, его чести и достоинства не возможно без утверждения гуманного отношения к животному миру. Животный мир является одним из компонентов окружающей природной среды, национальным богатством Украины. В соответствии со ст. 6. Закона Украины «О защите животных от жестокого обращения» подчеркивает, что воспитание гуманного отношения к животным предусматривает формирование высокого уровня эколого-этического сознания и культуры граждан.

Poor resource management has been a problem in many resource rich countries in Africa, including Nigeria. Nigeria as the world’s eleventh largest oil exporter with immense wealth coming from annual oil production and trade continues to suffer from poor resource management as a result of corruption, ineptitude, poor leadership, etc. This challenge has therefore led to increased poverty among the people, unemployment, poor infrastructural development, resource-control conflicts as well as ethno-religious conflicts, among others. However, the historical account as recorded in Genesis 41: 46-57 about a major economic recession to be experienced in Egypt, that would lead to seven years famine and drought all over the ‘world’ aptly captured Nigeria’s economic mismanagement debacle. But, by sustainable economic management, statecraft, and acquired skills with integrity, patriotism, and servant-leadership style, Joseph was able to steer the nation (and the then world) out of global economic recession using a major natural endowment of Egypt: Agriculture. It is this challenge of national wealth/economic (mis)management in Nigeria that this paper examined. The Paper employed historical-critical methodology with diachronic exegetical style to contextualise the pericope within the Nigeria experience. Findings revealed that the context of the passage could be applied to the Nigerian situation. Consequently, if Nigeria is to succeed in the management of her national wealth and in the pursuit of an egalitarian society with sustainable economic prosperity and management, she must have patriotic leadership with thirst for an inclusive nation-building stratagem, a leadership that is committed to the rule of law with a demonstrable sense of fair-play and democratic tolerance; a leadership characterised with ability and integrity.

Poor resource management has been a problem in many resource rich countries in Africa, including Nigeria. Nigeria as the world’s eleventh largest oil exporter with immense wealth coming from annual oil production and trade continues to suffer from poor resource management as a result of corruption, ineptitude, poor leadership, etc. This challenge has therefore led to increased poverty among the people, unemployment, poor infrastructural development, resource-control conflicts as well as ethno-religious conflicts, among others. However, the historical account as recorded in Genesis 41: 46-57 about a major economic recession to be experienced in Egypt, that would lead to seven years famine and drought all over the ‘world’ aptly captured Nigeria’s economic mismanagement debacle. But, by sustainable economic management, statecraft, and acquired skills with integrity, patriotism, and servant-leadership style, Joseph was able to steer the nation (and the then world) out of global economic recession using a major natural endowment of Egypt: Agriculture. It is this challenge of national wealth/economic (mis)management in Nigeria that this paper examined. The Paper employed historical-critical methodology with diachronic exegetical style to contextualise the pericope within the Nigeria experience. Findings revealed that the context of the passage could be applied to the Nigerian situation. Consequently, if Nigeria is to succeed in the management of her national wealth and in the pursuit of an egalitarian society with sustainable economic prosperity and management, she must have patriotic leadership with thirst for an inclusive nation-building stratagem, a leadership that is committed to the rule of law with a demonstrable sense of fair-play and democratic tolerance; a leadership characterised with ability and integrity.

Can income equality and national wealth go hand in hand? This issue has long marked the distance between the neoliberal and the social democratic policy paradigms. By combining so far unrelated streams of literature, we sketch a theoretical framework in which fiscal policies shape four “fiscal worlds”, each of them characterized by a special balance between income equality and national wealth. Then, we resort to Boolean algebra and fuzzy sets to develop a measure that encompasses both these policy outcomes at once without assuming any a priori functional relationship. Last, we assess the heuristic capacity of our measure by mapping the EU countries’ membership to the four fiscal worlds from 2007 until 2016 and the trajectories they followed.

У статті визначено сутність та структуру національного багатства, джерела його формування, трансформацію цього поняття. The article defines the essence and structure of national wealth, the source of its formation, transformation of this concept.

В статье анализируется влияние рентных отношений на эффективность производственного использования различных экономических ресурсов. Определяются рентные идентификаторы качества ресурсов на основе характеристики типов элементов национального богатства. Показана возможность введения классификации рентных отношений для целей регулирования рентных доходов экономики страны., In article influence of the rent relations on efficiency of production use of various economic resources is analyzed. Rent identifiers of quality of resources on the basis of the characteristic of types of elements of national wealth are defined. The possibility of introduction of classification of the rent relations for regulation of investment incomes of national economy is shown.

