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Antimicrobial Finishing prevents or inhibits the growth of microorganisms or microbes. Antimicrobials do not all work the same. The vast majority of antimicrobials work by leaching or moving from the surface on which they are appletinis is the mechanism used leaching antimicrobials to poison a microorganism. Such chemicals have been used for decades in agricultural applications with mixed results. Besides affecting durability and useful life, leaching technologies have potential to cause a variety of other problems when used in Garments. These include their negative effects because, they can contact the skin and potentially affect the normal skin bacteria, cross the skin barrier, and/or have the potential to cause rashes and other skin irritations. In this project Hydrogen Peroxide (Metal Complex) is mainly used for improving the anti-microbial finish. The product is cheaper than silver, zinc and silane. The testing of finished fabric was also carried out.

The presence of pharmaceutical products, and their metabolites, in wastewater has become a focus of growing environmental concern. Among these pharmaceutical products, ibuprofen (IBU) is one of the most consumed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and it can enter the environment though both human and animal consumption, because it is not entirely absorbed by the body, and the pharmaceutical industry wastewater. Nanofiltration has been described as an attractive process for the treatment of wastewater containing pharmaceutical products. In this paper, the modification of a polysulfone nanofiltration membrane by coating with graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has been carried out. The morphology and elemental composition of the active layer of unmodified and modified membranes were analyzed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), respectively. Initial characterization membranes was carried out, studying their water permeability coefficient and their permeate flux and rejection coefficients, at different applied pressures, using magnesium chloride solutions. The behavior of both pristine and coated membranes against ibuprofen solutions were analyzed by studying the permeate fluxes and the rejection coefficients at different pressures and at different contaminant concentrations. The results have shown that both GO and RGO coated membranes lead to higher values of ibuprofene rejection than that of uncoated membrane, the latter being the one that presents better results in the studies of permeability, selectivity, and fouling.

This study investigated the effects of using limestone powder and Shirasu natural pozzolan, as partial replacements for fine aggregate, on the mechanical properties and resistance of concrete to an aggressive solution containing 3% H2SO4 and 5% MgCl2. The data show that replacing 5% of the fine aggregate with limestone powder results in more severe deterioration of the concrete by the chemical solution. However, replacing 55% of the fine aggregate with Shirasu both increases compressive strength after a 28-day cure and improves chemical resistance of concrete. In addition, the deterioration mechanism of concrete immersed in the aggressive solution was examined in this study.

Although incidence of clinical hypocalcemia in postpartum dairy cows is low in US dairies, subclinical hypocalcemia after calving is common and has been associated with metabolic and infectious disease. It is widespread farm practice to feed a diet rich in anions to prepartum dairy cattle to support calcium homeostasis. However, this diet is typically discontinued at parturition, when calcium needs are still high. The objective of this trial was to determine the effects of extending metabolic acidification into the first 3 d of lactation in multiparous Holstein cows with the use of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) hexahydrate drenches on blood ionized calcium concentrations. Adult Holstein cows at a commercial dairy in their second or higher lactation, with a urine pH of 6.8 or less on the day of calving, were randomly assigned to either treatment or control groups, resulting in 13 cows in the treatment group and 14 cows in the control group. Treatment cows received 480 g of oral MgCl2 hexahydrate once daily for 3 d for continued acidification starting on the day of calving, whereas cows in the control group received no treatment. Urine pH was measured daily for 5 d, starting on the day of calving (0 DIM), to assess acidification status; blood was collected on day of calving (0 DIM), 2 DIM, and 4 DIM and analyzed for ionized calcium concentrations. Differences in blood ionized calcium and urine pH over time were compared using longitudinal data analysis. Urine pH was lower in treatment cows compared with control cows at 1, 2, and 3 DIM. Blood ionized calcium concentrations were different from baseline, taken at enrollment (0 DIM) and at 2 and 4 DIM in both treatment and control cows. However, no difference was detectable between treatment and control cows at 2 or 4 DIM with respect to blood ionized calcium concentrations. Oral supplementation with MgCl2 hexahydrate resulted in the desired acidification of urine pH in the treatment group, similar to feeding of an anionic c

