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Due to the fact that narcotics is a highly current topic in the mass media, which draws attention to the prominent change that has taken place in the drug market in recent years, there is therefore not much significant research in the research area linked to Sweden yet. Therefore, this study will focus on investigating how the crime prevention and crime fighting efforts against narcotics are applied by the police in Police Region North in Sweden, as well as which crime prevention efforts the police believe should be used against narcotics in the future. The importance of this investigation can therefore be a contributing factor in creating an understanding of the role of narcotics in society and how the change in the narcotics market means a development in the way the police work. The study is an inductive qualitative method where we used interviews with the police and the Police Authority's strategy documents, which were analyzed separately according to a thematic content analysis with inspiration from Bacchi's analysis method WPR. The result showed how the prominent changes in the drug market constituted forced developments for the Police Agency's strategies and the police's daily work regarding the presented drug problems. Furthermore, we can also see how significant differences are presented between the Police Authority's strategy document and the police's own statements regarding how the crime prevention and crime-fighting work should be carried out, and is actually carried out. Finally, we can conclude that the crime prevention work against narcotics that was previously de-prioritised has resulted in the police today still prioritizing crime-fighting work instead of crime prevention. Which, according to the police's own statements, has led to an increase in drug crime and insecurity in society., 2024-01-12

This research article examines the complex and diverse obstacles encountered by narcotics law enforcement and justice in Pakistan, as governed by the Control of Narcotics Substances Act (CNSA) of 1997. The study highlights key concerns, such as elevated rates of acquittal, inefficiencies within the system, and a backlog of cases in drug courts, emphasizing the necessity for comprehensive reforms. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the significance of tackling judicial corruption, enhancing human rights organizations, and implementing sophisticated reforms in sentencing and punishment to attain a fairer administration of justice. The research highlights the significance of diverse resources, such as enhanced investigative tools and police training, augmented resources for prosecutors, and the utilization of technology in law enforcement. Furthermore, it promotes the implementation of community-based initiatives to deter drug abuse and addiction, while emphasizing the essential role of research in guiding successful approaches. The author also proposed solutions that seek to achieve a harmonious equilibrium between the enforcement of laws and the administration of justice, thereby ensuring a more effective, equitable, and responsible approach to narcotics cases.

With the Houthi threat, the recent resurfacing of piracy, and continuing patterns of blue crime contributing to growing insecurity in the Western Indian Ocean, fresh efforts are needed to coordinate and deconflict the patchwork of naval operations in the region.

This article focuses on investigating the personal characteristics of chemically dependent individuals with different levels of drug anosognosia. Our study revealed that the severity of anosognosia is directly linked to the personal traits of chemically dependent individuals. Moreover, narcotic anosognosia serves as a psychological defence mechanism and a coping strategy for dealing with addiction. The identified aspects of the internal perception of dependence on psychoactive substances can serve as differential diagnostic criteria when determining the appropriate psycho-correctional approaches for chemically dependent individuals.

Purpose: This research investigates the impact of different interpretations of Indonesian Law on narcotics crimes, focusing on Articles 112 and 127. It examines court decisions to understand evidence application and distinguish between possession and self-use of narcotics. The aim is to improve consistency, fairness, and effectiveness in combating narcotics crimes.   Theoretical Framework: This research uses legal and criminological theories to analyze the interpretation and application of law in narcotics crimes. Interpretivism focuses on language, judicial precedent, and societal norms, while legal positivism emphasizes formal rules. Labeling theory suggests inconsistent application can lead to stigmatization and marginalization. Social learning theory suggests discrepancies in law interpretation can influence perceptions and attitudes.   Design/Methodology/Approach: This research uses a mixed-methods approach, combining normative and sociological juridical methods, with a statutory approach, to explore the interpretation and application of law in narcotics cases. It uses a literature review, document analysis, and qualitative data analysis to identify patterns, discrepancies, and trends in narcotics law interpretation. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of societal implications and criminogenic factors in narcotics cases.   Findings: The research reveals significant discrepancies in the interpretation and application of Articles 112 and 127 of Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, leading to inconsistent treatment and punishment of perpetrators. This inconsistency contributes to criminogenic factors and perpetuates social stigmas, hindering efforts to address underlying issues and promote rehabilitation and harm reduction strategies.   Research, Practical & Social Implication: The research highlights the complexities of narcotics laws, emphasizing the need for further research on factors influencing legal interpr

The progress of narcotics addictives is very concerning today and certainly requires comprehensive, integrated and continuous handling. However, in several cases, judges did not consider Article 103 of the Narcotics Law to provide rehabilitation for addicts and victims of narcotics abuse. Based on the background above, the problems that will be discussed in this study are: how is the implementation of the rehabilitation process for addicts and victims of narcotics abuse in Indonesia? And how does restorative justice apply to narcotics addicts through the rehabilitation process? This research is normative legal research with descriptive nature. The research results show that the implementation of rehabilitation for addicts and victims of narcotics abuse in Indonesia can be seen from the data for 2021 and 2022. It shows that the punishment for most narcotics addicts is imprisonment. So that efforts are needed from law enforcement officials prioritising rehabilitation for narcotics addicts to enforce restorative justice law. One of the efforts of restorative justice from law enforcement officials against narcotics addicts is the establishment of the Attorney General's Guidelines Number 18 of 2021 concerning the Settlement of Handling Cases of Crime of Narcotics Abuse through Rehabilitation with a Restorative Justice Approach as the Implementation of the Prosecutor's Dominus Litis Principle

The objectives to be achieved in this research are: To review and analyze the policy of criminal sanctions against narcotics users in Indonesia as well as the implementation of assessments of narcotics users. This study uses a constructivism paradigm with a normative juridical approach to solving research problems by examining secondary data obtained through library research on Indonesian laws and regulations governing narcotics, books, research results and journals. The data obtained were then analyzed using descriptive analytical methods. The results of the research show that it is difficult to position narcotics users as perpetrators or victims of narcotics crimes. If you are positioned as a perpetrator, you will be subject to criminal penalties and if you are positioned as a victim, you will be directed to rehabilitation. The assessment of narcotics users in Indonesia is carried out by a team of psychological evaluation assessments, detoxification programs, motivational interviews, brief interventions, maintenance therapy (not carried out within the National Narcotics Agency), and inpatient rehabilitation and counseling.

The objectives to be achieved in this research are: To review and analyze the policy of criminal sanctions against narcotics users in Indonesia as well as the implementation of assessments of narcotics users. This study uses a constructivism paradigm with a normative juridical approach to solving research problems by examining secondary data obtained through library research on Indonesian laws and regulations governing narcotics, books, research results and journals. The data obtained were then analyzed using descriptive analytical methods. The results of the research show that it is difficult to position narcotics users as perpetrators or victims of narcotics crimes. If you are positioned as a perpetrator, you will be subject to criminal penalties and if you are positioned as a victim, you will be directed to rehabilitation. The assessment of narcotics users in Indonesia is carried out by a team of psychological evaluation assessments, detoxification programs, motivational interviews, brief interventions, maintenance therapy (not carried out within the National Narcotics Agency), and inpatient rehabilitation and counseling.

The objectives to be achieved in this research are: To review and analyze the policy of criminal sanctions against narcotics users in Indonesia as well as the implementation of assessments of narcotics users. This study uses a constructivism paradigm with a normative juridical approach to solving research problems by examining secondary data obtained through library research on Indonesian laws and regulations governing narcotics, books, research results and journals. The data obtained were then analyzed using descriptive analytical methods. The results of the research show that it is difficult to position narcotics users as perpetrators or victims of narcotics crimes. If you are positioned as a perpetrator, you will be subject to criminal penalties and if you are positioned as a victim, you will be directed to rehabilitation. The assessment of narcotics users in Indonesia is carried out by a team of psychological evaluation assessments, detoxification programs, motivational interviews, brief interventions, maintenance therapy (not carried out within the National Narcotics Agency), and inpatient rehabilitation and counseling.

This thesis argues that drug traffickers and law enforcement are caught in a cycle of competitive adaptation and that traffickers have consistently adapted to law enforcement pressure. It uses a history of cocaine trafficking from 1970 to 2000 and a case study on “narco-submarines” to provide both a macro and micro view of the competition between law enforcement and drug traffickers in the Caribbean. This thesis finds that since its inception, cocaine interdiction has been largely ineffective despite the major increases in law enforcement resources from the 1970s to the 1990s, including the use of the U.S. military to support counternarcotics operations. Interdiction has been ineffective because traffickers can rapidly adapt to law enforcement pressure by changing their smuggling methods and shifting their routes., Captain, United States Marine Corps, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

The objectives to be achieved in this research are: To review and analyze the policy of criminal sanctions against narcotics users in Indonesia as well as the implementation of assessments of narcotics users. This study uses a constructivism paradigm with a normative juridical approach to solving research problems by examining secondary data obtained through library research on Indonesian laws and regulations governing narcotics, books, research results and journals. The data obtained were then analyzed using descriptive analytical methods. The results of the research show that it is difficult to position narcotics users as perpetrators or victims of narcotics crimes. If you are positioned as a perpetrator, you will be subject to criminal penalties and if you are positioned as a victim, you will be directed to rehabilitation. The assessment of narcotics users in Indonesia is carried out by a team of psychological evaluation assessments, detoxification programs, motivational interviews, brief interventions, maintenance therapy (not carried out within the National Narcotics Agency), and inpatient rehabilitation and counseling.

