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Background and Aims: Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are secretory glands of an aqueous solution composed mainly of sugars, amino acids and lipids, frequently used as food resource by ants, which tend to protect their host plants against herbivorous insects. Although the Amazon forest is recognized worldwide for its high plant diversity, few studies have been carried out in the region that characterize the different morphotypes of EFNs. In this context, our main aim was to perform a brief morphological description of EFNs in the Brazilian Amazonian rainforest. Methods: We established a plot of 6250 m2 in ten forest fragments situated in the state of Acre, Brazilian Amazon. In these plots, we performed intensive field surveys to locate EFN-bearing plant species. Subsequently, we used scanning electron microscopy images to morphologically characterize the EFNs. The morphological descriptions included information about the life form of EFN-bearing plant species, morphotypes of EFNs and their location in different plant structures. Key results: We morphologically characterized 67 EFN-bearing plant species, distributed in 28 genera and 19 families. The botanical families with the highest taxonomic representativeness were Fabaceae, Bignoniaceae and Malpighiaceae. Lianas were the life form with the largest number of EFN-bearing plant species, while elevated EFNs were the most frequent morphotype. Conclusions: The high frequency of elevated EFNs evidences the importance of the ant defense system against herbivory in these Brazilian Amazonian forests, since it has been documented in others works that this morphotype secretes a larger nectar volume, which is an advantage in relation to the attraction potential. Finally, our results indicate the existence of a high diversity of EFN-bearing plant species in this region of the Brazilian Amazon, and an important morphological diversity of associated extrafloral nectaries., Antecedentes y Objetivos: Los nectarios extraflorales (NEFs) son glándulas secretoras de una solución acuosa compuesta principalmente de azúcares, aminoácidos y lípidos, frecuentemente utilizada como recurso alimenticio por hormigas, que tienden a proteger sus plantas hospederas contra insectos herbívoros. Aunque la selva amazónica es reconocida mundialmente por su alta diversidad de plantas, pocos estudios se han realizado en la región que caracterizan las diferentes formas de NEFs. En este contexto, nuestro principal objetivo fue realizar una descripción morfológica de los NEFs en una selva amazónica brasileña. Métodos: Establecimos una parcela de 6250 m2 en diez fragmentos de bosque situados en el estado de Acre, Amazonía Brasileña. En estas parcelas, realizamos recorridos de campo intensivos para localizar especies de plantas portadoras de NEFs. Posteriormente, utilizamos imágenes de microscopía electrónica de barrido para caracterizar morfológicamente los NEFs. Las descripciones morfológicas incluyeron información sobre la forma de vida de las especies de plantas portadoras de NEFs, morfotipos de NEFs y su ubicación en las diferentes estructuras de la planta. Resultados clave: Caracterizamos morfológicamente 67 especies de plantas portadoras de NEFs, distribuidas en 28 géneros y 19 familias. Las familias botánicas con mayor representatividad taxonómica fueron Fabaceae, Bignoniaceae y Malpighiaceae. Las lianas fueron la forma de vida que presentó más especies de plantas portadoras de NEFs, mientras que los NEFs de tipo elevado fueron los más frecuentes. Conclusiones: La mayor frecuencia de NEFs de tipo elevado evidencia la importancia del sistema de defensa de hormigas contra la herbivoria en esta selva amazónica brasileña, ya que se ha documentado en otros trabajos que este morfotipo secreta un mayor volumen de néctar, lo que es una ventaja en relación con el potencial de atracción. Finalmente, nuestros hallazgos indican la existencia de una alta diversidad de

[EN] In the framework of a phytoplankton and biotoxin monitoring program implemented since 2008 in marine coastal waters of the Buenos Aires Province (Argentina), the strain LPCc022 of a nanoplanktonic, thin-walled woloszynskioid dinoflagellate, has been isolated. LSU rDNA-based phylogeny showed that the isolated strain belonged to a molecular clade corresponding with of Biecheleria brevisulcata. B. brevisulcata can be differentiated by light microscopy from the species B. baltica, B. halophila, B. cincta and B. tirezensis based on the location of the nucleus in the cell, the size range of the cells, and the environments they inhabit. This is the first report of the genus Biecheleria and the species B. brevisulcata in Argentina and overall South-western Atlantic waters., [ES] En el marco de un programa de monitoreo de fitoplancton y biotoxinas implementado desde 2008 en aguas marinas costeras de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina), ha sido aislada la cepa LPCc022 de un dinoflagelado woloszynskioide, nanoplanctónico, de paredes delgadas. La filogenia basada en LSU rDNA mostró que la cepa aislada pertenecía a un clado molecular correspondiente a Biecheleria brevisulcata. B. brevisulcata puede ser diferenciada mediante microscopía óptica de las especies B. baltica, B. halophila, B. cincta y B. tirezensis sobre la base de la ubicación del núcleo en la célula, el rango de tamaño de las células y los ambientes que habitan. Este es el primer reporte del género Biecheleria y la especie B. brevisulcata en Argentina y en general en aguas del Atlántico sudoccidental.

Most of the tomato genotypes are inbred in nature, indicating the need to assess and characterize germplasm accessions as they are the reserve for genotypes with desired traits. Documentation on morphological traits is quite informative in tomato breeding programs since higher levels of diversity on morphological traits are associated with genotypes with lower genetic diversity when assessed using molecular markers. The present investigation aimed to evaluate morphological diversity in tomato germplasm accessions. Morphological characterization was performed in 104 genotypes acquired from various sources. Thirty-three morphological traits, such as seedling, plant, inflorescence and fruit, were scored based on the tomato descriptors. Out of 33 characters studied, 26 traits exhibited diverse modalities, 4 traits exhibited varied classes in genotypes and 3 traits did not show any variants. Qualitative characterization highlighted greater variability among genotypes, as witnessed by their diverse modalities for each trait. The collected data was subjected to Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering following Ward’s method. Cluster analysis and dendrogram construction displayed genetic diversity's richness in the germplasm accessions. Cluster analysis placed these 104 genotypes in six clusters. The largest cluster comprised 55 genotypes, whereas the smallest cluster had three. Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering helped to find similarities between genotypes. This efficiently assigned genotypes into groups and thus provided guidelines for parental selection in tomato hybridization and breeding programmes.

Jatropha curcas pertenece a la familia Euphorbiaceae, originaria de México y Centro América, actualmente crece en regiones tropicales y subtropicales del mundo. Es una planta multipropósito, cuyo interés en los últimos años está relacionado a su potencial como materia prima para producción de biodiesel. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las características morfológicas y productivas de accesiones de Jatropha curcas L., no tóxicas, recolectadas en distintas regiones de Veracruz y que fueron propagadas por semilla en la región centro del estado en el año 2019. El material vegetal consistió en 23 accesiones con cinco repeticiones, plantas que tenían tres años. Las variables registradas fueron: altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, ramas (primarias, secundarias, terciarias), longitud y ancho de hoja, brotes florales, número de racimos y frutos; longitud, ancho, color y número de semillas por fruto, en semillas se registró el peso, longitud, ancho, espesor y peso total de semillas por planta. El análisis de varianza detectó diferencias significativas (p≤ 0.05) entre accesiones para la mayoría de las variables. El análisis de componentes principales, los primeros dos explicaron 57.66% y 60.8% de la variación. En accesiones propagados por semilla las variables sobresalientes fueron: brotes florales, racimos, frutos y producción de semilla (accesiones I-34, I-32 e I-47). Estas accesiones tienen el mayor potencial y vigor para ser incluidos en un programa de mejoramiento genético. Se concluye que existe una amplia variación morfológica en las accesiones estudiados., Jatropha curcasbelongs tothe family Euphorbiaceae, native to Mexico and Central America, currently grows in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is a multipurpose plant, whose interest in recent years is related to its potential as a raw material for biodiesel production. The objective of this research wasto evaluate the morphological and productive characteristics of accessionsof non-toxicJatropha curcasL., collected in different regions of Veracruz and that were propagated by seed in the central region of the state in 2019. The plant material consisted of 23 accessions with five repetitions, plants that were three years old. The variables recorded wereplant height, stem diameter, branches (primary, secondary, tertiary), leaf length and width, flower buds, number of clustersand fruits; length, width, color and number of seeds per fruit, in seeds the weight,length, width, thickness and total weight of seeds per plant were recorded. The analysis of variance detected significant differences (p≤ 0.05) between accessions for most variables. The principal component analysis, the first two explained 57.66% and 60.8% of the variation. In seed-propagated accessions, the outstandingvariables wereflower buds, clusters, fruits and seed production (accessions I-34, I-32 and I-47). These accessions have the greatest potential and vigor to be included in a genetic improvement program. It is concluded that there is a wide morphological variation in the accessions studied.

Rice being the global grain, its genetic diversity is essential to support farmers' adaptation to climate change for sustainable production. Genetic variability analysis is essential to identify the diverse genotypes and to use them in hybridization programs. Although several advanced molecular techniques are now being used to characterize plants, morphological characterization is always preferred owing to their ease of detection. However, not all morphological traits can be observed through naked eyes. Observing micro-morphological variations requires the help of specialized optical instruments. "Foldscope" is a simple and portable optical instrument, which offers a great opportunity to exploit micro-morphological variations in crop plants. Hence, the current study was aimed at the micro-morphological characterization of rice crop using a foldscope. A total of 24 elite rice genotypes including checks were evaluated using Randomized Complete Block Design during Kharif 2018 at Agricultural Research Station Gangavati, to explore their genetic diversity. Five often neglected micro-morphological traits but associated with the traits of economic importance were recorded using 'foldscope' to assess the variability existing among the selected genotypes. The analysis of variance revealed substantial variations across all genotypes for all the characteristics investigated. The traits viz., length of leaf serrations, length of hairs on the lemma, and root hair length exhibited higher GCV, PCV, heritability, and GAM most likely because of additive gene effects. So, selection for these traits may be effective. The study also showed that foldscope can be effectively used in agriculture to study micro-morphological diversity between crop genotypes.

Starchy corn is considered one of the main foods of the inhabitants of the Peruvian highlands, where most of the production is destined for self-consumption, in different forms. The main objective of this study was to determine the morphological characterization of 25 varieties of starchy maize, evaluated in 2 environments in the province of Tayacaja, Huancavelica, Peru, in the 2019-2020 crop cycle. For the morphological characterization, 24 plant and ear characters were used, analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of variance. In the multivariate analysis, principal components (PC) and cluster analysis with Ward's method were used. The agronomical studies allowed to demonstrate the superiority of the improved varieties for most of the characters studied, which shows the importance of plant breeding to obtain genotypes with outstanding agronomic performance. According to the PC analysis, the first three PCs explained 67 % of the phenotypic variation observed in the group of populations studied. The morphological characterization classified the varieties into six well-defined groups, based on the traits analyzed. All traits used in the study were appropriate for the classification and characterization of the phenotypic variability of local maize varieties, except for grain yield, grain index and the number of secondary branches in the spike, for which no differences were observed between the variety’s groups., O milho amiláceo é considerado um dos principais alimentos dos habitantes do altiplano peruano, onde a maior parte da produção é destinada ao autoconsumo, em diferentes formas. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi determinar a caracterização morfológica de 25 variedades de milho amiláceo, avaliadas em 2 ambientes contrastantes na província de Tayacaja, Huancavelica, Peru, no ciclo da safra 2019-2020., El maíz amiláceo es considerado uno de los principales alimentos de los habitantes de la sierra peruana, en donde la mayor parte de la producción está destinada al autoconsumo, en diferentes formas. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar la caracterización morfológica de 25 variedades de maíz amiláceo, evaluadas en 2 ambientes contrastantes de la provincia de Tayacaja, Huancavelica, Perú, en el ciclo del cultivo 2019-2020. La caracterización morfológica se efectuó utilizando 24 caracteres de planta y de mazorca, analizados mediante análisis de varianza univariado y multivariado. En el análisis multivariado se utilizó el método de componentes principales (CP) y el análisis de conglomerados por el método de Ward. Los estudios agronómicos permitieron demostrar la superioridad de las variedades mejoradas para la mayoría de los caracteres estudiados, lo cual refleja la importancia del mejoramiento genético de plantas en la obtención de genotipos con desempeño agronómico sobresalientes. De acuerdo al análisis de CP, los tres primeros CP explicaron 67 % de la variación fenotípica observada en el grupo de poblaciones estudiadas. La caracterización morfológica clasificó las variedades en seis grupos bien definidos, en función de los caracteres analizados. Todas las variables utilizadas en el estudio resultaron apropiadas para la clasificación y caracterización de la variabilidad fenotípica de materiales locales de maíz, excepto del rendimiento de grano, el índice de grano y el número de ramas secundarias en la espiga, para las cuales no se observó diferencias entre los grupos de variedades.

