Search

Environmental indicators for nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) based only on N inputs and N removal are becoming widely used in science, policy, and commercial supply chains to track the sustainability of food production. However, these indicators do not reflect the contribution of inherent soil productivity, which can supply half of crop demand and is therefore a core principle in determining how much fertilizer is needed and the corresponding risk of N losses. Using a global dataset of optimal N rates for crop production, we evaluated the performance of conventional (N recovery efficiency) and simplified NUE indicators to understand their relationship and respective limitations, helping inform policy efforts for simultaneously meeting food production and sustainability goals. A key finding is that conventional agronomic approaches designed to optimize crop productivity and profit related to N fertilizer inputs have tradeoffs for environmental performance, with only 35 and 31 % of observations (n=448) falling within sustainable ranges for NUE. Meanwhile, simplified NUE indicators such as N balance or the ratio of N outputs to inputs were unable to detect sites with inherently low N recovery efficiency and high risk of N losses, highlighting a weakness of neglecting soil N supply in their calculations. Together these results suggest the need for a combined approach that merges insights from locally available agronomic data on N recovery efficiency with global environmental thresholds for NUE. Using our findings as a case study, we propose new steps forward for evaluating NUE in different cropping systems and regions to enhance food security while mitigating N pollution.

Bakgrund: Efter friskolereformen 1992 har antalet friskolor och andelen elever som går på friskolor ökat markant. För att kunna differentiera sig på den konkurrensutsatta marknaden, har det varit nödvändigt för friskolorna att verka i olika nischer och därigenom utforma en tydlig och utmärkande profilering. Med de tydliga profileringarna skapas i sin tur en målgrupp, som består av elever vars värderingar eller egenskaper överensstämmer med friskolan – en habituseffekt. Som en del av detta identitetsskapande som friskolorna bidrar till, återfinns litteraturundervisningen som även den syftar till att utmana elevers tankar och förståelse för sin omvärld. Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att granska hur svensklärare på sex olika gymnasiefriskolor med tydliga profiler utformar sin litteraturundervisning. Genom att analysera det eventuella sambandet mellan friskolornas profileringar och lärarnas litteraturval, strävar uppsatsen efter att förstå hur och om profileringarna manifesteras i praktiken. Metod: Uppsatsens metodval är forskningsintervjun, som består av sex semi-strukturerade intervjuer med olika yrkesverksamma svensklärare på olika friskolor med tydliga profileringar och Norman Faircloughs tredimensionella modell utifrån ett kritiskt diskursanalytiskt perspektiv som i sin tur kompletteras av Pierre Bourdieus habitusbegrepp. Resultat: Resultatet visar att samtliga sex friskolors profileringar innefattar diskurser som ingår i en utbildningsdiskursordning, som i sin tur ingår i en marknadsföringsgenre och en narrativ genre. Samtliga friskolor präglas av en gemenskapsdiskurs som sannolikt är influerad av läroplanen för gymnasieskolan (Lgy11). Utöver detta framhäver friskolorna andra aspekter för att stärka sina profileringar, såsom fysisk miljö, faciliteter, resurser eller val av namn. Vidare visar resultatet även att friskolornas svensklärare antingen fungerar som representanter eller förändringsaktörer för hur profileringarnas diskurser upprätthålls eller förändras. Prakt

Bakgrund: Efter friskolereformen 1992 har antalet friskolor och andelen elever som går på friskolor ökat markant. För att kunna differentiera sig på den konkurrensutsatta marknaden, har det varit nödvändigt för friskolorna att verka i olika nischer och därigenom utforma en tydlig och utmärkande profilering. Med de tydliga profileringarna skapas i sin tur en målgrupp, som består av elever vars värderingar eller egenskaper överensstämmer med friskolan – en habituseffekt. Som en del av detta identitetsskapande som friskolorna bidrar till, återfinns litteraturundervisningen som även den syftar till att utmana elevers tankar och förståelse för sin omvärld. Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att granska hur svensklärare på sex olika gymnasiefriskolor med tydliga profiler utformar sin litteraturundervisning. Genom att analysera det eventuella sambandet mellan friskolornas profileringar och lärarnas litteraturval, strävar uppsatsen efter att förstå hur och om profileringarna manifesteras i praktiken. Metod: Uppsatsens metodval är forskningsintervjun, som består av sex semi-strukturerade intervjuer med olika yrkesverksamma svensklärare på olika friskolor med tydliga profileringar och Norman Faircloughs tredimensionella modell utifrån ett kritiskt diskursanalytiskt perspektiv som i sin tur kompletteras av Pierre Bourdieus habitusbegrepp. Resultat: Resultatet visar att samtliga sex friskolors profileringar innefattar diskurser som ingår i en utbildningsdiskursordning, som i sin tur ingår i en marknadsföringsgenre och en narrativ genre. Samtliga friskolor präglas av en gemenskapsdiskurs som sannolikt är influerad av läroplanen för gymnasieskolan (Lgy11). Utöver detta framhäver friskolorna andra aspekter för att stärka sina profileringar, såsom fysisk miljö, faciliteter, resurser eller val av namn. Vidare visar resultatet även att friskolornas svensklärare antingen fungerar som representanter eller förändringsaktörer för hur profileringarnas diskurser upprätthålls eller förändras. Prakt

Complex Organic Molecules (COMs) have been found toward low-mass protostars but the origins of the COM emission are still unclear. It can be associated with, for example, hot corinos, outflows, and/or accretion shock/disk atmosphere. We have conducted NOEMA observations toward SVS13A from the PROtostars & DIsks: Global Evolution (PRODIGE) program. Our previous \ce{DCN} observations reveal a possible infalling streamer, which may affect the chemistry of the central protobinary by inducing accretion outbursts and/or shocked gas. Here, we further analyze six O-bearing COMs: CH3OH, aGg'-(CH2OH)2, C2H5OH, CH2(OH)CHO, CH3CHO, and CH3OCHO. Although the COM emission is not spatially resolved, we constrain the source sizes to $\lesssim0.3-0.4$ arcsec (90$-$120 au) by conducting uv-domain Gaussian fitting. Interestingly, the high-spectral resolution data reveal complex line profiles with multiple peaks showing differences between these six O-bearing COMs. The LTE fitting unveils differences in excitation temperatures and emitting areas among these COMs. We further conduct multiple-velocity-component LTE fitting to decompose the line emission into different kinematic components. Up to 6 velocity components are found from the LTE modeling. The temperature, column density, and source size of these components from each COM are obtained. We find a variety in excitation temperatures ($100-500$ K) and source sizes (D$\sim10-70$ au) from these kinematic components from different COMs. The emission of each COM can trace several components and different COMs most likely trace different regions. Given this complex structure, we suggest that the central region is inhomogeneous and unlikely to be heated by only protostellar radiation. We conclude that accretion shocks induced by the large-scale infalling streamer likely exist and contribute to the complexity of the COM emission., Comment: 29 pages, 18 figures, accepted to A&A

We surveyed nearly all the embedded protostars in seven nearby clouds (Corona Australis, Aquila, Chamaeleon I & II, Ophiuchus North, Ophiuchus, Serpens) with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array at 1.3mm observations with a resolution of 0.1". This survey detected 184 protostellar disks, 90 of which were observed at a resolution of 14-18 au, making it one of the most comprehensive high-resolution disk samples across various protostellar evolutionary stages to date. Our key findings include the detection of new annular substructures in two Class I and two Flat-spectrum sources, while 21 embedded protostars exhibit distinct asymmetries or substructures in their disks. We find that protostellar disks have a substantially large variability in their radii across all classes. In particular, the fraction of large disks with sizes above 40 au decreases with the protostellar evolutionary stage. Compiling the literature data, we discovered an increasing trend of the gas disk radii to dust disk radii ratio ($R_{\rm gas,Kep}/R_{\rm mm}$) with increasing bolometric temperature (${\rm T}_{\rm bol}$). Our results indicate that the dust and gas disk radii decouple during the early Class I stage. We find that Class 0 dust disk size resembled the gas disk size, enabling a direct comparison between models and observational data at the earliest stages of protostellar evolution. We show that the distribution of radii in the 52 Class 0 disks in our sample is in high tension with various disk formation models, indicating that protostellar disk formation remains an unsolved question., Comment: Submitted to ApJ, 69 pages, 30 figures

The detection of narrow channels of accretion toward protostellar disks, known as streamers, have increased in number in the last few years. However, it is unclear if streamers are a common feature around protostars that were previously missed, or if they are a rare phenomenon. Our goals are to obtain the incidence of streamers toward a region of clustered star formation and to trace the origins of their gas, to determine if they originate within the filamentary structure of molecular clouds or from beyond. We used combined observations of the nearby NGC 1333 star-forming region, carried out with the NOEMA interferometer and the IRAM 30m single dish. Our observations cover the area between the IRAS 4 and SVS 13 systems. We traced the chemically fresh gas within NGC 1333 with HC3N molecular gas emission and the structure of the fibers in this region with N2H+ emission. We fit multiple velocity components in both maps and used clustering algorithms to recover velocity-coherent structures. We find streamer candidates toward 7 out of 16 young stellar objects within our field of view. This represents an incidence of approximately 40\% of young stellar objects with streamer candidates when looking at a clustered star forming region. The incidence increases to about 60\% when we considered only embedded protostars. All streamers are found in HC3N emission. Given the different velocities between HC3N and N2H+ emission, and the fact that, by construction, N2H+ traces the fiber structure, we suggest that the gas that forms the streamers comes from outside the fibers. This implies that streamers can connect cloud material that falls to the filaments with protostellar disk scales., Comment: 22 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics. GitHub repository with code available at https://github.com/tere-valdivia/propstar_gasflow

The origin of the chemical diversity observed around low-mass protostars probably resides in the earliest history of these systems. We aim to investigate the impact of protostellar feedback on the chemistry and grain growth in the circumstellar medium of multiple stellar systems. In the context of the ALMA Large Program FAUST, we present high-resolution (50 au) observations of CH$_3$OH, H$_2$CO, and SiO and continuum emission at 1.3 mm and 3 mm towards the Corona Australis star cluster. Methanol emission reveals an arc-like structure at $\sim$1800 au from the protostellar system IRS7B along the direction perpendicular to the major axis of the disc. The arc is located at the edge of two elongated continuum structures that define a cone emerging from IRS7B. The region inside the cone is probed by H$_2$CO, while the eastern wall of the arc shows bright emission in SiO, a typical shock tracer. Taking into account the association with a previously detected radio jet imaged with JVLA at 6 cm, the molecular arc reveals for the first time a bow shock driven by IRS7B and a two-sided dust cavity opened by the mass-loss process. For each cavity wall, we derive an average H$_2$ column density of $\sim$7$\times$10$^{21}$ cm$^{-2}$, a mass of $\sim$9$\times$10$^{-3}$ M$_\odot$, and a lower limit on the dust spectral index of $1.4$. These observations provide the first evidence of a shock and a conical dust cavity opened by the jet driven by IRS7B, with important implications for the chemical enrichment and grain growth in the envelope of Solar System analogues., Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables. Accepted Letter in Astronomy & Astrophysics