The objectives to be achieved in this research are: To review and analyze the policy of criminal sanctions against narcotics users in Indonesia as well as the implementation of assessments of narcotics users. This study uses a constructivism paradigm with a normative juridical approach to solving research problems by examining secondary data obtained through library research on Indonesian laws and regulations governing narcotics, books, research results and journals. The data obtained were then analyzed using descriptive analytical methods. The results of the research show that it is difficult to position narcotics users as perpetrators or victims of narcotics crimes. If you are positioned as a perpetrator, you will be subject to criminal penalties and if you are positioned as a victim, you will be directed to rehabilitation. The assessment of narcotics users in Indonesia is carried out by a team of psychological evaluation assessments, detoxification programs, motivational interviews, brief interventions, maintenance therapy (not carried out within the National Narcotics Agency), and inpatient rehabilitation and counseling.

Bakgrund: Substansbrukssyndrom är en sjukdom som påverkar flera miljoner individer i världen idag, varav sjuksköterskor är en särskilt utsatt grupp. Detta bland annat på grund av tillgängligheten till narkotika på arbetsplatserna. Trots detta råder det stor kunskapsbrist kring ämnet. Det medför att omvårdnadsarbetet kan påverkas negativt, och patienter, kollegor och den missbrukande sjuksköterskan själv kan utsättas för risker. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelse av personligt substansmissbruk och missbruksrehabilitering. Metod: Litteraturstudien baserades på åtta kvalitativa studier inhämtade genom databassökningar i CINAHL och PubMed. Analyserades med Fribergs femstegsmodell.Resultat: Fyra huvudkategorier framkom ur analysen: ”Orsaker till missbruket”, “missbrukets konsekvenser”, “Att konfrontera missbruket” samt “rehabilitering”. Huvudkategorierna delades upp i 8 underkategorier. Konklusion: Missbruk leder till sociala och ekonomiska konsekvenser för sjuksköterskan samt kan negativt påverka kvaliteten på patientens vård. Det finns effektiva interventioner men upplevelsen av dessa varierar och är beroende av flera faktorer. Det finns ett kunskapsgap och det behövs mer forskning kring frågan., Background: Substance use disorder is a disease that afflicts millions of individuals worldwide today, of which nurses are vulnerable as a group because of the easy access to narcotics amongst other reasons. Despite this, there is a great lack of knowledge about the subject. This affects the nursing care negatively, and patients, colleagues and the substance abusing nurse themselves can be put at risk. Aim: To describe the nurses’ experience of personal substance abuse and rehabilitation. Methods: This literature study is based on eight qualitative studies acquired through database-searches in CINAHL and PubMed, the analysis was conducted using Friberg`s five step model. Results: Four main categories were found through the analysis: “Causes for substance abuse”, “consequences of substance abuse”, “Confronting the substance abuse” and “rehabilitation”. The main categories were divided into 8 subcategories. Conclusion: Substance abuse leads to social and economic consequences for the nurse and can negatively affect the quality of the patient's care. There are effective interventions but the experiences of these vary and are dependent on multiple variables. There is a lack of research on the subject, and more is needed.

Bakgrund: Substansbrukssyndrom är en sjukdom som påverkar flera miljoner individer i världen idag, varav sjuksköterskor är en särskilt utsatt grupp. Detta bland annat på grund av tillgängligheten till narkotika på arbetsplatserna. Trots detta råder det stor kunskapsbrist kring ämnet. Det medför att omvårdnadsarbetet kan påverkas negativt, och patienter, kollegor och den missbrukande sjuksköterskan själv kan utsättas för risker. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelse av personligt substansmissbruk och missbruksrehabilitering. Metod: Litteraturstudien baserades på åtta kvalitativa studier inhämtade genom databassökningar i CINAHL och PubMed. Analyserades med Fribergs femstegsmodell.Resultat: Fyra huvudkategorier framkom ur analysen: ”Orsaker till missbruket”, “missbrukets konsekvenser”, “Att konfrontera missbruket” samt “rehabilitering”. Huvudkategorierna delades upp i 8 underkategorier. Konklusion: Missbruk leder till sociala och ekonomiska konsekvenser för sjuksköterskan samt kan negativt påverka kvaliteten på patientens vård. Det finns effektiva interventioner men upplevelsen av dessa varierar och är beroende av flera faktorer. Det finns ett kunskapsgap och det behövs mer forskning kring frågan., Background: Substance use disorder is a disease that afflicts millions of individuals worldwide today, of which nurses are vulnerable as a group because of the easy access to narcotics amongst other reasons. Despite this, there is a great lack of knowledge about the subject. This affects the nursing care negatively, and patients, colleagues and the substance abusing nurse themselves can be put at risk. Aim: To describe the nurses’ experience of personal substance abuse and rehabilitation. Methods: This literature study is based on eight qualitative studies acquired through database-searches in CINAHL and PubMed, the analysis was conducted using Friberg`s five step model. Results: Four main categories were found through the analysis: “Causes for substance abuse”, “consequences of substance abuse”, “Confronting the substance abuse” and “rehabilitation”. The main categories were divided into 8 subcategories. Conclusion: Substance abuse leads to social and economic consequences for the nurse and can negatively affect the quality of the patient's care. There are effective interventions but the experiences of these vary and are dependent on multiple variables. There is a lack of research on the subject, and more is needed.

The deteriorating relationship between the United States and Mexico has allowed unprecedented levels of narcotics to flow into the United States, especially synthetic opioids. The frequency of overdose deaths attributed to synthetic opioids presents a national security concern to the United States and transnational criminal organizations operating in Mexico have little to fear for reprisal. In 2019, Mexican security forces could not outmatch cartel soldiers in direct confrontation, losing a bloody street battle and forced to release their captured target back into cartel hands. The government of Mexico also recently passed legislation in 2020 to limit U.S. enforcement agencies from operating effectively in Mexico, hindering bi-national cooperation on issues such as corruption. These troubling events allow transnational criminal organizations to flourish. Law enforcement agencies, specifically along the U.S. Southwest Land Border, would benefit from resources available to the intelligence community (IC) to combat these threats. Injecting these resources directly to the operators engaged with the threat allows for more effective disruption to criminal organizations. The traditional methods of screening travelers through a port-of-entry are no longer sufficient or sustainable. Greater accessibility to IC resources presents an opportunity to combat cross-border illicit activity and safeguard the American people., Civilian, Department of Homeland Security, Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

How do governments create expendable populations as a historical process? This question underpins From Users to Criminals: Creating, Pathologizing, and Killing ‘Drug Criminals’ in Twentieth-Century China. My dissertation historicizes how governments create marginalized populations and convince people to enact violence against them by uncovering the social, medical, cultural, and political histories of narcotics treatment and suppression in China from the early modern to modern period.My interdisciplinary work challenges accounts of mass campaigns in China as irrationally destructive and argues that governments used anti-narcotics campaigns to draw ordinary people into the project of building new political communities. I show how the Qing (1636-1911), Republic of China (1912-1949) and People’s Republic of China (PRC, 1949-) governments drew on scientific expertise and techniques of population management to create new senses of political and social belonging. The project analyzes how from 1906 to 1953 governments dehumanized drug users to create collective identity and promote state-building. Following China’s defeat in the Opium Wars, narcotics became a symbol of national shame. Reformers during the Republican period authored plays, propaganda, songs, and medical studies that cast drug use as a marker of moral degeneracy and physical illness. While the Republican government saw itself as the agent of punishment, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) persuaded ordinary people to participate in emotional and physical violence against drug users and traffickers to define belonging in China’s new political community and extend the reach of state power to the bodies and minds of citizens. From Users to Criminals is the first study of violence in China that moves beyond accounts of casualties to explore how different governments used non-physical forms of violence. I depart from conventional studies that privilege violence’s physical forms and focus on establishing state culpa

