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We studied facial motor control in elephants, animals with muscular dexterous trunks. Facial nucleus neurons (~54,000 in Asian elephants, ~63,000 in African elephants) outnumbered those of other land-living mammals. The large-eared African elephants had more medial facial subnucleus neurons than Asian elephants, reflecting a numerically more extensive ear-motor control. Elephant dorsal and lateral facial subnuclei were unusual in elongation, neuron numerosity, and a proximal-to-distal neuron size increase. We suggest that this subnucleus organization is related to trunk representation, with the huge distal neurons innervating the trunk tip with long axons. African elephants pinch objects with two trunk tip fingers, whereas Asian elephants grasp/wrap objects with larger parts of their trunk. Finger "motor foveae" and a positional bias of neurons toward the trunk tip representation in African elephant facial nuclei reflect their motor strategy. Thus, elephant brains reveal neural adaptations to facial morphology, body size, and dexterity.

The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (formally WFIRST) will be launched in the mid-2020’s with an onboard coronagraph instrument which will serve as a technology demonstrator for exoplanet direct imaging. The Roman Coronagraph will be capable of detecting and characterizing exoplanets and circumstellar disks in visible light at an unprecedented contrast level of ~10⁻⁸ or lower. Such a contrast level, which is several magnitudes better than state-of-the-art visible or near-infrared coronagraphs, raises entirely new challenges that will be overcome using a combination of hardware, calibration and data processing. In particular, the Roman Coronagraph will be the first space-based coronagraphic instrument with real-time active wavefront control through the use of large format deformable mirrors, and its EMCCD detector will enable faint signal detection in photon-counting mode. The Roman Coronagraph instrument passed its critical design review successfully in April 2021, and is now well on its path to demonstrate many core technologies at the levels required for future exo-Earth direct imaging missions.

PHASECam is the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer's (LBTI) phase sensor, a near-infrared camera which is used to measure tip/tilt and phase variations between the two AO-corrected apertures of the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). Tip/tilt and phase sensing are currently performed in the H (1.65 $\mu$m) and K (2.2 $\mu$m) bands at 1 kHz, and the K band phase telemetry is used to send tip/tilt and Optical Path Difference (OPD) corrections to the system. However, phase variations outside the range [-$\pi$, $\pi$] are not sensed, and thus are not fully corrected during closed-loop operation. PHASECam's phase unwrapping algorithm, which attempts to mitigate this issue, still occasionally fails in the case of fast, large phase variations. This can cause a fringe jump, in which case the unwrapped phase will be incorrect by a wavelength or more. This can currently be manually corrected by the observer, but this is inefficient. A more reliable and automated solution is desired, especially as the LBTI begins to commission further modes which require robust, active phase control, including controlled multi-axial (Fizeau) interferometry and dual-aperture non-redundant aperture masking interferometry. We present a multi-wavelength method of fringe jump capture and correction which involves direct comparison between the K band and currently unused H band phase telemetry., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures

Online shoppers rely on product images to gain information about products. Helpful product images allow a detailed mental imagery of the product and its use. Product images with a fitting contextual background, as opposed to a plain white background, increase such mental imagery and in turn product liking and purchase intent. This effect, however, is preceded by imagery fluency—the ease with which mental images come to mind in the first place. As a result, effective product images need to facilitate fluent perceptions, while also evoking fitting mental imagery. Two experimental studies confirm this pathway which links research on mental imagery with research on imagery fluency. Moreover, the experiments show that this effect of contextual backgrounds works for fitting but not for non-fitting backgrounds, better for ambiguous than unambiguous products, and for experience products, but not for search products. Online retailers could leverage contextual backgrounds in product images to enhance consumers’ evaluations of their merchandise as long as the beneficial effects via mental imagery outweigh the added photography costs. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

