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Spintronics, or spin electronics, utilizes the spin property of electrons alongside their charge to enhance data processing and storage capabilities. This field has transformed from early magnetic navigation tools to foundational technologies in modern storage solutions like Hard Disk Drives and Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM). Furthermore, the development of Magnetoelectric Spin-Orbit (MESO) devices extends the utility of spintronics into logic operations, leveraging high-efficiency processes that could drastically reduce power consumption in future computing systems. MRAM is recognized as a promising non-volatile storage solution for mobile devices and microcontrollers, possibly replacing traditional memory types like last-level cache due to its speed and density. However, conventional Spin-Transfer-Torque (STT) MRAM is hindered by slow and energy-intensive writing operations. To overcome these limitations, we propose using Voltage-Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy (VCMA) for writing. Our research, through a collaboration between foundry and lab, has successfully integrated VCMA-based MRAM with CMOS technology, demonstrating ultra-fast switching times of 0.7 ns with a 1.8V write voltage and achieving read times of 8.5 ns with endurance exceeding 1011 cycles, validating VCMA-MRAM as a viable non-volatile memory option. Further, our study advances VCMA-based True Random Number Generators (TRNGs), crucial for cryptography. We have developed TRNGs that operate without the traditionally required external in-plane magnetic field by applying a 1.7 V, 5 ns pulse. This method meets the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standards for randomness and introduces a novel mechanism that allows for faster relaxation times compared to superparamagnetic systems, paving the way for TRNGs that are fast, compact, energy-efficient, and highly reliable. Additionally, MESO devices face challenges with spin-to-charge conversion efficiency. Topological insulators (TIs

In dieser Arbeit werden die supraleitenden, superferrischen, selbsgeschützten Korrektormagneten höherer Ordnung, die Teil des High Luminosity Upgrades des Large Hadron Colliders sind, modelliert und Quench Transienten Simulationen werden durchgeführt. Zu diesen Magneten gehören Sechspol-, Achtpol-, Zehnpol- und Zwölfpolmagneten, die von LASA (INFN) entworfen und hergestellt wurden. Die Aufgabe dieser Korrektormagneten ist es, die magnetischen Feld Fehler der fokussierenden Vierpolmagnete in den zwei Haupt-Kreuzungsbereichen im LHC (ATLAS und CMS) zu korrigieren. Zur Quench-Protection Analyse wird das Python Framework STEAM-SDK verwendet, das am CERN entwickelt wird und mehrere Softwares zur (co-)simulation von supraleitenden Magneten durch einheitliche Modelle verbindet. Im Rahmen der Modellbildung wird die 3D ''Racetrack''-Geometrie der betrachteten Magneten in das Framework implementiert und für alle STEAM tools verfügbar gemacht. Elektromagnetische und thermische Transienten in den Magneten werden mit STEAM-LEDET simuliert, das die 3D-Wärmediffusion entlang des Leiters und zwischen den Windungen, den ohmschen Verlust und den Kopplungsverlust zwischen den Filamenten mit der Finite-Differenzen-Methode modelliert. Weiters wird STEAM-SDK hinsichtlich zweier Automatisierungsfunktionen weiterentwickelt. Zum einen sollen die Parameter aller Leiter automatisiert für jede Spule einzeln berechnet und im Modell angepasst werden. Zum anderen sollen auch alle auf ein Quench Event bezogenen Parameter auf Basis automatisiert erstellter Messungsdateien berechnet und im Modell angepassen werden. Mit dieser Automatisierung wird auch jede Spulen der HL-LHC HOC Magneten von den Design-Parametern an gemessene Werte angepasst. Im Rahmen der Modellbildung müssen mehrere Annahmen getroffen werden, die durch geeignete Simulationen und Messungen validiert und begründet werden. Dabei werden spezifische Aspekte wie die Quench-Propagation zwischen Spulen, die Anpassung der Helium Kühlung ode, In this work, the superconducting superferric self-protected high order corrector magnets that are part of the High Luminosity Upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider are modelled and quench transient simulations are performed. These magnets include sextupole, octupole, decapole, and dodecapole magnets that were designed and manufactured by LASA (INFN). The purpose of these magnets is to correct the magnetic field errors of the focusing quadrupole magnets in the two main intersection regions in the LHC (ATLAS and CMS). To perform a quench protection analysis, the Python framework STEAM-SDK is used, which is developed at CERN and connects several softwares for (co-)simulation of superconducting magnets by unified models. As part of the modelling, the 3D racetrack geometry of the considered magnets is implemented in the framework and is now available across various STEAM tools. Electromagnetic and thermal transients in the magnets are simulated using STEAM-LEDET, which models 3D thermal diffusion along the conductor and between turns, ohmic loss, and inter-filament coupling loss using the finite difference method. Furthermore, STEAM-SDK is further developed with regard to two automation functions. On the one hand, the parameters of all conductors are to be automatically calculated for each coil individually and adjusted in the model. Secondly, all parameters related to a quench event will be calculated and adjusted in the model on the basis of automatically created measurement files. With this automation, each coil of the HL-LHC HOC magnets will also be adjusted from the design parameters to measured values. Within the context of modelling, several assumptions have to be made, which are validated and justified by appropriate simulations and measurements. Specific aspects such as the quench propagation between coils, the adjustment of the helium cooling or the approximation of the magnetic circuit are addressed. Eleven measurements from training quenches at LASA with diff, Daniel Mayr, BSc, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2023, Kurzfassung in Deutsch und Englisch

Adverse reactions in tattooed skin during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are rare but well known. Previous reports describe sudden burning pain in tattooed skin, sometimes accompanied by mild erythema and oedema when entering MRI scanners. The pathophysiology remains unclear, but simple direct thermal heating can be excluded. It has been hypothesized that MRI-triggered torque and traction create neural sensations from magnetic pigment particles. However, this case enlightens yet another possible mechanism. We present a 35-year-old woman experiencing reoccurring stinging sensations in three decorative black tattoos just seconds after the initiation of the MRI. Single-blind tests with handheld power magnets or a dummy could reproduce painful subjective feelings in her tattooed skin. Similar events were provoked during re-evaluation with MRI. Surprisingly, chemical analyses and electron microscopy of skin samples revealed carbon black as the colouring agent - no iron-based solids were detected. Our case demonstrates that MRI tattoo reactions are not limited to magnetic contaminants alone. More distinct subgroups of MRI-induced reactions may occur. We hypothesize that radiofrequency induction of surface currents in black carbon particles adjacent to sensory axons in the dermis may lead to neurosensations.

Adverse reactions in tattooed skin during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are rare but well known. Previous reports describe sudden burning pain in tattooed skin, sometimes accompanied by mild erythema and oedema when entering MRI scanners. The pathophysiology remains unclear, but simple direct thermal heating can be excluded. It has been hypothesized that MRI-triggered torque and traction create neural sensations from magnetic pigment particles. However, this case enlightens yet another possible mechanism. We present a 35-year-old woman experiencing reoccurring stinging sensations in three decorative black tattoos just seconds after the initiation of the MRI. Single-blind tests with handheld power magnets or a dummy could reproduce painful subjective feelings in her tattooed skin. Similar events were provoked during re-evaluation with MRI. Surprisingly, chemical analyses and electron microscopy of skin samples revealed carbon black as the colouring agent - no iron-based solids were detected. Our case demonstrates that MRI tattoo reactions are not limited to magnetic contaminants alone. More distinct subgroups of MRI-induced reactions may occur. We hypothesize that radiofrequency induction of surface currents in black carbon particles adjacent to sensory axons in the dermis may lead to neurosensations.