BackgroundIn 2015, the American College of Surgeons (ACS) created a new hospital improvement program to enhance the performance of pediatric care in US hospitals. The Children's Surgery Verification (CSV) Quality Improvement Program is predicated on the idea that pediatric surgical patients have improved outcomes when treated at children's hospitals with optimal resources. Achieving ACS level I CSV designation at pediatric trauma centers may lead to greater benefits for pediatric trauma patients; however, the specific benefits have yet to be identified. We hypothesize that achieving the additional designation of ACS level I CSV is associated with decreased narcotic use perioperatively and improved efficiency when managing pediatric patients with femur fractures.Study designThis study is a retrospective analysis of traumatic pediatric orthopaedic femur fractures treated at a verified level I pediatric trauma center before and after CSV designation (2010 to 2014 vs 2015 to 2019). Efficiency parameters, defined as time from admission to surgery, duration of surgery, and duration of hospital stay, and narcotic administration in oral morphine equivalents (OMEs) were compared.ResultsOf 185 traumatic femur fractures analyzed, 80 occurred before meeting ACS level I CSV criteria, and 105 occurred after. Post-CSV, there was a significant decrease in mean wait time from admission to surgery (16.64 hours pre-CSV, 12.52 hours post-CSV [p < 0.01]) and duration of hospital stay (103.49 hours pre-CSV, 71.61 hours post-CSV [p < 0.01]). Narcotic usage was significantly decreased in both the preoperative period (40.61 OMEs pre-CSV, 23.77 OMEs post-CSV [p < 0.01]) and postoperative period (126.67 OMEs pre-CSV, 45.72 OMEs post-CSV [p < 0.01]).ConclusionsAchieving ACS level I CSV designation is associated with increased efficiency and decreased preoperative and postoperative narcotic use when treating pediatric trauma patients.

Purpose: The Narcotics Law as a foundation in law enforcement to eradicate illicit drug trafficking, is not effective enough in tackling narcotics crime, because the legal paradigm adopted in the narcotics law is oriented towards imprisoning the perpetrator (follow the suspect), while the assets resulting from narcotics crimes continue to be used for narcotics trafficking and distribution. The problem is what is the urgency of renewing the model of asset forfeiture from narcotics crimes? What is the ideal model of asset forfeiture from narcotics crimes? Design/Methodology/Approach: The research method used is a normative approach and empirical approach sourced from primary data and secondary data. Primary data is obtained by means of field studies and interviews while secondary data is obtained by means of literature studies. The data that has been collected is analyzed qualitatively. Findings: The urgency of updating the model of seizure of assets resulting from narcotics crimes must receive attention in criminal law policy, this is because the current mechanism is not adequate and even tends to use assets as an instrument of illicit drug trafficking, which should be maximized for the rehabilitation of drug addicts and abusers. The future model of asset forfeiture in relation to the renewal of the investigation for asset forfeiture of narcotics crimes is a model of asset forfeiture without punishment. This model is known as in rem forfeiture, or also known as civil forfeiture, and NCB asset forfeiture. The NCB model is essentially a suit brought against assets, not against persons. The action is separate from the criminal court, but only determines that the assets have been tainted by the criminal offense.

This paper reviews how different ex-presidents in Colombia have opted for an anti-narcotics position with a regulated penalization approach. Likewise, it is directed towards a progressive and social struggle, oriented towards legal medical treatment. However, the state has not achieved a means of legal control guaranteeing influence so that it can evaluate the feasibility of decriminalizing drug trafficking in Colombia as a matter of criminal policy aimed at reducing the rate of incidence in the commission of crimes related to drug trafficking, the aim of this work. The handling of this situation has a differential factor in regards to other places such as the state of Texas in the United States. This work try’s to identify the reasons that led the legislator to penalize drug trafficking from a direct, structured and documentary observation. Being drug trafficking a destabilizing factor in State institutions and that generates a serious affectation to legal rights such as public health. Thus violating constitutionally protected rights and where Colombia could not fail to comply with acquired international commitments. Finally, the overwhelming history of drug trafficking has been controversially discussed nationally and internationally. But given the consequences, social thinking, and the stigmatization that speaking or being involved in it entails, represents processes that are progressively articulated around behaviors that are mainly of a mafia nature., Cet article examine comment en Colombie, les anciens dirigeants ont adopté une position anti-narcotiques axée sur la réglementation pénale, tout en visant une lutte progressive et sociale orientée vers un traitement médico-légal. Cependant, l'État n'a pas réussi à mettre en place un moyen de contrôle légal garantissant une influence pour évaluer la faisabilité de la dépénalisation du trafic de drogue en Colombie en tant que question de politique criminelle visant à réduire le taux d'incidence des crimes liés au trafic de drogue, objectif principal de ce travail. La gestion de cette situation présente un élément différenciateur par rapport à d'autres endroits, comme c'est le cas de l'État du Texas aux États-Unis. Le travail réalisé vise à identifier les raisons qui ont conduit le législateur à pénaliser le trafic de drogue à partir d'une observation directe, structurée et documentée. Le trafic de drogue étant un facteur de déstabilisation des institutions de l'État et entraînant une grave atteinte aux biens juridiques, tels que la santé publique, violant ainsi les droits constitutionnellement protégés, la Colombie ne pourrait pas enfreindre ses engagements internationaux. Enfin, l'histoire accablante du trafic de drogue a été controversée à la fois au niveau national et international. Cependant, étant donné les conséquences actuelles, la pensée sociale et la stigmatisation associées à parler ou à s'impliquer dans ce domaine représentent des processus progressivement articulés autour de comportements principalement criminels., Este artigo revisa como na Colômbia os diferentes ex-líderes optaram por uma postura anti-narcóticos com um foco na penalização regulamentada, da mesma forma, está voltado para uma luta progressista e social, orientada para um tratamento médico-legal. No entanto, o estado não conseguiu um meio de controle legal garantindo influenciar para que seja capaz de avaliar a viabilidade da descriminalização do tráfico de drogas na Colômbia como questão de política criminal voltada para reduzir a taxa de incidência na comissão de crimes relacionados ao tráfico de drogas, principal objetivo deste trabalho. O tratamento dessa situação apresenta um fator diferencial em relação a outros lugares, como é o caso do estado do Texas, nos Estados Unidos. O trabalho desenvolvidovisa identificar as razões que levaram o legislador a penalizar o tráfico de drogas a partir de uma observação direta, estruturada e documental. Sendo o tráfico de drogas um fator desestabilizador nas instituições do Estado e que gera um grave impacto em bens jurídicos, como a saúde pública, violando assim os direitos constitucionalmente protegidos, nos quais a Colômbia não poderia incorrer no descumprimento de compromissos internacionais assumidos. Finalmente, a história avassaladora do tráfico de drogas tem sido discutida de maneira controversa nacional e internacionalmente. Mas, dadas as consequências atuais, o pensamento social e a estigmatização que falar ou se envolver nisso implica, representam processos gradualmente articulados em torno de comportamentos principalmente de natureza criminosa., Este artículo revisa como en Colombia los diferentes exmandatarios han optado por una postura antinarcóticos con un enfoque de penalización regulado, así mismo, va dirigido hacia una lucha progresista y social, orientada en un tratamiento médico legal. Sin embargo, el estado no ha conseguido un medio de control legal garante de influir para que logre evaluar la viabilidad de la despenalización del narcotráfico en Colombia como asunto de política criminal encaminada a disminuirla tasa de incidencia en la comisión de delitos relativos al narcotráfico, objetivo principal de este trabajo. El manejo de esta situación tiene un factor diferencial en lo que respecta a otros lugares como es el caso del estado de Texas en Estados Unidos. El trabajo desarrollado pretende identificar las razones que llevaron al legislador a penalizar el narcotráfico a partir de una observación directa, estructurada y documental. Siendo el narcotráfico un factor desestabilizante en las instituciones del Estado y que genera una grave afectación a bienes jurídicos como la salud pública. Vulnerando así, los derechos constitucionalmente protegidos y en donde Colombia no podría llegar a incurrir en el incumplimiento de compromisos internacionales adquiridos. Finalmente, la avasallante historia del narcotráfico ha sido de manera controversial discutida nacional e internacionalmente. Pero dada las consecuencias actuales, el pensar social, y la estigmatización que el hablar o verse involucrado en ello conlleva, representa procesos articulados progresivamente en torno a conductas principalmente de naturaleza mafiosa.

The capability to accurately and safely identify security sensitive substances is a tool of paramount importance in defence and security industries all over the world. Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR) is a radio frequency (RF) spectroscopic technique that probes the nuclear spin states of a material and is uniquely felicitous to the detection of solid-state security sensitive substances. This is because the technique does not demand any sample preparation or direct contact with the target substance. It is a highly specific detection method due to the sensitivity of quadrupolar resonances to the electronic environment surrounding the target nucleus. It also allows for bulk measurements of materials as the magnetic field pulses used to excite the target nucleus are transparent to non-conductive materials. In contrast to its close phenomenological counterpart Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), a large external magnetic field is not required, making NQR spectrometers suitable for applications in the field. The research within this thesis focuses on assessing and improving NQR as a detection method for security sensitive substances through experiments on an array of custom built NQR spectrometers. When applying NQR in the field, it is challenged by a characteristically low sensitivity to standard pulse sequences as well as being susceptible to sources of noise and interference. As a result, the work in this thesis is primarily committed to maximising the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per unit time and suppressing piezoelectric interference for a range of oxidisers and narcotic salts. In particular, these materials are sodium nitrite, potassium nitrate, methamphetamine hydrochloride and cocaine hydrochloride. The NQR of MDMA hydrochloride and heroin hydrochloride monohydrate is also investigated.