Online shoppers rely on product images to gain information about products. Helpful product images allow a detailed mental imagery of the product and its use. Product images with a fitting contextual background, as opposed to a plain white background, increase such mental imagery and in turn product liking and purchase intent. This effect, however, is preceded by imagery fluency—the ease with which mental images come to mind in the first place. As a result, effective product images need to facilitate fluent perceptions, while also evoking fitting mental imagery. Two experimental studies confirm this pathway which links research on mental imagery with research on imagery fluency. Moreover, the experiments show that this effect of contextual backgrounds works for fitting but not for non-fitting backgrounds, better for ambiguous than unambiguous products, and for experience products, but not for search products. Online retailers could leverage contextual backgrounds in product images to enhance consumers’ evaluations of their merchandise as long as the beneficial effects via mental imagery outweigh the added photography costs. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd

PHASECam is the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer's (LBTI) phase sensor, a near-infrared camera which is used to measure tip/tilt and phase variations between the two AO-corrected apertures of the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). Tip/tilt and phase sensing are currently performed in the H (1.65 $\mu$m) and K (2.2 $\mu$m) bands at 1 kHz, and the K band phase telemetry is used to send tip/tilt and Optical Path Difference (OPD) corrections to the system. However, phase variations outside the range [-$\pi$, $\pi$] are not sensed, and thus are not fully corrected during closed-loop operation. PHASECam's phase unwrapping algorithm, which attempts to mitigate this issue, still occasionally fails in the case of fast, large phase variations. This can cause a fringe jump, in which case the unwrapped phase will be incorrect by a wavelength or more. This can currently be manually corrected by the observer, but this is inefficient. A more reliable and automated solution is desired, especially as the LBTI begins to commission further modes which require robust, active phase control, including controlled multi-axial (Fizeau) interferometry and dual-aperture non-redundant aperture masking interferometry. We present a multi-wavelength method of fringe jump capture and correction which involves direct comparison between the K band and currently unused H band phase telemetry., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures

Contains fulltext : 172371.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), BACKGROUND: TH17 cells have so far been considered to be crucial mediators of autoimmune inflammation. Two distinct types of TH17 cells have been described recently, which differed in their polarization requirement for IL-1beta and in their cytokine repertoire. Whether these distinct TH17 phenotypes translate into distinct TH17 cell functions with implications for human health or disease has not been addressed yet. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized the existence of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory human TH17 cell functions based on the differential expression of IL-10, which is regulated by IL-1beta. Considering the crucial role of IL-1beta in the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory syndromes, we hypothesized that IL-1beta mediates the loss of anti-inflammatory TH17 cell functionalities in patients with Schnitzler syndrome, an autoinflammatory disease. METHODS: To assess proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory TH17 cell functions, we performed suppression assays and tested the effects of IL-1beta dependent and independent TH17 subsets on modulating proinflammatory cytokine secretion by monocytes. Patients with Schnitzler syndrome were analyzed for changes in TH17 cell functions before and during therapy with IL-1beta-blocking drugs. RESULTS: Both TH17 cell subsets differ in their ability to suppress T-cell proliferation and their ability to modulate proinflammatory cytokine production by antigen-presenting cells because of their differential IL-10 expression properties. In patients with Schnitzler syndrome, systemic overproduction of IL-1beta translates into a profound loss of anti-inflammatory TH17 cell functionalities, which can be reversed by anti-IL-1beta treatment. CONCLUSION: IL-1beta signaling determines the differential expression pattern of IL-10, which is necessary and sufficient to induce proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory TH17 cell functions. Our data introduce TH17 cell subsets as novel players in autoinflammation and thus novel therapeutic targets in