Electron fraction and cosmic-ray ionization rates (CRIR) in star-forming regions are important quantities in astrochemical modeling and are critical to the degree of coupling between neutrals, ions, and electrons, which regulates the dynamics of the magnetic field. However, these are difficult quantities to estimate. We aim to derive the electron fraction and CRIR maps of an active star-forming region. We combined observations of the nearby NGC 1333 star-forming region carried out with the NOEMA interferometer and IRAM 30-m single dish to generate high spatial dynamic range maps of different molecular transitions. We used the DCO$^+$ and H$^{13}$CO$^+$ ratio (in addition to complementary data) to estimate the electron fraction and produce cosmic-ray ionization rate maps. We derived the first large-area electron fraction and CRIR resolved maps in a star-forming region, with typical values of $10^{-6.5}$ and $10^{-16.5}$ s$^{-1}$, respectively. The maps present clear evidence of enhanced values around embedded young stellar objects (YSOs). This provides strong evidence for locally accelerated cosmic rays. We also found a strong enhancement toward the northwest region in the map that might be related either to an interaction with a bubble or to locally generated cosmic rays by YSOs. We used the typical electron fraction and derived a MHD turbulence dissipation scale of 0.054 pc, which could be tested with future observations. We found a higher cosmic-ray ionization rate compared to the canonical value for $N({\rm H_2})=10^{21}-10^{23}$ cm$^{-2}$ of $10^{-17}$ s$^{-1}$ in the region, and it is likely generated by the accreting YSOs. The high value of the electron fraction suggests that new disks will form from gas in the ideal-MHD limit. This indicates that local enhancements of $\zeta({\rm H_2})$, due to YSOs, should be taken into account in the analysis of clustered star formation., Comment: 13 pages, 13 Figures. Accepted to A&A. Abridged abstract. GitHub repo with code available at https://github.com/jpinedaf/NGC1333_NOEMA_Ions

We are performing a line survey of 8 planet-forming Class II disks in Taurus with the IRAM NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA), as a part of the MPG-IRAM Observatory Program PRODIGE (PROtostars and DIsks: Global Evolution; PIs: P. Caselli and Th. Henning). Compact and extended disks around T Tauri stars CI, CY, DG, DL, DM, DN, IQ Tau, and UZ Tau E are observed in ~80 lines from >20 C-, O,- N-, and S-bearing species. The observations in four spectral settings at 210-280 GHz with $1\sigma$ rms sensitivity of ~ 8-12 mJy/beam at 0.9" and 0.3 km/s resolution will be completed in 2024. The uv-visibilities are fitted with the DiskFit model to obtain key stellar and disk properties. In this paper, the combined $^{12}$CO, $^{13}$CO and C$^{18}$O $J = 2-1$ data are presented. We find that the CO fluxes and disk masses inferred from dust continuum tentatively correlate with the CO emission sizes. We constrain dynamical stellar masses, geometries, temperatures, the CO column densities and gas masses for each disk. The best-fit temperatures at 100 au are ~ 17-37 K, and decrease radially with the power-law exponent q ~ 0.05-0.76. The inferred CO column densities decrease radially with the power-law exponent p ~ 0.2-3.1. The gas masses estimated from $^{13}$CO (2-1) are ~ $0.001-0.2 M_\textrm{Sun}$. The best-fit CO column densities point to severe CO freeze-out in the disks. The DL Tau disk is an outlier, and has either stronger CO depletion or lower gas mass than the rest of the sample. The CO isotopologue ratios are roughly consistent with the observed values in disks and the low-mass star-forming regions., Comment: 47 pages, 10 figures, 6 tables, accepted for publication by A&A on 22/02/2024

The ALMA interferometer has played a key role in revealing a new component of the Sun-like star forming process: the molecular streamers, i.e. structures up to thousands of au long funneling material non-axisymmetrically to disks. In the context of the FAUST ALMA LP, the archetypical VLA1623-2417 protostellar cluster has been imaged at 1.3 mm in the SO(5$_6$--4$_5$), SO(6$_6$--5$_5$), and SiO(5--4) line emission at the spatial resolution of 50 au. We detect extended SO emission, peaking towards the A and B protostars. Emission blue-shifted down to 6.6 km s$^{-1}$ reveals for the first time a long ($\sim$ 2000 au) accelerating streamer plausibly feeding the VLA1623 B protostar. Using SO, we derive for the first time an estimate of the excitation temperature of an accreting streamer: 33$\pm$9 K. The SO column density is $\sim$ 10$^{14}$ cm$^{-2}$, and the SO/H$_2$ abundance ratio is $\sim$ 10$^{-8}$. The total mass of the streamer is 3 $\times$ 10$^{-3}$ $Msun$, while its accretion rate is 3--5 $\times$ 10$^{-7}$ Msun yr$^{-1}$. This is close to the mass accretion rate of VLA1623 B, in the 0.6--3 $\times$ 10$^{-7}$ Msun yr$^{-1}$ range, showing the importance of the streamer in contributing to the mass of protostellar disks. The highest blue- and red-shifted SO velocities behave as the SiO(5--4) emission, the latter species detected for the first time in VLA1623-2417: the emission is compact (100-200 au), and associated only with the B protostar. The SO excitation temperature is $\sim$ 100 K, supporting the occurrence of shocks associated with the jet, traced by SiO., Comment: accepted by MNRAS

There are numerous studies that relate the physical qualities and practice of physical exercise with cognitive variables such as attention, memory, planning, problem solving, etc. The objectives of the present research were: a) characterize prehensile strength, viso-perceptual-motor capacity, perceptual organization and visual memory of PE students; b) relate prehensile strength with cognitive variables. The sample consisted of 91 physical education students from a University of Santiago de Chile. The WAIS IV bucket test and the complex Rey figure were applied, in addition to evaluating the prehensile force with a manual dynamometer. The results show an average of 45.7 8.0 points in the WAIS cubes test (of a total of 58), without differences between ladies and men. In the complex Rey test an average of 21.5 6.5 points (of a total of 36) was achieved with no difference between ladies and men. Finally, prehensile strength in women is related to the results of the complex King Figure and WAIS cubes. In males only a relationship was found between prehensile force of the right hand and score in the figure of Rey. We conclude that there is a low and medium relationship between prehensile force and cognitive variables in the evaluated sample., Existen numerosos estudios que relacionan las cualidades físicas y práctica de ejercicio físico con variables cognitivas como la atención, memoria, planificación, resolución de problemas, etc. Los objetivos de la presente investigación fueron: a) caracterizar la fuerza prensil, la capacidad viso-perceptivomotriz, la organización perceptual y la memoria visual de estudiantes de Educación Física; b) relacionar la fuerza prensil con las variables cognitivas. La muestra estuvo constituida por 91 estudiantes de Educación Física de una Universidad de Santiago de Chile. Se aplicó la prueba de cubos WAIS IV y la figura compleja de Rey, además de evaluar la fuerza prensil con un dinamómetro manual. Los resultados muestran una media de 45,7±8,0 puntos en la prueba de cubos WAIS (de un total de 58), sin diferencias entre damas y varones. En la prueba compleja de Rey se logró una media de 21,5±6,5 puntos (de un total de 36) sin diferencia entre damas y varones. Finalmente, la fuerza prensil en mujeres se relaciona con los resultados de la Figura compleja de Rey y cubos de WAIS. En varones sólo se encontró una relación entre fuerza prensil de la mano derecha y puntaje en la figura de Rey. Se concluye que existe una relación baja y media entre fuerza prensil y variables cognitivas en la muestra evaluada.

Comentario del libro Pedagogía para la construcción de la hegemonía popular Autora: Marlyn del Carmen Fuenmayor Editorial: Editorial Académica Española-Año 2012- ISBN 978-3-8484-5886-8, Alemania. En este texto se desarrolla un interesante planteamiento acerca de la importancia de la educación como medio para alcanzar el logro de objetivos de transformación social.

Introduction: In recent decades, the EEG signal has been studied from a non-linear mathematical perspective, allowing the understanding of cerebral electrical activity as a complex dynamic system. Objective: analyze the Hurst exponents and correlations of such exponents in the gamma wave during the resolution of an alternating attention and interference inhibition task in university students. Methods: The sample consisted of 14 male students of physical education. The brain-interface device Emotiv Epoc® was used to evaluate the electrical activity of the brain, the symbols and digits test was applied to evaluate the alternating attention, and the Stroop words and colors test were used to inhibit interference Results: Of the seven subjects who solved the alternating attention test, one presented a greater tendency to chaos in the left hemisphere, four revealed a greater tendency to chaos in the right hemisphere and two did not present a definite tendency. Of the seven subjects who solved the interference inhibition test, five presented variations in the mean H between the three Stroop plates, especially in the temporal region. The mean of the H exponents in both tests was less than 0,5. Conclusions:During the attention test, a greater chaos of brain electrical activity is observed, without correlations between the regions studied. During the inhibition test, H modifications do not present definite patterns towards order or chaos., Introducción: en las últimas décadas se ha estudiado la señal del EEG desde una perspectiva de matemática no-lineal, permitiendo entender la actividad eléctrica cerebral como un sistema dinámico complejo. Objetivo: analizar los exponentes de Hurst y las correlaciones de dichos exponentes en la onda gamma durante la resolución de una tarea de atención alternante e inhibición de la interferencia en estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: la muestra estuvo constituida por 14 varones estudiantes de educación física. Para evaluar la actividad eléctrica cerebral se utilizó el dispositivo cerebro-interfaz Emotiv Epoc®, para evaluar la atención alternante se aplicó la prueba de símbolos y dígitos y para la inhibición de la interferencia se utilizó la prueba de palabras y colores de Stroop. Resultados: De los siete sujetos que resolvieron la prueba de atención alternante uno presenta mayor tendencia al caos en el hemisferio izquierdo, cuatro revelan una mayor tendencia al caos en el hemisferio derecho y dos no presentan una tendencia definida. De los siete sujetos que resolvieron la prueba de inhibición de la interferencia cinco presentan variaciones de las medias de H entre las tres láminas del Stroop, sobre todo de la región temporal. Las medias de los exponentes H en ambas pruebas fueron inferiores a 0,5. Conclusiones: Durante la prueba de atenciónse observa un mayor caos de la actividad eléctrica cerebral, sin existir correlaciones entre las regiones estudiadas. Durante la prueba de inhibición las modificaciones de H no presentan patrones definidos hacia el orden o caos.