OBJECTIVES: Rising rates of hospitalization for patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) result in high rates of patient-directed discharge (PDD, also called "discharge against medical advice") and 30-day readmissions. Interdisciplinary addiction consult services are an emerging criterion standard to improve care for these patients, but these services are resource- and expertise-intensive. A set of withdrawal guidelines was developed to guide generalists in caring for patients with opioid withdrawal at a hospital without an addiction consult service. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was performed to determine PDD, 30-day readmission, and psychiatry consult rates for hospitalized patients with OUD during periods before (July 1, 2017, to March 31, 2018) and after (January 1, 2019, to July 31, 2019) the withdrawal guidelines were implemented. Information on the provision of opioid agonist therapy (OAT) was also obtained. RESULTS: Use of OAT in patients with OUD increased significantly after guideline introduction, from 23.3% to 64.8% ( P < 0.001). Patient-directed discharge did not change, remaining at 14% before and after. Thirty-day readmissions increased 12.4% to 15.7% ( P = 0.05065). Receiving any OAT was associated with increased PDD and readmission, but only within the postintervention cohort. CONCLUSIONS: A guideline to facilitate generalist management of opioid withdrawal in hospitalized patients improved the process of care, increasing the use of OAT and decreasing workload on the psychiatry consult services. Although increased inpatient OAT has been previously shown to decrease PDD, in this study PDD and readmission rates did not improve. Guidelines may be insufficient to impact these outcomes.

This study aims to examine and analyze the juridical and victimological correlations to the forms and developments of narcotics crime based on several Decisions of the District Court of Makassar during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses normative legal research with a statute approach and a case approach. The collected legal material is analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques to describe the problem and answer study purposes. The results show juridical and victimological correlations: Law No. 8 of 1981, Law No. 35 of 2009, and Rehabilitation. The forms and developments of narcotics crime during the Covid-19 pandemic can be identified based on the application of investigator testimony, victims of abusers, rehabilitation, participation, criminal disparity, special minimum punishment, undercover buying, and the best interest principle for children. Therefore, it is recommended that all law enforcement agencies not abuse their authority in implementing the juridical and victimological correlations. In this case, eradicating narcotics crimes in Indonesia can be more effective in the future., Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis korelasi yuridis dan viktimologis terhadap bentuk dan perkembangan tindak pidana narkotika berdasarkan beberapa Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Makassar selama masa pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus. Bahan hukum yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis kualitatif guna menguraikan masalah dan menjawab tujuan penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korelasi yuridis dan viktimologis: UU No. 8 Tahun 1981, UU No. 35 Tahun 2009, dan Rehabilitasi. Bentuk dan perkembangan tindak pidana narkotika pada masa pandemi Covid-19 dapat diidentifikasi berdasarkan penerapan kesaksian penyidik, korban penyalahguna, rehabilitasi, turut serta, disparitas pidana, pidana minimum khusus, pembelian terselubung, dan prinsip kepentingan terbaik bagi anak. Oleh karena itu, direkomendasikan agar semua lembaga penegak hukum tidak menyalahgunakan kewenangannya dalam melaksanakan korelasi yuridis dan viktimologis. Dalam hal ini, pemberantasan kejahatan narkotika di Indonesia dapat lebih efektif di masa mendatang.

The objectives to be achieved in this research are: To review and analyze the policy of criminal sanctions against narcotics users in Indonesia as well as the implementation of assessments of narcotics users. This study uses a constructivism paradigm with a normative juridical approach to solving research problems by examining secondary data obtained through library research on Indonesian laws and regulations governing narcotics, books, research results and journals. The data obtained were then analyzed using descriptive analytical methods. The results of the research show that it is difficult to position narcotics users as perpetrators or victims of narcotics crimes. If you are positioned as a perpetrator, you will be subject to criminal penalties and if you are positioned as a victim, you will be directed to rehabilitation. The assessment of narcotics users in Indonesia is carried out by a team of psychological evaluation assessments, detoxification programs, motivational interviews, brief interventions, maintenance therapy (not carried out within the National Narcotics Agency), and inpatient rehabilitation and counseling.

Purpose – This paper focusses on analysing the impact of crime on the housing market in Los Angeles (LA) County. By looking at different types of crime instead of general crime measures and controlling by spatial dimension of prices and crime as well as endogeneity, a model is developed that allows for the understanding of how a specific crime impacts the housing market transaction price. To perform the analysis, the paper merges different data sets (crime, housing transaction and census data) and then computes the distances to crucial transport modes to control the accessibility features affecting housing prices. The latter allows estimating the association of housing prices and crime in the distance and estimating the impact on housing depending on it. Design/methodology/approach – This paper focusses on the following crimes: aggravated assault, burglary (property crime), narcotics, non-aggravated assault and vandalism. The paper shows firstly how incidents of reported crime are distributed across space and how they are related to each other – thus highlighting crime models with spatial influences. Secondly, the research utilises instrumental variables within the methodology to estimate house prices using spatial analysis techniques while controlling for endogeneity. Thirdly, it estimates the direct impact of crime on house prices and explores the impact of housing and neighbourhood features. Findings – Results suggest that house transaction prices and crime are closely correlated in two senses. Housing prices are endogenously negatively associated with the levels of narcotics and aggravated assaults. For narcotics, the impact of distance is shorter (1,000 m). However, for burglary, vandalism and non-aggravated assaults, the price reaction suggests a positive association: the further away the crime occurs, the higher the prices. The paper also shows the large spatial association of different crimes suggesting that they occur together and that their accumulation wo

Health risk behaviors shape, and are shaped by, the people with whom we interact throughout our lives. The use of substances, including alcohol or narcotics, is one such behavior, yet it is often empirically examined in isolation of other people. As such, it has been repeatedly shown that excessive alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, and the extra-medical use of prescription narcotics are, collectively, a leading cause of preventable injury, severe illness, and premature death. However, by not considering that substance use which leads to harms (hereafter, substance misuse) is inseparable from social contexts, the burden of substance misuse may be greatly underestimated. Drawing on a Swedish birth cohort from 1953, and centered on the concept of interdependent—linked—lives, this thesis encompasses four empirical studies of social relationships and substance misuse. Each study examines the association between substance misuse and friends and parents, siblings, spouses, and offspring, respectively. Study I explored whether childhood adversity in two contexts, within the family of origin and among one’s adolescent friends at age 13, was a potential risk factor for later substance misuse. The study found independent associations between substance misuse and childhood adversity in both contexts. Study II estimated differences in substance misuse between siblings in midlife according to birth order, and showed that substance misuse during this life course period may be better explained by factors within the family of origin. Study III examined the effects of substance misuse on nearly 50 years of marital status transitions. The results suggest that a lifetime history of substance misuse affects marital status transitions, and that substance misuse may increase the risk of marital dissolution. Finally, in investigating changes in parental psychotropic medication use in relation to their offspring’s hospitalization for substance misuse, Study IV demonstrated that such st

Higher birth order is associated with increased risks of adverse health outcomes attributable to alcohol or narcotics in adolescence, but it remains unclear whether these observed birth order effects are also present in midlife. Drawing on a national Swedish cohort born in 1953 and their siblings, we estimate associations between birth order and alcohol- or narcotics-attributable hospitalization or death with a 25-year follow-up to assess whether birth order differences are observed during this life course period. Health events attributable to alcohol or narcotics use were identified using the Swedish National Patient and Cause of Death registers, respectively. Weapply Cox proportional hazards models to estimate average birth order differences in hazards for alcohol- or narcotics-attributable hospitalization or death between ages 30 and 55. We estimate birth order differences between families, and use two fixed-effects approaches to estimate birth order differences within families and within families of the same type. Bivariate results indicate increased hazards for both outcomes with higher birthorder; however, these results are no longer observed after adjustment for familial background characteristics in all models. Our results thereby show limited evidence for birth order differences in midlife. This study highlights that shared factors within the family of origin may be stronger predictors of adverse health outcomes attributable to substance use among siblings during this life course period. Future research should disentangle the contributions of the social environment within the family of origin for adverse health outcomes attributable to alcohol or narcotics among siblings.