Starchy corn is considered one of the main foods of the inhabitants of the Peruvian highlands, where most of the production is destined for self-consumption, in different forms. The main objective of this study was to determine the morphological characterization of 25 varieties of starchy maize, evaluated in 2 environments in the province of Tayacaja, Huancavelica, Peru, in the 2019-2020 crop cycle. For the morphological characterization, 24 plant and ear characters were used, analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of variance. In the multivariate analysis, principal components (PC) and cluster analysis with Ward's method were used. The agronomical studies allowed to demonstrate the superiority of the improved varieties for most of the characters studied, which shows the importance of plant breeding to obtain genotypes with outstanding agronomic performance. According to the PC analysis, the first three PCs explained 67 % of the phenotypic variation observed in the group of populations studied. The morphological characterization classified the varieties into six well-defined groups, based on the traits analyzed. All traits used in the study were appropriate for the classification and characterization of the phenotypic variability of local maize varieties, except for grain yield, grain index and the number of secondary branches in the spike, for which no differences were observed between the variety’s groups., O milho amiláceo é considerado um dos principais alimentos dos habitantes do altiplano peruano, onde a maior parte da produção é destinada ao autoconsumo, em diferentes formas. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi determinar a caracterização morfológica de 25 variedades de milho amiláceo, avaliadas em 2 ambientes contrastantes na província de Tayacaja, Huancavelica, Peru, no ciclo da safra 2019-2020., El maíz amiláceo es considerado uno de los principales alimentos de los habitantes de la sierra peruana, en donde la mayor parte de la producción está destinada al autoconsumo, en diferentes formas. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar la caracterización morfológica de 25 variedades de maíz amiláceo, evaluadas en 2 ambientes contrastantes de la provincia de Tayacaja, Huancavelica, Perú, en el ciclo del cultivo 2019-2020. La caracterización morfológica se efectuó utilizando 24 caracteres de planta y de mazorca, analizados mediante análisis de varianza univariado y multivariado. En el análisis multivariado se utilizó el método de componentes principales (CP) y el análisis de conglomerados por el método de Ward. Los estudios agronómicos permitieron demostrar la superioridad de las variedades mejoradas para la mayoría de los caracteres estudiados, lo cual refleja la importancia del mejoramiento genético de plantas en la obtención de genotipos con desempeño agronómico sobresalientes. De acuerdo al análisis de CP, los tres primeros CP explicaron 67 % de la variación fenotípica observada en el grupo de poblaciones estudiadas. La caracterización morfológica clasificó las variedades en seis grupos bien definidos, en función de los caracteres analizados. Todas las variables utilizadas en el estudio resultaron apropiadas para la clasificación y caracterización de la variabilidad fenotípica de materiales locales de maíz, excepto del rendimiento de grano, el índice de grano y el número de ramas secundarias en la espiga, para las cuales no se observó diferencias entre los grupos de variedades.

Starchy corn is considered one of the main foods of the inhabitants of the Peruvian highlands, where most of the production is destined for self-consumption, in different forms. The main objective of this study was to determine the morphological characterization of 25 varieties of starchy maize, evaluated in 2 environments in the province of Tayacaja, Huancavelica, Peru, in the 2019-2020 crop cycle. For the morphological characterization, 24 plant and ear characters were used, analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of variance. In the multivariate analysis, principal components (PC) and cluster analysis with Ward's method were used. The agronomical studies allowed to demonstrate the superiority of the improved varieties for most of the characters studied, which shows the importance of plant breeding to obtain genotypes with outstanding agronomic performance. According to the PC analysis, the first three PCs explained 67 % of the phenotypic variation observed in the group of populations studied. The morphological characterization classified the varieties into six well-defined groups, based on the traits analyzed. All traits used in the study were appropriate for the classification and characterization of the phenotypic variability of local maize varieties, except for grain yield, grain index and the number of secondary branches in the spike, for which no differences were observed between the variety’s groups., El maíz amiláceo es considerado uno de los principales alimentos de los habitantes de la sierra peruana, en donde la mayor parte de la producción está destinada al autoconsumo, en diferentes formas. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar la caracterización morfológica de 25 variedades de maíz amiláceo, evaluadas en 2 ambientes contrastantes de la provincia de Tayacaja, Huancavelica, Perú, en el ciclo del cultivo 2019-2020. La caracterización morfológica se efectuó utilizando 24 caracteres de planta y de mazorca, analizados mediante análisis de varianza univariado y multivariado. En el análisis multivariado se utilizó el método de componentes principales (CP) y el análisis de conglomerados por el método de Ward. Los estudios agronómicos permitieron demostrar la superioridad de las variedades mejoradas para la mayoría de los caracteres estudiados, lo cual refleja la importancia del mejoramiento genético de plantas en la obtención de genotipos con desempeño agronómico sobresalientes. De acuerdo al análisis de CP, los tres primeros CP explicaron 67 % de la variación fenotípica observada en el grupo de poblaciones estudiadas. La caracterización morfológica clasificó las variedades en seis grupos bien definidos, en función de los caracteres analizados. Todas las variables utilizadas en el estudio resultaron apropiadas para la clasificación y caracterización de la variabilidad fenotípica de materiales locales de maíz, excepto del rendimiento de grano, el índice de grano y el número de ramas secundarias en la espiga, para las cuales no se observó diferencias entre los grupos de variedades., O milho amiláceo é considerado um dos principais alimentos dos habitantes do altiplano peruano, onde a maior parte da produção é destinada ao autoconsumo, em diferentes formas. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi determinar a caracterização morfológica de 25 variedades de milho amiláceo, avaliadas em 2 ambientes contrastantes na província de Tayacaja, Huancavelica, Peru, no ciclo da safra 2019-2020.

Starchy corn is considered one of the main foods of the inhabitants of the Peruvian highlands, where most of the production is destined for self-consumption, in different forms. The main objective of this study was to determine the morphological characterization of 25 varieties of starchy maize, evaluated in 2 environments in the province of Tayacaja, Huancavelica, Peru, in the 2019-2020 crop cycle. For the morphological characterization, 24 plant and ear characters were used, analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of variance. In the multivariate analysis, principal components (PC) and cluster analysis with Ward's method were used. The agronomical studies allowed to demonstrate the superiority of the improved varieties for most of the characters studied, which shows the importance of plant breeding to obtain genotypes with outstanding agronomic performance. According to the PC analysis, the first three PCs explained 67 % of the phenotypic variation observed in the group of populations studied. The morphological characterization classified the varieties into six well-defined groups, based on the traits analyzed. All traits used in the study were appropriate for the classification and characterization of the phenotypic variability of local maize varieties, except for grain yield, grain index and the number of secondary branches in the spike, for which no differences were observed between the variety’s groups., El maíz amiláceo es considerado uno de los principales alimentos de los habitantes de la sierra peruana, en donde la mayor parte de la producción está destinada al autoconsumo, en diferentes formas. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar la caracterización morfológica de 25 variedades de maíz amiláceo, evaluadas en 2 ambientes contrastantes de la provincia de Tayacaja, Huancavelica, Perú, en el ciclo del cultivo 2019-2020. La caracterización morfológica se efectuó utilizando 24 caracteres de planta y de mazorca, analizados mediante análisis de varianza univariado y multivariado. En el análisis multivariado se utilizó el método de componentes principales (CP) y el análisis de conglomerados por el método de Ward. Los estudios agronómicos permitieron demostrar la superioridad de las variedades mejoradas para la mayoría de los caracteres estudiados, lo cual refleja la importancia del mejoramiento genético de plantas en la obtención de genotipos con desempeño agronómico sobresalientes. De acuerdo al análisis de CP, los tres primeros CP explicaron 67 % de la variación fenotípica observada en el grupo de poblaciones estudiadas. La caracterización morfológica clasificó las variedades en seis grupos bien definidos, en función de los caracteres analizados. Todas las variables utilizadas en el estudio resultaron apropiadas para la clasificación y caracterización de la variabilidad fenotípica de materiales locales de maíz, excepto del rendimiento de grano, el índice de grano y el número de ramas secundarias en la espiga, para las cuales no se observó diferencias entre los grupos de variedades., O milho amiláceo é considerado um dos principais alimentos dos habitantes do altiplano peruano, onde a maior parte da produção é destinada ao autoconsumo, em diferentes formas. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi determinar a caracterização morfológica de 25 variedades de milho amiláceo, avaliadas em 2 ambientes contrastantes na província de Tayacaja, Huancavelica, Peru, no ciclo da safra 2019-2020.

Starchy corn is considered one of the main foods of the inhabitants of the Peruvian highlands, where most of the production is destined for self-consumption, in different forms. The main objective of this study was to determine the morphological characterization of 25 varieties of starchy maize, evaluated in 2 environments in the province of Tayacaja, Huancavelica, Peru, in the 2019-2020 crop cycle. For the morphological characterization, 24 plant and ear characters were used, analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of variance. In the multivariate analysis, principal components (PC) and cluster analysis with Ward's method were used. The agronomical studies allowed to demonstrate the superiority of the improved varieties for most of the characters studied, which shows the importance of plant breeding to obtain genotypes with outstanding agronomic performance. According to the PC analysis, the first three PCs explained 67 % of the phenotypic variation observed in the group of populations studied. The morphological characterization classified the varieties into six well-defined groups, based on the traits analyzed. All traits used in the study were appropriate for the classification and characterization of the phenotypic variability of local maize varieties, except for grain yield, grain index and the number of secondary branches in the spike, for which no differences were observed between the variety’s groups., El maíz amiláceo es considerado uno de los principales alimentos de los habitantes de la sierra peruana, en donde la mayor parte de la producción está destinada al autoconsumo, en diferentes formas. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar la caracterización morfológica de 25 variedades de maíz amiláceo, evaluadas en 2 ambientes contrastantes de la provincia de Tayacaja, Huancavelica, Perú, en el ciclo del cultivo 2019-2020. La caracterización morfológica se efectuó utilizando 24 caracteres de planta y de mazorca, analizados mediante análisis de varianza univariado y multivariado. En el análisis multivariado se utilizó el método de componentes principales (CP) y el análisis de conglomerados por el método de Ward. Los estudios agronómicos permitieron demostrar la superioridad de las variedades mejoradas para la mayoría de los caracteres estudiados, lo cual refleja la importancia del mejoramiento genético de plantas en la obtención de genotipos con desempeño agronómico sobresalientes. De acuerdo al análisis de CP, los tres primeros CP explicaron 67 % de la variación fenotípica observada en el grupo de poblaciones estudiadas. La caracterización morfológica clasificó las variedades en seis grupos bien definidos, en función de los caracteres analizados. Todas las variables utilizadas en el estudio resultaron apropiadas para la clasificación y caracterización de la variabilidad fenotípica de materiales locales de maíz, excepto del rendimiento de grano, el índice de grano y el número de ramas secundarias en la espiga, para las cuales no se observó diferencias entre los grupos de variedades., O milho amiláceo é considerado um dos principais alimentos dos habitantes do altiplano peruano, onde a maior parte da produção é destinada ao autoconsumo, em diferentes formas. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi determinar a caracterização morfológica de 25 variedades de milho amiláceo, avaliadas em 2 ambientes contrastantes na província de Tayacaja, Huancavelica, Peru, no ciclo da safra 2019-2020.