Comentario del libro Pedagogía para la construcción de la hegemonía popular Autora: Marlyn del Carmen Fuenmayor Editorial: Editorial Académica Española-Año 2012- ISBN 978-3-8484-5886-8, Alemania. En este texto se desarrolla un interesante planteamiento acerca de la importancia de la educación como medio para alcanzar el logro de objetivos de transformación social.

La relación entre trabajo, institución y salud mental es un tema de relevancia en Chile, a propósito del interés por comprender la relación entre las enfermedades laborales asociadas a los efectos no cuantificables e invisibilizados por los modelos de objetivación del malestar, que han sido muchas veces dominio del higienismo, la ergonomía, la salud ocupacional y la psicología organizacional. Estas modalidades de comprensión establecen conceptos, representaciones sociales y estrategias de intervención en las mutualidades, las instituciones y en la ciudadanía, que muchas veces reducen el sufrimiento y su abordaje a cambios en la infraestructura, materiales, técnicas, conflictos intrapsíquicos, familiares o patologías de salud mental aisladas del contexto laboral.

Genderism corresponds to the belief that there are only two genders at birth and transphobia is the discrimination and rejection of people whose birth sex does not coincide with how to identify and feel their gender expression. The objectives of the present study were to know the psychometric properties of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale in a sample of physical education students from Chile, and to study the genderism/transphobia differences according to sex and year of study. For this purpose, 277 students of the Pedagogy in Physical Education degree from two universities in the city of Santiago de Chile were evaluated. The Genderism Scale and Transphobia short version were used. The results show that the instrument is valid and reliable for this population, that men have higher levels of genderism and transphobia, and that students/students of first year achieve higher scores than students of higher years. It is recommended to replicate this research in larger samples and other PE teacher/teacher training schools., El genderismo corresponde a la creencia que existen solo dos géneros al nacer y la transfobia es la discriminación y rechazo de personas cuyo sexo de nacimiento no coincide con la forma de identificar y sentir su expresión de género. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron conocer las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Genderismo y Transfobia en una muestra de estudiantes de educación física de Chile, y estudiar las diferencias del genderismo/transfobia según sexo y año cursado en la carrera. Para ello se evaluaron a 277 estudiantes de la carrera de Pedagogía en Educación Física de dos universidades de la ciudad de Santiago de Chile. Se utilizó la Escala de Genderismo y Transfobia versión corta. Los resultados muestran que el instrumento es válido y confiable para esta población, que los hombres poseen mayores niveles de genderismo y transfobia, y que los/as estudiantes de 1º año logran mayores puntajes que los/as estudiantes de años superiores. Se recomienda replicar esta investigación en muestras de mayor tamaño y en otras escuelas formadoras de profesores/as de Educación Física.

Introduction: People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) require antiretroviral treatment (AT). Both cause oxidative stress (OS), nevertheless, sparse evidence exist concerning the level of OS and physical performance in this population. Objective: Characterize physical activity level, physical performance, oxidative stress and quality of life of patients with HID/AIDS treated with AT at Dr. Lucio Córdova Hospital. Methodology: Descriptive exploratory study. 26 male patients were included (26.3 ±3 years). AT use, substance consumption and immunological testing was registered. Weight, height, BMI and physical activity levels (IPAQ), physical performance (6MWT and sit-to-stand test), carbonilated proteins levels in blood and MOS-HIV questionnaire of quality of life were measured. Results: the sample showed on average 3759± 2486 mets/min/week, with a predominance of vigorous activity, a reduction of 7,24% in 6MWT, 19.58 ±4.1 sit-to-stand repetitions in 30 seconds, augmented carbonilated proteins in 73% of patients and a diminished quality of life level (30/100 points). Conclusion: young male patients with HIV/AIDS showed high levels of self-reported physical activity and carbonilated proteins but diminished physical performance and quality of life., Introducción: Personas infectadas con el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) requieren tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR). Ambos causan estrés oxidativo (EO), sin embargo, existe escasa evidencia del nivel de estrés oxidativo y rendimiento físico en esta población. Objetivo: Caracterizar los niveles de actividad física, rendimiento físico, estrés oxidativo y calidad de vida de pacientes con VIH/SIDA con TAR del Hospital Dr. Lucio Córdova. Metodología: Estudio exploratorio descriptivo. Se evaluaron 26 participantes hombres (26,3 ± 3 años) en quienes se registró el uso de TAR, consumo de sustancias y examen inmunológico. Se evaluó peso, talla e IMC, nivel de actividad física (IPAQ), capacidad física (TM6m y prueba pararse-sentarse), niveles de proteínas carboniladas en sangre y se aplicó el cuestionario de calidad de vida MOS-VIH. Resultados: La muestra presentó 3759 ± 2486 mets/min/semana promedio, con predominio de actividad vigorosa, disminución de 7,24% en TM6m, 19.58 ± 4.1 repeticiones en parase-sentarse en 30 segundos, aumento en la cuantificación de proteínas carboniladas en el 73% de los sujetos y un nivel de calidad vida levemente disminuido (70/100 puntos). Conclusión: Individuos de sexo masculino con VIH/SIDA demostraron niveles de actividad física autorreportado y de estrés oxidativo altos con disminución de la capacidad física y de calidad de vida.

Sexism corresponds to a set of beliefs of the characteristics that men and women possess that produce inequalities, generally towards women. The objectives of this study were to know the psychometric properties of the Inventory of Ambivalent Sexism in a sample of Physical Education students in Chile and to study the differences in sexism according to sex and year of study. The sample consisted of 265 physical education students from two Chilean universities. Of the total, 106 were women (40.0%). The results show that the inventory has adequate levels of validity and reliability in the sample studied. Benevolent and hostile sexism has higher scores in men (p=.000) and in first and second year courses compared to fourth and fifth (p=.000). It is concluded that the instrument is valid and reliable to be applied to this type of samples and that men who study physical education and the first two years of the career present the highest levels of sexism., El sexismo corresponde a un conjunto de creencias de las características que poseen hombres y mujeres que producen desigualdades, generalmente hacia las mujeres. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron conocer las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Sexismo Ambivalente en una muestra de estudiantes de Educación Física de Chile y estudiar las diferencias del sexismo según sexo y año cursado en la carrera. La muestra estuvo constituida por 265 estudiantes de Educación Física de dos Universidades de Chile. Del total, 106 fueron mujeres (40.0%). Los resultados muestran que el inventario posee niveles adecuados de validez y confiabilidad en la muestra estudiada. El sexismo benevolente y hostil presenta mayores puntajes en los hombres (p=.000) y en los cursos de primer y segundo año en comparación con cuarto y quinto (p=.000). Se concluye que el instrumento es válido y confiable para ser aplicado a este tipo de muestras y que los hombres que estudian educación física y los dos primeros años de la carrera presentan los mayores niveles de sexismo.

Gender stereotypes correspond to beliefs of characteristics and how men and women should behave, giving rise to the concepts of masculinity and femininity. The objectives of the present research were to validate the Bem Sexual Roles Inventory in students of various pedagogies in Chile and to compare gender roles between physical education students and other pedagogies. To this end, the Bem Sexual Roles Inventory was applied to 351 students of 15 pedagogies from a university in Santiago de Chile. The results show that the inventory is valid and reliable to be applied in students of pedagogies. Students have higher femineity scores in most of the evaluated careers, with prevalence of undifferentiated and masculine typology in men, and androgynous and undifferentiated in women. Physical Education students have the highest levels of masculinity among all pedagogies. It is recommended to replicate this research in other universities and other careers., Los estereotipos de género corresponden a creencias de las características y de cómo se deben comportar hombres y mujeres, dando origen a los conceptos de masculinidad y femineidad. Los objetivos de la presente investigación fueron validar el Inventario de Roles Sexuales de Bem en estudiantes de diversas pedagogías de Chile y comparar los roles de género entre estudiantes de educación física y otras pedagogías. Para ello se aplicó el Inventario de Roles Sexuales de Bem a 351 estudiantes de 15 pedagogías de una universidad de Santiago de Chile. Los resultados muestran que el inventario es válido y confiable para ser aplicado en estudiantes de pedagogías. Los/as estudiantes presentan mayores puntajes de femineidad en la mayoría de las carreras evaluadas, con prevalencia de tipología indiferenciada y masculina en hombres, y andrógina e indiferenciada en mujeres. Los/as estudiantes de Educación Física poseen los niveles más altos de masculinidad entre todas las pedagogías. Se recomienda replicar esta investigación en otras universidades y en otras carreras.

Introduction: emotional intelligence is defined as personality traits, emotional competencies and cognitive abilities that allow the understanding and use of one’s emotions, and the understanding of the emotions of others/as. Objective: describe the emotional abilities of Chilean physical education students. Method: 159 physical education students from a university in Santiago de Chile were evaluated. The Rego and Fernández Emotional Intelligence Inventory was applied. Results: Empathy is the emotional ability with the best self-perception in the sample (4,7±0,5), men have better scores in emotional self-control and women have better scores in Empathy and Understanding of the emotions of others. Conclusion: the sample presents medium-high and high levels of self-perception of all emotional skills, with the highest score in Empathy., Introducción: la inteligencia emocional se define como rasgos de personalidad, competencias emocionales y habilidades cognitivas que permiten la comprensión y uso de las emociones propias, y la comprensión de las emociones de otros/as. Objetivo: describir las habilidades emocionales de estudiantes de Educación Física de Chile. Método: se evaluaron 159 estudiantes de Educación Física de una universidad de Santiago de Chile. Se aplicó el Inventario de inteligencia emocional de Rego y Fernández. Resultados: la empatía es la habilidad emocional con mejor autopercepción en la muestra (4,7±0,5), los hombres poseen mejores puntajes en Autocontrol emocional y las mujeres presentan mejores puntajes en Empatía y Comprensión de las emociones de otros/as. Conclusión: la muestra presenta niveles medios-altos y altos en autopercepción de todas las habilidades emocionales, con el mayor puntaje en Empatía.