In drug analysis, different kinds of immunoassays are often used as an initial screening for urine samples. The positive screening results are then followed by a confirmatory test, which consists of mass spectrometry methods to detect the drugs. The confirmatory tests are considered to be more resistant to manipulation than the screening tests. If the tested person wants to obtain a false negative result in the drug analysis, there are a lot of different manipulation strategies available today. Manipulation of urine with oxidants before the drug analysis, oxidizes the drugs, and obtains negative results. The aim of this study was to investigate how the results of the drug analysis with the screening test; cloned enzyme donor immunoassay (CEDIA) and the confirmatory test; liquid chromatography- high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), were affected when the urine was manipulated with oxidants before the analysis. Four different oxidants (pyridinium chlorochromate, hypochlorite, sodium nitrite and povidone iodine) in three different concentrations, were investigated and evaluated on 37 different drugs with LC-HRMS. The most effective oxidant and the most adulterated drugs were then further investigated with LC-HRMS, CEDIA and with urine adulteration test strips. The results of the drug analysis were affected by the oxidants with both the CEDIA, and LC-HRMS analysis. All samples containing pyridinium chlorochromate and hypochlorite obtained negative results with CEDIA. With LC-HRMS, the tested samples containing 1 % hypochlorite effectively lowered the drug concentrations under the cut-off. Adulteration tests can be used to identify urine samples, manipulated with oxidants.

Konsumtionen av både alkohol och narkotika orsakar idag stora folkhälsoproblem och står för en betydande del av sjukdomsbördan i Sverige. Sverige har idag en hög dödlighet och det är mer vanligt än ovanligt att personer efter behandling återfaller. Syftet med studien är att med semistrukturerade intervjuer undersöka behandlares upplevelser av vilka inre och yttre faktorer som mest påverkar klienter under missbruksbehandling. Avsikten är att få en större förståelse för hur man når störst framgång med behandlingen. Resultatet visar att av de yttre faktorerna ansågs konsekvenser vara en drivkraft för att komma till behandling. Under behandlingen ansågs även goda relationer till både behandlare och behandlingsgrupp vara av betydelse för att stanna kvar. Det ansågs viktigt med ett nyktert nätverk som gav stöd i individens drogfrihet. Den sista yttre faktorn som var av betydelse var att individen fick sociala stödinsatser även efter behandling för att bibehålla nykterheten. Bland de inre faktorerna framkom inre motivation som någonting avgörande för att framför allt stanna kvar i behandling, detta kunde främjas av behandlingspersonalen. Den andra inre faktorn som kunde påverka behandlingsutfallet var samsjuklighet, där samverkan mellan de olika instanserna var central., The consumption of both alcohol and drugs is currently causing major public health problems and accounts for a significant proportion of the burden of disease in Sweden. Sweden currently has a high mortality rate and it is more common than not for people to relapse after treatment. The aim of this study is to use semi-structured interviews to explore therapists' perceptions of which internal and external factors most influence clients in addiction treatment. The intention is to gain a greater understanding of how to achieve the greatest success in treatment. The results show that of the external factors, consequences were considered a driving force for entering treatment. During treatment, good relationships with both therapists and the treatment group were also considered important for staying in treatment. A sober network that supported the individual's drug-free life was considered important. The last external factor that was important was that the individual received social support even after treatment to maintain sobriety. Among the internal factors, internal motivation emerged as something essential for staying in treatment in particular, this could be promoted by the treatment staff. The second internal factor that could influence treatment outcome was co-morbidity, where interaction between the different agencies was central.

Health risk behaviors shape, and are shaped by, the people with whom we interact throughout our lives. The use of substances, including alcohol or narcotics, is one such behavior, yet it is often empirically examined in isolation of other people. As such, it has been repeatedly shown that excessive alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, and the extra-medical use of prescription narcotics are, collectively, a leading cause of preventable injury, severe illness, and premature death. However, by not considering that substance use which leads to harms (hereafter, substance misuse) is inseparable from social contexts, the burden of substance misuse may be greatly underestimated. Drawing on a Swedish birth cohort from 1953, and centered on the concept of interdependent—linked—lives, this thesis encompasses four empirical studies of social relationships and substance misuse. Each study examines the association between substance misuse and friends and parents, siblings, spouses, and offspring, respectively. Study I explored whether childhood adversity in two contexts, within the family of origin and among one’s adolescent friends at age 13, was a potential risk factor for later substance misuse. The study found independent associations between substance misuse and childhood adversity in both contexts. Study II estimated differences in substance misuse between siblings in midlife according to birth order, and showed that substance misuse during this life course period may be better explained by factors within the family of origin. Study III examined the effects of substance misuse on nearly 50 years of marital status transitions. The results suggest that a lifetime history of substance misuse affects marital status transitions, and that substance misuse may increase the risk of marital dissolution. Finally, in investigating changes in parental psychotropic medication use in relation to their offspring’s hospitalization for substance misuse, Study IV demonstrated that such st

A growing body of research has reported on the potential opioid-sparing effects of cannabis and cannabinoids, but less is known about specific mechanisms. The present research examines cannabis-related posts in two large online communities on the Reddit platform ("subreddits") to compare mentions of naturalistic cannabis use by persons self-identifying as actively using opioids versus persons in recovery. We extracted all posts mentioning cannabis-related keywords (e.g., "weed", "cannabis", "marijuana") from December 2015 through August 2019 from an opioid use subreddit and an opioid recovery subreddit. To investigate how cannabis is discussed at-scale, we identified and compared the most frequent phrases in cannabis-related posts in each subreddit using term-frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) weighting. To contextualize these findings, we also conducted a qualitative content analysis of 200 random posts (100 from each subreddit). Cannabis-related posts were about twice as prevalent in the recovery subreddit (n = 908; 5.4% of 16,791 posts) than in the active opioid use subreddit (n = 4,224; 2.6% of 159,994 posts, p < .001). The most frequent phrases from the recovery subreddit referred to time without using opioids and the possibility of using cannabis as a "treatment." The most frequent phrases from the opioid subreddit referred to concurrent use of cannabis and opioids. The most common motivations for using cannabis were to manage opioid withdrawal symptoms in the recovery subreddit, often in conjunction with anti-anxiety and GI-distress "comfort meds," and to enhance the "high" when used in combination with opioids in the opioid subreddit. Despite limitations in generalizability from pseudonymous online posts, this examination of reports of naturalistic cannabis use in relation to opioid use identified withdrawal symptom management as a common motivation. Future research is warranted with more structured assessments that examines the role of cannabi

This study aims to determine and analyze the implementation of rehabilitation for narcotics abusers according to Law no. 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics and Barriers and what solutions are faced in the implementation of rehabilitation for addicts or narcotics abusers. The approach method used in this research is juridical sociology. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of rehabilitation for addicts or victims of narcotics abuse in principle is carried out through court decisions or requests from addicts or victims of narcotics abusers. There are three stages carried out to return addicts or victims of narcotics abusers to their original state, namely the medical stage, the non-medical stage, and the periodic or advanced stage. The obstacles faced in the implementation of rehabilitation are addicts or victims of narcotics abusers who are already in a semi-crazy condition, addicts or narcotics abusers do not want to open up, family factors, and the view of the police who still apply imprisonment for narcotics addicts.

The Swedish death rate related to narcotics is amongst the highest within the EU. The purpose of this study is to use process tracing while investigating and understanding the high death rate among people who use narcotics in Sweden. The focus is on whether the Swedish drug policy is driven by morals instead of scientific proof and asks whether morals are the main cause of the high death rate in Sweden. The study utilizes the “threshold theory” and the theory of “symbolic politics.” To do this the following questions are being answered: “How has the Swedish zero tolerance towards narcotics looked like since the 1970s until present day?” and “are there any signs to proof that the Swedish drug policy is driven more by morals than by scientific evidence, and if so, what are they?” The study also tests the hypothesis that the high death rate is related to the restrictive drug policy in Sweden. In order to answer this the study collects data and regulations from different time periods in Sweden thru a qualitative method. The study confirms that the Swedish drug policy is driven by moral while overlooking scientific proof and it is also likely that the hypothesis of the study is true.