Over the years, fullerene has been covalently linked to other polar structures, increasing its aqueous solubility, thereby improving its potential use for biological and biomedical applications. Here, we report on the self-organization characteristics in water of fullerene-steroid hybrid derivatives with broad structural features. A library of 12 hybrid derivatives was prepared and classified into three groups: (1) mono adducts with only one steroid molecule and one fullerene moiety fused; (2) hybrids bearing wings with one fullerene moiety and two steroid molecules; and (3) a structure with two fullerene moieties linked to one steroid molecule and a mixture of two different monoaducts where C60-malonate is attached to the A or D ring of steroid moiety. Different spectroscopic techniques characterized all synthesized fullerene derivatives, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments (1H and 13C), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The morphology of the derivatives in aqueous solution was determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In general, all the derivatives were organized into spherical nanoscale structures, where the structural characteristics defined the particle size distribution (PSD), showing a broad range of sizes from 6 to over 50 nm, and only a low percentage of larger particles were observed. The presence of dehydroepiandrosterone moieties in fullerene derivatives bearing wings and the increase in lipophilicity conferred by two C60 in the same structure induced more homogeneous and smaller particles, ranging from 6 to 20 nm. A preliminary computational study of the wing aggregates IIb showed that theoretical curve aggregates are more stable than linear ones supporting our TEM and PDS results.

Rice being the global grain, its genetic diversity is essential to support farmers' adaptation to climate change for sustainable production. Genetic variability analysis is essential to identify the diverse genotypes and to use them in hybridization programs. Although several advanced molecular techniques are now being used to characterize plants, morphological characterization is always preferred owing to their ease of detection. However, not all morphological traits can be observed through naked eyes. Observing micro-morphological variations requires the help of specialized optical instruments. "Foldscope" is a simple and portable optical instrument, which offers a great opportunity to exploit micro-morphological variations in crop plants. Hence, the current study was aimed at the micro-morphological characterization of rice crop using a foldscope. A total of 24 elite rice genotypes including checks were evaluated using Randomized Complete Block Design during Kharif 2018 at Agricultural Research Station Gangavati, to explore their genetic diversity. Five often neglected micro-morphological traits but associated with the traits of economic importance were recorded using 'foldscope' to assess the variability existing among the selected genotypes. The analysis of variance revealed substantial variations across all genotypes for all the characteristics investigated. The traits viz., length of leaf serrations, length of hairs on the lemma, and root hair length exhibited higher GCV, PCV, heritability, and GAM most likely because of additive gene effects. So, selection for these traits may be effective. The study also showed that foldscope can be effectively used in agriculture to study micro-morphological diversity between crop genotypes.

Fungi, with all their biological and enzymatic qualities, could have great potential being implemented in industrial processes. In this study, filamentous fungi from Sonsón-Antioquia region were isolated and characterized. A morphological characterization was carried out using taxonomic keys and additionally a biochemical characterization qualitatively evaluated the amylolytic, cellulolytic, lipolytic, proteolytic, catalase, peroxidase, and laccase capacity of the strains. Furthermore, isolated fungi were molecularly identified using the LSU region of the rDNA (28S). Among the strains identified, Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Mucor sp. Aspergillus sp. and Lecythophora sp. genera were found and it was observed that the analyzed fungi present at least one of the seven enzymatic activities evaluated and some genera such as Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus sp. present even six of them. Therefore, the isolated strains show desirable characteristics in food, paper, cosmetic, and textile industries, and in areas such as bioremediation and biological control., Los hongos podrían ser implementados en procesos industriales debido a su potencial biológico y enzimático. En este estudio se aislaron y caracterizaron hongos filamentosos de muestras de madera y suelo de la reserva natural “La Lorena” (Sonsón, Colombia). Para ello, se realizó una caracterización morfológica empleando claves taxonómicas que, complementada con una caracterización bioquímica, evaluó cualitativamente la capacidad enzimática amilolítica, celulolítica, lipolítica, proteolítica, catalasa, peroxidasa y lacasa de las cepas. Lo anterior se corroboró molecularmente utilizando la región LSU del ADNr (28S). Entre los géneros identificados se encuentran Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Mucor sp., Aspergillus sp. y Lecythophora sp. que presentan mínimo una de las siete actividades enzimáticas evaluadas y algunos como Trichoderma sp y Aspergillus sp. presentan incluso seis de ellas. Por lo tanto, los hongos aislados muestran características para ser utilizados en industrias como la alimenticia, papelera, cosmética, textil e incluso en campos como biorremediación y control biológico.

Fungi, with all their biological and enzymatic qualities, could have great potential being implemented in industrial processes. In this study, filamentous fungi from Sonsón-Antioquia region were isolated and characterized. A morphological characterization was carried out using taxonomic keys and additionally a biochemical characterization qualitatively evaluated the amylolytic, cellulolytic, lipolytic, proteolytic, catalase, peroxidase, and laccase capacity of the strains. Furthermore, isolated fungi were molecularly identified using the LSU region of the rDNA (28S). Among the strains identified, Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Mucor sp. Aspergillus sp. and Lecythophora sp. genera were found and it was observed that the analyzed fungi present at least one of the seven enzymatic activities evaluated and some genera such as Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus sp. present even six of them. Therefore, the isolated strains show desirable characteristics in food, paper, cosmetic, and textile industries, and in areas such as bioremediation and biological control., Los hongos podrían ser implementados en procesos industriales debido a su potencial biológico y enzimático. En este estudio se aislaron y caracterizaron hongos filamentosos de muestras de madera y suelo de la reserva natural “La Lorena” (Sonsón, Colombia). Para ello, se realizó una caracterización morfológica empleando claves taxonómicas que, complementada con una caracterización bioquímica, evaluó cualitativamente la capacidad enzimática amilolítica, celulolítica, lipolítica, proteolítica, catalasa, peroxidasa y lacasa de las cepas. Lo anterior se corroboró molecularmente utilizando la región LSU del ADNr (28S). Entre los géneros identificados se encuentran Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Mucor sp., Aspergillus sp. y Lecythophora sp. que presentan mínimo una de las siete actividades enzimáticas evaluadas y algunos como Trichoderma sp y Aspergillus sp. presentan incluso seis de ellas. Por lo tanto, los hongos aislados muestran características para ser utilizados en industrias como la alimenticia, papelera, cosmética, textil e incluso en campos como biorremediación y control biológico.

Fungi, with all their biological and enzymatic qualities, could have great potential being implemented in industrial processes. In this study, filamentous fungi from Sonsón-Antioquia region were isolated and characterized. A morphological characterization was carried out using taxonomic keys and additionally a biochemical characterization qualitatively evaluated the amylolytic, cellulolytic, lipolytic, proteolytic, catalase, peroxidase, and laccase capacity of the strains. Furthermore, isolated fungi were molecularly identified using the LSU region of the rDNA (28S). Among the strains identified, Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Mucor sp. Aspergillus sp. and Lecythophora sp. genera were found and it was observed that the analyzed fungi present at least one of the seven enzymatic activities evaluated and some genera such as Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus sp. present even six of them. Therefore, the isolated strains show desirable characteristics in food, paper, cosmetic, and textile industries, and in areas such as bioremediation and biological control., Los hongos podrían ser implementados en procesos industriales debido a su potencial biológico y enzimático. En este estudio se aislaron y caracterizaron hongos filamentosos de muestras de madera y suelo de la reserva natural “La Lorena” (Sonsón, Colombia). Para ello, se realizó una caracterización morfológica empleando claves taxonómicas que, complementada con una caracterización bioquímica, evaluó cualitativamente la capacidad enzimática amilolítica, celulolítica, lipolítica, proteolítica, catalasa, peroxidasa y lacasa de las cepas. Lo anterior se corroboró molecularmente utilizando la región LSU del ADNr (28S). Entre los géneros identificados se encuentran Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Mucor sp., Aspergillus sp. y Lecythophora sp. que presentan mínimo una de las siete actividades enzimáticas evaluadas y algunos como Trichoderma sp y Aspergillus sp. presentan incluso seis de ellas. Por lo tanto, los hongos aislados muestran características para ser utilizados en industrias como la alimenticia, papelera, cosmética, textil e incluso en campos como biorremediación y control biológico.

Fungi, with all their biological and enzymatic qualities, could have great potential being implemented in industrial processes. In this study, filamentous fungi from Sonsón-Antioquia region were isolated and characterized. A morphological characterization was carried out using taxonomic keys and additionally a biochemical characterization qualitatively evaluated the amylolytic, cellulolytic, lipolytic, proteolytic, catalase, peroxidase, and laccase capacity of the strains. Furthermore, isolated fungi were molecularly identified using the LSU region of the rDNA (28S). Among the strains identified, Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Mucor sp. Aspergillus sp. and Lecythophora sp. genera were found and it was observed that the analyzed fungi present at least one of the seven enzymatic activities evaluated and some genera such as Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus sp. present even six of them. Therefore, the isolated strains show desirable characteristics in food, paper, cosmetic, and textile industries, and in areas such as bioremediation and biological control., Los hongos podrían ser implementados en procesos industriales debido a su potencial biológico y enzimático. En este estudio se aislaron y caracterizaron hongos filamentosos de muestras de madera y suelo de la reserva natural “La Lorena” (Sonsón, Colombia). Para ello, se realizó una caracterización morfológica empleando claves taxonómicas que, complementada con una caracterización bioquímica, evaluó cualitativamente la capacidad enzimática amilolítica, celulolítica, lipolítica, proteolítica, catalasa, peroxidasa y lacasa de las cepas. Lo anterior se corroboró molecularmente utilizando la región LSU del ADNr (28S). Entre los géneros identificados se encuentran Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Mucor sp., Aspergillus sp. y Lecythophora sp. que presentan mínimo una de las siete actividades enzimáticas evaluadas y algunos como Trichoderma sp y Aspergillus sp. presentan incluso seis de ellas. Por lo tanto, los hongos aislados muestran características para ser utilizados en industrias como la alimenticia, papelera, cosmética, textil e incluso en campos como biorremediación y control biológico.