Homophobia and transphobia are feelings of rejection and hostility towards homosexual and transgender people, which arise from prejudices and fears towards sexual diversity. The objective of the present research was to compare the homophobia and transphobia levels of physical education students and other pedagogies in Chile. To this end, the homophobia scale EHF-10 and the negative attitudes to trans people scale were applied to 384 students of 15 pedagogies from a university in Chile. The results show that homophobia and transphobia scores tend to be low in students of all careers. However, physical education students have the highest scores among all/future teachers, while biology, Spanish, English, history and geography students/students, Basic education and differential education have the lowest scores on one or both scales. It is concluded that there are differences in the levels of homophobia and transphobia according to the course, with the highest rates in physical education, although the scores of both scales are low., La homofobia y transfobia son sentimientos de rechazo y hostilidad hacia personas homosexuales y transgéneros, que surgen de prejuicios y miedos hacia la diversidad sexual. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue comparar los niveles de homofobia y transfobia de estudiantes de educación física y otras pedagogías de Chile. Para ello se aplicó la escala de homofobia EHF-10 y la escala de actitudes negativas hacia personas trans a 384 estudiantes de 15 Pedagogías de una universidad de Chile. Los resultados muestran que los puntajes de homofobia y transfobia tienden a ser bajos en los/as estudiantes de todas las carreras. Sin embargo, los/as estudiantes de educación física poseen los puntajes más altos entre todos los/as futuras docentes, en tanto, los/as estudiantes de biología, castellano, inglés, historia y geografía, educación básica y educación diferencial poseen los puntajes más bajos en una o ambas escalas. Se concluye que existen diferencias en los niveles de homofobia y transfobia según carrera cursada, con los índices más altos en educación física, aunque los puntajes de ambas escalas son bajos.

In recent decades various studies have shown the positive effects of the practice of physical exercise on the attentional levels. The objective of this research was to know the effects of aerobic physical exercise of different intervals of time and intensities on the levels of selective and sustained attention in university students. For this purpose, the Toulouse-Piéron test was applied to 63 male students of Physical Education before and after an intervention with different durations and intensities of aerobic work. The results show that aerobic exercise lasting 10, 20 and 30 minutes with an intensity of 65%-80% of the maximum heart rate causes improvements in levels of selective and sustained attention. It is proposed to generate spaces in the university context so that students can practice different physical activities that achieve these intensities in times where positive effects were found in the cognitive function studied., En las últimas décadas diversos estudios han mostrado los efectos positivos de la práctica de ejercicio físico sobre los niveles atencionales. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue conocer los efectos del ejercicio físico aeróbico de diversos intervalos de tiempo e intensidades sobre los niveles de atención selectiva y sostenida en estudiantes universitarios. Para ello se aplicó la prueba de Toulouse-Piéron a 63 varones estudiantes de la carrera de Pedagogía en Educación Física antes y después de una intervención con diferentes duraciones e intensidades de trabajo aeróbico. Los resultados muestran que el ejercicio físico aeróbico de 10, 20 y 30 minutos de duración con una intensidad del 65%-80% de la frecuencia cardíaca máxima provocan mejoras de los niveles de atención selectiva y sostenida. Se propone generar espacios en el contexto universitario para que el estudiantado pueda practicar diferentes actividades físicas que logren dichas intensidades en los tiempos donde se encontraron efectos positivos en la función cognitiva estudiada.

The present research aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Self-perception Scale of the level of achievement on disciplinary standards in Physical Education and the Self-perception Scale of the level of achievement on pedagogical standards and to describe results in a sample of university students. Methodology: it was quantitative, not experimental cross-sectional. The sample consisted of 305 students of physical education pedagogy from two universities in Santiago de Chile. The results show good rates of validity and reliability for both the Scale of Disciplinary Standards of Physical Education with three dimensions and the Scale of Pedagogical Standards with three dimensions. It can also be observed that there are differences by course, where students who attend the last year are presented with greater confidence for both disciplinary and pedagogical knowledge. Regarding the comparison by sex, women have higher levels of self-perception of achievement. It is concluded that the instruments can be used to generate diagnoses and remedial in the students in relation to disciplinary and pedagogical knowledge. These variables should be investigated and their relationship with educational models, programs and curricula according to study house., La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de autopercepción del nivel de logro de los estándares disciplinarios en Educación Física y la Escala de autopercepción del nivel de logro de los estándares pedagógicos y describir los resultados en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios. Metodología: fue de tipo cuantitativa, no experimental de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 305 estudiantes de pedagogía en educación física de dos universidades de Santiago de Chile. Los resultados muestran buenos índices de validez y confiabilidad, tanto para la Escala de los Estándares Disciplinarios de Educación Física con tres dimensiones y la Escala de Estándares Pedagógicos con tres dimensiones. También se puede observar que existen diferencias por cursos, donde el estudiantado que está en el último año se presenta con mayor confianza tanto para los conocimientos disciplinarios como pedagógicos. En cuanto a la comparación por sexo, las mujeres poseen mayores niveles de autopercepción de logro. Se concluye que los instrumentos pueden ser utilizados para generar diagnósticos y remediales en el alumnado en relación con los saberes disciplinarios y pedagógicos. Se debe investigar estas variables y su relación con los modelos educativos, programas y mallas curriculares según casa de estudio.

La relación entre trabajo, institución y salud mental es un tema de relevancia en Chile, a propósito del interés por comprender la relación entre las enfermedades laborales asociadas a los efectos no cuantificables e invisibilizados por los modelos de objetivación del malestar, que han sido muchas veces dominio del higienismo, la ergonomía, la salud ocupacional y la psicología organizacional. Estas modalidades de comprensión establecen conceptos, representaciones sociales y estrategias de intervención en las mutualidades, las instituciones y en la ciudadanía, que muchas veces reducen el sufrimiento y su abordaje a cambios en la infraestructura, materiales, técnicas, conflictos intrapsíquicos, familiares o patologías de salud mental aisladas del contexto laboral.

We report high-resolution ALMA observations toward a massive protostellar core C1-Sa ($\sim$30 M$_\odot$) in the Dragon Infrared Dark Cloud. At the resolution of 140 AU, the core fragments into two kernels (C1-Sa1 and C1-Sa2) with a projected separation of $\sim$1400 AU along the elongation of C1-Sa, consistent with a Jeans length scale of $\sim$1100 AU. Radiative transfer modeling using RADEX indicates that the protostellar kernel C1-Sa1 has a temperature of $\sim$75 K and a mass of 0.55 M$_\odot$. C1-Sa1 also likely drives two bipolar outflows, one being parallel to the plane-of-the-sky. C1-Sa2 is not detected in line emission and does not show any outflow activity but exhibits ortho-H$_2$D$^+$ and N$_2$D$^+$ emission in its vicinity, thus it is likely still starless. Assuming a 20 K temperature, C1-Sa2 has a mass of 1.6 M$_\odot$. At a higher resolution of 96 AU, C1-Sa1 begins to show an irregular shape at the periphery, but no clear sign of multiple objects or disks. We suspect that C1-Sa1 hosts a tight binary with inclined disks and outflows. Currently, one member of the binary is actively accreting while the accretion in the other is significantly reduced. C1-Sa2 shows hints of fragmentation into two sub-kernels with similar masses, which requires further confirmation with higher sensitivity., Comment: 7 figures, 2 tables, accepted by ApJ

We have observed the low-mass protostellar source, IRAS 15398$-$3359, at a resolution of 0.$''$2-0.$''$3, as part of the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array Large Program FAUST, to examine the presence of a hot corino in the vicinity of the protostar. We detect nine CH$_3$OH lines including the high excitation lines with upper state energies up to 500 K. The CH$_3$OH rotational temperature and the column density are derived to be 119$^{+20}_{-26}$ K and 3.2$^{+2.5}_{-1.0}\times$10$^{18}$ cm$^{-2}$, respectively. The beam filling factor is derived to be 0.018$^{+0.005}_{-0.003}$, indicating that the emitting region of CH$_3$OH is much smaller than the synthesized beam size and is not resolved. The emitting region of three high excitation lines, 18$_{3,15}-18_{2,16}$, A ($E_u=$447 K), 19$_{3,16}-19_{2,17}$, A ($E_u=$491 K), and 20$_{3,17}-20_{2,18}$, A ($E_u=$537 K), is located within the 50 au area around the protostar, and seems to have a slight extension toward the northwest. Toward the continuum peak, we also detect one emission line from CH$_2$DOH and two features of multiple CH$_3$OCHO lines. These results, in combination with previous reports, indicate that IRAS 15398$-$3359 is a source with hybrid properties showing both hot corino chemistry rich in complex organic molecules on small scales $\sim$10 au) and warm carbon-chain chemistry (WCCC) rich in carbon-chain species on large scales ($\sim$100-1000 au). A possible implication of the small emitting region is further discussed in relation to the origin of the hot corino activity., Comment: 20pages, 3figures

This work argues that one of the fundamental characteristics that define our contemporary age is the digitization of life. To explain this digitization process, we will use a conceptual device of great importance in the last period of Foucault’s intellectual production: experience. We will argue that the digital experience to which we are confronted nowadays —for example, in the advent of biometrics— is defined by the interaction of three simultaneous dimensions: a knowledge formation matrix (cybernetic-digital), a behavior standardization matrix (executed as algorithmic governmentality) and a matrix for subjectivation processes, in which the contemporary subject is paradoxically questioned for being more and less than an individual. Furthermore, we incorporate the notion of mode of existence of the technical object developed by Gilbert Simondon, to conclude that technology can become a fourth way of access to the digital experience that characterizes the evolution of our societies., En este trabajo se sostiene que una de las características fundamentales que define nuestra época contemporánea es la denominada digitalización de la vida. Para explicar en qué consiste este proceso, utilizaremos un dispositivo conceptual de gran importancia en el último periodo de producción intelectual de Foucault; a saber, el concepto de experiencia. En este sentido, sostendremos que la experiencia digital a la que nos enfrentamos hoy en día —por ejemplo, en el advenimiento de la biometría— implica la ejecución simultánea y entrelazada de una matriz para la formación de los saberes (de tipo cibernético-digital), de una matriz para normativizar el comportamiento (ejecutada como gubernamentalidad algorítmica) y de una matriz para la puesta en juego de los procesos de subjetivación, en que el sujeto contemporáneo es paradójicamente interpelado a ser más y menos que un individuo. Además, incorporando la noción de modo de existencia del objeto técnico desarrollada por Gilbert Simondon, concluiremos que la tecnología se puede convertir en una cuarta vía de acceso a la experiencia digital que caracteriza el devenir de nuestro tiempo.

