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Background: Investigations of evolution knowledge and acceptance and their relation are central to evolution education research. Ambiguous results in this field of study demonstrate a variety of measuring issues, for instance differently theorized constructs, or a lack of standardized methods, especially for cross-country comparisons. In particular, meaningful comparisons across European countries, with their varying cultural backgrounds and education systems, are rare, often include only few countries, and lack standardization. To address these deficits, we conducted a standardized European survey, on 9200 first-year university students in 26 European countries utilizing a validated, comprehensive questionnaire, the “Evolution Education Questionnaire”, to assess evolution acceptance and knowledge, as well as influencing factors on evolution acceptance. Results: We found that, despite European countries’ different cultural backgrounds and education systems, European first-year university students generally accept evolution. At the same time, they lack substantial knowledge about it, even if they are enrolled in a biology-related study program. Additionally, we developed a multilevel-model that determines religious faith as the main influencing factor in accepting evolution. According to our model, knowledge about evolution and interest in biological topics also increase acceptance of evolution, but to a much lesser extent than religious faith. The effect of age and sex, as well as the country’s affiliation, students’ denomination, and whether or not a student is enrolled in a biology-related university program, is negligible. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that, despite all their differences, most of the European education systems for upper secondary education lead to acceptance of evolution at least in university students. It appears that, at least in this sample, the differences in knowledge between countries reflect neither the extent to which school curricul

A large number of studies have indicated recently that photosynthetic reaction center proteins (RC) bind successfully to nanostructures and their functional activity is largely retained. The major goal of current research is to find the most efficient systems and conditions for the photoelectric energy conversion and for the stability of this bio-nanocomposite. In our studies, we immobilized the RC protein on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) through specific chemical binding to amine functional groups and through conducting polymer (poly(3-thiophene acetic acid), PTAA). Both structural (TEM, AFM) and functional (absorption change and conductivity) measurements has shown that RCs could be bound effectively to functionalized CNTs. The kinetics of the light induced absorption change indicated that RCs were still active in the composite and there was an interaction between the protein cofactors and the CNTs. The light generated photocurrent was measured in an electrochemical cell with transparent CNT electrode designed specially for this experiment., QC 20171130

The Interplanetary Magnetic Field shows complex spatial and temporal variations. Single spacecraft measurements reveal only a one dimensional section of this rich four dimensional phenomenon. Multi-point measurements of the four Cluster spacecraft provide a unique tool to study the spatiotemporal structure of the field. Using Cluster data we determined three dimensional correlation functions of the fluctuations. By means of the correlation function one can describe and measure field variations. Our results can be used to verify theoretical predictions, to understand the formation and nature of solar wind turbulence. We found that the correlation length varies over almost six orders of magnitude. The IMF turbulence shows significant anisotropy with two distinct populations. In certain time intervals the ratio of the three axes of the correlation ellipse is 1/2.2/6 while in the remaining time we found extremely high correlation along one axis. We found favoured directions in the orientation of the correlation ellipsoids., Comment: accepted to Solar Physics on June 14, 2010. 10 pages, 8 figures

We implanted 57Fe with 5x1016 ions/cm2 into SnO2 films containing 0.1% Sb and 3% Sb at the substrate temperature of 500°C in vacuum. As a result, four kinds of subspectra were observed in the DCEM spectra by using a back scattered type of gas counter. Two doublets are assigned to paramagnetic Fe3+ and Fe2+ species and two sextets are assigned to site A and site B of magnetite. Magnetite formation was found to prefer the top layer, whereas paramagnetic Fe2+ species were included in the deeper layer of the films. SnO2 (with 0.1% and 3% Sb) films doped with 5x1016 57Fe ions/cm2 at 500°C and post-annealed at 400°C for 6 h showed bulk ferromagnetism at room temperature although the 57Fe implanted SnO2 (3% Sb) film showed smaller Kerr effect than the 57Fe implanted SnO2 (0.1% Sb) film. This phenomenon was attributed mainly to the amount of magnetite in the as prepared samples and to the maghemite in the post-annealed samples, respectively, in addition to magnetic defects.

The Interplanetary Magnetic Field shows complex spatial and temporal variations. Single spacecraft measurements reveal only a one dimensional section of this rich four dimensional phenomenon. Multi-point measurements of the four Cluster spacecraft provide a unique tool to study the spatiotemporal structure of the field. Using Cluster data we determined three dimensional correlation functions of the fluctuations. By means of the correlation function one can describe and measure field variations. Our results can be used to verify theoretical predictions, to understand the formation and nature of solar wind turbulence. We found that the correlation length varies over almost six orders of magnitude. The IMF turbulence shows significant anisotropy with two distinct populations. In certain time intervals the ratio of the three axes of the correlation ellipse is 1/2.2/6 while in the remaining time we found extremely high correlation along one axis. We found favoured directions in the orientation of the correlation ellipsoids., Comment: accepted to Solar Physics on June 14, 2010. 10 pages, 8 figures