I arbetet har kalciumklorid respektive magnesiumklorid utvärderats i kombination med fyra olika finmaterial (granit, amfibolit, metagråvacka samt naturlig silt) vilka används vid underhåll av grusvägar. Vattenlösningar av respektive salt har tillförts finmaterialet varefter regn och upptorkning har simulerats i laboratoriemiljö. Utvärdering har gjorts med avseende på mängden kvarvarande salt efter regnsimulering samt svepelektronmikroskopi (SEM) och optisk mikroskopi på finmaterialet efter upptorkning. Det har varit svårt att dra några slutsatser. Den framtagna försöksmetodiken har inte kunnat påvisa agglomerering i finfraktion av grusslitlager eller ge ledning till doseringsråd. Man kan se att kalciumklorid är effektivare per giva än magnesiumklorid. Det krävs mindre mängd salt (flingor) för att binda en viss mängd vatten med kalciumklorid än med magnesiumklorid vilket dock är känt sedan tidigare. Agglomerering kunde inte bevisas med upprepade försök. Kemiskt var det ingen större skillnad, salterna betedde sig snarlikt och enligt tidigare känt beteende. Skillnader av beteende beroende på typ av bergmaterial var försumbart i förhållande till salternas inverkan. Den allra största delen (som minst 80 %) av tillfört salt har lakats ur efter regnsimulering. Ingen skillnad mellan kalcium- och magnesiumklorid eller de olika finmaterialen kunde konstateras avseende urlakning. En liten skillnad mellan urlakning av katjoner och anjoner kunde konstateras där katjonerna hölls kvar i finmaterialet. Detta kan röra sig om en jonbytareffekt. Analys med SEM och optisk mikroskopi kunde inte påvisa några egentliga skillnader mellan de olika kombinationerna av salt respektive finmaterial. Vid upptorkning av finmaterialet kunde konstateras att kalciumklorid, räknat som handelsvara, kan absorbera mer vatten än magnesiumklorid. Denna effekt kvarstod även efter att regnsimulering har utförts. Den metod som utvecklades i samband med arbetet gav inga påvisbara skillnader, som inte var kända, In this study, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride have been evaluated in combination with four different fine materials (granite, amphibolite, meta greywacke and naturally occurring silt), which are used for gravel road maintenance. Aqueous solutions of the two salts have been added to the fine material where after rain and drying has been simulated under laboratory conditions. Evaluation has been performed in terms of residual amount of salt after rain simulation, and SEM and optical microscopy on the fine material after drying, respectively It has been difficult to draw any conclusions that would yield new information from the tests. The methodology developed was not able to show agglomeration in the fine fraction of the gravel road material and it was not possible to provide recommendations regarding the dosage of dust binding agents. The tests show that calcium chloride is more efficient in retaining moisture than magnesium chloride when the comparison is based on the amount of flakes used. Agglomeration could not be proven despite several repeated tests. The chemical properties did not differ significantly, the salts behaved similarly and according to earlier known data. Differences in the origin of rock material was negligible compared with the effects of the salts. The added salt was for the most part (with a minimum of 80%) leached out during the rain simulation. No differences between calcium chloride and magnesium chloride or between the different fine materials were observed in terms of leaching. A small difference between leaching of cations and anions was recorded where the cations were retained in the fine material. This might be an ion-exchange effect. Analysis with SEM and optical microscopy did not yield any significant differences between the different combinations of salt and fine materials, respectively. During drying of the fine material it was observed that calcium chloride, calculated as commercial product, could absorb more water than ma

The emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) are a serious environmental problem due to its relationship with the formation of smog, acid rain and because they are dangerous for human and animal health. These gases are produced in high quantities in diesel engines used for automotive applications, and different strategies are being used to reduce them, among which are the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems. For its operation, it is necessary a supply of ammonia as NOx reducing agent, but the inefficiency at low temperatures of the systems used nowadays has led to the conception of the solid ammonia storage units (ASS). Unfortunately, the materials currently used, i.e. metal halides, do not meet the ammonia supply requirements at low temperatures and have problems of swelling and agglomeration. In order to find a material with better properties for its application as an ammonia sorbent material, MgCl2 composites with different carbon materials (graphite, graphene, and SWCNTs) were prepared by direct mixing and wet impregnation methods, and characterized in this work. Despite the decrease of total storage capacity, improvements were found in thermal stability and mass retention, as well as in sorption and desorption kinetics, making these materials a first result towards the improvement of the solid ammonia storage units.