Fungi, with all their biological and enzymatic qualities, could have great potential being implemented in industrial processes. In this study, filamentous fungi from Sonsón-Antioquia region were isolated and characterized. A morphological characterization was carried out using taxonomic keys and additionally a biochemical characterization qualitatively evaluated the amylolytic, cellulolytic, lipolytic, proteolytic, catalase, peroxidase, and laccase capacity of the strains. Furthermore, isolated fungi were molecularly identified using the LSU region of the rDNA (28S). Among the strains identified, Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Mucor sp. Aspergillus sp. and Lecythophora sp. genera were found and it was observed that the analyzed fungi present at least one of the seven enzymatic activities evaluated and some genera such as Trichoderma sp. and Aspergillus sp. present even six of them. Therefore, the isolated strains show desirable characteristics in food, paper, cosmetic, and textile industries, and in areas such as bioremediation and biological control., Los hongos podrían ser implementados en procesos industriales debido a su potencial biológico y enzimático. En este estudio se aislaron y caracterizaron hongos filamentosos de muestras de madera y suelo de la reserva natural “La Lorena” (Sonsón, Colombia). Para ello, se realizó una caracterización morfológica empleando claves taxonómicas que, complementada con una caracterización bioquímica, evaluó cualitativamente la capacidad enzimática amilolítica, celulolítica, lipolítica, proteolítica, catalasa, peroxidasa y lacasa de las cepas. Lo anterior se corroboró molecularmente utilizando la región LSU del ADNr (28S). Entre los géneros identificados se encuentran Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Mucor sp., Aspergillus sp. y Lecythophora sp. que presentan mínimo una de las siete actividades enzimáticas evaluadas y algunos como Trichoderma sp y Aspergillus sp. presentan incluso seis de ellas. Por lo tanto, los hongos aislados muestran características para ser utilizados en industrias como la alimenticia, papelera, cosmética, textil e incluso en campos como biorremediación y control biológico.

The effect of silver particle sizes on the catalytic performance of Ag/C electrodes for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was studied. The Ag particles were precipitated from AgNO3 solutions on Vulcan XC-72 carbon as support by γ-radiation induced synthesis method. The structural and morphological characterizations of the electrode materials were done by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that particles with smaller diameters, 11 ± 6 nm, possess higher catalytic activity for ORR (50 mA/cm2 at 0.3 V) as compared to those with larger diameters, 41 ± 5 nm, ORR activity is 25 mA/cm2 at 0.3 V. The observed effect may be explained by an increased amount of low coordinated atoms in smaller particles as compared to the larger ones., QC 20200527

[ES] Las líneas celulares y los modelos animales son los sistemas más utilizados en la investigación sobre cáncer y lo han sido durante muchos años. Sin embargo, estos sistemas modelo no son capaces de representar a la perfección las características de los diferentes tumores que podemos encontrar en los pacientes. Así pues, para poder superar dichas limitaciones, se han generado los organoides como modelos preclínicos de la enfermedad, ya que éstos son capaces de replicar aspectos como la arquitectura, morfología, perfil genético y fenotipo asociados a los tumores estudiados de manera paciente-específica. La Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica, en el año 2020, muestra como el cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es el 4º tipo de cáncer más común en la población global. La generación de organoides de CCR se prevé que pueda posicionarse como uno de los recursos científicos más prometedores para comprender este tipo de cáncer, así como su tratamiento. En este trabajo se han generado organoides derivados de tejido sano, tumores localizados, así como metástasis y recto, de pacientes afectados por cáncer colorrectal, a partir de biopsias tisulares. En primer lugar, se ha realizado un ensayo para la optimización del protocolo actual en el que se ha comprobado cuál era el porcentaje de Matrigel más adecuado para el crecimiento y supervivencia de los organoides. Utilizando el procedimiento más óptimo se han podido establecer 2 líneas de organoides tumorales procedentes de cáncer colorrectal localizado y 2 líneas de la parte no tumoral pareada. También se ha establecido 1 línea de organoides de cáncer colorrectal metastásico y 2 líneas de organoides de recto. Estos organoides se han amplificado hasta obtener un cultivo con crecimiento estable. Se ha realizado la caracterización tanto a nivel molecular como morfológico, ya que es necesario verificar que son modelos idénticos al tumor del que provienen. Entre la gran variedad de ensayos que se pueden llevar a cabo, en el trabajo se ha re, [EN] Cell lines and animal models are the most common systems used for cancer research during many years. However, these model systems are not able to represent perfectly the characteristics of the different tumors that may be encountered in each patient. In order to overcome such limitations, organoids are generated and used as research models, as they are able to replicate the architecture, morphology, genetic profile and phenotypes displayed by tumors in a patient-specific way. In 2020, the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology shows that colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 4th most common type of cancer in a population. Hence, the generation of CRC organoids, is expected to become one of the most promising scientific resources in the understanding of this cancer and its treatment. In this work, a protocol for the generation of organoids is established. The organoids are derived from healthy tissue, localized tumors as well as colon metastasis and rectum tissue, from colorectal cancer patients, using tissue biopsies. Firstly, an assay for the optimization of the current protocol is carried out, in order to test the percentage of Matrigel more suitable for the growth and survival of the organoids. Using the more suitable protocol, different lines are established: 2 organoid lines from localized tumor tissue and 2 organoid lines from non-tumoral tissue associated to the localized tumors previously mentioned. 1 organoid line from metastatic colorectal cancer and 2 organoid lines from rectum tissue are also established. Then, these organoids are subcultured up to the constitution of a culture with stable growth. They are characterized from a morphological and a molecular point of view as it is necessary to verify that they are identical models to the tumor from which they are derived. There is a wide array of different assays that can be performed with the organoids; in this work, a drug assay is carried out with the objective of assessing the sensitivity of the organoids t

[ES] Las líneas celulares y los modelos animales son los sistemas más utilizados en la investigación sobre cáncer y lo han sido durante muchos años. Sin embargo, estos sistemas modelo no son capaces de representar a la perfección las características de los diferentes tumores que podemos encontrar en los pacientes. Así pues, para poder superar dichas limitaciones, se han generado los organoides como modelos preclínicos de la enfermedad, ya que éstos son capaces de replicar aspectos como la arquitectura, morfología, perfil genético y fenotipo asociados a los tumores estudiados de manera paciente-específica. La Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica, en el año 2020, muestra como el cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es el 4º tipo de cáncer más común en la población global. La generación de organoides de CCR se prevé que pueda posicionarse como uno de los recursos científicos más prometedores para comprender este tipo de cáncer, así como su tratamiento. En este trabajo se han generado organoides derivados de tejido sano, tumores localizados, así como metástasis y recto, de pacientes afectados por cáncer colorrectal, a partir de biopsias tisulares. En primer lugar, se ha realizado un ensayo para la optimización del protocolo actual en el que se ha comprobado cuál era el porcentaje de Matrigel más adecuado para el crecimiento y supervivencia de los organoides. Utilizando el procedimiento más óptimo se han podido establecer 2 líneas de organoides tumorales procedentes de cáncer colorrectal localizado y 2 líneas de la parte no tumoral pareada. También se ha establecido 1 línea de organoides de cáncer colorrectal metastásico y 2 líneas de organoides de recto. Estos organoides se han amplificado hasta obtener un cultivo con crecimiento estable. Se ha realizado la caracterización tanto a nivel molecular como morfológico, ya que es necesario verificar que son modelos idénticos al tumor del que provienen. Entre la gran variedad de ensayos que se pueden llevar a cabo, en el trabajo se ha re, [EN] Cell lines and animal models are the most common systems used for cancer research during many years. However, these model systems are not able to represent perfectly the characteristics of the different tumors that may be encountered in each patient. In order to overcome such limitations, organoids are generated and used as research models, as they are able to replicate the architecture, morphology, genetic profile and phenotypes displayed by tumors in a patient-specific way. In 2020, the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology shows that colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 4th most common type of cancer in a population. Hence, the generation of CRC organoids, is expected to become one of the most promising scientific resources in the understanding of this cancer and its treatment. In this work, a protocol for the generation of organoids is established. The organoids are derived from healthy tissue, localized tumors as well as colon metastasis and rectum tissue, from colorectal cancer patients, using tissue biopsies. Firstly, an assay for the optimization of the current protocol is carried out, in order to test the percentage of Matrigel more suitable for the growth and survival of the organoids. Using the more suitable protocol, different lines are established: 2 organoid lines from localized tumor tissue and 2 organoid lines from non-tumoral tissue associated to the localized tumors previously mentioned. 1 organoid line from metastatic colorectal cancer and 2 organoid lines from rectum tissue are also established. Then, these organoids are subcultured up to the constitution of a culture with stable growth. They are characterized from a morphological and a molecular point of view as it is necessary to verify that they are identical models to the tumor from which they are derived. There is a wide array of different assays that can be performed with the organoids; in this work, a drug assay is carried out with the objective of assessing the sensitivity of the organoids t

Este trabalho buscou obter óxido de grafite a partir da aplicação do moinho de bolas de alta energia (HEBM). O processo de moagem ocorreu inserindo 4 g da amostra de grafite comercial no HEBM pelos períodos de 30min, 1 hora e 4 horas. A análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foi utilizada para a caracterização morfológica das amostras. A análise da difratometria de raios X (DRX) permitiu medir as distâncias interplanares obtidas a partir da trituração da amostra, além de avaliar a diferença estrutural entre as amostras pós-solo obtidas pelo processo de amorfização mecânica. Os resultados indicaram que o aumento no tempo de moagem perturbou a ordem estrutural da grafite e aumentou a distância interplanar das amostras pós-solo em comparação com a grafite precursora.

Este trabalho buscou obter óxido de grafite a partir da aplicação do moinho de bolas de alta energia (HEBM). O processo de moagem ocorreu inserindo 4 g da amostra de grafite comercial no HEBM pelos períodos de 30min, 1 hora e 4 horas. A análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foi utilizada para a caracterização morfológica das amostras. A análise da difratometria de raios X (DRX) permitiu medir as distâncias interplanares obtidas a partir da trituração da amostra, além de avaliar a diferença estrutural entre as amostras pós-solo obtidas pelo processo de amorfização mecânica. Os resultados indicaram que o aumento no tempo de moagem perturbou a ordem estrutural da grafite e aumentou a distância interplanar das amostras pós-solo em comparação com a grafite precursora.

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are versatile imaging devices for the micro-and nanoscale that find application in various disciplines such as the characterization of biological, mineral or mechanical specimen. Even though the specimen’s two-dimensional (2D) properties are provided by the acquired images, detailed morphological characterizations require knowledge about the three-dimensional (3D) surface structure. To overcome this limitation, a reconstruction routine is presented that allows the quantitative depth reconstruction from SEM image sequences. Based on the SEM’s imaging properties that can be well described by an affine camera, the proposed algorithms rely on the use of affine epipolar geometry, self-calibration via factorization and triangulation from dense correspondences. To yield the highest robustness and accuracy, different sub-models of the affine camera are applied to the SEM images and the obtained results are directly compared to confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) measurements to identify the ideal parametrization and underlying algorithms. To solve the rectification problem for stereo-pair images of an affine camera so that dense matching algorithms can be applied, existing approaches are adapted and extended to further enhance the yielded results. The evaluations of this study allow to specify the applicability of the affine camera models to SEM images and what accuracies can be expected for reconstruction routines based on self-calibration and dense matching algorithms. © MDPI AG. All rights reserved.

Este trabalho buscou obter óxido de grafite a partir da aplicação do moinho de bolas de alta energia (HEBM). O processo de moagem ocorreu inserindo 4 g da amostra de grafite comercial no HEBM pelos períodos de 30min, 1 hora e 4 horas. A análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foi utilizada para a caracterização morfológica das amostras. A análise da difratometria de raios X (DRX) permitiu medir as distâncias interplanares obtidas a partir da trituração da amostra, além de avaliar a diferença estrutural entre as amostras pós-solo obtidas pelo processo de amorfização mecânica. Os resultados indicaram que o aumento no tempo de moagem perturbou a ordem estrutural da grafite e aumentou a distância interplanar das amostras pós-solo em comparação com a grafite precursora.