This work argues that one of the fundamental characteristics that define our contemporary age is the digitization of life. To explain this digitization process, we will use a conceptual device of great importance in the last period of Foucault’s intellectual production: experience. We will argue that the digital experience to which we are confronted nowadays -for example, in the advent of biometrics- is defined by the interaction of three simultaneous dimensions: a knowledge formation matrix (cybernetic-digital), a behavior standardization matrix (executed as algorithmic governmentality) and a matrix for subjectivation processes, in which the contemporary subject is paradoxically questioned for being more and less than an individual. Furthermore, we incorporate the notion of mode of existence of the technical object developed by Gilbert Simondon, to conclude that technology can become a fourth way of access to the digital experience that characterizes the evolution of our societies.; En este trabajo se sostiene que una de las características fundamentales que define nuestra época contemporánea es la denominada digitalización de la vida. Para explicar en qué consiste este proceso, utilizaremos un dispositivo conceptual de gran importancia en el último periodo de producción intelectual de Foucault; a saber, el concepto de experiencia. En este sentido, sostendremos que la experiencia digital a la que nos enfrentamos hoy en día -por ejemplo, en el advenimiento de la biometría- implica la ejecución simultánea y entrelazada de una matriz para la formación de los saberes (de tipo cibernético-digital), de una matriz para normativizar el comportamiento (ejecutada como gubernamentalidad algorítmica) y de una matriz para la puesta en juego de los procesos de subjetivación, en que el sujeto contemporáneo es paradójicamente interpelado a ser más y menos que un individuo. Además, incorporando la noción de modo de existencia del objeto técnico desarrollada por Gilbert Simondon, co

Neuroscience corresponds to a group of disciplines that study the nervous system. A lack of understanding of them, combined with their indiscriminate application in education, has led to a series of misconceptions about the brain, giving rise to neuromyths. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe and compare the prevalence of neuromyths and the general knowledge of neuroscience among members of an educational community of students and teachers from a Higher Education Institution in Ecuador. Methodology: Quantitative, non-experimental cross-sectional. The sample consisted of 203 students and teachers from a Higher Education Institution in Ecuador. Dekker’s Neuromyth Prevalence Questionnaire was used. Results: The most entrenched neuromyths in the sample were those associated with coordination exercises and their relationship with language, VAK learning styles, and enriched environments in the preschool stage. Conclusions: It is necessary to promote the exchange of best practices to develop pathways with training adequate for the development of competencies that higher education teachers require in the field of neuroscience., Las neurociencias corresponden a un grupo de disciplinas que estudian el sistema nervioso. La falta de conocimiento sobre ellas y su aplicación indiscriminada a la educación han generado una serie de conocimientos erróneos sobre el cerebro y, en consecuencia, han dado origen a los neuromitos. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y comparar la prevalencia de neuromitos y el conocimiento general sobre neurociencias de integrantes de la comunidad académica de una institución superior de Ecuador. La metodología es cuantitativa, no experimental de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 203 integrantes y se utilizó el cuestionario de prevalencia de neuromitos de Dekker. Como resultado se obtuvo que los neuromitos más arraigados en la muestra fueron aquellos asociados a los ejercicios de coordinación y su relación con el lenguaje, a los estilos de aprendizaje VAK y a los entornos enriquecidos en la etapa preescolar. Es necesario propender al intercambio de buenasprácticas para elaborar itinerarios con una formación adecuada al desarrollo de las competencias que requieren los docentes de educación superior en el área de las neurociencias.

Multiwavelength dust continuum and polarization observations arising from self-scattering have been used to investigate grain sizes in young disks. However, the polarization by self-scattering is low in face-on optically thick disks and puts some of the size constraints from polarization on hold, particularly for the younger and more massive disks. The 1.3 mm emission detected toward the hot ($\gtrsim$400 K) Class 0 disk IRAS 16293-2422 B has been attributed to self-scattering, predicting grain sizes between 200-2000 $\mu$m. We investigate the effects of grain size in the resultant flux and polarization fractions from self-scattering using a hot and massive Class 0 disk model and compare with observations. We compared new and archival high-resolution observations between 1.3 and 18 mm to a set of synthetic models. We have developed a new public tool to automate this process called Synthesizer. This is an easy-to-use program to generate synthetic observations from numerical simulations. Optical depths are in the range of 130 to 2 from 1.3 to 18 mm, respectively. Predictions from significant grain growth populations, including millimetric grains are comparable to the observations at all wavelengths. The polarization fraction produced by self-scattering reaches a maximum of $\sim$0.1% at 1.3 mm for a maximum grain size of 100 $\mu$m, being an order of magnitude lower than that observed with ALMA. From the comparison of Stokes I fluxes, we conclude that significant grain growth could be present in the young Class 0 disk IRAS 16293 B, particularly in the inner hot region ($<10$ au, $T>$ 300 K) where refractory organics evaporate. The polarization produced by self-scattering in our model is not high enough to explain the observations at 1.3 and 7 mm, and effects like dichroic extinction or polarization reversal of elongated aligned grains remain other possible but untested scenarios., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

Introduction: In Chile the first case of COVID-19 was diagnosed on March 3, 2020 and on the eighteenth of the same month the president decreed state of catastrophe, so that classes at school and university level went from the presence to the virtuality. The present study aims to know the level of satisfaction of the virtual classes of the students of Physical Education. Methodology: Quantitative, non experimental, transversal. The sample consisted of 542 students of Physical Education from different study houses in Chile. The Satisfaction scale online classes was adapted and validated. Results: there are significant differences comparing theoretical and practical subjects, with theoretical chairs being better valued. Differences were also found by sex, where males have a more negative perception about virtual classes and when comparing by course, freshmen have a more positive perception about virtual classes in relation to higher courses. Conclusions: there is a resistance on the part of students to virtual classes in Physical Education, because, although significant differences were found between the theoretical and practical subjects, values were always around 3 on a scale of 1 to 5. Future research with other variables such as physical activity, stress levels and strategies for the teaching of Virtual Physical Education are necessary. (English) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR], Introducción: En Chile el primer caso de COVID-19 fue diagnosticado el tres de marzo del 2020 y el día dieciocho del mismo mes el presidente decreto estado de catástrofe, por lo que las clases a nivel escolar y universitario pasaron de la presencialidad a la virtualidad. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo conocer el nivel de satisfacción de las clases virtuales de los estudiantes de Educación Física. Metodología: Cuantitativa, no experimental, transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 542 alumnos de Educación Física de diferentes casas de estudio de Chile. Se adaptó y validó la escala Satisfacción clases online. Resultados: existen diferencias significativas comparando las asignaturas teóricas y prácticas, siendo mejor valoradas las cátedras teóricas. También se encontraron diferencias por sexo, donde los varones poseen una percepción más negativa sobre las clases virtuales y al comparar por curso, los alumnos de primer año poseen una percepción más positiva sobre las clases virtuales en relación con los cursos superiores. Conclusiones: existe una resistencia por parte de los alumnos a las clases virtuales en la Educación Física, pues, si bien se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las asignaturas teóricas y prácticas, los valores siempre estuvieron alrededor de 3 en una escala de 1 a 5. Se hacen necesarias futuras investigaciones con otras variables como actividad física, niveles de estrés y estrategias para la enseñanza de la Educación Física virtual.

Human activities both aggravate and alleviate streamflow drought. Here we show that aggravation is dominant in contrasting cases around the world analysed with a consistent methodology. Our 28 cases included different combinations of human-water interactions. We found that water abstraction aggravated all drought characteristics, with increases of 20%-305% in total time in drought found across the case studies, and increases in total deficit of up to almost 3000%. Water transfers reduced drought time and deficit by up to 97%. In cases with both abstraction and water transfers into the catchment or augmenting streamflow from groundwater, the water inputs could not compensate for the aggravation of droughts due to abstraction and only shift the effects in space or time. Reservoir releases for downstream water use alleviated droughts in the dry season, but also led to deficits in the wet season by changing flow seasonality. This led to minor changes in average drought duration (-26 to +38%) and moderate changes in average drought deficit (-86 to +369%). Land use showed a smaller impact on streamflow drought, also with both increases and decreases observed (-48 to +98%). Sewage return flows and pipe leakage possibly counteracted the effects of increased imperviousness in urban areas; however, untangling the effects of land use change on streamflow drought is challenging. This synthesis of diverse global cases highlights the complexity of the human influence on streamflow drought and the added value of empirical comparative studies. Results indicate both intended and unintended consequences of water management and infrastructure on downstream society and ecosystems.