I arbetet har kalciumklorid respektive magnesiumklorid utvärderats i kombination med fyra olika finmaterial (granit, amfibolit, metagråvacka samt naturlig silt) vilka används vid underhåll av grusvägar. Vattenlösningar av respektive salt har tillförts finmaterialet varefter regn och upptorkning har simulerats i laboratoriemiljö. Utvärdering har gjorts med avseende på mängden kvarvarande salt efter regnsimulering samt svepelektronmikroskopi (SEM) och optisk mikroskopi på finmaterialet efter upptorkning. Det har varit svårt att dra några slutsatser. Den framtagna försöksmetodiken har inte kunnat påvisa agglomerering i finfraktion av grusslitlager eller ge ledning till doseringsråd. Man kan se att kalciumklorid är effektivare per giva än magnesiumklorid. Det krävs mindre mängd salt (flingor) för att binda en viss mängd vatten med kalciumklorid än med magnesiumklorid vilket dock är känt sedan tidigare. Agglomerering kunde inte bevisas med upprepade försök. Kemiskt var det ingen större skillnad, salterna betedde sig snarlikt och enligt tidigare känt beteende. Skillnader av beteende beroende på typ av bergmaterial var försumbart i förhållande till salternas inverkan. Den allra största delen (som minst 80 %) av tillfört salt har lakats ur efter regnsimulering. Ingen skillnad mellan kalcium- och magnesiumklorid eller de olika finmaterialen kunde konstateras avseende urlakning. En liten skillnad mellan urlakning av katjoner och anjoner kunde konstateras där katjonerna hölls kvar i finmaterialet. Detta kan röra sig om en jonbytareffekt. Analys med SEM och optisk mikroskopi kunde inte påvisa några egentliga skillnader mellan de olika kombinationerna av salt respektive finmaterial. Vid upptorkning av finmaterialet kunde konstateras att kalciumklorid, räknat som handelsvara, kan absorbera mer vatten än magnesiumklorid. Denna effekt kvarstod även efter att regnsimulering har utförts. Den metod som utvecklades i samband med arbetet gav inga påvisbara skillnader, som inte var kända, In this study, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride have been evaluated in combination with four different fine materials (granite, amphibolite, meta greywacke and naturally occurring silt), which are used for gravel road maintenance. Aqueous solutions of the two salts have been added to the fine material where after rain and drying has been simulated under laboratory conditions. Evaluation has been performed in terms of residual amount of salt after rain simulation, and SEM and optical microscopy on the fine material after drying, respectively It has been difficult to draw any conclusions that would yield new information from the tests. The methodology developed was not able to show agglomeration in the fine fraction of the gravel road material and it was not possible to provide recommendations regarding the dosage of dust binding agents. The tests show that calcium chloride is more efficient in retaining moisture than magnesium chloride when the comparison is based on the amount of flakes used. Agglomeration could not be proven despite several repeated tests. The chemical properties did not differ significantly, the salts behaved similarly and according to earlier known data. Differences in the origin of rock material was negligible compared with the effects of the salts. The added salt was for the most part (with a minimum of 80%) leached out during the rain simulation. No differences between calcium chloride and magnesium chloride or between the different fine materials were observed in terms of leaching. A small difference between leaching of cations and anions was recorded where the cations were retained in the fine material. This might be an ion-exchange effect. Analysis with SEM and optical microscopy did not yield any significant differences between the different combinations of salt and fine materials, respectively. During drying of the fine material it was observed that calcium chloride, calculated as commercial product, could absorb more water than ma, On the Road

I arbetet har kalciumklorid respektive magnesiumklorid utvärderats i kombination med fyra olika finmaterial (granit, amfibolit, metagråvacka samt naturlig silt) vilka används vid underhåll av grusvägar. Vattenlösningar av respektive salt har tillförts finmaterialet varefter regn och upptorkning har simulerats i laboratoriemiljö. Utvärdering har gjorts med avseende på mängden kvarvarande salt efter regnsimulering samt svepelektronmikroskopi (SEM) och optisk mikroskopi på finmaterialet efter upptorkning. Det har varit svårt att dra några slutsatser. Den framtagna försöksmetodiken har inte kunnat påvisa agglomerering i finfraktion av grusslitlager eller ge ledning till doseringsråd. Man kan se att kalciumklorid är effektivare per giva än magnesiumklorid. Det krävs mindre mängd salt (flingor) för att binda en viss mängd vatten med kalciumklorid än med magnesiumklorid vilket dock är känt sedan tidigare. Agglomerering kunde inte bevisas med upprepade försök. Kemiskt var det ingen större skillnad, salterna betedde sig snarlikt och enligt tidigare känt beteende. Skillnader av beteende beroende på typ av bergmaterial var försumbart i förhållande till salternas inverkan. Den allra största delen (som minst 80 %) av tillfört salt har lakats ur efter regnsimulering. Ingen skillnad mellan kalcium- och magnesiumklorid eller de olika finmaterialen kunde konstateras avseende urlakning. En liten skillnad mellan urlakning av katjoner och anjoner kunde konstateras där katjonerna hölls kvar i finmaterialet. Detta kan röra sig om en jonbytareffekt. Analys med SEM och optisk mikroskopi kunde inte påvisa några egentliga skillnader mellan de olika kombinationerna av salt respektive finmaterial. Vid upptorkning av finmaterialet kunde konstateras att kalciumklorid, räknat som handelsvara, kan absorbera mer vatten än magnesiumklorid. Denna effekt kvarstod även efter att regnsimulering har utförts. Den metod som utvecklades i samband med arbetet gav inga påvisbara skillnader, som inte var kända, In this study, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride have been evaluated in combination with four different fine materials (granite, amphibolite, meta greywacke and naturally occurring silt), which are used for gravel road maintenance. Aqueous solutions of the two salts have been added to the fine material where after rain and drying has been simulated under laboratory conditions. Evaluation has been performed in terms of residual amount of salt after rain simulation, and SEM and optical microscopy on the fine material after drying, respectively It has been difficult to draw any conclusions that would yield new information from the tests. The methodology developed was not able to show agglomeration in the fine fraction of the gravel road material and it was not possible to provide recommendations regarding the dosage of dust binding agents. The tests show that calcium chloride is more efficient in retaining moisture than magnesium chloride when the comparison is based on the amount of flakes used. Agglomeration could not be proven despite several repeated tests. The chemical properties did not differ significantly, the salts behaved similarly and according to earlier known data. Differences in the origin of rock material was negligible compared with the effects of the salts. The added salt was for the most part (with a minimum of 80%) leached out during the rain simulation. No differences between calcium chloride and magnesium chloride or between the different fine materials were observed in terms of leaching. A small difference between leaching of cations and anions was recorded where the cations were retained in the fine material. This might be an ion-exchange effect. Analysis with SEM and optical microscopy did not yield any significant differences between the different combinations of salt and fine materials, respectively. During drying of the fine material it was observed that calcium chloride, calculated as commercial product, could absorb more water than ma, On the Road

The emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) are a serious environmental problem due to its relationship with the formation of smog, acid rain and because they are dangerous for human and animal health. These gases are produced in high quantities in diesel engines used for automotive applications, and different strategies are being used to reduce them, among which are the Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems. For its operation, it is necessary a supply of ammonia as NOx reducing agent, but the inefficiency at low temperatures of the systems used nowadays has led to the conception of the solid ammonia storage units (ASS). Unfortunately, the materials currently used, i.e. metal halides, do not meet the ammonia supply requirements at low temperatures and have problems of swelling and agglomeration. In order to find a material with better properties for its application as an ammonia sorbent material, MgCl2 composites with different carbon materials (graphite, graphene, and SWCNTs) were prepared by direct mixing and wet impregnation methods, and characterized in this work. Despite the decrease of total storage capacity, improvements were found in thermal stability and mass retention, as well as in sorption and desorption kinetics, making these materials a first result towards the improvement of the solid ammonia storage units.

I arbetet har kalciumklorid respektive magnesiumklorid utvärderats i kombination med fyra olika finmaterial (granit, amfibolit, metagråvacka samt naturlig silt) vilka används vid underhåll av grusvägar. Vattenlösningar av respektive salt har tillförts finmaterialet varefter regn och upptorkning har simulerats i laboratoriemiljö. Utvärdering har gjorts med avseende på mängden kvarvarande salt efter regnsimulering samt svepelektronmikroskopi (SEM) och optisk mikroskopi på finmaterialet efter upptorkning. Det har varit svårt att dra några slutsatser. Den framtagna försöksmetodiken har inte kunnat påvisa agglomerering i finfraktion av grusslitlager eller ge ledning till doseringsråd. Man kan se att kalciumklorid är effektivare per giva än magnesiumklorid. Det krävs mindre mängd salt (flingor) för att binda en viss mängd vatten med kalciumklorid än med magnesiumklorid vilket dock är känt sedan tidigare. Agglomerering kunde inte bevisas med upprepade försök. Kemiskt var det ingen större skillnad, salterna betedde sig snarlikt och enligt tidigare känt beteende. Skillnader av beteende beroende på typ av bergmaterial var försumbart i förhållande till salternas inverkan. Den allra största delen (som minst 80 %) av tillfört salt har lakats ur efter regnsimulering. Ingen skillnad mellan kalcium- och magnesiumklorid eller de olika finmaterialen kunde konstateras avseende urlakning. En liten skillnad mellan urlakning av katjoner och anjoner kunde konstateras där katjonerna hölls kvar i finmaterialet. Detta kan röra sig om en jonbytareffekt. Analys med SEM och optisk mikroskopi kunde inte påvisa några egentliga skillnader mellan de olika kombinationerna av salt respektive finmaterial. Vid upptorkning av finmaterialet kunde konstateras att kalciumklorid, räknat som handelsvara, kan absorbera mer vatten än magnesiumklorid. Denna effekt kvarstod även efter att regnsimulering har utförts. Den metod som utvecklades i samband med arbetet gav inga påvisbara skillnader, som inte var kända, In this study, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride have been evaluated in combination with four different fine materials (granite, amphibolite, meta greywacke and naturally occurring silt), which are used for gravel road maintenance. Aqueous solutions of the two salts have been added to the fine material where after rain and drying has been simulated under laboratory conditions. Evaluation has been performed in terms of residual amount of salt after rain simulation, and SEM and optical microscopy on the fine material after drying, respectively It has been difficult to draw any conclusions that would yield new information from the tests. The methodology developed was not able to show agglomeration in the fine fraction of the gravel road material and it was not possible to provide recommendations regarding the dosage of dust binding agents. The tests show that calcium chloride is more efficient in retaining moisture than magnesium chloride when the comparison is based on the amount of flakes used. Agglomeration could not be proven despite several repeated tests. The chemical properties did not differ significantly, the salts behaved similarly and according to earlier known data. Differences in the origin of rock material was negligible compared with the effects of the salts. The added salt was for the most part (with a minimum of 80%) leached out during the rain simulation. No differences between calcium chloride and magnesium chloride or between the different fine materials were observed in terms of leaching. A small difference between leaching of cations and anions was recorded where the cations were retained in the fine material. This might be an ion-exchange effect. Analysis with SEM and optical microscopy did not yield any significant differences between the different combinations of salt and fine materials, respectively. During drying of the fine material it was observed that calcium chloride, calculated as commercial product, could absorb more water than ma