Este trabalho buscou obter óxido de grafite a partir da aplicação do moinho de bolas de alta energia (HEBM). O processo de moagem ocorreu inserindo 4 g da amostra de grafite comercial no HEBM pelos períodos de 30min, 1 hora e 4 horas. A análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foi utilizada para a caracterização morfológica das amostras. A análise da difratometria de raios X (DRX) permitiu medir as distâncias interplanares obtidas a partir da trituração da amostra, além de avaliar a diferença estrutural entre as amostras pós-solo obtidas pelo processo de amorfização mecânica. Os resultados indicaram que o aumento no tempo de moagem perturbou a ordem estrutural da grafite e aumentou a distância interplanar das amostras pós-solo em comparação com a grafite precursora.

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are versatile imaging devices for the micro-and nanoscale that find application in various disciplines such as the characterization of biological, mineral or mechanical specimen. Even though the specimen’s two-dimensional (2D) properties are provided by the acquired images, detailed morphological characterizations require knowledge about the three-dimensional (3D) surface structure. To overcome this limitation, a reconstruction routine is presented that allows the quantitative depth reconstruction from SEM image sequences. Based on the SEM’s imaging properties that can be well described by an affine camera, the proposed algorithms rely on the use of affine epipolar geometry, self-calibration via factorization and triangulation from dense correspondences. To yield the highest robustness and accuracy, different sub-models of the affine camera are applied to the SEM images and the obtained results are directly compared to confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) measurements to identify the ideal parametrization and underlying algorithms. To solve the rectification problem for stereo-pair images of an affine camera so that dense matching algorithms can be applied, existing approaches are adapted and extended to further enhance the yielded results. The evaluations of this study allow to specify the applicability of the affine camera models to SEM images and what accuracies can be expected for reconstruction routines based on self-calibration and dense matching algorithms. © MDPI AG. All rights reserved.

Barley has been continuously cultivated in the Canary archipelago for millennia, and to this day landrace barley is the preferred choice for cultivation. We have morphologically and genetically characterized 57 landraces collected during the twenty-first century and conserved in genebanks. The majority of accessions were of the six-row type. Although landraces from the same island tended to be similar, the results showed morphological and genetic diversity both within and in the case of genetic data among islands. Accessions from the easternmost islands were genetically distinct from those from the central and western islands. Accessions from the western islands often had a mixed genetical composition, suggesting more recent exchange of plant material with the central islands. The geographic distribution of diversity suggests that conservation of barley genetic resources needs to consider all islands in the archipelago. Landrace barley from the Canary archipelago was found to be morphologically distinct from continental landrace barley. We suggest the uniqueness of Canarian barley, in terms of morphology and genetic diversity, can be used for marketing purposes providing added market value to the crop.

The relatively new and still growing field of 3D-printing has opened up the possibilities to manufacture patient-specific medical devices with high geometrical accuracy in a precise and quick manner. Additionally, biocompatible materials are a demand for all medical applications while biodegradability is of importance when developing scaffolds for tissue growth for instance. With respect to this, this project consisted of developing biocompatible and bioresorbable polymer blend and composite filaments, for fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were used as supporting polymer matrix while hydroxyapatite (HA), a calcium phosphate with similar chemical composition to the mineral phase of human bone, was added to the composites to enhance the biological activity. PLA and PCL content was varied between 90–70 wt% and 10-30 wt%, respectively, while the HA content was 15 wt% in all composites. All materials were characterized in terms of mechanical properties, thermal stability, chemical composition and morphology. An accelerated degradation study of the materials was also executed in order to investigate the degradation behavior as well as the impact of the degradation on the above mentioned properties. The results showed that all processed materials exhibited higher mechanical properties compared to the human trabecular bone, even after degradation with a mass loss of around 30% for the polymer blends and 60% for the composites. It was also apparent that the mineral accelerated the polymer degradation significantly, which can be advantageous for injuries with faster healing time, requiring only support for a shorter time period.

El tomate (Solanum licopersicum L.), fue introducido en Europa, procedente de América, en el siglo XV. Actualmente es uno de los cultivos más importantes a nivel mundial. La grave disminución, en las últimas décadas, del cultivo de las variedades tradicionales y sus prácticas culturales asociadas, plantean la necesidad de la puesta en valor de las variedades tradicionales de tomate y de sus prácticas de cultivo. Con éste objetivo, surge el proyecto europeo Traditom. Este proyecto se fundamenta en los conocimientos de una serie de científicos que cubren aspectos complementarios de la genética, genómica y metabolismo, así como de la evaluación agronómica, sensorial y socioeconómica de los tomates. Todo ello se complementa con el conocimiento tradicional y agronómico que es proporcionado por las asociaciones de agricultores pertenecientes a diferentes países participantes. El presente proyecto final de máster desarrolla, dentro del proyecto Traditom, el estudio de los materiales que se obtienen al combinar un conjunto de variedades tradicionales de tomate con determinadas líneas de mejora. Los resultados obtenidos, pueden ser cruciales en el establecimiento de nuevas estrategias en la futura generación de variedades tradicionales mejoradas. Estas pueden ser muy interesantes para determinados agricultores y mercados. Para ello se ha realizado la caracterización agronómica, morfológica y química de 105 variedades tradicionales de tomate de distintos países europeos (España, Francia, Italia y Grecia), de 7 líneas de mejora portadoras de genes de resistencia a virus, hongos y nematodos, y 322 híbridos entre ellas. Los datos muestran que determinados caracteres difieren significativamente con respecto a la estimación de sus parentales. Cabe resaltar el caso de la carga de frutos, mayor en gran número de plantas híbridas. Así mismo, se han obtenido numerosos híbridos donde los frutos han mostrado un aumento de los ºBrix y una disminución de la acidez en la composición químic, Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was introduced in Europe from America on XVth century. Nowadays is one of the most important crops on earth. The lost of landraces and its cultural associated practices make necessary its revalorization. With these aims, the european project Traditom was developed. This project is based on the knowledge of a series of scientists that cover complementary aspects of genetics, genomics and metabolism; but also on agronomical, sensorial and socioeconomic evaluation of tomato varieties. All this information is complemented with the historical knowledge proportionated by farmer associations from the different countries involved on. This master thesis develops the study on materials obtained by breeding of selected landraces and new breed lines. Our results may be crucial on the research of new strategies for the generation of improved landraces, an interesting fact for farmers and markets. To achieve that, we have assessed: 105 landraces from several European countries (Spain, Italy, France and Greece); 7 new breed lines with genetic resistance to virus, fungus and nematodes; and 322 hybrids between them. The data shows certain characters that differ significantly with respect to the estimation of their parents. One of these facts is the bigger number of fruits per plant observed in hybrids. Furthermore, hybrids have displayed higher Brix degrees and lower acidity. In addition, the behavior of the character of the "color of the shoulders", with a greater green intensity with respect to the rest of the fruit in the maturation process, which has shown a recessive inheritance. This last characteristic is very interesting in the development of new traditional varieties, because it is perceived by the consumer associated with better quality. The results show some facts which determine the possibilities of new ways to create improved landraces. On one hand, we have obtained information about whose interesting profitable features are maintained o

The relatively new and still growing field of 3D-printing has opened up the possibilities to manufacture patient-specific medical devices with high geometrical accuracy in a precise and quick manner. Additionally, biocompatible materials are a demand for all medical applications while biodegradability is of importance when developing scaffolds for tissue growth for instance. With respect to this, this project consisted of developing biocompatible and bioresorbable polymer blend and composite filaments, for fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were used as supporting polymer matrix while hydroxyapatite (HA), a calcium phosphate with similar chemical composition to the mineral phase of human bone, was added to the composites to enhance the biological activity. PLA and PCL content was varied between 90–70 wt% and 10-30 wt%, respectively, while the HA content was 15 wt% in all composites. All materials were characterized in terms of mechanical properties, thermal stability, chemical composition and morphology. An accelerated degradation study of the materials was also executed in order to investigate the degradation behavior as well as the impact of the degradation on the above mentioned properties. The results showed that all processed materials exhibited higher mechanical properties compared to the human trabecular bone, even after degradation with a mass loss of around 30% for the polymer blends and 60% for the composites. It was also apparent that the mineral accelerated the polymer degradation significantly, which can be advantageous for injuries with faster healing time, requiring only support for a shorter time period.

El tomate (Solanum licopersicum L.), fue introducido en Europa, procedente de América, en el siglo XV. Actualmente es uno de los cultivos más importantes a nivel mundial. La grave disminución, en las últimas décadas, del cultivo de las variedades tradicionales y sus prácticas culturales asociadas, plantean la necesidad de la puesta en valor de las variedades tradicionales de tomate y de sus prácticas de cultivo. Con éste objetivo, surge el proyecto europeo Traditom. Este proyecto se fundamenta en los conocimientos de una serie de científicos que cubren aspectos complementarios de la genética, genómica y metabolismo, así como de la evaluación agronómica, sensorial y socioeconómica de los tomates. Todo ello se complementa con el conocimiento tradicional y agronómico que es proporcionado por las asociaciones de agricultores pertenecientes a diferentes países participantes. El presente proyecto final de máster desarrolla, dentro del proyecto Traditom, el estudio de los materiales que se obtienen al combinar un conjunto de variedades tradicionales de tomate con determinadas líneas de mejora. Los resultados obtenidos, pueden ser cruciales en el establecimiento de nuevas estrategias en la futura generación de variedades tradicionales mejoradas. Estas pueden ser muy interesantes para determinados agricultores y mercados. Para ello se ha realizado la caracterización agronómica, morfológica y química de 105 variedades tradicionales de tomate de distintos países europeos (España, Francia, Italia y Grecia), de 7 líneas de mejora portadoras de genes de resistencia a virus, hongos y nematodos, y 322 híbridos entre ellas. Los datos muestran que determinados caracteres difieren significativamente con respecto a la estimación de sus parentales. Cabe resaltar el caso de la carga de frutos, mayor en gran número de plantas híbridas. Así mismo, se han obtenido numerosos híbridos donde los frutos han mostrado un aumento de los ºBrix y una disminución de la acidez en la composición químic, Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was introduced in Europe from America on XVth century. Nowadays is one of the most important crops on earth. The lost of landraces and its cultural associated practices make necessary its revalorization. With these aims, the european project Traditom was developed. This project is based on the knowledge of a series of scientists that cover complementary aspects of genetics, genomics and metabolism; but also on agronomical, sensorial and socioeconomic evaluation of tomato varieties. All this information is complemented with the historical knowledge proportionated by farmer associations from the different countries involved on. This master thesis develops the study on materials obtained by breeding of selected landraces and new breed lines. Our results may be crucial on the research of new strategies for the generation of improved landraces, an interesting fact for farmers and markets. To achieve that, we have assessed: 105 landraces from several European countries (Spain, Italy, France and Greece); 7 new breed lines with genetic resistance to virus, fungus and nematodes; and 322 hybrids between them. The data shows certain characters that differ significantly with respect to the estimation of their parents. One of these facts is the bigger number of fruits per plant observed in hybrids. Furthermore, hybrids have displayed higher Brix degrees and lower acidity. In addition, the behavior of the character of the "color of the shoulders", with a greater green intensity with respect to the rest of the fruit in the maturation process, which has shown a recessive inheritance. This last characteristic is very interesting in the development of new traditional varieties, because it is perceived by the consumer associated with better quality. The results show some facts which determine the possibilities of new ways to create improved landraces. On one hand, we have obtained information about whose interesting profitable features are maintained o