In this essay, three points are made. The first is that the issue of drugs is something that deserves reflection beyond what the telematic society and moral entrepreneurs tell us. In this sense, it is recalled that drugs have existed in all cultures, that in certain cultures some drugs are prohibited and that a double stigmatization falls on these drugs and their users: addiction and self-destruction. The second point is our concrete proposal to reduce criminal violence in Latin America, which consists of 1) decriminalizing the consumption and trafficking (at least the minor) of drugs; 2) eliminating the legal prohibition of consumption and trafficking (therefore minus the minor) of drugs, except in cases where consumption or trafficking may affect the legitimate rights of third parties; and 3) eliminate the double stigmatization that falls on consumption in general and on addicts in particular, which implies a more civil society reflective on drugs, especially on what is behind the famous "war against drugs", etc. The third point revolves around how the proposals to eliminate the prohibition must confront the hegemonic discourse of moral entrepreneurs, for which this paper give an example about what happened in Colombia with the Sentence C-221 of 1994 by which the Constitutional Court took an important step on the road to the decriminalization of drug use. This Sentence caused airy reactions from moral entrepreneurs to the point of reforming the Constitution to keep the prohibition regime alive., En este ensayo se sostienen tres puntos. El primero es que el tema de las drogas merece una reflexión más allá de lo que nos dicen la sociedad telemática y los empresarios morales. En este sentido, se recuerda que en todas las culturas han existido drogas, que en ciertas culturas algunas drogas son prohibidas y que sobre dichas drogas y sus consumidores recae una doble estigmatización: adicción y (auto)destrucción. El segundo punto es nuestra propuesta concreta para reducir la violencia criminal en Latinoamérica, que consiste en (i) despenalizar el consumo y el tráfico (por lo menos el menor) de drogas; (ii) eliminar la prohibición legal del consumo y el tráfico (por lo menos el menor) de drogas, salvo casos donde el consumo o el tráfico puedan afectar derechos legítimos de terceros; y (iii) suprimir la doble estigmatización que recae sobre el consumo en general y sobre los adictos en especial, lo que supone una sociedad civil más reflexiva sobre las drogas, principalmente sobre lo que hay detrás de la famosa lucha contra las drogas, etcétera. El tercer punto gira en torno a cómo las propuestas de eliminar la prohibición deben enfrentarse al discurso hegemónico de los empresarios morales, para lo cual se pone como ejemplo lo que sucedió en Colombia con la Sentencia C-221 de 1994, mediante la cual la Corte Constitucional dio un paso importante en el camino hacia la despenalización del consumo de drogas; esta Sentencia originó reacciones aireadas de los empresarios morales al punto de reformar la Constitución para mantener vivo el régimen de la prohibición.

In drug analysis, different kinds of immunoassays are often used as an initial screening for urine samples. The positive screening results are then followed by a confirmatory test, which consists of mass spectrometry methods to detect the drugs. The confirmatory tests are considered to be more resistant to manipulation than the screening tests. If the tested person wants to obtain a false negative result in the drug analysis, there are a lot of different manipulation strategies available today. Manipulation of urine with oxidants before the drug analysis, oxidizes the drugs, and obtains negative results. The aim of this study was to investigate how the results of the drug analysis with the screening test; cloned enzyme donor immunoassay (CEDIA) and the confirmatory test; liquid chromatography- high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), were affected when the urine was manipulated with oxidants before the analysis. Four different oxidants (pyridinium chlorochromate, hypochlorite, sodium nitrite and povidone iodine) in three different concentrations, were investigated and evaluated on 37 different drugs with LC-HRMS. The most effective oxidant and the most adulterated drugs were then further investigated with LC-HRMS, CEDIA and with urine adulteration test strips. The results of the drug analysis were affected by the oxidants with both the CEDIA, and LC-HRMS analysis. All samples containing pyridinium chlorochromate and hypochlorite obtained negative results with CEDIA. With LC-HRMS, the tested samples containing 1 % hypochlorite effectively lowered the drug concentrations under the cut-off. Adulteration tests can be used to identify urine samples, manipulated with oxidants.

This study aims to determine and analyze the implementation of rehabilitation for narcotics abusers according to Law no. 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics and Barriers and what solutions are faced in the implementation of rehabilitation for addicts or narcotics abusers. The approach method used in this research is juridical sociology. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of rehabilitation for addicts or victims of narcotics abuse in principle is carried out through court decisions or requests from addicts or victims of narcotics abusers. There are three stages carried out to return addicts or victims of narcotics abusers to their original state, namely the medical stage, the non-medical stage, and the periodic or advanced stage. The obstacles faced in the implementation of rehabilitation are addicts or victims of narcotics abusers who are already in a semi-crazy condition, addicts or narcotics abusers do not want to open up, family factors, and the view of the police who still apply imprisonment for narcotics addicts.

Higher birth order is associated with increased risks of adverse health outcomes attributable to alcohol or narcotics in adolescence, but it remains unclear whether these observed birth order effects are also present in midlife. Drawing on a national Swedish cohort born in 1953 and their siblings, we estimate associations between birth order and alcohol- or narcotics-attributable hospitalization or death with a 25-year follow-up to assess whether birth order differences are observed during this life course period. Health events attributable to alcohol or narcotics use were identified using the Swedish National Patient and Cause of Death registers, respectively. We apply Cox proportional hazards models to estimate average birth order differences in hazards for alcohol- or narcotics-attributable hospitalization or death between ages 30 and 55. We estimate birth order differences between families, and use two fixed-effects approaches to estimate birth order differences within families and within families of the same type. Bivariate results indicate increased hazards for both outcomes with higher birth order; however, these results are no longer observed after adjustment for familial background characteristics in all models. Our results thereby show limited evidence for birth order differences in midlife. This study highlights that shared factors within the family of origin may be stronger predictors of adverse health outcomes attributable to substance use among siblings during this life course period. Future research should disentangle the contributions of the social environment within the family of origin for adverse health outcomes attributable to alcohol or narcotics among siblings.

Higher birth order is associated with increased risks of adverse health outcomes attributable to alcohol or narcotics in adolescence, but it remains unclear whether these observed birth order effects are also present in midlife. Drawing on a national Swedish cohort born in 1953 and their siblings, we estimate associations between birth order and alcohol- or narcotics-attributable hospitalization or death with a 25-year follow-up to assess whether birth order differences are observed during this life course period. Health events attributable to alcohol or narcotics use were identified using the Swedish National Patient and Cause of Death registers, respectively. We apply Cox proportional hazards models to estimate average birth order differences in hazards for alcohol- or narcotics-attributable hospitalization or death between ages 30 and 55. We estimate birth order differences between families, and use two fixed-effects approaches to estimate birth order differences within families and within families of the same type. Bivariate results indicate increased hazards for both outcomes with higher birth order; however, these results are no longer observed after adjustment for familial background characteristics in all models. Our results thereby show limited evidence for birth order differences in midlife. This study highlights that shared factors within the family of origin may be stronger predictors of adverse health outcomes attributable to substance use among siblings during this life course period. Future research should disentangle the contributions of the social environment within the family of origin for adverse health outcomes attributable to alcohol or narcotics among siblings.

The Swedish death rate related to narcotics is amongst the highest within the EU. The purpose of this study is to use process tracing while investigating and understanding the high death rate among people who use narcotics in Sweden. The focus is on whether the Swedish drug policy is driven by morals instead of scientific proof and asks whether morals are the main cause of the high death rate in Sweden. The study utilizes the “threshold theory” and the theory of “symbolic politics.” To do this the following questions are being answered: “How has the Swedish zero tolerance towards narcotics looked like since the 1970s until present day?” and “are there any signs to proof that the Swedish drug policy is driven more by morals than by scientific evidence, and if so, what are they?” The study also tests the hypothesis that the high death rate is related to the restrictive drug policy in Sweden. In order to answer this the study collects data and regulations from different time periods in Sweden thru a qualitative method. The study confirms that the Swedish drug policy is driven by moral while overlooking scientific proof and it is also likely that the hypothesis of the study is true.

Health risk behaviors shape, and are shaped by, the people with whom we interact throughout our lives. The use of substances, including alcohol or narcotics, is one such behavior, yet it is often empirically examined in isolation of other people. As such, it has been repeatedly shown that excessive alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, and the extra-medical use of prescription narcotics are, collectively, a leading cause of preventable injury, severe illness, and premature death. However, by not considering that substance use which leads to harms (hereafter, substance misuse) is inseparable from social contexts, the burden of substance misuse may be greatly underestimated. Drawing on a Swedish birth cohort from 1953, and centered on the concept of interdependent—linked—lives, this thesis encompasses four empirical studies of social relationships and substance misuse. Each study examines the association between substance misuse and friends and parents, siblings, spouses, and offspring, respectively. Study I explored whether childhood adversity in two contexts, within the family of origin and among one’s adolescent friends at age 13, was a potential risk factor for later substance misuse. The study found independent associations between substance misuse and childhood adversity in both contexts. Study II estimated differences in substance misuse between siblings in midlife according to birth order, and showed that substance misuse during this life course period may be better explained by factors within the family of origin. Study III examined the effects of substance misuse on nearly 50 years of marital status transitions. The results suggest that a lifetime history of substance misuse affects marital status transitions, and that substance misuse may increase the risk of marital dissolution. Finally, in investigating changes in parental psychotropic medication use in relation to their offspring’s hospitalization for substance misuse, Study IV demonstrated that such st

