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Local Defenses are viewed by many counterinsurgency strategists as an essential element in defeating an insurgency. Providing a population with a local defense organization will strongly support the government's strategy of extending its security and control over the rural areas affected by insurgent organizations. However every insurgency is unique and demands a unique counterinsurgency strategy to be defeated. There always will be an important commonality: insurgent organizations need popular support to subsist. The final success of the government or the insurgents will be determined by the capacity of either both to win and retain the support among the rural population. The analysis of the four cases presented in this study clearly demonstrates each government's approach to the insurgent problem, including the use of local defenses to protect rural populations from insurgent attacks and influence. The organization of local defenses during the Malayan Emergency, the El Salvador's Civil War, as well as the Vietnam War and the Terrorist Epoch in Peru proved to be a force multiplier for the government s effort, at least during the time period in which they were effectively implemented. The contribution of this analysis is not that of providing a framework or recipe for strategists to implement this kind of organizations. Rather, the contribution of this study is on a set of variables to be considered when planning the implementation of local defenses as part of a counterinsurgency effort., The original document contains color images.

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An examination is made of the economic and social status of the Highlanders of South Vietnam, their attempts to achieve a greater measure of equality among the South Vietnamese, and their efforts to participate more directly in the Government of South Vietnam. The Highlanders' strategic location in the present war requires that the GVN win their support. Means to that end are discussed: legislation to ensure the right of Highlanders to hold clear title to the land they farm; agricultural reforms; and expansion of the educational system. The Special Commission for Highland Affairs represents a beginning in meeting the Highlanders' desire for greater representation in the central government. The Commission's functions and responsibilities need to be more clearly defined and expanded, and specialized training should be provided for Commission members.

The mission described in this report, which was given to the 503d Inf on 29 March 1969 was to patrol and ambush in the eastern portion of the company area of operations, 10 kilometers ESE of Bao Loc City, in order to locate and destroy enemy in the area.

Since Operation SAM HOUSTON terminated on 5 April and the after action report covered in detail operations, intelligence, fire support, PSYWAR and logistics, this report is an add-on and covers other activities such as civic action, training and base camp development. On 6 April 1967 a new operation, Operation FRANCIS MARION, was initiated by the 4th Infantry Division and continued at the end of the reporting period. This operation began after the Division withdrew east of the SE SAN River to conduct surveillance of the CAMBODIAN border and search and destroy operations in an area of operations generally extending from the CHU PONG mountains north to New PLEI DJERENG. In addition to the primary tactical mission, the Division also supported the Government of VIETNAM's EDAP ENANG program involving the resettlement of approximately 8,000 MONTAGNARD natives and their personal possessions. The Division had one major contact in Operation FRANCIS MARION during the reporting period.

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