El tomate (Solanum licopersicum L.), fue introducido en Europa, procedente de América, en el siglo XV. Actualmente es uno de los cultivos más importantes a nivel mundial. La grave disminución, en las últimas décadas, del cultivo de las variedades tradicionales y sus prácticas culturales asociadas, plantean la necesidad de la puesta en valor de las variedades tradicionales de tomate y de sus prácticas de cultivo. Con éste objetivo, surge el proyecto europeo Traditom. Este proyecto se fundamenta en los conocimientos de una serie de científicos que cubren aspectos complementarios de la genética, genómica y metabolismo, así como de la evaluación agronómica, sensorial y socioeconómica de los tomates. Todo ello se complementa con el conocimiento tradicional y agronómico que es proporcionado por las asociaciones de agricultores pertenecientes a diferentes países participantes. El presente proyecto final de máster desarrolla, dentro del proyecto Traditom, el estudio de los materiales que se obtienen al combinar un conjunto de variedades tradicionales de tomate con determinadas líneas de mejora. Los resultados obtenidos, pueden ser cruciales en el establecimiento de nuevas estrategias en la futura generación de variedades tradicionales mejoradas. Estas pueden ser muy interesantes para determinados agricultores y mercados. Para ello se ha realizado la caracterización agronómica, morfológica y química de 105 variedades tradicionales de tomate de distintos países europeos (España, Francia, Italia y Grecia), de 7 líneas de mejora portadoras de genes de resistencia a virus, hongos y nematodos, y 322 híbridos entre ellas. Los datos muestran que determinados caracteres difieren significativamente con respecto a la estimación de sus parentales. Cabe resaltar el caso de la carga de frutos, mayor en gran número de plantas híbridas. Así mismo, se han obtenido numerosos híbridos donde los frutos han mostrado un aumento de los ºBrix y una disminución de la acidez en la composición químic, Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was introduced in Europe from America on XVth century. Nowadays is one of the most important crops on earth. The lost of landraces and its cultural associated practices make necessary its revalorization. With these aims, the european project Traditom was developed. This project is based on the knowledge of a series of scientists that cover complementary aspects of genetics, genomics and metabolism; but also on agronomical, sensorial and socioeconomic evaluation of tomato varieties. All this information is complemented with the historical knowledge proportionated by farmer associations from the different countries involved on. This master thesis develops the study on materials obtained by breeding of selected landraces and new breed lines. Our results may be crucial on the research of new strategies for the generation of improved landraces, an interesting fact for farmers and markets. To achieve that, we have assessed: 105 landraces from several European countries (Spain, Italy, France and Greece); 7 new breed lines with genetic resistance to virus, fungus and nematodes; and 322 hybrids between them. The data shows certain characters that differ significantly with respect to the estimation of their parents. One of these facts is the bigger number of fruits per plant observed in hybrids. Furthermore, hybrids have displayed higher Brix degrees and lower acidity. In addition, the behavior of the character of the "color of the shoulders", with a greater green intensity with respect to the rest of the fruit in the maturation process, which has shown a recessive inheritance. This last characteristic is very interesting in the development of new traditional varieties, because it is perceived by the consumer associated with better quality. The results show some facts which determine the possibilities of new ways to create improved landraces. On one hand, we have obtained information about whose interesting profitable features are maintained o

Environmental sequences have become a major source of information. High‐throughput sequencing (HTS) surveys have been used to infer biogeographic patterns and distribution of broad taxa of protists. This approach is, however, more questionable for addressing low‐rank (less inclusive) taxa such as species and genera, because of the increased chance of errors in identification due to blurry taxonomic boundaries, low sequence divergence, or sequencing errors. The specious ciliate genus Euplotes partially escapes these limitations. It is a ubiquitous, monophyletic taxon, clearly differentiated from related genera, and with a relatively well‐developed internal systematics. It has also been the focus of several ecological studies. We present an update on Euplotes biogeography, taking into consideration for the first time environmental sequences, both traditional (Sanger) and HTS. We inferred a comprehensive small subunit rRNA gene phylogeny of the genus including a newly described marine species, Euplotes enigma, characterized by a unique question mark‐shaped macronucleus. We then added available environmental sequences to the tree, mapping associated metadata. The resulting scenario conflicts on many accounts with previously held views, suggesting, for example, that a large diversity of anaerobic Euplotes species exist, and that marine representatives of mainly freshwater lineages (and vice‐versa) might be more common than previously thought

Barley has been continuously cultivated in the Canary archipelago for millennia, and to this day landrace barley is the preferred choice for cultivation. We have morphologically and genetically characterized 57 landraces collected during the twenty-first century and conserved in genebanks. The majority of accessions were of the six-row type. Although landraces from the same island tended to be similar, the results showed morphological and genetic diversity both within and in the case of genetic data among islands. Accessions from the easternmost islands were genetically distinct from those from the central and western islands. Accessions from the western islands often had a mixed genetical composition, suggesting more recent exchange of plant material with the central islands. The geographic distribution of diversity suggests that conservation of barley genetic resources needs to consider all islands in the archipelago. Landrace barley from the Canary archipelago was found to be morphologically distinct from continental landrace barley. We suggest the uniqueness of Canarian barley, in terms of morphology and genetic diversity, can be used for marketing purposes providing added market value to the crop., Funding agencies: Olle Engkvist Byggmastare foundation; Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities

El tomate (Solanum licopersicum L.), fue introducido en Europa, procedente de América, en el siglo XV. Actualmente es uno de los cultivos más importantes a nivel mundial. La grave disminución, en las últimas décadas, del cultivo de las variedades tradicionales y sus prácticas culturales asociadas, plantean la necesidad de la puesta en valor de las variedades tradicionales de tomate y de sus prácticas de cultivo. Con éste objetivo, surge el proyecto europeo Traditom. Este proyecto se fundamenta en los conocimientos de una serie de científicos que cubren aspectos complementarios de la genética, genómica y metabolismo, así como de la evaluación agronómica, sensorial y socioeconómica de los tomates. Todo ello se complementa con el conocimiento tradicional y agronómico que es proporcionado por las asociaciones de agricultores pertenecientes a diferentes países participantes. El presente proyecto final de máster desarrolla, dentro del proyecto Traditom, el estudio de los materiales que se obtienen al combinar un conjunto de variedades tradicionales de tomate con determinadas líneas de mejora. Los resultados obtenidos, pueden ser cruciales en el establecimiento de nuevas estrategias en la futura generación de variedades tradicionales mejoradas. Estas pueden ser muy interesantes para determinados agricultores y mercados. Para ello se ha realizado la caracterización agronómica, morfológica y química de 105 variedades tradicionales de tomate de distintos países europeos (España, Francia, Italia y Grecia), de 7 líneas de mejora portadoras de genes de resistencia a virus, hongos y nematodos, y 322 híbridos entre ellas. Los datos muestran que determinados caracteres difieren significativamente con respecto a la estimación de sus parentales. Cabe resaltar el caso de la carga de frutos, mayor en gran número de plantas híbridas. Así mismo, se han obtenido numerosos híbridos donde los frutos han mostrado un aumento de los ºBrix y una disminución de la acidez en la composición químic, Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was introduced in Europe from America on XVth century. Nowadays is one of the most important crops on earth. The lost of landraces and its cultural associated practices make necessary its revalorization. With these aims, the european project Traditom was developed. This project is based on the knowledge of a series of scientists that cover complementary aspects of genetics, genomics and metabolism; but also on agronomical, sensorial and socioeconomic evaluation of tomato varieties. All this information is complemented with the historical knowledge proportionated by farmer associations from the different countries involved on. This master thesis develops the study on materials obtained by breeding of selected landraces and new breed lines. Our results may be crucial on the research of new strategies for the generation of improved landraces, an interesting fact for farmers and markets. To achieve that, we have assessed: 105 landraces from several European countries (Spain, Italy, France and Greece); 7 new breed lines with genetic resistance to virus, fungus and nematodes; and 322 hybrids between them. The data shows certain characters that differ significantly with respect to the estimation of their parents. One of these facts is the bigger number of fruits per plant observed in hybrids. Furthermore, hybrids have displayed higher Brix degrees and lower acidity. In addition, the behavior of the character of the "color of the shoulders", with a greater green intensity with respect to the rest of the fruit in the maturation process, which has shown a recessive inheritance. This last characteristic is very interesting in the development of new traditional varieties, because it is perceived by the consumer associated with better quality. The results show some facts which determine the possibilities of new ways to create improved landraces. On one hand, we have obtained information about whose interesting profitable features are maintained o

Corn is a cereal of global importance for its different industrial uses and nutritional value; however, the effects caused by the presence of nematodes in the corn can be very harmful. For this reason, the present work was proposed with the main objective of recognizing and identifying the parasitic plants nematodes associated with this crop in the regions of Puno and Cusco; For this purpose, 131 soil samples were collected during the 2015-2016 campaign in the Puno Region (districts of Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, and San Gabán); and 30 samples in the Cusco Region, (districts of Pisac and Urubamba). The soil samples were processed by the centrifugal fluctuation method in sucrose solution. After analyzing the samples, the results determine the presence of the following genera of nematodes: Helicotylenchus spp., Mesocriconema spp., Globodera spp., Xiphinema spp., Rotylenchus spp. Dorylaimus spp. and free-living nematodes. Reporting the presence of six genera associated with the cultivation of corn is of scientific interest, because it will allow continuing applied technical research., El maíz es un cereal de importancia mundial por sus diferentes usos industriales y valor nutritivo; sin embargo los efectos ocasionados por la presencia de nematodos en el maiz pueden ser muy perjudiciales. Por ello se planteó el presente trabajo con el objetivo principal de reconocer e identificar los nematodos fitoparasitos asociados a este cultivo en las regiones de Puno y Cusco; para el efecto se recolectaron 131 muestras de suelo durante la campaña 2015-2016 en la Región Puno, (distritos de Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, San Gabán); y 30 muestras en la Región Cusco, (distritos de Pisac y Urubamba). Las muestras de suelo fueron procesadas por el método de fluctuación centrífuga en solución sacarosa. Una vez analizadas las muestras, los resultados determinan la presencia de los siguientes géneros de nematodos: Helicotylenchus spp., Mesocriconema spp., Globodera spp., Xiphinema spp., Rotylenchus spp. Dorylaimus spp. y nematodos de Vida libre. Reportar la presencia de seis géneros asociados con el cultivo de maíz es de interés científico, porque permitirá continuar con investigaciones técnicas aplicadas.

Corn is a cereal of global importance for its different industrial uses and nutritional value; however, the effects caused by the presence of nematodes in the corn can be very harmful. For this reason, the present work was proposed with the main objective of recognizing and identifying the parasitic plants nematodes associated with this crop in the regions of Puno and Cusco; For this purpose, 131 soil samples were collected during the 2015-2016 campaign in the Puno Region (districts of Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, and San Gabán); and 30 samples in the Cusco Region, (districts of Pisac and Urubamba). The soil samples were processed by the centrifugal fluctuation method in sucrose solution. After analyzing the samples, the results determine the presence of the following genera of nematodes: Helicotylenchus spp., Mesocriconema spp., Globodera spp., Xiphinema spp., Rotylenchus spp. Dorylaimus spp. and free-living nematodes. Reporting the presence of six genera associated with the cultivation of corn is of scientific interest, because it will allow continuing applied technical research., El maíz es un cereal de importancia mundial por sus diferentes usos industriales y valor nutritivo; sin embargo los efectos ocasionados por la presencia de nematodos en el maiz pueden ser muy perjudiciales. Por ello se planteó el presente trabajo con el objetivo principal de reconocer e identificar los nematodos fitoparasitos asociados a este cultivo en las regiones de Puno y Cusco; para el efecto se recolectaron 131 muestras de suelo durante la campaña 2015-2016 en la Región Puno, (distritos de Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, San Gabán); y 30 muestras en la Región Cusco, (distritos de Pisac y Urubamba). Las muestras de suelo fueron procesadas por el método de fluctuación centrífuga en solución sacarosa. Una vez analizadas las muestras, los resultados determinan la presencia de los siguientes géneros de nematodos: Helicotylenchus spp., Mesocriconema spp., Globodera spp., Xiphinema spp., Rotylenchus spp. Dorylaimus spp. y nematodos de Vida libre. Reportar la presencia de seis géneros asociados con el cultivo de maíz es de interés científico, porque permitirá continuar con investigaciones técnicas aplicadas.