The Kryos Basin is a deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basin (DHAB) located in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (34.98°N 22.04°E). It is filled with brine of re-dissolved Messinian evaporites and is nearly saturated with MgCl2-equivalents, which makes this habitat extremely challenging for life. The strong density difference between the anoxic brine and the overlying oxic Mediterranean seawater impedes mixing, giving rise to a narrow chemocline. Here, we investigate the microbial community structure and activities across the seawater-brine interface using a combined biogeochemical, next-generation sequencing, and lipid biomarker approach. Within the interface, we detected fatty acids that were distinctly 13C-enriched when compared to other fatty acids. These likely originated from sulfide-oxidizing bacteria that fix carbon via the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle. In the lower part of the interface, we also measured elevated rates of methane oxidation, probably mediated by aerobic methanotrophs under micro-oxic conditions. Sulfate reduction rates increased across the interface and were highest within the brine, providing first evidence that sulfate reducers (likely Desulfovermiculus and Desulfobacula) thrive in the Kryos Basin at a water activity of only ~0.4 Aw. Our results demonstrate that a highly specialized microbial community in the Kryos Basin has adapted to the poly-extreme conditions of a DHAB with nearly saturated MgCl2 brine, extending the known environmental range where microbial life can persist.

The Kryos Basin is a deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basin (DHAB) located in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (34.98°N 22.04°E). It is filled with brine of re-dissolved Messinian evaporites and is nearly saturated with MgCl2-equivalents, which makes this habitat extremely challenging for life. The strong density difference between the anoxic brine and the overlying oxic Mediterranean seawater impedes mixing, giving rise to a narrow chemocline. Here, we investigate the microbial community structure and activities across the seawater-brine interface using a combined biogeochemical, next-generation sequencing, and lipid biomarker approach. Within the interface, we detected fatty acids that were distinctly 13C-enriched when compared to other fatty acids. These likely originated from sulfide-oxidizing bacteria that fix carbon via the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle. In the lower part of the interface, we also measured elevated rates of methane oxidation, probably mediated by aerobic methanotrophs under micro-oxic conditions. Sulfate reduction rates increased across the interface and were highest within the brine, providing first evidence that sulfate reducers (likely Desulfovermiculus and Desulfobacula) thrive in the Kryos Basin at a water activity of only ~0.4 Aw. Our results demonstrate that a highly specialized microbial community in the Kryos Basin has adapted to the poly-extreme conditions of a DHAB with nearly saturated MgCl2 brine, extending the known environmental range where microbial life can persist.

The report formulates the experiments conducted to remove phosphorus from the return sludge wastewater subjected to side-stream hydrolysis. The experiments are conducted using the wastewater from the outlet of side-stream hydrolysis and is tested in a laboratory at the Duvbackens wastewater treatment plant in Gävle. Chemical precipitation is used in the experiments and displays remarkable results using magnesium chloride and calcium chloride as the precipitants. A successful removal rate of 79-99% is achieved through this method. The phosphate phosphorus content is chosen to be the criterion for estimating the phosphorus removal rate. Possible parametric variations are also reviewed in the report. The decline in ammonium nitrogen is also studied alongside. Struvite and calcium phosphate are the possible precipitates and are recovered with the prospect of recycling. Both the precipitates are known as slow fertilizers and are used in the agricultural industry. If recovered by proper means, these precipitates can reduce the pressure on phosphate industry and on naturally occurring phosphate rocks. Calcium phosphate is selected among the precipitation methods for its rapid reaction and its minimum response to parametric variations. It also expresses a faster settling property with a clear solution after precipitation. The removal and recovery of phosphorus from the side-stream hydrolysis is evaluated with a notion to operate in a pilot scale.

The water mobility in single crystals of MgCl2 hydrates has been investigated with molecular dynamics. Standard force fields have been benchmarked for molecular dynamics simulations of MgCl2 hydrates. To provide a reliable molecular mechanics model, force fields are selected on their ability to reproduce the structure of MgCl2·6H2O at 300 K. The selected force fields are then tested on their ability to also reproduce the structures of the different hydrates (n = 12, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1) and available thermodynamic data. For the currently best force-field available, constant-temperature, constant-pressure molecular dynamics simulations are preformed to elucidate the mechanisms of hydrate water mobility in perfect single crystals of the tetra- and hexahydrate. Long range water diffusion was not observed; each water molecule remained in the coordination sphere of its original Mg2+ host. However, collective ring-like motions of four water molecules at once within the coordination shell of a Magnesium ion were observed.

