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Exposure to hazards is expected to increase in Europe, due to rapid population growth in urban areas and the escalation of urbanization throughout many countries. In the framework of the European Geological Surveys (EGS), the Earth Observation and Geohazards Expert Group (EOEG) has carried out a survey based enquiry regarding the integration of geohazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, ground subsidence, floods and others) into urban and land-use planning. Responses from 19 European countries and 5 regions reveal heterogeneous policies across national borders. 17% of the countries have not yet implemented any legal measures to integrate geohazards into urban and land-use plans and half of the participating countries have no official methodological guides to construct geohazard maps. Additionally, there is a scarce knowledge about real social impacts of geohazards and resulting disasters in many of the countries, although they have a significant impact on their national economies. This overview stresses the need for a common legislative framework and homogenization of the national legislations as well as mutual guidelines which adopt the principles applicable to the management of geohazards and explain the process to be followed in the production of hazard documentation. This is especially relevant in case of landslide and subsidence hazards; although those are of great importance in Europe, there are no common guidelines and practices similar to Directive 2007/60/EC on the assessment and management of flood risk. Based on their expertise, EuroGeoSurveys (EGS) have the potential to coordinate this activity in European geohazard guidelines and to promote the interaction among stakeholders.

The need to develop a national map that characterises landslides across Gr eat Britain has long been recognised by the British Geological Survey as part of its strategic role providing hazard information to stakeholders. Hierarchical landslide domains represent areas of similar physiographic , meteorological, climatic and geologi cal characteristics that shaped the style of landsliding. Developed to underpin current research into how different types of landslides and terrains will be affected by changing environmental conditions , the map further assists development of a national l andslide susceptibility map with conditioning factors tailored to a specific domain. This paper considers the role of national - scale land systems mapping to create a Landslide Domain Map , the refinement of a national model using landslide inventories to b etter reflect the spatial extent and characteristics of landslides within domain s . The distribution of landsliding in Great Britain is a product of the complex range of lithologies and geomorphological processes active under a range of climatic conditions. The domain s represent landslides across a series of unstable slopes ranging from very large, ancient landslides formed under periglacial climate conditions to small, modern failures , particularly along transport infrastructure corridors . Although analysis of the National Landslide Database broadly informed the nature of landsliding within a specific domain, expert knowledge was needed to supplement it especially in areas where recent mapping had not taken place. Targeted data collection is planned in data - poor domains to supplement the database . Further domain - specific research is ongoing and includes development of semi - empirical process - specific models involving the weighting of critical factors in order to refine the current national landslide susceptibi lity map, GeoSure. As a n example of this refinement , this paper discusses an improved debris flow model for the

Exposure to hazards is expected to increase in Europe, due to rapid population growth in urban areas and the escalation of urbanization throughout many countries. In the framework of the European Geological Surveys (EGS), the Earth Observation and Geohazards Expert Group (EOEG) has carried out a survey based enquiry regarding the integration of geohazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, ground subsidence, floods and others) into urban and land-use planning. Responses from 19 European countries and 5 regions reveal heterogeneous policies across national borders. 17% of the countries have not yet implemented any legal measures to integrate geohazards into urban and land-use plans and half of the participating countries have no official methodological guides to construct geohazard maps. Additionally, there is a scarce knowledge about real social impacts of geohazards and resulting disasters in many of the countries, although they have a significant impact on their national economies. This overview stresses the need for a common legislative framework and homogenization of the national legislations as well as mutual guidelines which adopt the principles applicable to the management of geohazards and explain the process to be followed in the production of hazard documentation. This is especially relevant in case of landslide and subsidence hazards; although those are of great importance in Europe, there are no common guidelines and practices similar to Directive 2007/60/EC on the assessment and management of flood risk. Based on their expertise, EuroGeoSurveys (EGS) have the potential to coordinate this activity in European geohazard guidelines and to promote the interaction among stakeholders.

The need to develop a national map that characterises landslides across Gr eat Britain has long been recognised by the British Geological Survey as part of its strategic role providing hazard information to stakeholders. Hierarchical landslide domains represent areas of similar physiographic , meteorological, climatic and geologi cal characteristics that shaped the style of landsliding. Developed to underpin current research into how different types of landslides and terrains will be affected by changing environmental conditions , the map further assists development of a national l andslide susceptibility map with conditioning factors tailored to a specific domain. This paper considers the role of national - scale land systems mapping to create a Landslide Domain Map , the refinement of a national model using landslide inventories to b etter reflect the spatial extent and characteristics of landslides within domain s . The distribution of landsliding in Great Britain is a product of the complex range of lithologies and geomorphological processes active under a range of climatic conditions. The domain s represent landslides across a series of unstable slopes ranging from very large, ancient landslides formed under periglacial climate conditions to small, modern failures , particularly along transport infrastructure corridors . Although analysis of the National Landslide Database broadly informed the nature of landsliding within a specific domain, expert knowledge was needed to supplement it especially in areas where recent mapping had not taken place. Targeted data collection is planned in data - poor domains to supplement the database . Further domain - specific research is ongoing and includes development of semi - empirical process - specific models involving the weighting of critical factors in order to refine the current national landslide susceptibi lity map, GeoSure. As a n example of this refinement , this paper discusses an improved debris flow model for the

A magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck Nepal on April 25, 2015 triggering several thousands of landslides and causing widespread damages to mountain villages and the evacuation of thousands of people. This contribution describes landslide susceptibility analysis performed in the Dhading (1885 km2), Sindhupalchok (2488 km2), Rasuwa (1522 km2) and Nuwakot (1194 km2) districts. Three landslide inventories have been prepared covering most of the area affected by coseismic landslides in Nepal. The first one is a coseismic and post-seismic landslide inventory based on multi-temporal images (Google Earth, Google Crisis maps, Bing maps), and helicopter-based video. The inventory includes more than 15,000 landslides. The second one is a pre-event shallow landslide inventory showing landslides already active before the occurrence of the earthquake. This inventory includes more than 2500 events. For these two inventories, the most abundant landslide types are debris flows, shallow translational slides, and rockfalls. The third inventory includes almost 20,000 deep-seated landslides, mostly rock avalanches, slumps, rockslides and deep-seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSD). Starting from these inventories, a multivariate statistical analysis of geo-environmental variables with respect to landslide occurrence was performed, aimed at recognizing the most significant controlling factors, such as lithology, slope gradient, and the presence of older deep-seated landslides. This analysis was complemented by field activities carried out in October 2015. During the survey, local knowledge has been systematically exploited through interviews with local people that have experienced the earthquake and the coseismic landslides. This helped us to recognize fractures and active deformations and to reconstruct a correct chronicle of landslide events.