Contains fulltext : 172371.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), BACKGROUND: TH17 cells have so far been considered to be crucial mediators of autoimmune inflammation. Two distinct types of TH17 cells have been described recently, which differed in their polarization requirement for IL-1beta and in their cytokine repertoire. Whether these distinct TH17 phenotypes translate into distinct TH17 cell functions with implications for human health or disease has not been addressed yet. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized the existence of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory human TH17 cell functions based on the differential expression of IL-10, which is regulated by IL-1beta. Considering the crucial role of IL-1beta in the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory syndromes, we hypothesized that IL-1beta mediates the loss of anti-inflammatory TH17 cell functionalities in patients with Schnitzler syndrome, an autoinflammatory disease. METHODS: To assess proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory TH17 cell functions, we performed suppression assays and tested the effects of IL-1beta dependent and independent TH17 subsets on modulating proinflammatory cytokine secretion by monocytes. Patients with Schnitzler syndrome were analyzed for changes in TH17 cell functions before and during therapy with IL-1beta-blocking drugs. RESULTS: Both TH17 cell subsets differ in their ability to suppress T-cell proliferation and their ability to modulate proinflammatory cytokine production by antigen-presenting cells because of their differential IL-10 expression properties. In patients with Schnitzler syndrome, systemic overproduction of IL-1beta translates into a profound loss of anti-inflammatory TH17 cell functionalities, which can be reversed by anti-IL-1beta treatment. CONCLUSION: IL-1beta signaling determines the differential expression pattern of IL-10, which is necessary and sufficient to induce proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory TH17 cell functions. Our data introduce TH17 cell subsets as novel players in autoinflammation and thus novel therapeutic targets in

Contains fulltext : 172371.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), BACKGROUND: TH17 cells have so far been considered to be crucial mediators of autoimmune inflammation. Two distinct types of TH17 cells have been described recently, which differed in their polarization requirement for IL-1beta and in their cytokine repertoire. Whether these distinct TH17 phenotypes translate into distinct TH17 cell functions with implications for human health or disease has not been addressed yet. OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized the existence of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory human TH17 cell functions based on the differential expression of IL-10, which is regulated by IL-1beta. Considering the crucial role of IL-1beta in the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory syndromes, we hypothesized that IL-1beta mediates the loss of anti-inflammatory TH17 cell functionalities in patients with Schnitzler syndrome, an autoinflammatory disease. METHODS: To assess proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory TH17 cell functions, we performed suppression assays and tested the effects of IL-1beta dependent and independent TH17 subsets on modulating proinflammatory cytokine secretion by monocytes. Patients with Schnitzler syndrome were analyzed for changes in TH17 cell functions before and during therapy with IL-1beta-blocking drugs. RESULTS: Both TH17 cell subsets differ in their ability to suppress T-cell proliferation and their ability to modulate proinflammatory cytokine production by antigen-presenting cells because of their differential IL-10 expression properties. In patients with Schnitzler syndrome, systemic overproduction of IL-1beta translates into a profound loss of anti-inflammatory TH17 cell functionalities, which can be reversed by anti-IL-1beta treatment. CONCLUSION: IL-1beta signaling determines the differential expression pattern of IL-10, which is necessary and sufficient to induce proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory TH17 cell functions. Our data introduce TH17 cell subsets as novel players in autoinflammation and thus novel therapeutic targets in

Lactobacilli are thought to be beneficial for human health, with lactobacilli-associated infections being confined to immune-compromised individuals. However, Lactobacillus fermentum AGR1487 negatively affects barrier integrity in vitro so we hypothesized that it caused a pro-inflammatory response in the host. We compared germ-free rats inoculated with AGR1487 to those inoculated with another L. fermentum strain, AGR1485, which does not affect in vitro barrier integrity. We showed that rats inoculated with AGR1487 had more inflammatory cells in their colon, higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers, and increased colonic gene expression of pro-inflammatory pathways. In addition, our in vitro studies showed that AGR1487 had a greater capacity to activate TLR signaling and induce pro-inflammatory cytokines in immune cells. This study indicates the potential of strains of the same species to differentially elicit inflammatory responses in the host and highlights the importance of strain characterization in probiotic approaches to treat inflammatory disorders.