Wheelchair control methods for people with tetraplegia and other disabilities that prevent them from using the standard joystick are critical. Users with severe spinal cord injuries will be able to control their wheelchairs with their tongue movements thanks to this project. On a system of inductive tongue control, this device is based. When a severe spinal cord injury or neuromuscular disease affects the brain and spinal cord, it is rare for the tongue to be damaged, so it is used to control the system instead of the feet and hands. Aside from that, "tongue movements are also quick, precise, and do not require much mental effort." As a tongue-operated assistive technology, the Tongue Control System (TCS) has the potential to help people with a variety of disabilities control their environment. In order to understand what the user intends, it analyses and categorises their tongue movements. With a Tongue Control system, a small permanent magnet embedded inside a nonmagnetic fixture is used to measure the magnetic field generated by the tongue, which is tracked by a series of Hall-effect magnetic sensors. In order to measure the captivating field from various angles and provide continuous real-time analogue outputs for controlling wheelchairs and electrical devices, the magnetic sensors are equestrian on a dental allowance and attached outside the teeth.

Wheelchair control methods for people with tetraplegia and other disabilities that prevent them from using the standard joystick are critical. Users with severe spinal cord injuries will be able to control their wheelchairs with their tongue movements thanks to this project. On a system of inductive tongue control, this device is based. When a severe spinal cord injury or neuromuscular disease affects the brain and spinal cord, it is rare for the tongue to be damaged, so it is used to control the system instead of the feet and hands. Aside from that, "tongue movements are also quick, precise, and do not require much mental effort." As a tongue-operated assistive technology, the Tongue Control System (TCS) has the potential to help people with a variety of disabilities control their environment. In order to understand what the user intends, it analyses and categorises their tongue movements. With a Tongue Control system, a small permanent magnet embedded inside a nonmagnetic fixture is used to measure the magnetic field generated by the tongue, which is tracked by a series of Hall-effect magnetic sensors. In order to measure the captivating field from various angles and provide continuous real-time analogue outputs for controlling wheelchairs and electrical devices, the magnetic sensors are equestrian on a dental allowance and attached outside the teeth.

Wheelchair control methods for people with tetraplegia and other disabilities that prevent them from using the standard joystick are critical. Users with severe spinal cord injuries will be able to control their wheelchairs with their tongue movements thanks to this project. On a system of inductive tongue control, this device is based. When a severe spinal cord injury or neuromuscular disease affects the brain and spinal cord, it is rare for the tongue to be damaged, so it is used to control the system instead of the feet and hands. Aside from that, "tongue movements are also quick, precise, and do not require much mental effort." As a tongue-operated assistive technology, the Tongue Control System (TCS) has the potential to help people with a variety of disabilities control their environment. In order to understand what the user intends, it analyses and categorises their tongue movements. With a Tongue Control system, a small permanent magnet embedded inside a nonmagnetic fixture is used to measure the magnetic field generated by the tongue, which is tracked by a series of Hall-effect magnetic sensors. In order to measure the captivating field from various angles and provide continuous real-time analogue outputs for controlling wheelchairs and electrical devices, the magnetic sensors are equestrian on a dental allowance and attached outside the teeth.

Understanding the impact of structure on observable magnetic and electronic properties is an important aspect in materials chemistry. These insights can be used to develop theoretical models and predict new compounds that may be of interest in a wide range of applications. To study these structure–property relationships, many techniques are typically used, including X–ray diffraction, energy–dispersive X–ray spectroscopy, microscopy, magnetization and transport measurements, and density functional theory calculations. A combination of these measurements and computations can give a clearer picture of the underlying mechanisms that link structure and property so closely.Some materials exhibit a structural change concurrent with its magnetic ordering, and this magnetostructural coupling is proposed to enhance certain magnetic effects. This phenomenon has been explored as a potential route to discovering new materials that exhibit desirable effects, such as in magnetocaloric materials with applications in solid state refrigeration. One such material is AlFe2B2, which exhibits a large magnetocaloric effect that was previously not linked to its structure. Chapter 2 of this dissertation reports an in–depth variable temperature synchrotron X–ray diffraction study that establishes the importance of magnetostructural coupling in the magnetocaloric effect observed in AlFe2B2. In other systems, substituting an element with an isovalent, similar sized element can have pronounced changes on the magnetic and electronic properties. Chapter 3 explores the newly established magnetocaloric MnPdGa and the differences between MnPdGa and MnPtGa. While MnPtGa is also a magnetocaloric that adopts the same crystal structure and is isovalent to MnPdGa, DFT calculations elucidate electronic differences in the two compounds, which may cause their different magnetocaloric performances.Lastly, chapter 4 and appendix B contains a hole–doping study of the AV3Sb5 (A = K, Rb, and Cs) kagome supercon

The use of magnet compression to endoscopically create an esophageal anastomosis is an intriguing approach to esophageal atresia repair, but published cases with an existing available device have demonstrated mixed success. One major shortcoming has been the formation of subsequent severe, recalcitrant strictures after primary repair. To address the limitations of the existing device, we recently introduced and reported success with specially designed bi-radial magnets that exhibit a novel geometry and unique tissue compression profile. The aim of this study is to compare the outcomes using our novel device (novel group, NG) with those of previous reports which utilized the historical device (historic group, HG) in a PRISMA-compliant systematic review. Seven studies were eligible for further analysis. Additionally, one of our previously unreported cases was included in the analysis. Esophageal pouch approximation prior to primary repair was performed more frequently in the NG than in the HG (100% NG vs. 21% HG; p = 0.003). There was no difference in the overall postoperative appearance of postoperative stricture (95% HG vs. 100% NG; p = 0.64). The number of postoperative dilatations trended lower in the NG (mean 4.25 NG vs. 9.5 HG; p = 0.051). In summary, magnetic compression anastomosis adds a new promising treatment option for patients with complex esophageal atresia. Prior approximation of pouches and a novel magnet design have the potential to lower the rate of stricture formation.

The aim of this project is to examine the electric and magneticproperties of three monolayer chromium trihalides when doped withdifferent transitions metals, that is CrXY_6, where X=(Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,V)and Y=(Cl,Br,I). The calculations were made using the software programQuantum Espresso that used density functional theory to solveSchrödinger’s equation. The first step of the calculations was to optimize the atomic positionsand the lattice parameters to find the ground state energy of thecompounds. The magnetic configuration was also examined to find thefavorable configuration. With the optimized values for each compound,the band structure, density of states and the projected density ofstates was calculated. The results confirmed the ferromagnetic behaviorof non-doped compounds, however for some of the doped compounds themagnetic configurations changed to anti-ferromagnetic. Most of thecompounds retained their semiconductor properties when doped and had aband gap near the fermi-energy, while other changed to metallic or halfmetallic and had available electron states at fermi-energy.