This article provides historical account of wealth accumulation and composition in Sweden during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A detailed account on capital formation during the industrialisation process shows that produced capital grew faster than natural capital from the 1850s. Natural capital was changing from a predominance of forest towards crop land as the main asset in the early twentieth century. Produced capital was largely bounded in the agriculture sector up till the second half of the nineteenth century. Heavy investments in the infrastructure sector and later in the manufacturing section changed the produced capital structure and thereby lowered transport costs and return of investment in manufacturing and services; providing incentives for accumulating the stock of produced capital and enhance consumption and living standard. The return on capital was dispersed from the outset of the period but has converged over time.

This article provides historical account of wealth accumulation and composition in Sweden during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A detailed account on capital formation during the industrialisation process shows that produced capital grew faster than natural capital from the 1850s. Natural capital was changing from a predominance of forest towards crop land as the main asset in the early twentieth century. Produced capital was largely bounded in the agriculture sector up till the second half of the nineteenth century. Heavy investments in the infrastructure sector and later in the manufacturing section changed the produced capital structure and thereby lowered transport costs and return of investment in manufacturing and services; providing incentives for accumulating the stock of produced capital and enhance consumption and living standard. The return on capital was dispersed from the outset of the period but has converged over time.

This article provides historical account of wealth accumulation and composition in Sweden during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A detailed account on capital formation during the industrialisation process shows that produced capital grew faster than natural capital from the 1850s. Natural capital was changing from a predominance of forest towards crop land as the main asset in the early twentieth century. Produced capital was largely bounded in the agriculture sector up till the second half of the nineteenth century. Heavy investments in the infrastructure sector and later in the manufacturing section changed the produced capital structure and thereby lowered transport costs and return of investment in manufacturing and services; providing incentives for accumulating the stock of produced capital and enhance consumption and living standard. The return on capital was dispersed from the outset of the period but has converged over time.

This study presents a new database, the Swedish National Wealth Database, which contains annual data on private, public, and national wealth and sectoral saving rates in Sweden over the past two centuries. The paper reviews previous investigations of national wealth, compares their estimates with the ones presented here and discusses method approaches and measurement problems. The main results from data series are presented for assets and liabilities and their subcomponents, for the private and public domestic and foreign sectors. By complementing the past literature with its traditional focus on economic flow variables to understand long-run economic developments, this new database offers potentially new perspectives on a number of important issues in Sweden's economic history.

В статье обобщены ключевые положения теории природного капитала. Систематизированы подходы к определению экономических категорий «природные ресурсы», «природный потенциал», «природный капитал». Проанализировано состояние природного капитала в Республике Беларусь, выделены его основные особенности и значение для устойчивого экономического развития. Обозначены задачи и возможности в сфере воспроизводства природного капитала Республики Беларусь.The article generalizes key ideas of the theory of natural capital. Approaches are systematized to definition of economic categories of «natural resources», «natural potential», «natural capital». The state of natural capital in the Republic of Belarus is analyzed; its main peculiarities are identified as well as its significance for sustainable economic development. The tasks and opportunities in the sphere of reproduction of natural capital of the Republic of Belarus are outlined.

This article provides historical account of wealth accumulation and composition in Sweden during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A detailed account on capital formation during the industrialisation process shows that produced capital grew faster than natural capital from the 1850s. Natural capital was changing from a predominance of forest towards crop land as the main asset in the early twentieth century. Produced capital was largely bounded in the agriculture sector up till the second half of the nineteenth century. Heavy investments in the infrastructure sector and later in the manufacturing section changed the produced capital structure and thereby lowered transport costs and return of investment in manufacturing and services; providing incentives for accumulating the stock of produced capital and enhance consumption and living standard. The return on capital was dispersed from the outset of the period but has converged over time.

This article provides historical account of wealth accumulation and composition in Sweden during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A detailed account on capital formation during the industrialisation process shows that produced capital grew faster than natural capital from the 1850s. Natural capital was changing from a predominance of forest towards crop land as the main asset in the early twentieth century. Produced capital was largely bounded in the agriculture sector up till the second half of the nineteenth century. Heavy investments in the infrastructure sector and later in the manufacturing section changed the produced capital structure and thereby lowered transport costs and return of investment in manufacturing and services; providing incentives for accumulating the stock of produced capital and enhance consumption and living standard. The return on capital was dispersed from the outset of the period but has converged over time.

This article provides historical account of wealth accumulation and composition in Sweden during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A detailed account on capital formation during the industrialisation process shows that produced capital grew faster than natural capital from the 1850s. Natural capital was changing from a predominance of forest towards crop land as the main asset in the early twentieth century. Produced capital was largely bounded in the agriculture sector up till the second half of the nineteenth century. Heavy investments in the infrastructure sector and later in the manufacturing section changed the produced capital structure and thereby lowered transport costs and return of investment in manufacturing and services; providing incentives for accumulating the stock of produced capital and enhance consumption and living standard. The return on capital was dispersed from the outset of the period but has converged over time.