Pre-stellar cores represent the initial conditions in the process of star and planet formation. Their low temperatures ($<$10 K) allow the formation of thick icy dust mantles, which will be partially preserved in the future protoplanetary disks, ultimately affecting the chemical composition of planetary systems. Previous observations have shown that carbon- and oxygen-bearing species, in particular CO, are heavily depleted in pre-stellar cores due to the efficient molecular freeze-out onto the surface of cold dust grains. However, N-bearing species such as NH$_3$ and, in particular, its deuterated isotopologues, appear to maintain high abundances where CO molecules are mainly in solid phase. Thanks to ALMA, we present here the first clear observational evidence of NH$_2$D freeze-out toward the L1544 pre-stellar core, suggestive of the presence of a"complete-depletion zone" within a $\simeq$1800 au radius, in agreement with astrochemical pre-stellar core model predictions. Our state-of-the-art chemical model coupled with a non-LTE radiative transfer code demonstrates that NH$_2$D becomes mainly incorporated in icy mantles in the central 2000 au and starts freezing-out already at $\simeq$7000 au. Radiative transfer effects within the pre-stellar core cause the NH$_2$D(1$_{11}$-1$_{01}$) emission to appear centrally concentrated, with a flattened distribution within the central $\simeq$3000 au, unlike the 1.3 mm dust continuum emission which shows a clear peak within the central $\simeq$1800 au. This prevented NH$_2$D freeze-out to be detected in previous observations, where the central 1000 au cannot be spatially resolved., Comment: accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

We report a study of the low-mass Class-0 multiple system VLA 1623AB in the Ophiuchus star-forming region, using H$^{13}$CO$^+$ ($J=3-2$), CS ($J=5-4$), and CCH ($N=3-2$) lines as part of the ALMA Large Program FAUST. The analysis of the velocity fields revealed the rotation motion in the envelope and the velocity gradients in the outflows (about 2000 au down to 50 au). We further investigated the rotation of the circum-binary VLA 1623A disk as well as the VLA 1623B disk. We found that the minor axis of the circum-binary disk of VLA 1623A is misaligned by about 12 degrees with respect to the large-scale outflow and the rotation axis of the envelope. In contrast, the minor axis of the circum-binary disk is parallel to the large-scale magnetic field according to previous dust polarization observations, suggesting that the misalignment may be caused by the different directions of the envelope rotation and the magnetic field. If the velocity gradient of the outflow is caused by rotation, the outflow has a constant angular momentum and the launching radius is estimated to be $5-16$ au, although it cannot be ruled out that the velocity gradient is driven by entrainments of the two high-velocity outflows. Furthermore, we detected for the first time a velocity gradient associated with rotation toward the VLA 16293B disk. The velocity gradient is opposite to the one from the large-scale envelope, outflow, and circum-binary disk. The origin of its opposite gradient is also discussed., Comment: 27 pages, 21 figures, 2 Tables, Accepted for publication in ApJ

INTRODUCTION. Recent studies indicate that factors such as distributed leadership and collective teacher efficacy are significant elements that can affect the emotional state with which teachers face their educational work and may influence the appearance of burnout syndrome. In this context, the objectives of this research focus on analyzing the structural relationships between distributed leadership, collective teacher efficacy and burnout syndrome, in addition to investigating the mediation role played by collective teacher efficay between distributed leadership and burnout syndrome. METHOD. To achieve these objectives, the structural equations approach was used, which enabled both measurement models (item-construct relationship) and the structural model (relationship between latent variables) to be valued. In general, 432 questionnaires were collected from elementary school teachers, belonging to the Metropolitan Region of Chile. RESULTS. The results highlight that distributed leadership is related to high levels of collective teacher efficacy and low levels of burnout syndrome and that collective teacher efficacy plays a mediating role between both variables. DISCUSSION. In the study carried out, the relevance that leadership distribution practices have to develop high conditions of collective teacher effectiveness is emphasized, as a mediating variable, with the purpose of mitigating burnout levels in teachers., INTRODUCCIÓN. Recientes estudios señalan que factores como el liderazgo distribuido y la eficacia colectiva docente son elementos significativos que pueden afectar el estado emocional con que los profesores enfrentan su labor educativa, pudiendo influir en la aparición del síndrome de burnout. En este contexto, los objetivos de esta investigación se enfocan en analizar las relaciones estructurales entre liderazgo distribuido, eficacia colectiva docente y síndrome de burnout, además de indagar sobre el papel de mediación que juega la eficacia colectiva docente entre el liderazgo distribuido y el síndrome de burnout. MÉTODO. Para el logro de estos objetivos, se empleó el enfoque de ecuaciones estructurales, lo que posibilitó que tanto modelos de medición (relación ítems-constructo) como el modelo estructural (relación entre variables latentes) fueran valorados. En general, se recogieron 432 cuestionarios de docentes de escuelas primarias, pertenecientes a la Región Metropolitana de Chile. RESULTADOS. Los resultados destacan que el liderazgo distribuido se relaciona con altos niveles de eficacia colectiva docente y con bajos niveles del síndrome de burnout y que la eficacia colectiva docente desempeña un rol mediador entre ambas variables. DISCUSIÓN. En el estudio realizado se enfatiza la relevancia que las prácticas de distribución del liderazgo tienen para desarrollar altas condiciones de eficacia colectiva docente, en su función de variable mediadora, con el propósito de mitigar los niveles de burnout en los docentes.

Spectral lines of ammonia, NH3, are useful probes of the physical conditions in dense molecular cloud cores. In addition to advantages in spectroscopy, ammonia has also been suggested to be resistant to freezing onto grain surfaces, which should make it a superior tool for studying the interior parts of cold, dense cores. Here we present high-resolution NH3 observations with the Very Large Array and Green Bank Telescope toward a prestellar core. These observations show an outer region with a fractional NH3 abundance of X(NH3) = (1.975 ± 0.005) × 10-8 (±10% systematic), but it also reveals that, after all, the X(NH3) starts to decrease above a H2 column density of ≈2.6 × 1022 cm-2. We derive a density model for the core and find that the break point in the fractional abundance occurs at the density n(H2) ∼2 × 105 cm-3, and beyond this point the fractional abundance decreases with increasing density, following the power law n -1.1. This power-law behavior is well reproduced by chemical models where adsorption onto grains dominates the removal of ammonia and related species from the gas at high densities. We suggest that the break-point density changes from core to core depending on the temperature and the grain properties, but that the depletion power law is anyway likely to be close to n -1 owing to the dominance of accretion in the central parts of starless cores. © 2022. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

Human activities both aggravate and alleviate streamflow drought. Here we show that aggravation is dominant in contrasting cases around the world analysed with a consistent methodology. Our 28 cases included different combinations of human-water interactions. We found that water abstraction aggravated all drought characteristics, with increases of 20%-305% in total time in drought found across the case studies, and increases in total deficit of up to almost 3000%. Water transfers reduced drought time and deficit by up to 97%. In cases with both abstraction and water transfers into the catchment or augmenting streamflow from groundwater, the water inputs could not compensate for the aggravation of droughts due to abstraction and only shift the effects in space or time. Reservoir releases for downstream water use alleviated droughts in the dry season, but also led to deficits in the wet season by changing flow seasonality. This led to minor changes in average drought duration (-26 to +38%) and moderate changes in average drought deficit (-86 to +369%). Land use showed a smaller impact on streamflow drought, also with both increases and decreases observed (-48 to +98%). Sewage return flows and pipe leakage possibly counteracted the effects of increased imperviousness in urban areas; however, untangling the effects of land use change on streamflow drought is challenging. This synthesis of diverse global cases highlights the complexity of the human influence on streamflow drought and the added value of empirical comparative studies. Results indicate both intended and unintended consequences of water management and infrastructure on downstream society and ecosystems.

Human activities both aggravate and alleviate streamflow drought. Here we show that aggravation is dominant in contrasting cases around the world analysed with a consistent methodology. Our 28 cases included different combinations of human-water interactions. We found that water abstraction aggravated all drought characteristics, with increases of 20%-305% in total time in drought found across the case studies, and increases in total deficit of up to almost 3000%. Water transfers reduced drought time and deficit by up to 97%. In cases with both abstraction and water transfers into the catchment or augmenting streamflow from groundwater, the water inputs could not compensate for the aggravation of droughts due to abstraction and only shift the effects in space or time. Reservoir releases for downstream water use alleviated droughts in the dry season, but also led to deficits in the wet season by changing flow seasonality. This led to minor changes in average drought duration (-26 to +38%) and moderate changes in average drought deficit (-86 to +369%). Land use showed a smaller impact on streamflow drought, also with both increases and decreases observed (-48 to +98%). Sewage return flows and pipe leakage possibly counteracted the effects of increased imperviousness in urban areas; however, untangling the effects of land use change on streamflow drought is challenging. This synthesis of diverse global cases highlights the complexity of the human influence on streamflow drought and the added value of empirical comparative studies. Results indicate both intended and unintended consequences of water management and infrastructure on downstream society and ecosystems.

Human activities both aggravate and alleviate streamflow drought. Here we show that aggravation is dominant in contrasting cases around the world analysed with a consistent methodology. Our 28 cases included different combinations of human-water interactions. We found that water abstraction aggravated all drought characteristics, with increases of 20%-305% in total time in drought found across the case studies, and increases in total deficit of up to almost 3000%. Water transfers reduced drought time and deficit by up to 97%. In cases with both abstraction and water transfers into the catchment or augmenting streamflow from groundwater, the water inputs could not compensate for the aggravation of droughts due to abstraction and only shift the effects in space or time. Reservoir releases for downstream water use alleviated droughts in the dry season, but also led to deficits in the wet season by changing flow seasonality. This led to minor changes in average drought duration (-26 to +38%) and moderate changes in average drought deficit (-86 to +369%). Land use showed a smaller impact on streamflow drought, also with both increases and decreases observed (-48 to +98%). Sewage return flows and pipe leakage possibly counteracted the effects of increased imperviousness in urban areas; however, untangling the effects of land use change on streamflow drought is challenging. This synthesis of diverse global cases highlights the complexity of the human influence on streamflow drought and the added value of empirical comparative studies. Results indicate both intended and unintended consequences of water management and infrastructure on downstream society and ecosystems.

Introduction: Alternating attention is a process that allows you to change the focus of attention from one stimulus to another quickly. Meanwhile, the inhibition of interference corresponds to the ability to inhibit automatic responses, which allow a controlled response to conflicting stimuli. Aim: study the non-linear behavior of the beta oscillation (13-30 Hz) of the EEG, evaluated through brain chaos/order balance, during the execution of an alternating attention test and a test of interference inhibition in university students. Method: The sample consisted of 14 male university students. For the electroencephalographic recording, the brain-interface device Emotiv Epocø Research Edition was used using the frontal, temporal and occipital lobe registers. The frequency range of 13 to 30 Hz (beta wave) was analyzed. For the evaluation of alternating attention, the Smith test was used and for the inhibition of interfe-rence, the Stroop test was used. Results: during the alternating attention test and interference inhibition the values of the Hurst exponents tend to decrease, which accounts for the existence of more complex processes resulting from the disorganization of the activity of these barks. There are few asymmetries between left and right crusts, and few correlations during the resolution of both tests. Conclusion: Hurst exponents tend to decrease during the resolution of the alternating attention and interference inhibition test, being this a suitable process for the resolution of cognitive problems., Introducción: la atención alternante es un proceso que permite cambiar el foco atencional de un estímulo a otro con rapidez. En tanto, la inhibición de la interferencia corresponde a la capacidad de inhibir respuestas automáticas, que permiten responder controlada-mente frente a estímulos en conflicto. Objetivo: estudiar el comportamiento no-lineal de la oscilación beta (13-30 Hz) del EEG, evaluado a través del balance caos/orden cerebral, durante la ejecución de una prueba de atención alternante y una prueba de inhibición de la interferencia en estudiantes universitarios. Método: la muestra estuvo constituida por 14 estudiantes universitarios varones. Para el registro electroencefalográfico se utilizó el dis-positivo cerebro-interfaz Emotiv Epoc® Research Edition utilizando los registros del lóbulo frontal, temporal y occipital. Se analizó el rango de frecuencia de 13 a 30 Hz (onda beta). Para la evaluación de la atención alternante se utilizó la prueba de Smith y para la inhibición de la interferencia se utilizó la prueba de Stroop. Resultados: durante la prueba de atención alternante e inhibición de la interferencia los valores de los exponentes de Hurst tienden a disminuir, lo cual da cuenta de la existencia de procesos más complejos resultados de la desorganización de la actividad de dichas cortezas. Se observan pocas asimetrías entre cor-tezas izquierdas y derechas, y pocas correlaciones durante la resolución de ambas pruebas. Conclusión: Los exponentes de Hurst tienden a disminuir durante la resolución de la prueba de atención alternante y de inhibición de la interferencia, siendo esto un proceso adecuado para la resolución de problemas cognitivos.