Linear switched-flux machines are a kind of permanent magnet machine with a passive ferromagnetic secondary. Therefore, they can achieve both a good performance and a low cost in long stroke applications. However, due to the end effect, these machines generate high detent force and on load thrust force ripples. There are several solutions in the literature that aim to minimise the thrust ripple. One of those solutions is the placement of additional poles in the ends of the machine. These can be passive, i. e. simple ferromagnetic teeth, or active, with additional magnets. The former is the most common solution in the literature. In this article, the optimal configuration of the additional poles is discussed via 4 additional pole sizing strategies, and the influence of the design variables and optimisation objectives is analysed. Then, a generic additional pole configuration is proposed, which combines a high effectiveness and a simple design. Finally, an experimental validation is carried out, and the measurements confirm the results from the optimisation.

Rotating-coil magnetometers, which rely on induction-coil arrays, are commonly used for magnetic measurements of particle accelerator magnets. In order to characterize magnetic fields with high accuracy using the induced voltages, it is essential to calibrate the geometry of the coils. In this thesis we present an innovative method of calibration of the coil radius of rotation which is necessary for determination of the field gradient. The method, called rotating calibration method, is based on two well-known measurement techniques: single-stretched wire and rotating induction-coils. The flux measured with a rotating induction-coil over the entire length of a reference quadrupole magnet is cross-calibrated with a single-stretched wire measurement. In the experimental validation of the method, the radius of rotation of several coils has been calibrated with an accuracy of 10 µm on a radius of 30 mm. The advantage of this method is that the calibration is performed under the same conditions in which the rotating-coil magnetometers are used for measuring accelerator magnets. In the thesis also a proposal for calibration of other geometric factors of a coil by using higher order multipoles is presented.

The aim of this project is to examine the electric and magneticproperties of three monolayer chromium trihalides when doped withdifferent transitions metals, that is CrXY_6, where X=(Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,V)and Y=(Cl,Br,I). The calculations were made using the software programQuantum Espresso that used density functional theory to solveSchrödinger’s equation. The first step of the calculations was to optimize the atomic positionsand the lattice parameters to find the ground state energy of thecompounds. The magnetic configuration was also examined to find thefavorable configuration. With the optimized values for each compound,the band structure, density of states and the projected density ofstates was calculated. The results confirmed the ferromagnetic behaviorof non-doped compounds, however for some of the doped compounds themagnetic configurations changed to anti-ferromagnetic. Most of thecompounds retained their semiconductor properties when doped and had aband gap near the fermi-energy, while other changed to metallic or halfmetallic and had available electron states at fermi-energy.

Aim: The aim of this study is to synthesize available literature describing the development, implementation and evaluation of a Professional Practice Model. Background: A Professional Practice Model is an overarching theory-based framework that depicts nursing values and defines the structure and process of nursing care. No research has synthesized available literature on this topic in recent times. Evaluation: A review of English language papers was published from 2015 to 2022. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Key Issues: All studies highlighted the importance of having a Professional Practice Model that reflects nursing care activities and resonates with nurses across an organization. This is achieved through strong leadership and clinical nurse involvement during the development, implementation and evaluation phases. In addition, a model should be adapted to keep up to date with scientific changes relevant to nursing. Conclusions: This review adds to the body of knowledge on the development, implementation and evaluation of a Professional Practice Model. Future research exploring the benefit of a Professional Practice Model on patient outcomes would be useful. Implications for nursing management: The key elements of a Professional Practice Model including six components and theoretical foundation have been summarized in this review. Nurse leaders should consider these key elements in the creation of a Professional Practice Model. For successful enculturation, a Professional Practice Model needs to be relevant to all nurses and easy for them to articulate.

Wheelchair control methods for people with tetraplegia and other disabilities that prevent them from using the standard joystick are critical. Users with severe spinal cord injuries will be able to control their wheelchairs with their tongue movements thanks to this project. On a system of inductive tongue control, this device is based. When a severe spinal cord injury or neuromuscular disease affects the brain and spinal cord, it is rare for the tongue to be damaged, so it is used to control the system instead of the feet and hands. Aside from that, "tongue movements are also quick, precise, and do not require much mental effort." As a tongue-operated assistive technology, the Tongue Control System (TCS) has the potential to help people with a variety of disabilities control their environment. In order to understand what the user intends, it analyses and categorises their tongue movements. With a Tongue Control system, a small permanent magnet embedded inside a nonmagnetic fixture is used to measure the magnetic field generated by the tongue, which is tracked by a series of Hall-effect magnetic sensors. In order to measure the captivating field from various angles and provide continuous real-time analogue outputs for controlling wheelchairs and electrical devices, the magnetic sensors are equestrian on a dental allowance and attached outside the teeth.

Wheelchair control methods for people with tetraplegia and other disabilities that prevent them from using the standard joystick are critical. Users with severe spinal cord injuries will be able to control their wheelchairs with their tongue movements thanks to this project. On a system of inductive tongue control, this device is based. When a severe spinal cord injury or neuromuscular disease affects the brain and spinal cord, it is rare for the tongue to be damaged, so it is used to control the system instead of the feet and hands. Aside from that, "tongue movements are also quick, precise, and do not require much mental effort." As a tongue-operated assistive technology, the Tongue Control System (TCS) has the potential to help people with a variety of disabilities control their environment. In order to understand what the user intends, it analyses and categorises their tongue movements. With a Tongue Control system, a small permanent magnet embedded inside a nonmagnetic fixture is used to measure the magnetic field generated by the tongue, which is tracked by a series of Hall-effect magnetic sensors. In order to measure the captivating field from various angles and provide continuous real-time analogue outputs for controlling wheelchairs and electrical devices, the magnetic sensors are equestrian on a dental allowance and attached outside the teeth.

Wheelchair control methods for people with tetraplegia and other disabilities that prevent them from using the standard joystick are critical. Users with severe spinal cord injuries will be able to control their wheelchairs with their tongue movements thanks to this project. On a system of inductive tongue control, this device is based. When a severe spinal cord injury or neuromuscular disease affects the brain and spinal cord, it is rare for the tongue to be damaged, so it is used to control the system instead of the feet and hands. Aside from that, "tongue movements are also quick, precise, and do not require much mental effort." As a tongue-operated assistive technology, the Tongue Control System (TCS) has the potential to help people with a variety of disabilities control their environment. In order to understand what the user intends, it analyses and categorises their tongue movements. With a Tongue Control system, a small permanent magnet embedded inside a nonmagnetic fixture is used to measure the magnetic field generated by the tongue, which is tracked by a series of Hall-effect magnetic sensors. In order to measure the captivating field from various angles and provide continuous real-time analogue outputs for controlling wheelchairs and electrical devices, the magnetic sensors are equestrian on a dental allowance and attached outside the teeth.

In recent years the topic of frustrated magnetism has attracted significant scientific interest that shows little sign of abating. Within the field of frustrated magnetism, the compound Gd3Ga5O12 was, for many years, the archetypal frustrated magnet with a ground state that could not be elucidated. Recently an unusual emergent ground state, a director state, has been determined for Gd3Ga5O12, which is now also observed for other isostructural compounds. In this review an overview of the director state is given, starting with the basics of rare earth magnetism and leading to a summary of the experimental signatures that led to the insight needed to determine the director state.