This paper uses new data on Swedish national wealth over a period of two hundred years to study whether the patterns in wealth-income ratios previously found by Piketty and Zucman (2014) for some very rich and large Western economies extend to smaller countries that were historically backward and developed a different set of political and economic institutions during the twentieth century. The find-ings point to both similarities and differences. In the pre-industrial era, Sweden had much lower wealth levels than the rest of Europe, and the main explanation is that the Swedes were too poor to save their income. Over the twentieth century, Swedish aggregate trends and levels are much more similar to those of the rest of Europe, but the structure of national wealth differs. In Sweden, govern-ment wealth grew much faster and became more important, not least through its relatively large public pension system. This suggests an explicit role of historical economic and political institutions for the long-run evolution of wealth-income ratios.

This paper uses new data on Swedish national wealth over a period of two hundred years to study whether the patterns in wealth-income ratios previously found by Piketty and Zucman (2014) for some very rich and large Western economies extend to smaller countries that were historically backward and developed a different set of political and economic institutions during the twentieth century. The find-ings point to both similarities and differences. In the pre-industrial era, Sweden had much lower wealth levels than the rest of Europe, and the main explanation is that the Swedes were too poor to save their income. Over the twentieth century, Swedish aggregate trends and levels are much more similar to those of the rest of Europe, but the structure of national wealth differs. In Sweden, govern-ment wealth grew much faster and became more important, not least through its relatively large public pension system. This suggests an explicit role of historical economic and political institutions for the long-run evolution of wealth-income ratios.

This study presents a new database, the Swedish National Wealth Database (SNWD), which contains annual data on private, public and national wealth and sectoral saving rates in Sweden over the past two centuries. The paper reviews previous investigations of national wealth, compares their estimates with the new ones and discusses method approaches and measurement problems. Then the main data series are presented for assets and liabilities and their subcomponents, for the private and public do-mestic and foreign sectors. Complementing the traditional focus on economic flow variables in the past literature on long-run economic developments, this new database offers potentially new perspec-tives of a number of important issues in the modern economic history of Sweden.

This study presents a new database, the Swedish National Wealth Database (SNWD), which contains annual data on private, public and national wealth and sectoral saving rates in Sweden over the past two centuries. The paper reviews previous investigations of national wealth, compares their estimates with the new ones and discusses method approaches and measurement problems. Then the main data series are presented for assets and liabilities and their subcomponents, for the private and public do-mestic and foreign sectors. Complementing the traditional focus on economic flow variables in the past literature on long-run economic developments, this new database offers potentially new perspec-tives of a number of important issues in the modern economic history of Sweden.

This paper uses new data on Swedish national wealth over a period of two hundred years to study whether the patterns in wealth-income ratios previously found by Piketty and Zucman (2014) for some very rich and large Western economies extend to smaller countries that were historically backward and developed a different set of political and economic institutions during the twentieth century. The find-ings point to both similarities and differences. In the pre-industrial era, Sweden had much lower wealth levels than the rest of Europe, and the main explanation is that the Swedes were too poor to save their income. Over the twentieth century, Swedish aggregate trends and levels are much more similar to those of the rest of Europe, but the structure of national wealth differs. In Sweden, govern-ment wealth grew much faster and became more important, not least through its relatively large public pension system. This suggests an explicit role of historical economic and political institutions for the long-run evolution of wealth-income ratios.

This paper uses new data on Swedish national wealth over a period of two hundred years to study whether the patterns in wealth-income ratios previously found by Piketty and Zucman (2014) for some very rich and large Western economies extend to smaller countries that were historically backward and developed a different set of political and economic institutions during the twentieth century. The find-ings point to both similarities and differences. In the pre-industrial era, Sweden had much lower wealth levels than the rest of Europe, and the main explanation is that the Swedes were too poor to save their income. Over the twentieth century, Swedish aggregate trends and levels are much more similar to those of the rest of Europe, but the structure of national wealth differs. In Sweden, govern-ment wealth grew much faster and became more important, not least through its relatively large public pension system. This suggests an explicit role of historical economic and political institutions for the long-run evolution of wealth-income ratios.