This works’ objective is to characterize the leadership and contextual factors of the head of the Department of Mathematics of a Chilean secondary education center, with a record of notable school performance, who institutionalized departmentalization as a sustainability improvement strategy. Using a descriptive approach, based on a single case study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with the head of the department and those in charge of the Technical-Pedagogical Unit of the center. The results indicate that such position and departmental unit respond simultaneously to the school leadership’s internal political guidelines and to characteristics of teacher leadership that strengthen the collaboration among peers. As the main conclusion, the didactic potential of the departmental task and the value of the pedagogical leadership competencies, assumed by the leader to sustain the effectiveness of mathematics teaching and favor the teacher’s professional development, is recognized., O objetivo do trabalho a seguir é caracterizar a liderança e os fatores contextuais do chefe do Departamento de Matemática de um centro de ensino médio chileno, com um histórico de desempenho escolar notável, que institucionalizou a departamentalização como estratégia de melhoria da sustentabilidade. Por meio de uma abordagem descritiva, e a partir de um estudo de caso único, realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas com o chefe do departamento e os responsáveis pela Unidade Técnico-Pedagógica do centro. Os resultados apontam que tal função e unidade departamental respondem, conjuntamente, às diretrizes políticas internas da liderança escolar e às características da liderança docente que fortalecem a colaboração entre pares. Como conclusão principal, reconhecemos o potencial didático da tarefa departamental e o valor das competências da liderança pedagógica, assumidas pela liderança para sustentar a eficácia do ensino da matemática e propiciar o desenvolvimento profissional do professor, El objetivo del siguiente trabajo, es caracterizar el liderazgo y factores contextuales del jefe del Departamento de Matemática de un centro de educación secundaria chileno, con trayectoria de desempeño escolar notable, que ha institucionalizado la departamentalización como estrategia de sostenibilidad de mejora. Mediante un enfoque descriptivo, basado en un estudio de caso único, se realizaron entrevistas semiestructura-das a la jefa de departamento y encargadas de la Unidad Técnico-Pedagógica del centro. Los resultados indican que tal cargo y unidad departamental responde, de manera simultánea, a lineamientos políticos internos de la dirección escolar y a características de liderazgo docente que fortalecen la colaboración entre pares. Como principal conclusión, se reconoce la potencialidad didáctica del quehacer departamental y el valor de las com-petencias de liderazgo pedagógico, asumido por la jefatura para sustentar la efectividad de la enseñanza de matemática y favorecer el desarrollo profesional docente situado

Student satisfaction is defined as the well-being experienced by students by feeling their academic expectations met as a result of the institution’s activities to meet their educational needs. The objective of this study was to compare the satisfaction levels of physical education students in Chile with those with a degree in physical culture and sport in Mexico. The methodology was quantitative, not experimental cross-sectional and an adaptation of the Recio and Cabero satisfaction scale was used. The sample consisted of a total of 491 students, of whom 260 were from Chile and 231 from Mexico. The main results show a greater satisfaction of the virtual classes of both the theoretical chairs and practices (sports) by the Mexican students. It is concluded that it is necessary to advance in investigations that investigate new virtual methodologies and it is also necessary to deepen for the reasons that the students of Mexico have a greater satisfaction, if it is proper to the technological resources, or greater levels of flexibility in the face of change., La satisfacción estudiantil se define como el bienestar que experimentan los alumnos por sentir cubiertas sus expectativas académicas como resultado de las actividades que realiza la institución para atender sus necesidades educativas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comparar los niveles de satisfacción de estudiantes de educación física de Chile con los alumnos de licenciatura en cultura física y deporte de México. La metodología fue cuantitativa, no experimental de corte transversal y se utilizó una adaptación de la escala de Satisfacción de Recio y Cabero. La muestra estuvo constituida por un total de 491 estudiantes, de los cuales 260 eran de Chile y 231 de México. Los principales resultados muestran una mayor satisfacción de las clases virtuales tanto de las cátedras teóricas como prácticas (deportivas) por parte del estudiantado mexicano. Se concluye que se debe avanzar en investigaciones que indaguen en nuevas metodologías virtuales y también es necesario profundizar por las razones que los estudiantes de México poseen una mayor satisfacción, si es propio a los recursos tecnológicos, culturales o bien mayores niveles de flexibilidad frente a cambios.

Gender stereotypes are the set of social beliefs, attributable to people depending on their biological sex: femininity for them and masculinity for them. The objectives of this study are to know the psychometric properties of the Inventory of Sexual Roles of Bem in a sample of students of Physical Education of Chile and to study the incidence of sociodemographic variables on gender roles in the sample. The sample consisted of 240 students of Physical Education of Chile, to whom this instrument was applied. The results show that the inventory has adequate levels of validity and reliability in the sample studied. Women have a higher level of masculinity and femininity compared to men. Sexual orientation, sex education, religious beliefs or income do not affect the levels of masculinity and femininity in the sample. It is concluded that the instrument is valid and reliable to be applied to this type of samples and that it is necessary to study other sociodemographic aspects that could predict male and female behaviors and attitudes in physical education students., Los estereotipos de género son el conjunto de creencias sociales, atribuibles a las personas dependiendo de su sexo biológico: la femineidad para ellas y la masculinidad para ellos. Los objetivos del presente estudio son conocer las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Roles Sexuales de Bem en una muestra de estudiantes de Educación física de Chile y estudiar la incidencia de variables sociodemográficas sobre los roles de género en la muestra. La muestra estuvo constituida por 240 estudiantes de Educación Física de Chile, a quienes se le aplicó dicho instrumento. Los resultados muestran que el inventario posee niveles adecuados de validez y confiabilidad en la muestra estudiada. Las mujeres poseen un mayor nivel de masculinidad y femineidad en comparación con los varones. La orientación sexual, educación sexual, creencias religiosas o ingresos no inciden en los niveles de masculinidad y femineidad de la muestra. Se concluye que el instrumento es válido y confiable para ser aplicado a este tipo de muestras y que es necesario estudiar otros aspectos sociodemográficos que puedan predecir los comportamientos y actitudes masculinas y femeninas en estudiantes de educación física.

The purpose of this study was to determine the reference values of the velocity of execution of the five Sit-to-Standin older adults through a systematic review of the literature. Three databases were reviewed: Medline (PubMed), Scopus andWeb of Science, with the deadline of March 2021. The search terms were: «sit to stand» OR «stand to sit» OR «chair rise» OR«chair rising» AND «kinematic» OR «velocity». The experimental studies were evaluated using the Quality Assessment ofDiagnostic Accuracy Assessment (QUADAS) scale by independent reviewers. A total of seven studies were included. Thevelocity of execution in older adults (n=85) that presented neurological health conditions was between 0.33 m/s and 0.38m/s. In the healthy (n=246) ones it was between 0.27 m/s and 0.94 m/s. Between 60 to 70 years (n=157) it was from 0.31m/s and 1.59 m/s, and from 70 to 80 years (n=225) it was from 0.27 m/s and 1.04 m/s. The execution velocity of five Sit-to-Stand in older adults ranges from a minimum of 0.27 m/s to a maximum of 1.59 m/s ffor the complete cycle of standingup and sitting down. These antecedents may be useful to predict or detect functional alterations and disability, El propósito de este estudio fue determinar los valores de referencia de la prueba sentado-de pie de cinco repeticiones en adultos mayores a través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura. La revisión siguió las recomendaciones de la declaración PRISMA. Se revisaron tres bases de datos: Medline (PubMed), Scopus y Web of Science. Los términos de búsqueda fueron: "sit to stand" OR "stand to sit" OR "chair rise" OR "chair rising" AND "kinematic" OR "velocity". Los estudios experimentales se evaluaron mediante la escala QUADAS. Se incluyó un total de siete estudios. La velocidad de ejecución en adultos mayores que presentaban condiciones de salud neurológica estuvo entre 0.33 m/s y 0.38 m/s. En sujetos sanos estuvo entre 0.27 m/s y 0.94 m/s. Entre 60 a 70 años fue de 0.31 m/s y 1.59 m/s, y de 70 a 80 años fue de 0.27 m/s y 1.04 m/s. La velocidad de ejecución de la prueba sentado-de pie de cinco repeticiones en adultos mayores varía desde un mínimo de 0.27 m/s hasta un máximo de 1.59 m/s. Estos antecedentes pueden ser útiles para predecir o detectar alteraciones funcionales y discapacidad.

Studies conducted over the past three decades have revealed strong biological bases for homosexuality and transsexuality. The objectives of this research were to validate the Biological Knowledge of Homosexuality and Transsexuality (BKHT) questionnaire in a sample of students from the area of physical activity in Mexico and describe this knowledge in the sample evaluated. To this end, 324 students from Mexico were surveyed using a sociodemographic survey and the BKHT questionnaire. The results reveal adequate indices of validity and reliability of the BKHT questionnaire in the sample, that the levels of biological knowledge on these topics are low and that the sociodemographic variables that affect these results are sex and having a friend/a known/a homosexual or bisexual. It is recommended to continue with the evaluation of samples of students from other pedagogy careers and from different regions of Mexico., Estudios realizados durante las últimas tres décadas han revelado fuertes bases biológicas de la homosexualidad y transexualidad. Los objetivos de la presente investigación fueron validar el cuestionario de Conocimientos Biológicos de la Homosexualidad y Transexualidad (CBHT) en una muestra de estudiantes del área de la actividad física de México y describir estos conocimientos en la muestra evaluada. Para ello se encuestaron a 324 estudiantes de México aplicando una encuesta sociodemográfica y el cuestionario CBHT. Los resultados revelan índices adecuados de validez y confiabilidad del cuestionario CBHT en la muestra, que los niveles de conocimientos biológicos sobre estos temas son bajos y que las variables sociodemográficas que inciden en dichos resultados son el sexo y el tener un amigo/a o conocido/a homosexual o bisexual. Se recomienda continuar con la evaluación de muestras de estudiantes de otras carreras de pedagogía y de diferentes regiones de México.