Este proyecto ha tenido como objetivo principal la implementación de un mecanismo que tiene la finalidad de hacer elevar una boya submarina hacia la superficie. Consiste en dos partes, hardware y software. En cuanto al hardware, se diseña una pieza que soporta los imanes que elevan o mantienen la boya en reposo bajo el mar. Además, se fabrica un molde para la reproducción de la pieza que contiene la boya en su parte inferior, con un imán en su interior y, por último, se mecaniza un soporte de aluminio el cual eleva la posición del motor dentro de una caja estanca. Por otro lado, en la parte que respecta al software, se crea una aplicación mediante LabVIEW para enviar la trama de movimiento del motor, tanto por comunicación serie como por Wi-Fi. Además, se realiza un programa en Arduino para la recepción de la trama por parte del ESP8266 el cual envía al motor los datos que contiene la trama, como puede ser la velocidad, los pasos o el sentido de giro., The main goal of this project has been the implementation of a mechanism which has the purpose of raising an underwater buoy to the surface. It consists of two parts, hardware, and software. About the hardware, a 3D piece has been designed to contain the magnets which they will raise or will keep the buoy under the sea. Moreover, a mold has been built to reproduce the below piece of the buoy that will have a magnet inside it. Finally, it has been mechanized and aluminium holder to raise the motor position inside an airtight box. On the other side, in the software part, an application will be created by LabVIEW to send the movement plot of the engine, by both options, serial and Wi-Fi. Furthermore, it will be made by Arduino a program for the reception of this plot for the ESP8266 part, which will send all data to the engine, like speed, steps, or direction.

In recent years the topic of frustrated magnetism has attracted significant scientific interest that shows little sign of abating. Within the field of frustrated magnetism, the compound Gd3Ga5O12 was, for many years, the archetypal frustrated magnet with a ground state that could not be elucidated. Recently an unusual emergent ground state, a director state, has been determined for Gd3Ga5O12, which is now also observed for other isostructural compounds. In this review an overview of the director state is given, starting with the basics of rare earth magnetism and leading to a summary of the experimental signatures that led to the insight needed to determine the director state.

This quantitative study emphasizes the effectiveness of a middle school learning environment on the Georgia Standardized Assessment (Georgia Milestone Assessment System - GMAS) in the subject of Math. The purpose of this quantitative study is to determine whether there is a difference in the 8th grade Math Georgia Milestone standardized testing scores (adjusted by the covariate) within the three types of middle schools: STEM, magnet and traditional middle schools. This quantitative research study compares the student achievement data of a large urban school system’s STEM school to those of a traditional middle school and magnet middle school in the subject of math in the progression from 7th to 8th grades. Approximately 200+ students’ scores from each school will be compared using an ANCOVA to determine the gains in Math. The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference in Math GMAS scores between traditional and STEM middle schools. There were no significant differences in Math GMAS scores between traditional and magnet middle schools or STEM and magnet middle schools. The STEM middle school was shown to have a higher increase in the GMAS Math standardized test scores over the two-year period than the other two types of schools. The results encourage the idea that STEM schools are more effective in teaching in the area of Math when compared to the other local middle schools. By utilizing similar teaching techniques, every student in every middle school can have the same learning experience.

A new spherical tokamak, the SMall Aspect Ratio Tokamak (SMART), is currently being designed at the University of Seville. The goal of the machine is to achieve a toroidal field of 1 T, a plasma current of 500 kA and a pulse length of 500 ms for a plasma with a major radius of 0.4 m and minor radius of 0.25 m. This contribution presents the design of the coils and power supplies of the machine. The design foresees a central solenoid, 12 toroidal field coils and 8 poloidal field coils. Taking the current waveforms for these set of coils as starting point, each of them has been designed to withstand the Joule heating during the tokamak operation time. An analytical thermal model is employed to obtain the cross sections of each coil and, finally, their dimensions and parameters. The design of flexible and modular power supplies, based on IGBTs and supercapacitors, is presented. The topologies and control strategy of the power supplies are explained, together with a model in MATLAB Simulink to simulate the power supplies performance, proving their feasibility before the construction of the system.

This article defines developed hypothesis based on the dipolar theory on Earth magnetic field with the purpose of identifying and revealing importance of physical process in atmosphere and Earth magma, as well as importance of electrical macrodipolar in convergence of Earth into magnetic macro-dipolar has been explained. In order to describe meaning of hypothesis on new ideas related to Earth magnetism, provided are illustrated diagrams of physical process. It has been proven that in the course of research, developed is hypothesis on dipolar theory, its importance in geomagnetism and physical process has been explained. This hypothesis can be applied during study of magnetism theory and creating a new electrical dipolar theory on Earth geomagnetism, as well as in the course of physics education process.

This article defines developed hypothesis based on the dipolar theory on Earth magnetic field with the purpose of identifying and revealing importance of physical process in atmosphere and Earth magma, as well as importance of electrical macrodipolar in convergence of Earth into magnetic macro-dipolar has been explained. In order to describe meaning of hypothesis on new ideas related to Earth magnetism, provided are illustrated diagrams of physical process. It has been proven that in the course of research, developed is hypothesis on dipolar theory, its importance in geomagnetism and physical process has been explained. This hypothesis can be applied during study of magnetism theory and creating a new electrical dipolar theory on Earth geomagnetism, as well as in the course of physics education process.

A new spherical tokamak, the SMall Aspect Ratio Tokamak (SMART), is currently being designed at the University of Seville. The goal of the machine is to achieve a toroidal field of 1 T, a plasma current of 500 kA and a pulse length of 500 ms for a plasma with a major radius of 0.4 m and minor radius of 0.25 m. This contribution presents the design of the coils and power supplies of the machine. The design foresees a central solenoid, 12 toroidal field coils and 8 poloidal field coils. Taking the current waveforms for these set of coils as starting point, each of them has been designed to withstand the Joule heating during the tokamak operation time. An analytical thermal model is employed to obtain the cross sections of each coil and, finally, their dimensions and parameters. The design of flexible and modular power supplies, based on IGBTs and supercapacitors, is presented. The topologies and control strategy of the power supplies are explained, together with a model in MATLAB Simulink to simulate the power supplies performance, proving their feasibility before the construction of the system.