This study presents a new database, the Swedish National Wealth Database (SNWD), which contains annual data on private, public and national wealth and sectoral saving rates in Sweden over the past two centuries. The paper reviews previous investigations of national wealth, compares their estimates with the new ones and discusses method approaches and measurement problems. Then the main data series are presented for assets and liabilities and their subcomponents, for the private and public do-mestic and foreign sectors. Complementing the traditional focus on economic flow variables in the past literature on long-run economic developments, this new database offers potentially new perspec-tives of a number of important issues in the modern economic history of Sweden.

This study presents a new database, the Swedish National Wealth Database (SNWD), which contains annual data on private, public and national wealth and sectoral saving rates in Sweden over the past two centuries. The paper reviews previous investigations of national wealth, compares their estimates with the new ones and discusses method approaches and measurement problems. Then the main data series are presented for assets and liabilities and their subcomponents, for the private and public do-mestic and foreign sectors. Complementing the traditional focus on economic flow variables in the past literature on long-run economic developments, this new database offers potentially new perspec-tives of a number of important issues in the modern economic history of Sweden.

This study presents a new database, the Swedish National Wealth Database (SNWD), which contains annual data on private, public and national wealth and sectoral saving rates in Sweden over the past two centuries. The paper reviews previous investigations of national wealth, compares their estimates with the new ones and discusses method approaches and measurement problems. Then the main data series are presented for assets and liabilities and their subcomponents, for the private and public do-mestic and foreign sectors. Complementing the traditional focus on economic flow variables in the past literature on long-run economic developments, this new database offers potentially new perspec-tives of a number of important issues in the modern economic history of Sweden.

This paper uses new data on Swedish national wealth over a period of two hundred years to study whether the patterns in wealth-income ratios previously found by Piketty and Zucman (2014) for some very rich and large Western economies extend to smaller countries that were historically backward and developed a different set of political and economic institutions during the twentieth century. The find-ings point to both similarities and differences. In the pre-industrial era, Sweden had much lower wealth levels than the rest of Europe, and the main explanation is that the Swedes were too poor to save their income. Over the twentieth century, Swedish aggregate trends and levels are much more similar to those of the rest of Europe, but the structure of national wealth differs. In Sweden, govern-ment wealth grew much faster and became more important, not least through its relatively large public pension system. This suggests an explicit role of historical economic and political institutions for the long-run evolution of wealth-income ratios.

This paper uses new data on Swedish national wealth over a period of two hundred years to study whether the patterns in wealth-income ratios previously found by Piketty and Zucman (2014) for some very rich and large Western economies extend to smaller countries that were historically backward and developed a different set of political and economic institutions during the twentieth century. The find-ings point to both similarities and differences. In the pre-industrial era, Sweden had much lower wealth levels than the rest of Europe, and the main explanation is that the Swedes were too poor to save their income. Over the twentieth century, Swedish aggregate trends and levels are much more similar to those of the rest of Europe, but the structure of national wealth differs. In Sweden, govern-ment wealth grew much faster and became more important, not least through its relatively large public pension system. This suggests an explicit role of historical economic and political institutions for the long-run evolution of wealth-income ratios.

This study presents a new database, the Swedish National Wealth Database (SNWD), which contains annual data on private, public and national wealth and sectoral saving rates in Sweden over the past two centuries. The paper reviews previous investigations of national wealth, compares their estimates with the new ones and discusses method approaches and measurement problems. Then the main data series are presented for assets and liabilities and their subcomponents, for the private and public do-mestic and foreign sectors. Complementing the traditional focus on economic flow variables in the past literature on long-run economic developments, this new database offers potentially new perspec-tives of a number of important issues in the modern economic history of Sweden.

This paper uses new data on Swedish national wealth over a period of two hundred years to study whether the patterns in wealth-income ratios previously found by Piketty and Zucman (2014) for some very rich and large Western economies extend to smaller countries that were historically backward and developed a different set of political and economic institutions during the twentieth century. The find-ings point to both similarities and differences. In the pre-industrial era, Sweden had much lower wealth levels than the rest of Europe, and the main explanation is that the Swedes were too poor to save their income. Over the twentieth century, Swedish aggregate trends and levels are much more similar to those of the rest of Europe, but the structure of national wealth differs. In Sweden, govern-ment wealth grew much faster and became more important, not least through its relatively large public pension system. This suggests an explicit role of historical economic and political institutions for the long-run evolution of wealth-income ratios.

This study presents a new database, the Swedish National Wealth Database (SNWD), which contains annual data on private, public and national wealth and sectoral saving rates in Sweden over the past two centuries. The paper reviews previous investigations of national wealth, compares their estimates with the new ones and discusses method approaches and measurement problems. Then the main data series are presented for assets and liabilities and their subcomponents, for the private and public do-mestic and foreign sectors. Complementing the traditional focus on economic flow variables in the past literature on long-run economic developments, this new database offers potentially new perspec-tives of a number of important issues in the modern economic history of Sweden.