The as implanted sample at room temperature and post-annealed samples did not show Kerr effect, but the sample implanted with 1x1017 Fe ions/cm2, heated at 300°C, showed a little Kerr effect although the magnetic sextets were not clearly observed in 57Fe CEM spectra. The Kerr effect disappeared after postannealing. This suggests that the number of magnetic defects decreases by absorption of oxygen [1]. We also showed that the bulk magnetization is enhanced by co-doping of Sb and Fe into SnO2 powder [2]. We have analyzed the nanostructure of SnO2 films doped with 57Fe by conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) and nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS) at SPring8. We implanted 57Fe with 5x1016 ions/cm2 into SnO2 films containing 0.1% Sb and 3% Sb at the substrate temperature of 500°C in vacuum. Kerr rotation angles for 0.1% Sb doped SnO2 film were larger than that for 3%Sb doped SnO2 films. The samples post-annealed at 400°C for 6 hours also showed the Kerr effect. DCEM spectra were measured by discriminating conversion electrons with a back scattered type of gas counter [3]. As the results, four subspectra were observed: two doublets are assigned to paramagnetic Fe3+ and Fe2+ species and two broad sextets to site A and site B of magnetite. For 0.1%Sb doped SnO2 films the relative area of the magnetite phase was larger than for 3%Sb doped SnO2 films. After post-annealing, two sextets changed into one broad sextet, which is due to fine maghemite. The ferromagnetic behaviors of Fe implanted tin oxide films were attributed mainly due to the formation of magnetite for the as implanted samples and of maghemite for the post-annealed samples, respectively, rather than magnetic defects.

We implanted 57Fe with 5x1016 ions/cm2 into SnO2 films containing 0.1% Sb and 3% Sb at the substrate temperature of 500°C in vacuum. As a result, four kinds of subspectra were observed in the DCEM spectra by using a back scattered type of gas counter. Two doublets are assigned to paramagnetic Fe3+ and Fe2+ species and two sextets are assigned to site A and site B of magnetite. Magnetite formation was found to prefer the top layer, whereas paramagnetic Fe2+ species were included in the deeper layer of the films. SnO2 (with 0.1% and 3% Sb) films doped with 5x1016 57Fe ions/cm2 at 500°C and post-annealed at 400°C for 6 h showed bulk ferromagnetism at room temperature although the 57Fe implanted SnO2 (3% Sb) film showed smaller Kerr effect than the 57Fe implanted SnO2 (0.1% Sb) film. This phenomenon was attributed mainly to the amount of magnetite in the as prepared samples and to the maghemite in the post-annealed samples, respectively, in addition to magnetic defects.

We implanted 57Fe with 5x1016 ions/cm2 into SnO2 films containing 0.1% Sb and 3% Sb at the substrate temperature of 500°C in vacuum. As a result, four kinds of subspectra were observed in the DCEM spectra by using a back scattered type of gas counter. Two doublets are assigned to paramagnetic Fe3+ and Fe2+ species and two sextets are assigned to site A and site B of magnetite. Magnetite formation was found to prefer the top layer, whereas paramagnetic Fe2+ species were included in the deeper layer of the films. SnO2 (with 0.1% and 3% Sb) films doped with 5x1016 57Fe ions/cm2 at 500°C and post-annealed at 400°C for 6 h showed bulk ferromagnetism at room temperature although the 57Fe implanted SnO2 (3% Sb) film showed smaller Kerr effect than the 57Fe implanted SnO2 (0.1% Sb) film. This phenomenon was attributed mainly to the amount of magnetite in the as prepared samples and to the maghemite in the post-annealed samples, respectively, in addition to magnetic defects.

The as implanted sample at room temperature and post-annealed samples did not show Kerr effect, but the sample implanted with 1x1017 Fe ions/cm2, heated at 300°C, showed a little Kerr effect although the magnetic sextets were not clearly observed in 57Fe CEM spectra. The Kerr effect disappeared after postannealing. This suggests that the number of magnetic defects decreases by absorption of oxygen [1]. We also showed that the bulk magnetization is enhanced by co-doping of Sb and Fe into SnO2 powder [2]. We have analyzed the nanostructure of SnO2 films doped with 57Fe by conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) and nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS) at SPring8. We implanted 57Fe with 5x1016 ions/cm2 into SnO2 films containing 0.1% Sb and 3% Sb at the substrate temperature of 500°C in vacuum. Kerr rotation angles for 0.1% Sb doped SnO2 film were larger than that for 3%Sb doped SnO2 films. The samples post-annealed at 400°C for 6 hours also showed the Kerr effect. DCEM spectra were measured by discriminating conversion electrons with a back scattered type of gas counter [3]. As the results, four subspectra were observed: two doublets are assigned to paramagnetic Fe3+ and Fe2+ species and two broad sextets to site A and site B of magnetite. For 0.1%Sb doped SnO2 films the relative area of the magnetite phase was larger than for 3%Sb doped SnO2 films. After post-annealing, two sextets changed into one broad sextet, which is due to fine maghemite. The ferromagnetic behaviors of Fe implanted tin oxide films were attributed mainly due to the formation of magnetite for the as implanted samples and of maghemite for the post-annealed samples, respectively, rather than magnetic defects.

The interaction of a spin 1/2 particle (described by the non-relativistic "Dirac" equation of L\'evy-Leblond) with Chern-Simons gauge fields is studied. It is shown, that similarly to the four dimensional spinor models, there is a consistent possibility of coupling them also by axial or chiral type currents. Static self dual vortex solutions together with a vortex-lattice are found with the new couplings., Comment: Plain TEX, 10 pages