In this article, electromagnet layouts are presented, which generate a magnetic field with a magnitude gradient that does not vary significantly in a horizontal plane but decreases monotonically with the vertical height above the magnet. Such a one-direction magnetic field gradient is a specific requirement for magnetic density separation (MDS), a novel recycling technology that combines a vertical magnetic field gradient with a ferrofluid to separate a mixture of non-magnetic materials based on their mass density. We are assembling the first superconducting magnet to be used for this application. In contrast to other separation technologies that use ferrofluid, multiple products can be separated in a single process step. First, the idealized current distribution is introduced that produces such a magnetic field with a magnitude that decays only in one direction. This ideal field can be approximated with practical coil configurations, which are evaluated with a Fourier analysis to derive an optimal cross-sectional layout based on flat racetrack coils. The analysis concludes with a discussion of the effect of winding pack thickness on the value of the magnetic field above the magnet system and the peak field inside the winding pack. The conclusions of this study are applicable not just for MDS but for any application that requires a magnetic field gradient that changes only in one direction., Resources & Recycling

This article discusses the optimum layout of coils of a superconducting magnet system for magnetic density separation (MDS). MDS is a novel separation technology that combines a vertical magnetic field gradient with a ferrofluid to separate mixtures of non-magnetic particles based on their mass density. The MDS process can separate more than two types of particles in a single process step, thereby distinguishing it from other separation techniques using a ferrofluid. The authors are currently constructing a superconducting MDS demonstrator. Ideally, the gradient of the magnetic field magnitude should change only with the distance above the magnet but remain constant in a horizontal plane. In principle, such an ideal field profile can be generated with an infinite harmonic sheet current. In practice, edge effects appear due to the necessity of using a finite number of coils. These cause a horizontal component in the field gradient and also change the vertical component. We compare the vertical magnetic field gradient of various coil layouts to see which configuration performs best. To facilitate ease of production, the analysis is restricted to flat racetrack coils. The main result is that the specific shape of a racetrack coil has a larger influence on the vertical gradient than the number of coils. The feed particles need to be pushed through the separation chamber from the insertion to the collection point. One option to realize this is to use an MDS setup in which the magnet is inclined with respect to the horizontal plane. This tilting results in a horizontal magnetic force component, which drives feed particles through the fluid bed. We show that a three-coil layout provides the largest usable fluid bed depth for a wide range of tilt angles., Resources & Recycling

In precision engineering, thermal stability is of great importance in order to keep up with the ever-increasing demand for faster and more precise positioning actuators. Most notably, actuator magnetizing coils dissipate heat to surrounding machine components as a result of Joule heating. With changing temperatures, system components expand and contract - causing unwanted structural deformations that can lead to a decline in positioning accuracy and repeatability. This phenomenon is especially pronounced in quasi-static processes that operate in vacuum environment – examples of which can be found in lithography mirror alignment systems, deformable space mirrors and magnetic gravity compensators. Prior TU Delft research introduced a method to accurately tune a low-coercivity AlNiCo 5 magnet to a set of user-predefined magnetization states – the novel Tunable Magnet (TM) actuator. This way, by precisely 'tuning' the magnet with a single current pulse, the magnetization state is sustained even after tuning, making this method especially efficient for quasi-static operation. In order to advance the development of functional TM actuators, this research provides four contributions. First, limitations within the original setup prohibit to the dynamic stage movement that makes a reluctance actuator functional. By introducing a modular compliant stage attachment to the existing setup, this discrepancy is overcome – making dynamic-gap experimentation possible. Second, magnetization state tuning robustness, accuracy and repeatability are significantly improved by introducing a series of four dynamic compensation methods. Third, a novel minor-loop tuning approach is proposed as a replacement of the original major loop tuning algorithm in order to improve energy efficiency, dynamic behavior and tuning times. Lastly, the Break-even Tuning Interval (BTI) metric as conceived by previous research has been experimentally validated – allowing for comparison between TM and conventional, Mechanical Engineering | Mechatronic System Design (MSD)

Bosch Rexroth in Mellansel is manufacturing hydraulic motors and constantly trying to improve their products to reduce downtime for their customers. An important thing to get a reliable system is to know the condition. In a hydraulic motor, it is crucial to determine the particle contamination of the oil to determine the condition. To do so many particle sensors have been tested by Bosch Rexroth but also other related companies during the past years. To this point, no sensor has been performing good enough to replace the ordinary magnetic plug for the laboratory tests at Bosch Rexroth. The ordinary magnetic plug is based on an openable lid that has a magnet attached to it. The lid is opened to review the particle contamination of the system. To open the lid the motor has to be stopped and a competent person needs to be present to review the particles.To ease the work for the laboratory personal and also getting one step closer to a reliable condition monitoring solution a new idea was coined by employees at Bosch Rexroth. The idea was to use a magnet outside a glass disc and by that be able to detect the particles from outside the motor. Initial testing of the idea had been performed with promising results but more development was needed. The idea has therefore been investigated and developed further in this project. This has been done in parallel with an investigation of state-of-the-art techniques available on the market. The testing showed that the new type of magnet/glass solution was performing well and was able to detect particles of different sizes. Some other interesting options were also found during the investigation of other techniques but the new magnet/glass idea was the most prominent.

This article defines developed hypothesis based on the dipolar theory on Earth magnetic field with the purpose of identifying and revealing importance of physical process in atmosphere and Earth magma, as well as importance of electrical macrodipolar in convergence of Earth into magnetic macro-dipolar has been explained. In order to describe meaning of hypothesis on new ideas related to Earth magnetism, provided are illustrated diagrams of physical process. It has been proven that in the course of research, developed is hypothesis on dipolar theory, its importance in geomagnetism and physical process has been explained. This hypothesis can be applied during study of magnetism theory and creating a new electrical dipolar theory on Earth geomagnetism, as well as in the course of physics education process.

A new spherical tokamak, the SMall Aspect Ratio Tokamak (SMART), is currently being designed at the University of Seville. The goal of the machine is to achieve a toroidal field of 1 T, a plasma current of 500 kA and a pulse length of 500 ms for a plasma with a major radius of 0.4 m and minor radius of 0.25 m. This contribution presents the design of the coils and power supplies of the machine. The design foresees a central solenoid, 12 toroidal field coils and 8 poloidal field coils. Taking the current waveforms for these set of coils as starting point, each of them has been designed to withstand the Joule heating during the tokamak operation time. An analytical thermal model is employed to obtain the cross sections of each coil and, finally, their dimensions and parameters. The design of flexible and modular power supplies, based on IGBTs and supercapacitors, is presented. The topologies and control strategy of the power supplies are explained, together with a model in MATLAB Simulink to simulate the power supplies performance, proving their feasibility before the construction of the system.

A new spherical tokamak, the SMall Aspect Ratio Tokamak (SMART), is currently being designed at the University of Seville. The goal of the machine is to achieve a toroidal field of 1 T, a plasma current of 500 kA and a pulse length of 500 ms for a plasma with a major radius of 0.4 m and minor radius of 0.25 m. This contribution presents the design of the coils and power supplies of the machine. The design foresees a central solenoid, 12 toroidal field coils and 8 poloidal field coils. Taking the current waveforms for these set of coils as starting point, each of them has been designed to withstand the Joule heating during the tokamak operation time. An analytical thermal model is employed to obtain the cross sections of each coil and, finally, their dimensions and parameters. The design of flexible and modular power supplies, based on IGBTs and supercapacitors, is presented. The topologies and control strategy of the power supplies are explained, together with a model in MATLAB Simulink to simulate the power supplies performance, proving their feasibility before the construction of the system.