Corn is a cereal of global importance for its different industrial uses and nutritional value; however, the effects caused by the presence of nematodes in the corn can be very harmful. For this reason, the present work was proposed with the main objective of recognizing and identifying the parasitic plants nematodes associated with this crop in the regions of Puno and Cusco; For this purpose, 131 soil samples were collected during the 2015-2016 campaign in the Puno Region (districts of Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, and San Gabán); and 30 samples in the Cusco Region, (districts of Pisac and Urubamba). The soil samples were processed by the centrifugal fluctuation method in sucrose solution. After analyzing the samples, the results determine the presence of the following genera of nematodes: Helicotylenchus spp., Mesocriconema spp., Globodera spp., Xiphinema spp., Rotylenchus spp. Dorylaimus spp. and free-living nematodes. Reporting the presence of six genera associated with the cultivation of corn is of scientific interest, because it will allow continuing applied technical research., El maíz es un cereal de importancia mundial por sus diferentes usos industriales y valor nutritivo; sin embargo los efectos ocasionados por la presencia de nematodos en el maiz pueden ser muy perjudiciales. Por ello se planteó el presente trabajo con el objetivo principal de reconocer e identificar los nematodos fitoparasitos asociados a este cultivo en las regiones de Puno y Cusco; para el efecto se recolectaron 131 muestras de suelo durante la campaña 2015-2016 en la Región Puno, (distritos de Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, San Gabán); y 30 muestras en la Región Cusco, (distritos de Pisac y Urubamba). Las muestras de suelo fueron procesadas por el método de fluctuación centrífuga en solución sacarosa. Una vez analizadas las muestras, los resultados determinan la presencia de los siguientes géneros de nematodos: Helicotylenchus spp., Mesocriconema spp., Globodera spp., Xiphinema spp., Rotylenchus spp. Dorylaimus spp. y nematodos de Vida libre. Reportar la presencia de seis géneros asociados con el cultivo de maíz es de interés científico, porque permitirá continuar con investigaciones técnicas aplicadas.

Corn is a cereal of global importance for its different industrial uses and nutritional value; however, the effects caused by the presence of nematodes in the corn can be very harmful. For this reason, the present work was proposed with the main objective of recognizing and identifying the parasitic plants nematodes associated with this crop in the regions of Puno and Cusco; For this purpose, 131 soil samples were collected during the 2015-2016 campaign in the Puno Region (districts of Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, and San Gabán); and 30 samples in the Cusco Region, (districts of Pisac and Urubamba). The soil samples were processed by the centrifugal fluctuation method in sucrose solution. After analyzing the samples, the results determine the presence of the following genera of nematodes: Helicotylenchus spp., Mesocriconema spp., Globodera spp., Xiphinema spp., Rotylenchus spp. Dorylaimus spp. and free-living nematodes. Reporting the presence of six genera associated with the cultivation of corn is of scientific interest, because it will allow continuing applied technical research., El maíz es un cereal de importancia mundial por sus diferentes usos industriales y valor nutritivo; sin embargo los efectos ocasionados por la presencia de nematodos en el maiz pueden ser muy perjudiciales. Por ello se planteó el presente trabajo con el objetivo principal de reconocer e identificar los nematodos fitoparasitos asociados a este cultivo en las regiones de Puno y Cusco; para el efecto se recolectaron 131 muestras de suelo durante la campaña 2015-2016 en la Región Puno, (distritos de Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, San Gabán); y 30 muestras en la Región Cusco, (distritos de Pisac y Urubamba). Las muestras de suelo fueron procesadas por el método de fluctuación centrífuga en solución sacarosa. Una vez analizadas las muestras, los resultados determinan la presencia de los siguientes géneros de nematodos: Helicotylenchus spp., Mesocriconema spp., Globodera spp., Xiphinema spp., Rotylenchus spp. Dorylaimus spp. y nematodos de Vida libre. Reportar la presencia de seis géneros asociados con el cultivo de maíz es de interés científico, porque permitirá continuar con investigaciones técnicas aplicadas.

Barley has been continuously cultivated in the Canary archipelago for millennia, and to this day landrace barley is the preferred choice for cultivation. We have morphologically and genetically characterized 57 landraces collected during the 21st century and conserved in genebanks. The majority of accessions were of the six-row type. Although landraces from the same island tended to be similar, the results showed morphological and genetic diversity both within and in the case of genetic data among islands. Accessions from the easternmost islands were genetically distinct from those from the central and western islands. Accessions from the western islands often had a mixed genetical composition, suggesting more recent exchange of plant material with the central islands. The geographic distribution of diversity suggests that conservation of barley genetic resources needs to consider all islands in the archipelago. Landrace barley from the Canary archipelago was found to be morphologically distinct from continental landrace barley. We suggest the uniqueness of Canarian barley, in terms of morphology and genetic diversity, can be used for marketing purposes providing added market value to the crop., This work is licensed under a CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0 1.0) Public Domain Dedication license.

Corn is a cereal of global importance for its different industrial uses and nutritional value; however, the effects caused by the presence of nematodes in the corn can be very harmful. For this reason, the present work was proposed with the main objective of recognizing and identifying the parasitic plants nematodes associated with this crop in the regions of Puno and Cusco; For this purpose, 131 soil samples were collected during the 2015-2016 campaign in the Puno Region (districts of Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, and San Gabán); and 30 samples in the Cusco Region, (districts of Pisac and Urubamba). The soil samples were processed by the centrifugal fluctuation method in sucrose solution. After analyzing the samples, the results determine the presence of the following genera of nematodes: Helicotylenchus spp., Mesocriconema spp., Globodera spp., Xiphinema spp., Rotylenchus spp. Dorylaimus spp. and free-living nematodes. Reporting the presence of six genera associated with the cultivation of corn is of scientific interest, because it will allow continuing applied technical research., El maíz es un cereal de importancia mundial por sus diferentes usos industriales y valor nutritivo; sin embargo los efectos ocasionados por la presencia de nematodos en el maiz pueden ser muy perjudiciales. Por ello se planteó el presente trabajo con el objetivo principal de reconocer e identificar los nematodos fitoparasitos asociados a este cultivo en las regiones de Puno y Cusco; para el efecto se recolectaron 131 muestras de suelo durante la campaña 2015-2016 en la Región Puno, (distritos de Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, San Gabán); y 30 muestras en la Región Cusco, (distritos de Pisac y Urubamba). Las muestras de suelo fueron procesadas por el método de fluctuación centrífuga en solución sacarosa. Una vez analizadas las muestras, los resultados determinan la presencia de los siguientes géneros de nematodos: Helicotylenchus spp., Mesocriconema spp., Globodera spp., Xiphinema spp., Rotylenchus spp. Dorylaimus spp. y nematodos de Vida libre. Reportar la presencia de seis géneros asociados con el cultivo de maíz es de interés científico, porque permitirá continuar con investigaciones técnicas aplicadas.

Corn is a cereal of global importance for its different industrial uses and nutritional value; however, the effects caused by the presence of nematodes in the corn can be very harmful. For this reason, the present work was proposed with the main objective of recognizing and identifying the parasitic plants nematodes associated with this crop in the regions of Puno and Cusco; For this purpose, 131 soil samples were collected during the 2015-2016 campaign in the Puno Region (districts of Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, and San Gabán); and 30 samples in the Cusco Region, (districts of Pisac and Urubamba). The soil samples were processed by the centrifugal fluctuation method in sucrose solution. After analyzing the samples, the results determine the presence of the following genera of nematodes: Helicotylenchus spp., Mesocriconema spp., Globodera spp., Xiphinema spp., Rotylenchus spp. Dorylaimus spp. and free-living nematodes. Reporting the presence of six genera associated with the cultivation of corn is of scientific interest, because it will allow continuing applied technical research., El maíz es un cereal de importancia mundial por sus diferentes usos industriales y valor nutritivo; sin embargo los efectos ocasionados por la presencia de nematodos en el maiz pueden ser muy perjudiciales. Por ello se planteó el presente trabajo con el objetivo principal de reconocer e identificar los nematodos fitoparasitos asociados a este cultivo en las regiones de Puno y Cusco; para el efecto se recolectaron 131 muestras de suelo durante la campaña 2015-2016 en la Región Puno, (distritos de Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, San Gabán); y 30 muestras en la Región Cusco, (distritos de Pisac y Urubamba). Las muestras de suelo fueron procesadas por el método de fluctuación centrífuga en solución sacarosa. Una vez analizadas las muestras, los resultados determinan la presencia de los siguientes géneros de nematodos: Helicotylenchus spp., Mesocriconema spp., Globodera spp., Xiphinema spp., Rotylenchus spp. Dorylaimus spp. y nematodos de Vida libre. Reportar la presencia de seis géneros asociados con el cultivo de maíz es de interés científico, porque permitirá continuar con investigaciones técnicas aplicadas.

Asparagus maritimus is a species distributed in sandy soils along the Mediterranean coast. It has been reported as salt tolerant and resistant to rust. The wild asparagus species are a very important genetic resources for asparagus breeding because the current commercial cultivars have a narrow genetic base. Until recently, the only population of A. maritimus catalogued in Spain was a small population, which is at high extinction risk, located around the coastal lagoon “Mar Menor” in the region of Murcia. Different studies carried out in the current work support the recent description of this population as a new species named Asparagus macrorrhizus. Plants from three populations of A. maritimus were used to carry out studies of characterization and the results were compared with plants of A. macrorrhizus. The morphological studies showed clear differences between the populations of A. maritimus and A. macrorrhizus. One of the differences found between these populations was at the ploidy level. The plants of A. maritimus were hexaploid (2n = 6x = 60), while the plants of A. macrorrhizus were dodecaploid (2n = 12x = 120). Also, the flavonoid composition showed that A. maritimus contains six different flavonoids while in A. macrorrhizus 90 % of the flavonoid content corresponds to only one flavonoid (Nicotiflorin) followed by minor quantities of other two. Another difference between these populations was supported by the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) using data from 4 EST-SSRs markers amplified in plants of A. maritimus and A. macrorrhizus, and clearly separates the two species. The differences found in this work highlight the importance of A. macrorrhizus as a possible genetic resource for asparagus breeding. The distribution of A. macrorrhizus is limited to the area surrounding the “Mar Menor” lagoon. The prospections carried out in the last years indicated the high risk of extinction of this species due to the urbanization of this natural habitat. Therefore

[EN] Chile peppers are one of the most important crops in Mexico and a plethora of ecotypes can be found there. Most of them are ancient open-pollinated (OP) landraces selected by farmers for uniform phenotype but with an inherent level of genetic diversity, called criollos. In this work 15 pepper accessions, encompassing 2 criollo lines, their open-pollinated progenies, and 5 controls, were characterized with a set of 36 IPGRI descriptors and 23 SSR markers to assess the effect of open pollination in the inbreeding process. Heterozygosity levels were comprised between 12 and 47% in the progenies, which were similar or lower than those values from parent plants and similar or higher than control cultivars. Also, both progenies and parents showed similar levels of agronomic and morphological uniformity. Our results suggest that this OP program is efficient in terms of reaching enough agronomic uniformity in criollo Ancho peppers while preserving certain genetic diversity to confer adaptation to climate change.