Homophobia is understood as the feeling of rejection or fear towards a homosexual person. Discrimination and disapproval of people referred to as transgender or transgender is known as transphobia. Both attitudes are very present in Physical Education, so the objective of this research is to validate two scales of negative attitudes towards homosexuality and trans people in students of Physical Education of Chile and describe their attitudes. Method: the homophobia scale EHF-10 and the scale of negative attitudes towards trans people were applied to 255 students of Physical Education Pedagogy from three universities in Chile. Results: The two instruments have adequate levels of validity and reliability. The statements: I would be ashamed to have a gay brother or lesbian sister and Trans people should not be able to teach in schools have the highest percentage of responses totally disagreeing and disagreeing with more than 90%. The results of the homophobia scale EHF-10 present no significative differences between men and women and in the scale of negative attitudes towards trans people only present differences in one of its items. Conclusion: Both scales are valid and reliable to be applied to students of Physical Education. Low levels of homophobia and transphobia were observed in the sample., La homofobia se entiende como el sentimiento de rechazo o temor hacia una persona homosexual. La discriminación y desaprobación hacia las personas denominadas como transgénero o transexual es conocido como transfobia. Ambas actitudes están muy presentes en la Educación Física, por eso el objetivo de la presente investigación fue validar dos escalas de actitudes negativas hacia la homosexualidad y personas trans en estudiantes de Educación Física de Chile y describir sus actitudes. Método: se aplicó la escala de homofobia EHF-10 y la escala de actitudes negativas hacia personas trans a 255 estudiantes de Pedagogía en Educación Física de tres universidades de Chile. Resultados: los dos instrumentos presentan niveles adecuados de validez y confiabilidad. Las afirmaciones: Me avergonzaría tener un hermano homosexual o hermana lesbiana y Las personas trans no deberían poder enseñar en las escuelas poseen el mayor porcentaje de respuestas totalmente en desacuerdo y en desacuerdo con más del 90%. Los resultados de la escala de homofobia EHF-10 no presentan diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres y en la escala de actitudes negativas hacia personas trans sólo presenta diferencias en uno de sus ítems. Conclusión: ambas escalas son válidas y confiables para ser aplicadas a estudiantes de Educación Física. Se observan bajos niveles de homofobia y transfobia en la muestra.

Various studies relate variables such as age, sex, socioeconomic level, religion, etc. with levels of homophobia and transphobia. The aim of this research is to determine the incidence of some sociodemographic variables and biological knowledge about homosexuality and transsexuality on the levels of homophobia and transphobia in physical education students in Chile. Method: a sociodemographic survey was applied, the scale of homophobia EHF-10, the scale of negative attitudes towards trans people and the questionnaire of biological knowledge of homosexuality and transsexuality to 463 students of Pedagogy in Physical Education from six universities in Chile. Results: The levels of homophobia and transphobia are low in the sample, being the coexistence with friends/ or known/ homosexual, bisexual and trans, and the religious beliefs the factors that most affect those negative attitudes. A negative and low relationship was observed between biological knowledge of homosexuality and transsexuality and levels of homophobia and transphobia. Conclusion: The sample has low levels of homophobia and transphobia. There are also low biological knowledge values of homosexuality and transsexuality, with a low and negative relationship between such knowledge and negative attitudes towards homosexuals and transgender people., Diversos estudios relacionan variables como la edad, sexo, nivel socioeconómico, religión, etc. con los niveles de homofobia y transfobia. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la incidencia de algunas variables sociodemográficas y de los conocimientos biológicos sobre la homosexualidad y transexualidad sobre los niveles de homofobia y transfobia en estudiantes de Educación Física de Chile. Método: se aplicó una encuesta sociodemográfica, la escala de homofobia EHF-10, la escala de actitudes negativas hacia personas trans y el cuestionario de conocimientos biológicos de la homosexualidad y transexualidad a 463 estudiantes de Pedagogía en Educación Física de seis universidades de Chile. Resultados: los niveles de homofobia y transfobia son bajos en la muestra, siendo la convivencia con amigos/as o conocidos/as homosexuales, bisexuales y trans, y las creencias religiosas los factores que más inciden en dichas actitudes negativas. Se observó una relación negativa y baja entre conocimientos biológicos de homosexualidad y transexualidad y los niveles de homofobia y transfobia. Conclusión: la muestra presenta bajos niveles de homofobia y transfobia. También se observan bajos valores de conocimientos biológicos de la homosexualidad y transexualidad, con una relación baja y negativa entre dichos conocimientos y las actitudes negativas hacia personas homosexuales y trans.

This study aimed to find changes in the wellness state, during the confinement period due to COVID-19, in professional soccerplayers from the first division B of Chile. The studied sample consisted of 28 professional male soccer players aged 26 ± 6.3 years,body mass 74.2 ± 5.5 kg, and height 177 ± 0.05 cm. The degree of well-being was evaluated through a questionnaire (McLeanet al., 2010) during the 2020 competitive and confinement periods. Statistically, significant differences (p <0.05) between thecompetitive period and the confinement period are shown in FT (t = 2.5; p = 0.0), SO (t = 2.71; p = 0.01), ES (t = 5.07; p =0.0), EA (t = 1.82; p = 0.08), and T (t = 4.87; p = 0.0). Small TE were reflected in the variables EA and DM (d = 0.7; d = 0.4respectively), moderate in FAT and SO (d = 1.0; d = 1.2 respectively), and very large in ES and T (d = 2.1; d = 2.0 respectively).The CP and CV between periods for the well-being variables were the following: for FAT, 11% and 11.6%, for DM, 5.3% and13.1%; for SO, 9.3%; 7.5%, ES 11.6% and 5.9, for EA 3.9%; 5.2%, and finally for T 8.1% and 4.0% respectively. It is possible toconclude that the state of well-being in professional soccer players is altered in the period of confinement with respect to that ofcompetition, finding significant changes in the variables FT, SO, ES, and T, which coincided with the changes from moderate tovery large of these same variables, as well as the PC were larger than the CV between periods. Therefore, we could consider thesechanges as real, and they could be an effect attributable to the mandatory isolation., O objetivo do estudo foi conhecer as alterações no estado de bem-estar no período de confinamento devido à COVID-19 entrejogadores profissionais de futebol da primeira divisão B do Chile. Vinte e oito jogadores profissionais de futebol masculinoparticiparam, com idade de 26 ± 6,3 anos, massa corporal de 74,2 ± 5,5 kg e altura de 177 ± 0,05 cm. O grau de bem-estar foiavaliado por meio de um questionário (McLean et al., 2010) durante os períodos competitivos e de confinamento da temporada2020. Forma demonstradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre o período competitivo e o de confinamento,em FT (t = 2,5; p = 0,0), SO (t = 2,71; p = 0,01), ES (t = 5,07; p = 0,0), EA (t = 1,82; p = 0,08) e T (t = 4,87; p = 0,0). TEpequenos foram refletidos nas variáveis EA e DM (d = 0,7; d = 0,4 respectivamente), moderados em FT e SO (d = 1,0; d = 1,2respectivamente) e muito grandes em ES e T (d = 2,1; d = 2,0 respectivamente). O PC e o CV entre períodos para as variáveisde bem-estar foram para FT 11% e 11,6%, para DM 5,3% e 13,1%, para SO 9,3%; 7,5%, ES 11,6% e 5,9, para EA 3,9%; 5,2%, efinalmente para T 8,1% e 4,0% respectivamente. É possível concluir que o estado de bem-estar dos jogadores de futebol profissionalficou alterado no período de confinamento em relação ao período de competição, encontrando alterações significativas nas variáveisFT, SO, ES e T, que coincidiram com alterações moderadas a muito grandes nestas mesmas variáveis, assim como o PC foi maiorque o CV entre períodos; desta forma, poderíamos considerar estas alterações como reais, e que poderiam ser um efeito atribuívelao isolamento obrigatório., El propósito del estudio fue conocer las alteraciones en el estado de bienestar en periodo de confinamiento debido al COVID-19 enjugadores de fútbol profesional de la primera división B de Chile. Participaron 28 jugadores profesionales de fútbol varones, edad26 ± 6.3 años, masa corporal de 74.2 ± 5.5 kg y estatura de 177 ± 0.05 cm. Se evaluó el grado de bienestar a través de un cuestionario(McLean et al., 2010) durante periodo competitivo y periodo de confinamiento de la temporada 2020. Se muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0.05) entre el periodo competitivo y el periodo de confinamiento, en FT (t = 2.5; p = 0.0), SO(t = 2.71; p = 0.01), ES (t = 5.07; p = 0.0), EA (t = 1.82; p = 0.08) y T (t = 4.87; p = 0.0). Se reflejaron TE pequeños en las variables EA y DM (d = 0.7; d = 0.4 respectivamente), moderados en FT y SO (d = 1.0; d = 1.2 respectivamente) y muy grandes en ES y T(d = 2.1; d = 2.0 respectivamente). Los PC y CV entre periodos para las variables de bienestar fueron para FT 11% y 11.6%, para DM 5.3% y 13.1%, para SO 9.3%; 7.5%, ES 11.6% y 5.9, para EA 3.9%; 5.2%, y finalmente para T 8.1% y 4.0% respectivamente. Es posible concluir que el estado de bienestar en jugadores profesionales de fútbol se ve alterado en el periodo de confinamiento respecto al de competición, encontrándose cambios significativos en las variables FT, SO, ES y T, que coincidieron con los cambios de moderados a muy grandes de estas mismas variables, como también los PC fueron más grandes que el CV entre periodos; por lo que podríamos considerar estos cambios como reales, y que pudiesen ser un efecto atribuible al aislamiento obligatorio.