The paper examines Roger Bacon’s use of the concept of virtus in the Communia naturalium and De multiplication specierum. It focuses on the roles which virtus and species play as vehicles of causality in the inanimate realm. It analyses the distinct functions played by virtus in the motion of celestial spheres, the power of natural place, the attraction of iron to magnet, and the universal nature. The analysis concludes that virtus is an efficient power, a feature of the form, capable of causing local motion and instigating natural processes. Species is matter’s response to the stimulation made by virtus through which every natural action, to the exclusion of local motion, is made. Species is a non-efficient power, an ‘appetite’ internal to matter. It is an expression of matter’s inherent inclination to promote and perfect itself, the result of matter’s ‘active potentiality’., El artículo analiza el uso que Roger Bacon hace del concepto de virtus en los Communia naturalium y De multiplication specierum. Nos centramos en el papel que desempeñan la virtus y las especies como transmisores de la causalidad en el reino de lo inanimado. Se analizan las distintas funciones que desempeña la virtus en el movimiento de las esferas celestes, la fuerza del lugar natural, la atracción del hierro por el imán y la naturaleza universal. El análisis concluye que la virtus es un poder eficiente, una característica de la forma capaz de provocar el movimiento local y de instigar los procesos naturales. La especie es la respuesta de la materia a la estimulación realizada por la virtus a través de la cual se realiza toda acción natural, con exclusión del movimiento local. La especie es una potencia no eficiente, un “apetito” interno de la materia. Es una expresión de la inclinación inherente a la materia para promoverse y perfeccionarse, el resultado de la “potencialidad activa” de la materia.

Bosch Rexroth in Mellansel is manufacturing hydraulic motors and constantly trying to improve their products to reduce downtime for their customers. An important thing to get a reliable system is to know the condition. In a hydraulic motor, it is crucial to determine the particle contamination of the oil to determine the condition. To do so many particle sensors have been tested by Bosch Rexroth but also other related companies during the past years. To this point, no sensor has been performing good enough to replace the ordinary magnetic plug for the laboratory tests at Bosch Rexroth. The ordinary magnetic plug is based on an openable lid that has a magnet attached to it. The lid is opened to review the particle contamination of the system. To open the lid the motor has to be stopped and a competent person needs to be present to review the particles.To ease the work for the laboratory personal and also getting one step closer to a reliable condition monitoring solution a new idea was coined by employees at Bosch Rexroth. The idea was to use a magnet outside a glass disc and by that be able to detect the particles from outside the motor. Initial testing of the idea had been performed with promising results but more development was needed. The idea has therefore been investigated and developed further in this project. This has been done in parallel with an investigation of state-of-the-art techniques available on the market. The testing showed that the new type of magnet/glass solution was performing well and was able to detect particles of different sizes. Some other interesting options were also found during the investigation of other techniques but the new magnet/glass idea was the most prominent.

A new spherical tokamak, the SMall Aspect Ratio Tokamak (SMART), is currently being designed at the University of Seville. The goal of the machine is to achieve a toroidal field of 1 T, a plasma current of 500 kA and a pulse length of 500 ms for a plasma with a major radius of 0.4 m and minor radius of 0.25 m. This contribution presents the design of the coils and power supplies of the machine. The design foresees a central solenoid, 12 toroidal field coils and 8 poloidal field coils. Taking the current waveforms for these set of coils as starting point, each of them has been designed to withstand the Joule heating during the tokamak operation time. An analytical thermal model is employed to obtain the cross sections of each coil and, finally, their dimensions and parameters. The design of flexible and modular power supplies, based on IGBTs and supercapacitors, is presented. The topologies and control strategy of the power supplies are explained, together with a model in MATLAB Simulink to simulate the power supplies performance, proving their feasibility before the construction of the system.

A new spherical tokamak, the SMall Aspect Ratio Tokamak (SMART), is currently being designed at the University of Seville. The goal of the machine is to achieve a toroidal field of 1 T, a plasma current of 500 kA and a pulse length of 500 ms for a plasma with a major radius of 0.4 m and minor radius of 0.25 m. This contribution presents the design of the coils and power supplies of the machine. The design foresees a central solenoid, 12 toroidal field coils and 8 poloidal field coils. Taking the current waveforms for these set of coils as starting point, each of them has been designed to withstand the Joule heating during the tokamak operation time. An analytical thermal model is employed to obtain the cross sections of each coil and, finally, their dimensions and parameters. The design of flexible and modular power supplies, based on IGBTs and supercapacitors, is presented. The topologies and control strategy of the power supplies are explained, together with a model in MATLAB Simulink to simulate the power supplies performance, proving their feasibility before the construction of the system.

In this article, electromagnet layouts are presented, which generate a magnetic field with a magnitude gradient that does not vary significantly in a horizontal plane but decreases monotonically with the vertical height above the magnet. Such a one-direction magnetic field gradient is a specific requirement for magnetic density separation (MDS), a novel recycling technology that combines a vertical magnetic field gradient with a ferrofluid to separate a mixture of non-magnetic materials based on their mass density. We are assembling the first superconducting magnet to be used for this application. In contrast to other separation technologies that use ferrofluid, multiple products can be separated in a single process step. First, the idealized current distribution is introduced that produces such a magnetic field with a magnitude that decays only in one direction. This ideal field can be approximated with practical coil configurations, which are evaluated with a Fourier analysis to derive an optimal cross-sectional layout based on flat racetrack coils. The analysis concludes with a discussion of the effect of winding pack thickness on the value of the magnetic field above the magnet system and the peak field inside the winding pack. The conclusions of this study are applicable not just for MDS but for any application that requires a magnetic field gradient that changes only in one direction., Resources & Recycling

This article discusses the optimum layout of coils of a superconducting magnet system for magnetic density separation (MDS). MDS is a novel separation technology that combines a vertical magnetic field gradient with a ferrofluid to separate mixtures of non-magnetic particles based on their mass density. The MDS process can separate more than two types of particles in a single process step, thereby distinguishing it from other separation techniques using a ferrofluid. The authors are currently constructing a superconducting MDS demonstrator. Ideally, the gradient of the magnetic field magnitude should change only with the distance above the magnet but remain constant in a horizontal plane. In principle, such an ideal field profile can be generated with an infinite harmonic sheet current. In practice, edge effects appear due to the necessity of using a finite number of coils. These cause a horizontal component in the field gradient and also change the vertical component. We compare the vertical magnetic field gradient of various coil layouts to see which configuration performs best. To facilitate ease of production, the analysis is restricted to flat racetrack coils. The main result is that the specific shape of a racetrack coil has a larger influence on the vertical gradient than the number of coils. The feed particles need to be pushed through the separation chamber from the insertion to the collection point. One option to realize this is to use an MDS setup in which the magnet is inclined with respect to the horizontal plane. This tilting results in a horizontal magnetic force component, which drives feed particles through the fluid bed. We show that a three-coil layout provides the largest usable fluid bed depth for a wide range of tilt angles., Resources & Recycling