[EN] Chile peppers are one of the most important crops in Mexico and a plethora of ecotypes can be found there. Most of them are ancient open-pollinated (OP) landraces selected by farmers for uniform phenotype but with an inherent level of genetic diversity, called criollos. In this work 15 pepper accessions, encompassing 2 criollo lines, their open-pollinated progenies, and 5 controls, were characterized with a set of 36 IPGRI descriptors and 23 SSR markers to assess the effect of open pollination in the inbreeding process. Heterozygosity levels were comprised between 12 and 47% in the progenies, which were similar or lower than those values from parent plants and similar or higher than control cultivars. Also, both progenies and parents showed similar levels of agronomic and morphological uniformity. Our results suggest that this OP program is efficient in terms of reaching enough agronomic uniformity in criollo Ancho peppers while preserving certain genetic diversity to confer adaptation to climate change.

Corn (Zea mays L.) is a cereal of global importance for its different industrial uses and nutritive value. Like other crops, it is affected by pests, including nematodes, whose presence in the maize crop causes a decrease in yields, so the present work is presented. In order to determine the population density of nematodes associated with maize cultivation in the regions of Puno and Cusco; For which 121 soil samples were collected during the 2015-2016 campaign in the Puno Region, in the districts of Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea and San Gabán; And 30 samples from the Cusco Region, in the districts of Pisac and Urubamba. Were identified the genera genera Helicotylenchus spp. and verified. (32-100%), Mesocriconema spp. (33.3-63.8%), Globodera spp. (96-100%), Xiphinema spp. (11-36.6%), Rotylenchus spp. (20-77.2%) and Dorylaimus spp. (7.7%). It was also observed the presence of free-living nematodes (Saprophytes and predators) (96-100%). The most prevalent nematodes in all areas were Helicotylenchus, Mesocriconema and free-living nematodes., El maíz (Zea mays L.) es un cereal de importancia mundial por sus diferentes usos industriales y valor nutritivo. Al igual que otros cultivos, se ve afectado por plagas, entre ellos los nematodos, cuya presencia en el cultivo de maíz ocasiona disminución en los rendimientos, por ello se plantea el presente trabajo. Con la finalidad de determinar la densidad poblacional de nematodos asociados al cultivo de maíz en las regiones de Puno y Cusco; para lo cual se recolectó 121 muestras de suelo durante la campaña 2015-2016 en la Región Puno, en los distritos de Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, San Gabán; y 30 muestras de la Región Cusco, en los distritos de Pisac y Urubamba. Fueron identificados y verificados las incidencias los generos de Helicotylenchus spp. (32-100%), Mesocriconema spp. (33.3-63.8%), Globodera spp. (96-100%), Xiphinema spp. (11-36.6%), Rotylenchus spp. (20-77.2%) y Dorylaimus spp. (7.7%). Fue observado también la presencia de nematodos de vida libre (Saprofitas y predadores) (96-100%). Los nematodos más predominantes en todas áreas fueron Helicotylenchus, Mesocriconema y los nematdos de vida libre

Corn (Zea mays L.) is a cereal of global importance for its different industrial uses and nutritive value. Like other crops, it is affected by pests, including nematodes, whose presence in the maize crop causes a decrease in yields, so the present work is presented. In order to determine the population density of nematodes associated with maize cultivation in the regions of Puno and Cusco; For which 121 soil samples were collected during the 2015-2016 campaign in the Puno Region, in the districts of Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea and San Gabán; And 30 samples from the Cusco Region, in the districts of Pisac and Urubamba. Were identified the genera genera Helicotylenchus spp. and verified. (32-100%), Mesocriconema spp. (33.3-63.8%), Globodera spp. (96-100%), Xiphinema spp. (11-36.6%), Rotylenchus spp. (20-77.2%) and Dorylaimus spp. (7.7%). It was also observed the presence of free-living nematodes (Saprophytes and predators) (96-100%). The most prevalent nematodes in all areas were Helicotylenchus, Mesocriconema and free-living nematodes., El maíz (Zea mays L.) es un cereal de importancia mundial por sus diferentes usos industriales y valor nutritivo. Al igual que otros cultivos, se ve afectado por plagas, entre ellos los nematodos, cuya presencia en el cultivo de maíz ocasiona disminución en los rendimientos, por ello se plantea el presente trabajo. Con la finalidad de determinar la densidad poblacional de nematodos asociados al cultivo de maíz en las regiones de Puno y Cusco; para lo cual se recolectó 121 muestras de suelo durante la campaña 2015-2016 en la Región Puno, en los distritos de Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, San Gabán; y 30 muestras de la Región Cusco, en los distritos de Pisac y Urubamba. Fueron identificados y verificados las incidencias los generos de Helicotylenchus spp. (32-100%), Mesocriconema spp. (33.3-63.8%), Globodera spp. (96-100%), Xiphinema spp. (11-36.6%), Rotylenchus spp. (20-77.2%) y Dorylaimus spp. (7.7%). Fue observado también la presencia de nematodos de vida libre (Saprofitas y predadores) (96-100%). Los nematodos más predominantes en todas áreas fueron Helicotylenchus, Mesocriconema y los nematdos de vida libre

Corn (Zea mays L.) is a cereal of global importance for its different industrial uses and nutritive value. Like other crops, it is affected by pests, including nematodes, whose presence in the maize crop causes a decrease in yields, so the present work is presented. In order to determine the population density of nematodes associated with maize cultivation in the regions of Puno and Cusco; For which 121 soil samples were collected during the 2015-2016 campaign in the Puno Region, in the districts of Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea and San Gabán; And 30 samples from the Cusco Region, in the districts of Pisac and Urubamba. Were identified the genera genera Helicotylenchus spp. and verified. (32-100%), Mesocriconema spp. (33.3-63.8%), Globodera spp. (96-100%), Xiphinema spp. (11-36.6%), Rotylenchus spp. (20-77.2%) and Dorylaimus spp. (7.7%). It was also observed the presence of free-living nematodes (Saprophytes and predators) (96-100%). The most prevalent nematodes in all areas were Helicotylenchus, Mesocriconema and free-living nematodes., El maíz (Zea mays L.) es un cereal de importancia mundial por sus diferentes usos industriales y valor nutritivo. Al igual que otros cultivos, se ve afectado por plagas, entre ellos los nematodos, cuya presencia en el cultivo de maíz ocasiona disminución en los rendimientos, por ello se plantea el presente trabajo. Con la finalidad de determinar la densidad poblacional de nematodos asociados al cultivo de maíz en las regiones de Puno y Cusco; para lo cual se recolectó 121 muestras de suelo durante la campaña 2015-2016 en la Región Puno, en los distritos de Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, San Gabán; y 30 muestras de la Región Cusco, en los distritos de Pisac y Urubamba. Fueron identificados y verificados las incidencias los generos de Helicotylenchus spp. (32-100%), Mesocriconema spp. (33.3-63.8%), Globodera spp. (96-100%), Xiphinema spp. (11-36.6%), Rotylenchus spp. (20-77.2%) y Dorylaimus spp. (7.7%). Fue observado también la presencia de nematodos de vida libre (Saprofitas y predadores) (96-100%). Los nematodos más predominantes en todas áreas fueron Helicotylenchus, Mesocriconema y los nematdos de vida libre

Corn (Zea mays L.) is a cereal of global importance for its different industrial uses and nutritive value. Like other crops, it is affected by pests, including nematodes, whose presence in the maize crop causes a decrease in yields, so the present work is presented. In order to determine the population density of nematodes associated with maize cultivation in the regions of Puno and Cusco; For which 121 soil samples were collected during the 2015-2016 campaign in the Puno Region, in the districts of Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea and San Gabán; And 30 samples from the Cusco Region, in the districts of Pisac and Urubamba. Were identified the genera genera Helicotylenchus spp. and verified. (32-100%), Mesocriconema spp. (33.3-63.8%), Globodera spp. (96-100%), Xiphinema spp. (11-36.6%), Rotylenchus spp. (20-77.2%) and Dorylaimus spp. (7.7%). It was also observed the presence of free-living nematodes (Saprophytes and predators) (96-100%). The most prevalent nematodes in all areas were Helicotylenchus, Mesocriconema and free-living nematodes., El maíz (Zea mays L.) es un cereal de importancia mundial por sus diferentes usos industriales y valor nutritivo. Al igual que otros cultivos, se ve afectado por plagas, entre ellos los nematodos, cuya presencia en el cultivo de maíz ocasiona disminución en los rendimientos, por ello se plantea el presente trabajo. Con la finalidad de determinar la densidad poblacional de nematodos asociados al cultivo de maíz en las regiones de Puno y Cusco; para lo cual se recolectó 121 muestras de suelo durante la campaña 2015-2016 en la Región Puno, en los distritos de Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, San Gabán; y 30 muestras de la Región Cusco, en los distritos de Pisac y Urubamba. Fueron identificados y verificados las incidencias los generos de Helicotylenchus spp. (32-100%), Mesocriconema spp. (33.3-63.8%), Globodera spp. (96-100%), Xiphinema spp. (11-36.6%), Rotylenchus spp. (20-77.2%) y Dorylaimus spp. (7.7%). Fue observado también la presencia de nematodos de vida libre (Saprofitas y predadores) (96-100%). Los nematodos más predominantes en todas áreas fueron Helicotylenchus, Mesocriconema y los nematdos de vida libre

Corn (Zea mays L.) is a cereal of global importance for its different industrial uses and nutritive value. Like other crops, it is affected by pests, including nematodes, whose presence in the maize crop causes a decrease in yields, so the present work is presented. In order to determine the population density of nematodes associated with maize cultivation in the regions of Puno and Cusco; For which 121 soil samples were collected during the 2015-2016 campaign in the Puno Region, in the districts of Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea and San Gabán; And 30 samples from the Cusco Region, in the districts of Pisac and Urubamba. Were identified the genera genera Helicotylenchus spp. and verified. (32-100%), Mesocriconema spp. (33.3-63.8%), Globodera spp. (96-100%), Xiphinema spp. (11-36.6%), Rotylenchus spp. (20-77.2%) and Dorylaimus spp. (7.7%). It was also observed the presence of free-living nematodes (Saprophytes and predators) (96-100%). The most prevalent nematodes in all areas were Helicotylenchus, Mesocriconema and free-living nematodes., El maíz (Zea mays L.) es un cereal de importancia mundial por sus diferentes usos industriales y valor nutritivo. Al igual que otros cultivos, se ve afectado por plagas, entre ellos los nematodos, cuya presencia en el cultivo de maíz ocasiona disminución en los rendimientos, por ello se plantea el presente trabajo. Con la finalidad de determinar la densidad poblacional de nematodos asociados al cultivo de maíz en las regiones de Puno y Cusco; para lo cual se recolectó 121 muestras de suelo durante la campaña 2015-2016 en la Región Puno, en los distritos de Chupa, Sandia, San Juan del Oro, Cuyocuyo, Ayapata, Ollachea, San Gabán; y 30 muestras de la Región Cusco, en los distritos de Pisac y Urubamba. Fueron identificados y verificados las incidencias los generos de Helicotylenchus spp. (32-100%), Mesocriconema spp. (33.3-63.8%), Globodera spp. (96-100%), Xiphinema spp. (11-36.6%), Rotylenchus spp. (20-77.2%) y Dorylaimus spp. (7.7%). Fue observado también la presencia de nematodos de vida libre (Saprofitas y predadores) (96-100%). Los nematodos más predominantes en todas áreas fueron Helicotylenchus, Mesocriconema y los nematdos de vida libre