The report formulates the experiments conducted to remove phosphorus from the return sludge wastewater subjected to side-stream hydrolysis. The experiments are conducted using the wastewater from the outlet of side-stream hydrolysis and is tested in a laboratory at the Duvbackens wastewater treatment plant in Gävle. Chemical precipitation is used in the experiments and displays remarkable results using magnesium chloride and calcium chloride as the precipitants. A successful removal rate of 79-99% is achieved through this method. The phosphate phosphorus content is chosen to be the criterion for estimating the phosphorus removal rate. Possible parametric variations are also reviewed in the report. The decline in ammonium nitrogen is also studied alongside. Struvite and calcium phosphate are the possible precipitates and are recovered with the prospect of recycling. Both the precipitates are known as slow fertilizers and are used in the agricultural industry. If recovered by proper means, these precipitates can reduce the pressure on phosphate industry and on naturally occurring phosphate rocks. Calcium phosphate is selected among the precipitation methods for its rapid reaction and its minimum response to parametric variations. It also expresses a faster settling property with a clear solution after precipitation. The removal and recovery of phosphorus from the side-stream hydrolysis is evaluated with a notion to operate in a pilot scale.

European Directive 2010/63 addresses the welfare of cephalopod species used in scientific projects under European jurisdiction and covers experimental procedures likely to cause pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm. These procedures require authorization from the National Competent Authorities. In aquaculture research, some procedures require the temporary immobilization of individuals to allow for measuring body parameters (i.e., weight, sex, gonad condition, and others), avoiding any damage. This study compares three anesthetics used on common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, paralarvae to reach a state of sedation. The anesthetics were tested for their effects at different concentrations: magnesium chloride (6.8, 13.6, 20.4, and 27.4 g/L), ethanol (8, 10, and 12 mL/L), and clove oil (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 g/L). Three variables were monitored: induction, recovery, and stressful behavior of paralarvae during treatments. Significant differences were found between anesthetics, both in the induction and recovery time, and between concentrations of the same anesthetic. The shortest times of induction and recovery corresponded to ethanol at low concentrations, 10 mL/L (20±1 sec) and 8 mL/L (19±2 sec), respectively. Clove oil at 0.2 g/L was the slowest to reach sedation (340±7 sec). Magnesium chloride at 20.4 g/L showed longer recovery times (554±201 sec) with increasing concentrations. Octopus paralarvae showed adverse behavior only under clove oil treatments, whose use is therefore considered inadmissible. This study shows that ethanol at 10 mL/L may be suitable as a reliable anesthetic for octopus paralarvae, diminishing the induction and recovery time without showing any stressful behavior.

The water mobility in single crystals of MgCl2 hydrates has been investigated with molecular dynamics. Standard force fields have been benchmarked for molecular dynamics simulations of MgCl2 hydrates. To provide a reliable molecular mechanics model, force fields are selected on their ability to reproduce the structure of MgCl2·6H2O at 300 K. The selected force fields are then tested on their ability to also reproduce the structures of the different hydrates (n = 12, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1) and available thermodynamic data. For the currently best force-field available, constant-temperature, constant-pressure molecular dynamics simulations are preformed to elucidate the mechanisms of hydrate water mobility in perfect single crystals of the tetra- and hexahydrate. Long range water diffusion was not observed; each water molecule remained in the coordination sphere of its original Mg2+ host. However, collective ring-like motions of four water molecules at once within the coordination shell of a Magnesium ion were observed.

Hydra, a simple freshwater animal famous for its regenerative capabilities, must tear a hole through its epithelial tissue each time it opens its mouth. The feeding response of Hydra has been well-characterized physiologically and is regarded as a classical model system for environmental chemical biology. However, due to a lack of in vivo labeling and imaging tools, the biomechanics of mouth opening have remained completely unexplored. We take advantage of the availability of transgenic Hydra lines to perform the first dynamical analysis, to our knowledge, of Hydra mouth opening and test existing hypotheses regarding the underlying cellular mechanisms. Through cell position and shape tracking, we show that mouth opening is accompanied by changes in cell shape, but not cellular rearrangements as previously suggested. Treatment with a muscle relaxant impairs mouth opening, supporting the hypothesis that mouth opening is an active process driven by radial contractile processes (myonemes) in the ectoderm. Furthermore, we find that all events exhibit the same relative rate of opening. Because one individual can open consecutively to different amounts, this suggests that the degree of mouth opening is controlled through neuronal signaling. Finally, from the opening dynamics and independent measurements of the elastic properties of the tissues, we estimate the forces exerted by the myonemes to be on the order of a few nanoNewtons. Our study provides the first dynamical framework, to our knowledge, for understanding the remarkable plasticity of the Hydra mouth and illustrates that Hydra is a powerful system for quantitative biomechanical studies of cell and tissue behaviors in vivo.