Health risk behaviors shape, and are shaped by, the people with whom we interact throughout our lives. The use of substances, including alcohol or narcotics, is one such behavior, yet it is often empirically examined in isolation of other people. As such, it has been repeatedly shown that excessive alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, and the extra-medical use of prescription narcotics are, collectively, a leading cause of preventable injury, severe illness, and premature death. However, by not considering that substance use which leads to harms (hereafter, substance misuse) is inseparable from social contexts, the burden of substance misuse may be greatly underestimated. Drawing on a Swedish birth cohort from 1953, and centered on the concept of interdependent—linked—lives, this thesis encompasses four empirical studies of social relationships and substance misuse. Each study examines the association between substance misuse and friends and parents, siblings, spouses, and offspring, respectively. Study I explored whether childhood adversity in two contexts, within the family of origin and among one’s adolescent friends at age 13, was a potential risk factor for later substance misuse. The study found independent associations between substance misuse and childhood adversity in both contexts. Study II estimated differences in substance misuse between siblings in midlife according to birth order, and showed that substance misuse during this life course period may be better explained by factors within the family of origin. Study III examined the effects of substance misuse on nearly 50 years of marital status transitions. The results suggest that a lifetime history of substance misuse affects marital status transitions, and that substance misuse may increase the risk of marital dissolution. Finally, in investigating changes in parental psychotropic medication use in relation to their offspring’s hospitalization for substance misuse, Study IV demonstrated that such st

This research contained the forms of criminal responsibility in the narcotics crime based on a case study of district court No. 936/PID.SUS/2021/PN.SDA and its aim to find out the judge's consideration against the criminal act of storing narcotics in class 1 for cannabis type. The research was conducted in Sidoarjo District Court by analyzing the judge who handled the case related to the narcotics crime and examining documents related to the existing case. There are two important things which described the problem solving of this case, these are (1) criminal responsibility in narcotics crimes fulfills the elements of criminal responsibility, such as being able to take responsibility, the existence of intentional mistakes and no leniency for the accused in order to held accountable; (2) the judge's legal considerations in deciding the decision on the criminal case No. 936/PID.SUS/2021/PN.SDA with the existence of valid evidence and the judge is sure of its evidence.

Purpose – This paper focusses on analysing the impact of crime on the housing market in Los Angeles (LA) County. By looking at different types of crime instead of general crime measures and controlling by spatial dimension of prices and crime as well as endogeneity, a model is developed that allows for the understanding of how a specific crime impacts the housing market transaction price. To perform the analysis, the paper merges different data sets (crime, housing transaction and census data) and then computes the distances to crucial transport modes to control the accessibility features affecting housing prices. The latter allows estimating the association of housing prices and crime in the distance and estimating the impact on housing depending on it. Design/methodology/approach – This paper focusses on the following crimes: aggravated assault, burglary (property crime), narcotics, non-aggravated assault and vandalism. The paper shows firstly how incidents of reported crime are distributed across space and how they are related to each other – thus highlighting crime models with spatial influences. Secondly, the research utilises instrumental variables within the methodology to estimate house prices using spatial analysis techniques while controlling for endogeneity. Thirdly, it estimates the direct impact of crime on house prices and explores the impact of housing and neighbourhood features. Findings – Results suggest that house transaction prices and crime are closely correlated in two senses. Housing prices are endogenously negatively associated with the levels of narcotics and aggravated assaults. For narcotics, the impact of distance is shorter (1,000 m). However, for burglary, vandalism and non-aggravated assaults, the price reaction suggests a positive association: the further away the crime occurs, the higher the prices. The paper also shows the large spatial association of different crimes suggesting that they occur together and that their accumulation wo

The objective of this article is to analyze the treatment of cannabis from the perspective of the Spanish newspapers in order to show the image they offer. Using a content analysis methodology, the genres, the sources used, the dominant thematic areas are identified and the treatment given by the Spanish digital newspapers El País, El Mundo, ABC and La Razón, from January 1 to December 31, 2019, is compared. The findings show a predominance of informative texts, signed by the editors or the newspaper itself and a use of official sources. Regarding their subject matter, the newspapers continue to relate cannabis to actions typified as crimes (arrests, dismantling and seizures). Likewise, they incorporate new contents related to this substance, such as the business of production, distribution, biotechnology, cosmetics and leisure companies, which appear as an emerging sector. It also highlights the absence of information on programs, services and campaigns carried out by Institutions and other organizations to face problems of dependency or addiction, among others. These results suggest that legislative changes show the need to carry out a process of normalization of the status of cannabis, which tends to relate it to health, personal care, leisure and even luxury. Thus, Spanish newspapers are beginning to move away from the perception of cannabis as an illegal drug that has been maintained for decades, to show a somewhat more permissive image of cannabis, ignoring other aspects., El artículo presenta como objetivo analizar el tratamiento del cannabis desde la perspectiva de los periódicos españoles, con el fin de mostrar la imagen que ofrecen. Mediante una metodología de análisis de contenido se identifican los géneros, las fuentes utilizadas, las áreas temáticas dominantes y se compara el tratamiento dado por los diarios digitales españoles El País, El Mundo, ABC y La Razón, desde el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2019. Las conclusiones muestran un predominio de textos informativos, firmados por los redactores o el propio periódico y un uso de fuentes oficiales. Respecto a su temática, los diarios continúan relacionando el cannabis con acciones tipificadas como delito (detenciones, desmantelamientos e incautaciones). Asimismo, incorporan nuevos contenidos vinculados a esta sustancia como negocios de empresas de producción, distribución, biotecnología, cosmética y de ocio que aparecen como un sector emergente. Destaca la ausencia de información sobre programas, servicios y campañas realizadas desde Instituciones y otros organismos para afrontar problemas de dependencia o adicción, entre otros. Estos resultados sugieren que los cambios legislativos evidencian la necesidad de llevar a cabo un proceso de normalización del estatus del cannabis que tiende a relacionarlo con la salud, el cuidado personal, el ocio e incluso el lujo. De modo que los diarios españoles empiezan a alejarse de la percepción del cannabis como droga ilegal mantenida durante décadas, para mostrar una imagen en cierto modo más permisiva del cannabis obviando otros aspectos.

Health risk behaviors shape, and are shaped by, the people with whom we interact throughout our lives. The use of substances, including alcohol or narcotics, is one such behavior, yet it is often empirically examined in isolation of other people. As such, it has been repeatedly shown that excessive alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, and the extra-medical use of prescription narcotics are, collectively, a leading cause of preventable injury, severe illness, and premature death. However, by not considering that substance use which leads to harms (hereafter, substance misuse) is inseparable from social contexts, the burden of substance misuse may be greatly underestimated. Drawing on a Swedish birth cohort from 1953, and centered on the concept of interdependent—linked—lives, this thesis encompasses four empirical studies of social relationships and substance misuse. Each study examines the association between substance misuse and friends and parents, siblings, spouses, and offspring, respectively. Study I explored whether childhood adversity in two contexts, within the family of origin and among one’s adolescent friends at age 13, was a potential risk factor for later substance misuse. The study found independent associations between substance misuse and childhood adversity in both contexts. Study II estimated differences in substance misuse between siblings in midlife according to birth order, and showed that substance misuse during this life course period may be better explained by factors within the family of origin. Study III examined the effects of substance misuse on nearly 50 years of marital status transitions. The results suggest that a lifetime history of substance misuse affects marital status transitions, and that substance misuse may increase the risk of marital dissolution. Finally, in investigating changes in parental psychotropic medication use in relation to their offspring’s hospitalization for substance misuse, Study IV demonstrated that such st

Konsumtionen av både alkohol och narkotika orsakar idag stora folkhälsoproblem och står för en betydande del av sjukdomsbördan i Sverige. Sverige har idag en hög dödlighet och det är mer vanligt än ovanligt att personer efter behandling återfaller. Syftet med studien är att med semistrukturerade intervjuer undersöka behandlares upplevelser av vilka inre och yttre faktorer som mest påverkar klienter under missbruksbehandling. Avsikten är att få en större förståelse för hur man når störst framgång med behandlingen. Resultatet visar att av de yttre faktorerna ansågs konsekvenser vara en drivkraft för att komma till behandling. Under behandlingen ansågs även goda relationer till både behandlare och behandlingsgrupp vara av betydelse för att stanna kvar. Det ansågs viktigt med ett nyktert nätverk som gav stöd i individens drogfrihet. Den sista yttre faktorn som var av betydelse var att individen fick sociala stödinsatser även efter behandling för att bibehålla nykterheten. Bland de inre faktorerna framkom inre motivation som någonting avgörande för att framför allt stanna kvar i behandling, detta kunde främjas av behandlingspersonalen. Den andra inre faktorn som kunde påverka behandlingsutfallet var samsjuklighet, där samverkan mellan de olika instanserna var central., The consumption of both alcohol and drugs is currently causing major public health problems and accounts for a significant proportion of the burden of disease in Sweden. Sweden currently has a high mortality rate and it is more common than not for people to relapse after treatment. The aim of this study is to use semi-structured interviews to explore therapists' perceptions of which internal and external factors most influence clients in addiction treatment. The intention is to gain a greater understanding of how to achieve the greatest success in treatment. The results show that of the external factors, consequences were considered a driving force for entering treatment. During treatment, good relationships with both therapists and the treatment group were also considered important for staying in treatment. A sober network that supported the individual's drug-free life was considered important. The last external factor that was important was that the individual received social support even after treatment to maintain sobriety. Among the internal factors, internal motivation emerged as something essential for staying in treatment in particular, this could be promoted by the treatment staff. The second internal factor that could influence treatment outcome was co-morbidity, where interaction between the different agencies was central.