The glacial-to-Holocene evolution of subarctic Pacific surface water stratification and silicic acid (Si) dynamics is investigated based on new combined diatom oxygen (delta O-18(diat)) and silicon (delta Si-30(diat)) isotope records, along with new biogenic opal, subsurface foraminiferal delta O-18, alkenone-based sea surface temperature, sea ice, diatom, and core logging data from the NE Pacific. Our results suggest that delta O-18(diat) values are primarily influenced by changes in freshwater discharge from the Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS), while corresponding delta Si-30(diat) are primarily influenced by changes in Si supply to surface waters. Our data indicate enhanced glacial to mid Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) NE Pacific surface water stratification, generally limiting the Si supply to surface waters. However, we suggest that an increase in Si supply during early HS1, when surface waters were still stratified, is linked to increased North Pacific Intermediate Water formation. The coincidence between fresh surface waters during HS1 and enhanced ice-rafted debris sedimentation in the North Atlantic indicates a close link between CIS and Laurentide Ice Sheet dynamics and a dominant atmospheric control on CIS deglaciation. The Bolling/Allerod (B/A) is characterized by destratification in the subarctic Pacific and an increased supply of saline, Si-rich waters to surface waters. This change toward increased convection occurred prior to the Bolling warming and is likely triggered by a switch to sea ice-free conditions during late HS1. Our results furthermore indicate a decreased efficiency of the biological pump during late HS1 and the B/A (possibly also the Younger Dryas), suggesting that the subarctic Pacific has then been a source region of atmospheric CO2.

The glacial-to-Holocene evolution of subarctic Pacific surface water stratification and silicic acid (Si) dynamics is investigated based on new combined diatom oxygen (delta O-18(diat)) and silicon (delta Si-30(diat)) isotope records, along with new biogenic opal, subsurface foraminiferal delta O-18, alkenone-based sea surface temperature, sea ice, diatom, and core logging data from the NE Pacific. Our results suggest that delta O-18(diat) values are primarily influenced by changes in freshwater discharge from the Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS), while corresponding delta Si-30(diat) are primarily influenced by changes in Si supply to surface waters. Our data indicate enhanced glacial to mid Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) NE Pacific surface water stratification, generally limiting the Si supply to surface waters. However, we suggest that an increase in Si supply during early HS1, when surface waters were still stratified, is linked to increased North Pacific Intermediate Water formation. The coincidence between fresh surface waters during HS1 and enhanced ice-rafted debris sedimentation in the North Atlantic indicates a close link between CIS and Laurentide Ice Sheet dynamics and a dominant atmospheric control on CIS deglaciation. The Bolling/Allerod (B/A) is characterized by destratification in the subarctic Pacific and an increased supply of saline, Si-rich waters to surface waters. This change toward increased convection occurred prior to the Bolling warming and is likely triggered by a switch to sea ice-free conditions during late HS1. Our results furthermore indicate a decreased efficiency of the biological pump during late HS1 and the B/A (possibly also the Younger Dryas), suggesting that the subarctic Pacific has then been a source region of atmospheric CO2.

Contains fulltext : 150117.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 150072.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 150117.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 150072.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 150117.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 150072.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

The glacial-to-Holocene evolution of subarctic Pacific surface water stratification and silicic acid (Si) dynamics is investigated based on new combined diatom oxygen (delta O-18(diat)) and silicon (delta Si-30(diat)) isotope records, along with new biogenic opal, subsurface foraminiferal delta O-18, alkenone-based sea surface temperature, sea ice, diatom, and core logging data from the NE Pacific. Our results suggest that delta O-18(diat) values are primarily influenced by changes in freshwater discharge from the Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS), while corresponding delta Si-30(diat) are primarily influenced by changes in Si supply to surface waters. Our data indicate enhanced glacial to mid Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) NE Pacific surface water stratification, generally limiting the Si supply to surface waters. However, we suggest that an increase in Si supply during early HS1, when surface waters were still stratified, is linked to increased North Pacific Intermediate Water formation. The coincidence between fresh surface waters during HS1 and enhanced ice-rafted debris sedimentation in the North Atlantic indicates a close link between CIS and Laurentide Ice Sheet dynamics and a dominant atmospheric control on CIS deglaciation. The Bolling/Allerod (B/A) is characterized by destratification in the subarctic Pacific and an increased supply of saline, Si-rich waters to surface waters. This change toward increased convection occurred prior to the Bolling warming and is likely triggered by a switch to sea ice-free conditions during late HS1. Our results furthermore indicate a decreased efficiency of the biological pump during late HS1 and the B/A (possibly also the Younger Dryas), suggesting that the subarctic Pacific has then been a source region of atmospheric CO2.

