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Background: Diabetes mellitus constitutes a global health threat, with increasing burden of disease in low and middle-income countries witnessing ongoing epidemiological transition including Sudan. Aims: To study the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and prediabetes and determine the relationship to gender, age, waist circumference, body mass index, residence and ethnicity among the adult population in north Sudan. Methods: A cross-sectional, population-based study in Northern State and River Nile State using random multi-stage cluster sampling targeting 5376 participants from 14 localities divided into 60 urban and 40 rural clusters. In each cluster, 60 households were studied. Blood glucose level and anthropometric measurements were recorded and a questionnaire containing demographic data was obtained from each participant. Results: The prevalence of T2DM among participants was 18.7% and prediabetes was 12.9%. Among people living with T2DM, 694(71.0%) were known cases of T2DM, whereas 284 (29.0%) were newly diagnosed cases. The significant associated risk factors for T2DM included urban residence (AOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.09-1.41), age above 60 years (AOR 4.77, 95% CI 4.04-5.63), obese BMI (AOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.03-1.55) and central obesity (AOR 1.39, 95% CI 1.14-1.68). Compared to indigenous population, individuals of Egyptian descents (AOR 1.28, 95% CI 1.04-1.57) and mixed origin (AOR 1.24, 95% CI 1.04-1.48) had increased risk of T2DM. Conclusion: The prevalence of T2DM and prediabetes in north Sudan have increased significantly since 1996 with variations between ethnicities which showed to be an independent risk factor for T2DM. Health authorities are recommended to set plans to meet the health needs of these communities.

Introduction The coincident existence of HIV infection and diabetes or hypertension in the same individual is a known comorbidity in medical literature. However, its epidemiology has been less studied in Sub Saharan Africa where a large proportion of people suffer from HIV and non communicable diseases. Objectives To study the prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of diabetes and hypertension in people living with and without HIV in Namibia. Methods Cross sectional study using Namibia demographic and health survey 2013. The study objectives were determined among the general population, and results were stratified for HIV status. Logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate associations. Results 3075 participants were studied, 19.9% were HIV positive. Lower mean age and BMI were noted in the HIV-infected group and prevalence of diabetes (4.3%,p=0.03) and hypertension (30.6%,p<0.001) were lower than in HIV negative group (7.2% and 38.6%). In the general population, logistic regression showed no significant association between HIV status and diabetes (AOR=1.07,95%CI=0.84-1.38) neither hypertension (AOR=0.84, 95%CI=0.67-1.06). Old age and obesity were the main determinants associated with increased risk of both conditions. Highly educated and rural population had lower odds of hypertension. In the HIV-infected group, none of these determinants were associated to diabetes and only overweight was positively related to hypertension. Conclusions Prevalence of HIV comorbidities are driven by disease pattern and sociodemographic differences in population specially aging. Age-adjusted disease mortality in HIV research, and integrated management approach of NCDs and HIV are recommended.

Introduction The coincident existence of HIV infection and diabetes or hypertension in the same individual is a known comorbidity in medical literature. However, its epidemiology has been less studied in Sub Saharan Africa where a large proportion of people suffer from HIV and non communicable diseases. Objectives To study the prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of diabetes and hypertension in people living with and without HIV in Namibia. Methods Cross sectional study using Namibia demographic and health survey 2013. The study objectives were determined among the general population, and results were stratified for HIV status. Logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate associations. Results 3075 participants were studied, 19.9% were HIV positive. Lower mean age and BMI were noted in the HIV-infected group and prevalence of diabetes (4.3%,p=0.03) and hypertension (30.6%,p<0.001) were lower than in HIV negative group (7.2% and 38.6%). In the general population, logistic regression showed no significant association between HIV status and diabetes (AOR=1.07,95%CI=0.84-1.38) neither hypertension (AOR=0.84, 95%CI=0.67-1.06). Old age and obesity were the main determinants associated with increased risk of both conditions. Highly educated and rural population had lower odds of hypertension. In the HIV-infected group, none of these determinants were associated to diabetes and only overweight was positively related to hypertension. Conclusions Prevalence of HIV comorbidities are driven by disease pattern and sociodemographic differences in population specially aging. Age-adjusted disease mortality in HIV research, and integrated management approach of NCDs and HIV are recommended.