The aim of this thesis was to analyse and compare how two Swedish parliamentary parties, the Left Party and the Sweden Democrats, have discursively problematized and depicted narcotics through the parties' political motions between the years 2010/11 to 2020/21. This was achieved by collecting all political motions regarding narcotics from each political party during this time span and finally selecting the most central motion from each year. The selected data was analysed with the help of Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis to identify central discourses and a theoretical analysis to understand how these identified discourses were constructed. To achieve an understanding of these discourses, three theoretical components were chosen as a theoretical framework. First a theory about knowledge as a social construct was used to understand what knowledge the parties’ conveyed. Secondly a theory of political problematization was used to see how narcotics could be constructed as a problem. Finally, Foucault's power- and knowledge discussions were used to understand how both knowledge and problematization about narcotics could be used as a tool for political power and influence. The results showed that the identified discourses had different patterns in how narcotics were constructed as a phenomenon. The parties’ diverse use of words showed that language had a significant impact in how narcotics were problematized. The Sweden Democrats, however, had a much harsher use of language that determined that narcotics is an overarching societal problem, much in line with what today’s research explains about Sweden's drug policies. The Left party instead consequently depicted narcotics through an individual perspective with a focus on vulnerable groups in society. Age, gender, and ethnicity were particular aspects. As a conclusion, the parties constructed narcotics through several different ways and that the different use of language, knowledge and problematization shows that pe

The Graphic Journalism genre is emerging with influences from war reportage with authors like Joe Sacco. I would like to address and report the “War on Drugs” from small first hand experiences, personal connections, and a genuine deep desire to see the healthcare and justice system change. The war on Drugs started in the 1970s during Richard Nixon’s term in the U.S. Presidency. Nixon’s influence to launch the “War on Drugs'' campaign began shortly after two congressmen released a report on the growing heroin epidemic that affected hundreds to thousands of servicemen who fought in the Vietnam War, who used heroin to treat PTSD. Nixon launched unfair disconnected political policy and passed laws that disproportionately targeted those against him and his values (minorities, specifically African Americans and anyone belonging to the counterculture “subwhite”). The War on Drugs movement started as a way to outcast and control minorities through unrealistic and systemically racist and oppressive laws. As the movement evolved so did its focus, the War on Drugs eventually metamorphosed into the “War on Class”, or a war against the economically disadvantaged. The War on Drugs has done way more harm than good and immediate action needs to be taken to begin to restart drug policy in America and within the World. The incomparable Billie Holiday, world renowned jazz singer and creator of “Strange Fruit” once said “I need help. Not jail time.” Shortly after her arrest for heroin possession in 1947. In my opinion, these famous words that Billie Holiday shared during the day of her arrest should be the leading quote in the much needed movement against the criminalization of drug abuse victims. Not only does the War on Drugs disproportionately disenfranchise black and brown communities, it makes researching the benefits of any type of narcotic that was not fully understood nearly impossible. My goal is to reverse the taboos that currently exist throughout our society with a graphic

Bakgrund: Synen på narkotika har blivit mer liberal och frekvensen av substansbruk hos ungdomar har ökat. Ungdomar anser att narkotikaklassade preparat har blivit mer lättillgängliga. Ungdomsåren är en riskfaktor för både narkotikabruk och kriminalitet. Ungdomsbrottslighetens omfång har inte förändrats mycket sedan 70-talet, dock blir brotten allvarligare och vanligare i yngre ålder. Ungdomar är den mest brottsaktiva gruppen i samhället. Brottsligheten kan dock ofta ses som en övergående fas. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att beskriva ungdomars erfarenheter av att lida av ett missbruk med samtidig kriminalitet. Metod: Studien är en litteraturöversikt. Datainsamlingen gjordes genom systematiska informationssökningar med bestämda inklusions- och exklusionskriterier. Analysmetoden som användes var Aveyards tematiska analysmodell. Nio artiklar ansågs ha ett relevant resultat som kunde besvara studiens syfte samt ha hög kvalitet. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras utifrån fyra teman och nio subteman. De fyra temana som framkom var ”Från nöje till problem”, ”Den sociala arenans dubbla roll”, ”Förändrat beteende och psykisk ohälsa” samt ”Vård- och rättssystemets komplexitet”. Slutsatser: Narkotikabruket gick från att bruka för nöjets skull till att problem skapades. Att bruka tyngre narkotika sker ofta i samband med brott i grupp och är ofta kopplat till grövre brottslighet. Det framkom att en trygg och säker miljö under uppväxten var en skyddsfaktor som minskade risken för narkotikabruk och kriminalitet i ungdomsåren., Background: The view on drugs has become more liberal and the frequency of substance use among youth has increased. Adolescents also believe that illegal drugs are more easily accessible. The adolescent years are a risk factor for drug use and criminality. The extent of juvenile delinquency has not changed much since the 1970s, however, the crimes have become more serious and more common in younger ages. Adolescents are the most criminally active group in society. However, crime can often be seen as a transient phase. Aim: The aim of this literature review is to describe adolescents experiences of substance abuse with co-occurring criminality. Method: The method used in this study was a literature review. Data was collected through systematic information searches with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The method used to analyse the articles was Aveyard's thematic analysis model. Nine articles were considered to have a result that could answer the aim of the study and to be of high quality. Findings: The results are presented based on four themes and nine sub-themes. The four themes that emerged were “From recreational use to problems”, “The dual role of the social arena”, “Changed behaviour and mental health” and “The complexity of the care- and justice system”. Conclusion: The use of narcotics went from using for the sake of fun to creating problems. Heavier drugs were often associated with committing crimes in groups as well as committing more serious crimes. The importance of a safe and secure environment during childhood were a protective factor which could reduce the risk of drug use and criminality in adolescence.

This paper explains the state of the United States-Mexico border regarding the smuggling of different types of merchandise, particularly in the Tijuana-San Diego border. It argues that the divide between both countries works differently depending on the direction and the type of merchandise being transported. Using ethnographic data collected during a 20-year period, the paper shows specific patterns of consumption that vary, depending on the direction in which the border is crossed. These differences go on to show the different wants and needs of people living in the border region., Este artículo describe los tipos de mercancías y objetos que cruzan la frontera México-Estados Unidos en ambas direcciones, particularmente el caso de las ciudades fronterizas de Tijuana-San Diego. Con aportes desde los estudios fronterizos se argumenta que la línea que divide a ambos países funciona de manera diferente de acuerdo con quién cruza y qué tipo de mercancías transporta. Al tomar esto en cuenta, por medio de datos etnográficos obtenidos durante las últimas dos décadas, el artículo analiza los tipos de mercancías legales e ilegales que circulan a través de la frontera. La diferencia entre el tráfico de mercancías y productos contrabandeados en dirección norte-sur y sur-norte permite no solo constatar los tipos de flujos transfronterizos, sino también inferir las necesidades y contextos de las personas que cruzan la frontera.

The aim of this thesis was to analyse and compare how two Swedish parliamentary parties, the Left Party and the Sweden Democrats, have discursively problematized and depicted narcotics through the parties' political motions between the years 2010/11 to 2020/21. This was achieved by collecting all political motions regarding narcotics from each political party during this time span and finally selecting the most central motion from each year. The selected data was analysed with the help of Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis to identify central discourses and a theoretical analysis to understand how these identified discourses were constructed. To achieve an understanding of these discourses, three theoretical components were chosen as a theoretical framework. First a theory about knowledge as a social construct was used to understand what knowledge the parties’ conveyed. Secondly a theory of political problematization was used to see how narcotics could be constructed as a problem. Finally, Foucault's power- and knowledge discussions were used to understand how both knowledge and problematization about narcotics could be used as a tool for political power and influence. The results showed that the identified discourses had different patterns in how narcotics were constructed as a phenomenon. The parties’ diverse use of words showed that language had a significant impact in how narcotics were problematized. The Sweden Democrats, however, had a much harsher use of language that determined that narcotics is an overarching societal problem, much in line with what today’s research explains about Sweden's drug policies. The Left party instead consequently depicted narcotics through an individual perspective with a focus on vulnerable groups in society. Age, gender, and ethnicity were particular aspects. As a conclusion, the parties constructed narcotics through several different ways and that the different use of language, knowledge and problematization shows that pe