This paper uses new data on Swedish national wealth over a period of two hundred years to study whether the patterns in wealth-income ratios previously found by Piketty and Zucman (2014) for some very rich and large Western economies extend to smaller countries that were historically backward and developed a different set of political and economic institutions during the twentieth century. The find-ings point to both similarities and differences. In the pre-industrial era, Sweden had much lower wealth levels than the rest of Europe, and the main explanation is that the Swedes were too poor to save their income. Over the twentieth century, Swedish aggregate trends and levels are much more similar to those of the rest of Europe, but the structure of national wealth differs. In Sweden, govern-ment wealth grew much faster and became more important, not least through its relatively large public pension system. This suggests an explicit role of historical economic and political institutions for the long-run evolution of wealth-income ratios.

This study presents a new database, the Swedish National Wealth Database (SNWD), which contains annual data on private, public and national wealth and sectoral saving rates in Sweden over the past two centuries. The paper reviews previous investigations of national wealth, compares their estimates with the new ones and discusses method approaches and measurement problems. Then the main data series are presented for assets and liabilities and their subcomponents, for the private and public do-mestic and foreign sectors. Complementing the traditional focus on economic flow variables in the past literature on long-run economic developments, this new database offers potentially new perspec-tives of a number of important issues in the modern economic history of Sweden.

This paper uses new data on Swedish national wealth over a period of two hundred years to study whether the patterns in wealth-income ratios previously found by Piketty and Zucman (2014) for some very rich and large Western economies extend to smaller countries that were historically backward and developed a different set of political and economic institutions during the twentieth century. The find-ings point to both similarities and differences. In the pre-industrial era, Sweden had much lower wealth levels than the rest of Europe, and the main explanation is that the Swedes were too poor to save their income. Over the twentieth century, Swedish aggregate trends and levels are much more similar to those of the rest of Europe, but the structure of national wealth differs. In Sweden, govern-ment wealth grew much faster and became more important, not least through its relatively large public pension system. This suggests an explicit role of historical economic and political institutions for the long-run evolution of wealth-income ratios.

This paper uses new data on Swedish national wealth over a period of two hundred years to study whether the patterns in wealth-income ratios previously found by Piketty and Zucman (2014) for some very rich and large Western economies extend to smaller countries that were historically backward and developed a different set of political and economic institutions during the twentieth century. The find-ings point to both similarities and differences. In the pre-industrial era, Sweden had much lower wealth levels than the rest of Europe, and the main explanation is that the Swedes were too poor to save their income. Over the twentieth century, Swedish aggregate trends and levels are much more similar to those of the rest of Europe, but the structure of national wealth differs. In Sweden, govern-ment wealth grew much faster and became more important, not least through its relatively large public pension system. This suggests an explicit role of historical economic and political institutions for the long-run evolution of wealth-income ratios.

This study presents a new database, the Swedish National Wealth Database (SNWD), which contains annual data on private, public and national wealth and sectoral saving rates in Sweden over the past two centuries. The paper reviews previous investigations of national wealth, compares their estimates with the new ones and discusses method approaches and measurement problems. Then the main data series are presented for assets and liabilities and their subcomponents, for the private and public do-mestic and foreign sectors. Complementing the traditional focus on economic flow variables in the past literature on long-run economic developments, this new database offers potentially new perspec-tives of a number of important issues in the modern economic history of Sweden.

This study presents a new database, the Swedish National Wealth Database (SNWD), which contains annual data on private, public and national wealth and sectoral saving rates in Sweden over the past two centuries. The paper reviews previous investigations of national wealth, compares their estimates with the new ones and discusses method approaches and measurement problems. Then the main data series are presented for assets and liabilities and their subcomponents, for the private and public do-mestic and foreign sectors. Complementing the traditional focus on economic flow variables in the past literature on long-run economic developments, this new database offers potentially new perspec-tives of a number of important issues in the modern economic history of Sweden.

This report presents estimates of the Swedish national wealth from 1830 to 2010. This contributes to economic historical research on structural change and growth, while it also supplements debates on the composition of wealth and incomes across countries. The report also includes for the first time a historical estimate of the Consumer Rate Interest CRI and an estimate of wealth based on surveys and insurance data. The report includes an extensive description and documentation of the historical estimates. The main findings are that the proportion of intangible capital grew before modern economic growth was achieved in Sweden during the 1890’s. Secondly, we show that the proportion of natural assets fell prior to and during the industrialization, while the share of produced capital has fluctuated, but has remained fairly stable over the period as a whole., Financial modernisation and economic growth