The Metalysis process usees the FFC Cambridge process to convert certain naturally occurring oxide minerals directly into useful alloys, whose composition can be manipulated by the choice of ore deposit and processing conditions. The conversion of ilmenite ore to synthetic rutile and its direct FFC-Cambridge reduction to Ti powder that has been used in 3-dimensional printing of Ti parts, hot isostatic pressing and spark plasma sintering provides a route which eliminates the multiple process steps of conventional alloy production via the Kroll process. Ilmenite or natural rutile feedstocks from heavy mineral sand separation can be selected to produce a range of alpha/beta Ti alloys with properties comparable with those produced by conventional methods., The Metalysis process usees the FFC Cambridge process to convert certain naturally occurring oxide minerals directly into useful alloys, whose composition can be manipulated by the choice of ore deposit and processing conditions. The conversion of ilmenite ore to synthetic rutile and its direct FFC-Cambridge reduction to Ti powder that has been used in 3-dimensional printing of Ti parts, hot isostatic pressing and spark plasma sintering provides a route which eliminates the multiple process steps of conventional alloy production via the Kroll process. Ilmenite or natural rutile feedstocks from heavy mineral sand separation can be selected to produce a range of alpha/beta Ti alloys with properties comparable with those produced by conventional methods.

In the Fray-Farthing-Chen (FFC) Cambridge process, a metal oxide is made at the cathode and polarised to a sufficiently negative potential in a molten salt, typically CaCl2 and LiCl, that the metal oxide is electro-deoxidised to produce metal and oxide ion, the latter then dissolving in and moving through the molten salt to discharge at the anode. Replacing an O-conducting molten salt such as CaCl2 with a mixture of MgCl2-NaCl-KCl, which has very poor solubility of the oxide ion, has been proposed to prevent severe corrosion of the graphite anode caused by the discharge of O2, for example when MoS2 is electrolysed in molten CaCl2, as an alternative to the development of expensive inert anodes or the use of solid oxide-ion conductors, ultra-high temperatures or a steep temperature gradient. Advantages of disengaging O2 from the carbon anode include a more stable anode, lower cost for materials and operation, minimum diffusion in the electrolyte, smaller anode polarisation and faster anode reaction, lower melting temperature, lower energy consumption, higher energy efficiency, no CO2 emissions, zero or low C in product, and useful anode-produced Cl2. Challenges include precipitation of MgO in cathode, O in produced metal, narrower working voltage windows, electrolyte consumption, use of acid to reduce MgO, need to convert MgO to MgCl, Cl2 emission control and so on. Preliminary demonstration and comparison between CaCl2 and eutectic MgCl2-NaCl-KCl (MNK) has shown a current efficiency of 93.0% and energy consumption of 1.4 kWh/kg for Ta2O5 with MNK, compared with 78.0% and 2.4 kWh/kg with CaCl2, amd fpr ZrO2 39.0% and 7.1 kWh/kg, compared with 35.4% and 10.5 kWh/kg with CaCl2; the reduction rate with MgCl2-based molten salts is fast, CO2 emissions low if not zero, and energy and C consumption also low, the C anode remaining sufficiently inert for Cl- discharge and precipitated MgO being prevented from blocking cathode pores by use of a metal oxide cathode with sufficie, In the Fray-Farthing-Chen (FFC) Cambridge process, a metal oxide is made at the cathode and polarised to a sufficiently negative potential in a molten salt, typically CaCl2 and LiCl, that the metal oxide is electro-deoxidised to produce metal and oxide ion, the latter then dissolving in and moving through the molten salt to discharge at the anode. Replacing an O-conducting molten salt such as CaCl2 with a mixture of MgCl2-NaCl-KCl, which has very poor solubility of the oxide ion, has been proposed to prevent severe corrosion of the graphite anode caused by the discharge of O2, for example when MoS2 is electrolysed in molten CaCl2, as an alternative to the development of expensive inert anodes or the use of solid oxide-ion conductors, ultra-high temperatures or a steep temperature gradient. Advantages of disengaging O2 from the carbon anode include a more stable anode, lower cost for materials and operation, minimum diffusion in the electrolyte, smaller anode polarisation and faster anode reaction, lower melting temperature, lower energy consumption, higher energy efficiency, no CO2 emissions, zero or low C in product, and useful anode-produced Cl2. Challenges include precipitation of MgO in cathode, O in produced metal, narrower working voltage windows, electrolyte consumption, use of acid to reduce MgO, need to convert MgO to MgCl, Cl2 emission control and so on. Preliminary demonstration and comparison between CaCl2 and eutectic MgCl2-NaCl-KCl (MNK) has shown a current efficiency of 93.0% and energy consumption of 1.4 kWh/kg for Ta2O5 with MNK, compared with 78.0% and 2.4 kWh/kg with CaCl2, amd fpr ZrO2 39.0% and 7.1 kWh/kg, compared with 35.4% and 10.5 kWh/kg with CaCl2; the reduction rate with MgCl2-based molten salts is fast, CO2 emissions low if not zero, and energy and C consumption also low, the C anode remaining sufficiently inert for Cl- discharge and precipitated MgO being prevented from blocking cathode pores by use of a metal oxide cathode with sufficie