In precision engineering, thermal stability is of great importance in order to keep up with the ever-increasing demand for faster and more precise positioning actuators. Most notably, actuator magnetizing coils dissipate heat to surrounding machine components as a result of Joule heating. With changing temperatures, system components expand and contract - causing unwanted structural deformations that can lead to a decline in positioning accuracy and repeatability. This phenomenon is especially pronounced in quasi-static processes that operate in vacuum environment – examples of which can be found in lithography mirror alignment systems, deformable space mirrors and magnetic gravity compensators. Prior TU Delft research introduced a method to accurately tune a low-coercivity AlNiCo 5 magnet to a set of user-predefined magnetization states – the novel Tunable Magnet (TM) actuator. This way, by precisely 'tuning' the magnet with a single current pulse, the magnetization state is sustained even after tuning, making this method especially efficient for quasi-static operation. In order to advance the development of functional TM actuators, this research provides four contributions. First, limitations within the original setup prohibit to the dynamic stage movement that makes a reluctance actuator functional. By introducing a modular compliant stage attachment to the existing setup, this discrepancy is overcome – making dynamic-gap experimentation possible. Second, magnetization state tuning robustness, accuracy and repeatability are significantly improved by introducing a series of four dynamic compensation methods. Third, a novel minor-loop tuning approach is proposed as a replacement of the original major loop tuning algorithm in order to improve energy efficiency, dynamic behavior and tuning times. Lastly, the Break-even Tuning Interval (BTI) metric as conceived by previous research has been experimentally validated – allowing for comparison between TM and conventional, Mechanical Engineering | Mechatronic System Design (MSD)

A new spherical tokamak, the SMall Aspect Ratio Tokamak (SMART), is currently being designed at the University of Seville. The goal of the machine is to achieve a toroidal field of 1 T, a plasma current of 500 kA and a pulse length of 500 ms for a plasma with a major radius of 0.4 m and minor radius of 0.25 m. This contribution presents the design of the coils and power supplies of the machine. The design foresees a central solenoid, 12 toroidal field coils and 8 poloidal field coils. Taking the current waveforms for these set of coils as starting point, each of them has been designed to withstand the Joule heating during the tokamak operation time. An analytical thermal model is employed to obtain the cross sections of each coil and, finally, their dimensions and parameters. The design of flexible and modular power supplies, based on IGBTs and supercapacitors, is presented. The topologies and control strategy of the power supplies are explained, together with a model in MATLAB Simulink to simulate the power supplies performance, proving their feasibility before the construction of the system.

A 59-year-oldman underwent orthotopic liver transplantation; liver re-transplantation was needed 24 hours later owing to primary liver failure. A large incisional hernia was repaired 5 years later. Increases in his liver function tests were noted 6 years later and magnetic resonance cholangiography showed an anastomotic biliary stricture. Magnetic compression anastomosis was proposed; the patient signed a specific informed consent for compassionate use.

The Swiss Free Electron Laser (SwissFEL) at the Paul Scherrer Institute is a national prestige project that will enable ground breaking new x-ray scattering experiments in areas such as biology, chemistry and physics. A plannedactivity is to generate possibility for x-ray diffraction under high pulsed magnetic fields to explore quantum mattermaterials. In fact, an entire beam line (CristallinaQ), dedicated to extreme sample environment (vacuum, electro-magnetic field, low temperature).This Master’s thesis project concerns the development of a magnet system for pulsed magnetic fields to be synchronised with the free electron laser pulses. The system is based on small-sized coils. This makes the systemtransportable and avoids the huge financial challenges and power requirements of the magnets at pulsed fields laboratories at Toulouse, Dresden or Tallahassee. Ultimately the magnet shall provide large pulsed fields of more than 30 T under conditions very similar to space, i.e. vacuum, low-temperature.The thesis presents the development of a complete coil manufacture and testing setup including a capacitor bank topower the magnet. With planned upgrades of the equipment, the coil manufacturing process is reaching reproduceable levels. I produce a first iteration of magnet coils. They follow a classical copper conductor design reinforcedwith an epoxy-Zylon matrix. During testing we produced 15 Tesla fields without degradation of the coils. At lastI analyse the observations from the tests and propose improvements and future steps for the further developmentof the magnet.

This article aims to describe the construction of didactic equipment, based on materials that are easy to obtain and manipulate, that can be used to teach phenomena related to the Faraday-Lenz Law. The device was called the Inductor Pendulum and consists of a magnet that oscillates on a coil. LEDs connected to the coil assist in the perception of the induced voltage, as well as in the visualization of the different directions of the current. It is a simple and low cost assembly, which can be reproduced in high schools for use in experimental activities. Throughout the text, the steps to build the device are presented, as well as suggestions for its use. Through this article it is expected to contribute to the area of Physics Education by presenting an alternative to the Faraday-Lenz Law approach., Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever a construção de um equipamento didático, com base em materiais de fácil obtenção e manipulação, que pode ser utilizado no ensino de fenômenos relacionados à Lei de Faraday-Lenz. O dispositivo foi denominado de Pêndulo Indutor e constitui-se de um ímã que oscila sobre uma bobina. LEDs ligados à bobina auxiliam na percepção da tensão induzida, bem como na visualização dos diferentes sentidos da corrente. Trata-se de uma montagem simples e de baixo custo que poderá ser reproduzida nas escolas de ensino médio para o uso em atividades experimentais. Ao longo do texto, são apresentados os passos para a construção do dispositivo e são fornecidas sugestões para sua utilização. Por meio deste artigo, espera-se contribuir para a área de Ensino de Física, apresentando uma alternativa para a abordagem da Lei de Faraday-Lenz.

This document reviews the current state of the art in the linear machine technology. First,the recent advancements in linear induction, switched reluctance and permanent magnet machines arepresented. The ladder slit secondary configuration is identified as an interesting configuration for linearinduction machines. In the case of switched reluctance machines, the mutually-coupled configuration hasbeen found to equate the thrust capability of conventional permanent magnet machines. The capabilities ofthe so called linear primary permanent magnet, viz. switched-flux, flux-reversal, doubly-salient and verniermachines are presented afterwards. A guide of different options to enhance several characteristics of linearmachines is also listed. A qualitative comparison of the capabilities of linear primary permanent magnetmachines is given later, where linear vernier and switched-flux machines are identified as the most interestingconfigurations for long stroke applications. In order to demonstrate the validity of the presented comparison,three machines are selected from the literature, and their capabilities are compared under the same conditionsto a conventional linear permanent magnet machine. It is found that the flux-reversal machines suffer froma very poor power factor, whereas the thrust capability of both vernier and switched-flux machines isconfirmed. However, the overload capability of these machines is found to be substantially lower than theone from the conventional machine. Finally, some different research topics are identified and suggested foreach type of machine.

The Swiss Free Electron Laser (SwissFEL) at the Paul Scherrer Institute is a national prestige project that will enable ground breaking new x-ray scattering experiments in areas such as biology, chemistry and physics. A plannedactivity is to generate possibility for x-ray diffraction under high pulsed magnetic fields to explore quantum mattermaterials. In fact, an entire beam line (CristallinaQ), dedicated to extreme sample environment (vacuum, electro-magnetic field, low temperature).This Master’s thesis project concerns the development of a magnet system for pulsed magnetic fields to be synchronised with the free electron laser pulses. The system is based on small-sized coils. This makes the systemtransportable and avoids the huge financial challenges and power requirements of the magnets at pulsed fields laboratories at Toulouse, Dresden or Tallahassee. Ultimately the magnet shall provide large pulsed fields of more than 30 T under conditions very similar to space, i.e. vacuum, low-temperature.The thesis presents the development of a complete coil manufacture and testing setup including a capacitor bank topower the magnet. With planned upgrades of the equipment, the coil manufacturing process is reaching reproduceable levels. I produce a first iteration of magnet coils. They follow a classical copper conductor design reinforcedwith an epoxy-Zylon matrix. During testing we produced 15 Tesla fields without degradation of the coils. At lastI analyse the observations from the tests and propose improvements and future steps for the further developmentof the magnet.