The glacial-to-Holocene evolution of subarctic Pacific surface water stratification and silicic acid (Si) dynamics is investigated based on new combined diatom oxygen (delta O-18(diat)) and silicon (delta Si-30(diat)) isotope records, along with new biogenic opal, subsurface foraminiferal delta O-18, alkenone-based sea surface temperature, sea ice, diatom, and core logging data from the NE Pacific. Our results suggest that delta O-18(diat) values are primarily influenced by changes in freshwater discharge from the Cordilleran Ice Sheet (CIS), while corresponding delta Si-30(diat) are primarily influenced by changes in Si supply to surface waters. Our data indicate enhanced glacial to mid Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) NE Pacific surface water stratification, generally limiting the Si supply to surface waters. However, we suggest that an increase in Si supply during early HS1, when surface waters were still stratified, is linked to increased North Pacific Intermediate Water formation. The coincidence between fresh surface waters during HS1 and enhanced ice-rafted debris sedimentation in the North Atlantic indicates a close link between CIS and Laurentide Ice Sheet dynamics and a dominant atmospheric control on CIS deglaciation. The Bolling/Allerod (B/A) is characterized by destratification in the subarctic Pacific and an increased supply of saline, Si-rich waters to surface waters. This change toward increased convection occurred prior to the Bolling warming and is likely triggered by a switch to sea ice-free conditions during late HS1. Our results furthermore indicate a decreased efficiency of the biological pump during late HS1 and the B/A (possibly also the Younger Dryas), suggesting that the subarctic Pacific has then been a source region of atmospheric CO2.

Sinn und Bedeutung, Contains fulltext : 134302.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Sinn und Bedeutung, Contains fulltext : 134302.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Sinn und Bedeutung, Contains fulltext : 134302.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 28 januari 2013, Promotor : Hoop, H. de Co-promotor : Maier, E., Contains fulltext : 106954.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

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Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 28 januari 2013, Promotor : Hoop, H. de Co-promotor : Maier, E., Contains fulltext : 106954.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Item does not contain fulltext

Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, 28 januari 2013, Promotor : Hoop, H. de Co-promotor : Maier, E., Contains fulltext : 106954.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

1 september 2011, Item does not contain fulltext, The IL-1 family of cytokines encompasses eleven proteins that each share a similar beta-barrel structure and bind to Ig-like receptors. Some of the IL-1-like cytokines have been well characterised, and play key roles in the development and regulation of inflammation. Indeed, IL-1alpha (IL-1F1), IL-1beta (IL-1F2), and IL-18 (IL-1F4) are well-known inflammatory cytokines active in the initiation of the inflammatory reaction and in driving Th1 and Th17 inflammatory responses. In contrast, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra, IL-1F3) and the receptor antagonist binding to IL-1Rrp2 (IL-36Ra, IL-1F5) reduce inflammation by blocking the binding of the agonist receptor ligands. In the case of IL-37 (IL-1F7), of which five different splice variants have been described, less is known of its function, and identification of the components of a heterodimeric receptor complex remains unclear. Some studies suggest that IL-37 binds to the alpha chain of the IL-18 receptor in a non-competitive fashion, and this may explain some of the disparate biological effects that have been reported for mice deficient in the IL-18R. The biological properties of IL-37 are mainly those of down-regulating inflammation, as assessed in models where human IL-37 is expressed in mice. In this review, an overview of the role of IL-37 in the regulation of inflammation is presented. The finding that IL-37 also locates to the nucleus, as do IL-1alpha and IL-33, for receptor-independent organ/tissue-specific regulation of inflammation is also reviewed.