This master thesis investigates the possibilities of implementing magnets for several functions in a knob. The project was carried out in collaboration with Sigma Connectivity. During a previous project at Sigma Connectivity, there occurred an interest in using mag-nets in a product called ”the knob”. This product is used to select options by swiveling an outer part or pushing buttons at the top. Exchanging some mechanics for magnets could possibly improve the product. It was interesting to see if magnets also could affect the feedback to the user. The objective is to explore the possibilities of magnets in this type of product. Some benefits of magnets can be to avoid mechanical wear and to seal electronics due to contactless sensoring. If magnets are found to be useful, the results of this master thesis could act as a foundation for Sigma Connectivity to implement magnets in their future products. Background research about magnets and sensors was conducted as well as findings of existing magnet solutions in order to achieve a greater understanding about magnets implemented in products. This acted as the foundation for the concept generation. Promising concepts were evaluated by using CAD and 3D-printing to create prototypes. The final concept is a modified knob which utilizes magnets for several functions, both regarding the swivel function and the push top. Working prototypes with sensors demonstrates the functions.The results of this thesis is the final concept as well as recommendations for further development., Detta examensarbete undersöker möjligheterna att implementera magneter för flera funktioner i en så kallad ”knob”. Projektet utfördes i samarbete med Sigma Connectivity. Under ett tidigare projekt på Sigma Connectivity uppstod ett intresse för att använda magneter i en av deras produkter. Denna produkt används för att välja alternativ genom att rotera en yttre part eller trycka på knappar på toppen. Genom att byta ut några av de mekaniska lösningarna till magneter kan produkten potentiellt blir förbättrad. Det är också intressant att undersöka om magneter kan påverka feedbacken till användaren. Syftet är att undersöka möjligheterna att implementera magneter i den här typen av produkt. Några fördelar med detta kan vara att reducera mekaniskt slitage och att innesluta elektronik genom kontaktlösa sensorer. Bakgrundsforskning om magneter och sensorer samt att hitta existerande lösningar gav en större förståelse om hur magneter kan implementeras i en produkt. Detta användes som en grund för den kommande konceptgenereringen. Lovande koncept utvärderades genomCAD och 3D-printing för att skapa prototyper. Det slutgiltiga konceptet är en modifierad knob som använder magneter för flera funktioner, både rotationen och tryckknapparna.Fungerande prototyper med sensorer demonstrerar funktionerna. Resultatet av detta examensarbete är det slutgiltiga konceptet samt rekommendationer för fortsatt utveckling.

This article aims to describe the construction of didactic equipment, based on materials that are easy to obtain and manipulate, that can be used to teach phenomena related to the Faraday-Lenz Law. The device was called the Inductor Pendulum and consists of a magnet that oscillates on a coil. LEDs connected to the coil assist in the perception of the induced voltage, as well as in the visualization of the different directions of the current. It is a simple and low cost assembly, which can be reproduced in high schools for use in experimental activities. Throughout the text, the steps to build the device are presented, as well as suggestions for its use. Through this article it is expected to contribute to the area of Physics Education by presenting an alternative to the Faraday-Lenz Law approach., Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever a construção de um equipamento didático, com base em materiais de fácil obtenção e manipulação, que pode ser utilizado no ensino de fenômenos relacionados à Lei de Faraday-Lenz. O dispositivo foi denominado de Pêndulo Indutor e constitui-se de um ímã que oscila sobre uma bobina. LEDs ligados à bobina auxiliam na percepção da tensão induzida, bem como na visualização dos diferentes sentidos da corrente. Trata-se de uma montagem simples e de baixo custo que poderá ser reproduzida nas escolas de ensino médio para o uso em atividades experimentais. Ao longo do texto, são apresentados os passos para a construção do dispositivo e são fornecidas sugestões para sua utilização. Por meio deste artigo, espera-se contribuir para a área de Ensino de Física, apresentando uma alternativa para a abordagem da Lei de Faraday-Lenz.

In this case study, we discuss how an implanted magnet can support novel forms of input and output. By measuring the relative position between the magnet and an on-body device, local position of the device can be used for input. Electromagnetic fields can actuate the magnet to provide output by means of in-vivo haptic feedback. Traditional tracking options would struggle tracking the input methods we suggest, and the in-vivo sensations of vibration provided as output differ from the experience of vibrations applied externally-our data suggests that in-vivo vibrations are mediated by different receptors than external vibration. As the magnet can be easily tracked as well as actuated it provides opportunities for encoding information as material experiences.

Выплавка сплавов Sm-Co-Fe-Cu-Zr производится на основе фазовой диаграммы состояния Sm-Co. Рассматривается диапазон содержания кобальта от 60 до 80 вес. %. В этом диапазоне из расплава при температуре 1335 °С по перетектической реакции формируется фаза Sm2Co17. Первичные кристаллы этой фазы реагируют с жидкостью с образованием фазы SmCo5. Фазы Sm2Co17 и SmCo5 являются основополагающими в производстве сплавов КС-25 для магнитов., Sm-Co-Fe-Cu-Zr alloys are smelted on the basis of SmCo phase diagram. The range of cobalt content from 60 to 80 weight is considered. %. In this range, the sm2co17 phase is formed from the melt at a temperature of 1335 °C by peritectic reaction. The primary crystals of this phase react with the liquid to form the SmCo5 phase. The Sm2Co17 and SmCo5 Phases are fundamental in the production of KS-25 alloys for magnets.

В современном мире вопрос переработки вторичного сырья является актуальным по ряду причин – это стоимость чистых материалов и их ограниченное количество на российском рынке, а также проблема с утилизацией отходов в мире. На производстве магнитов. После измельчения сплава из-за особенности конструкции мельницы в камере остается порошок. Масса остатка равняется составляет 25 % от начальной загрузки. В соответствии с технологическим процессом остаток порошка не может использоваться для производства магнитов, так как он состоит из более крупных частиц, чем требуется. Потери порошка, составляющие 25 % от сплава, являются существенными для данного производства. В связи с этим разработка технологии переработки вторичного сырья очень востребована., In today's world, the issue of recycling is relevant for a number of reasons – the cost of clean materials and their limited number on the Russian market, as well as the problem with the disposal of waste in the world. In the production of magnets. After grinding the alloy, due to the design features of the mill, the powder remains in the chamber. The weight of the remainder is equal to 25 % of the initial load. According to the technological process, the powder residue can not be used to produce magnets, as it consists of larger particles than required. Powder losses of 25 % of the alloy are significant for this production. In this regard, the development of technology for processing of secondary raw materials is very popular.