A large number of flexible polymer solar modules comprising 16 serially connected individual cells was prepared at the experimental workshop at Risø DTU. The photoactive layer was prepared from several varieties of P3HT (Merck, Plextronics, BASF and Risø DTU) and two varieties of ZnO (nanoparticulate, thin film) were employed as electron transport layers. The devices were all tested at Risø DTU and the functional devices were subjected to an inter-laboratory study involving the performance and the stability of modules over time in the dark, under light soaking and outdoor conditions. 24 laboratories from 10 countries and across four different continents were involved in the studies. The reported results allowed for analysis of the variability between different groups in performing lifetime studies as well as performing a comparison of different testing procedures. These studies constitute the first steps toward establishing standard procedures for an OPV lifetime characterization. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

01 september 2011, Item does not contain fulltext, The IL-1 family of cytokines encompasses eleven proteins that each share a similar beta-barrel structure and bind to Ig-like receptors. Some of the IL-1-like cytokines have been well characterised, and play key roles in the development and regulation of inflammation. Indeed, IL-1alpha (IL-1F1), IL-1beta (IL-1F2), and IL-18 (IL-1F4) are well-known inflammatory cytokines active in the initiation of the inflammatory reaction and in driving Th1 and Th17 inflammatory responses. In contrast, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra, IL-1F3) and the receptor antagonist binding to IL-1Rrp2 (IL-36Ra, IL-1F5) reduce inflammation by blocking the binding of the agonist receptor ligands. In the case of IL-37 (IL-1F7), of which five different splice variants have been described, less is known of its function, and identification of the components of a heterodimeric receptor complex remains unclear. Some studies suggest that IL-37 binds to the alpha chain of the IL-18 receptor in a non-competitive fashion, and this may explain some of the disparate biological effects that have been reported for mice deficient in the IL-18R. The biological properties of IL-37 are mainly those of down-regulating inflammation, as assessed in models where human IL-37 is expressed in mice. In this review, an overview of the role of IL-37 in the regulation of inflammation is presented. The finding that IL-37 also locates to the nucleus, as do IL-1alpha and IL-33, for receptor-independent organ/tissue-specific regulation of inflammation is also reviewed.

The aim of this dissertation project was to investigate the role of organizational justice on the perception of transformational leadership (TFL), and the unique and mutual influences of justice and TFL on individual organizational outcomes, such as affective organizational commitment (AOC), organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and job satisfaction. Results of Study 1 revealed a significant influence of informational justice and voice (as subdimensions of organizational justice) on the perception of TFL. The relationship of these justice dimensions on AOC was mediated by perceived TFL and AOC mediated the influence of TFL on OCB. In Study 2 the influence of informational justice and voice was investigated on perceived transformational and passive-avoidant leadership. Again, informational justice and voice were significant and positive predictors of perceived TFL and this leadership behavior mediated their influence on job satisfaction. The influence of these justice dimensions on perceived passive-avoidant leadership was significantly negative. Study 3 tested the previous findings in an experimental setting. Ratings of TFL and AOC were highest in the condition where both informational justice as well as voice were present. The results confirmed a mediation of the relationship between the investigated justice dimensions and AOC by TFL. Overall, the results of this dissertation project provide empirical evidence that fair information and voice are important prerequisites of perceived TFL and this in turn has beneficial consequences. In all studies other dimensions of organizational justice showed significant and independent influences on the investigated outcomes showing that all aspects of organizational justice and TFL are relevant with regard to positive organizational outcomes. Zusammenfassung Ziel dieses Dissertations-Projekts war es, die Rolle organisationaler Gerechtigkeit für die Wahrnehmung transformationaler Führung (TF) zu untersuchen, sowie den unab

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Contains fulltext : 79436.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access)

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