The seriousness of microbial resistance combined with the lack of new antimicrobials has increased interest in the development of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as novel therapeutics. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activities of two short synthetic peptides, namely, RRIKA and RR. These peptides exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, and their antimicrobial effects were significantly enhanced by addition of three amino acids in the C terminus, which consequently increased the amphipathicity, hydrophobicity, and net charge. Moreover, RRIKA and RR demonstrated a significant and rapid bactericidal effect against clinical and drug-resistant Staphylococcus isolates, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA), vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), linezolid-resistant S. aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. In contrast to many natural AMPs, RRIKA and RR retained their activity in the presence of physiological concentrations of NaCl and MgCl2. Both RRIKA and RR enhanced the killing of lysostaphin more than 1,000-fold and eradicated MRSA and VRSA isolates within 20 min. Furthermore, the peptides presented were superior in reducing adherent biofilms of S. aureus and S. epidermidis compared to results with conventional antibiotics. Our findings indicate that the staphylocidal effects of our peptides were through permeabilization of the bacterial membrane, leading to leakage of cytoplasmic contents and cell death. Furthermore, peptides were not toxic to HeLa cells at 4- to 8-fold their antimicrobial concentrations. The potent and salt-insensitive antimicrobial activities of these peptides present an attractive therapeutic candidate for treatment of multidrug-resistant S. aureus infections.

The interactions of concrete specimens (both plain and with fly ash addition) with six different deicers was investigated by exposing them to solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and the combinations of: sodium chloride with magnesium chloride (NaCl + MgCl2), sodium chloride with calcium chloride (NaCl + CaCl2), sodium chloride with agricultural by product – Ice Ban® (NaCl + Ice Ban®). In addition, control group of specimens was exposed to the deionized water. The exposures consisted of wet/dry (W/D) and freeze/thaw (F/T) cycles as well as a continuous storage in lime water at 23°C. The effects of various exposure conditions were evaluated based on the changes in the following: relative dynamic modulus of elasticity (RDME), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), mass of specimens, length of specimens, mass of scaled material and compressive strength. In addition, absorption and chloride penetration measurements were performed for specimens exposed to various deicers at room temperature of 23°C. Finally, the qualitative visual evaluation of the appearance of the samples was also performed along with documentation of microstructural changes using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among the deicer/anti-icers tested, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride solutions caused comparatively higher degree of deterioration than other solutions. Although the ultimate extent of visual degradation of the specimens exposed to both of these deicers was very comparable, the onset of the degradation process in specimens exposed to magnesium chloride was significantly delayed when compared to the onset of deterioration of specimens exposed to calcium chloride. The best performance (least amount of damage) was observed for specimens exposed to sodium chloride solutions followed by the specimens exposed to the combination of sodium chloride with magnesium chloride and sodium chloride with calcium chloride. The test results indicate

A new process developed for the production of base metals Ni, Co and Fe, based on chloride hydrometallurgy, is applicable to both high- and low-iron laterite ores. The process comprises atmospheric leaching in mixed HCl-MgCl2 media to bring Fe, Ni, Co and Mg into solution, solvent-extraction steps to generate high-purity pregnant stripping solutions of Fe, Ni and Co individually, precipitation of high-purity Ni and Co products by addition of MgO generated from pyrohydrolysis, production of Fe2O3 and regeneration of HCl by pyrohydrolysis of the iron chloride-rich pregnant stripping solution, production of MgO and regeneration of HCl by pyrohydrolysis of bleed stream from the MgCl2-containing raffinate from the nickel sovent-extraction stage, and recycling of the HCl generated by pyrohydrolysis. A comparison of this process with commercial laterite processes - Caron process, high-pressure acid-leach process and pyrometallurgical process - is additionally presented., A new process developed for the production of base metals Ni, Co and Fe, based on chloride hydrometallurgy, is applicable to both high- and low-iron laterite ores. The process comprises atmospheric leaching in mixed HCl-MgCl2 media to bring Fe, Ni, Co and Mg into solution, solvent-extraction steps to generate high-purity pregnant stripping solutions of Fe, Ni and Co individually, precipitation of high-purity Ni and Co products by addition of MgO generated from pyrohydrolysis, production of Fe2O3 and regeneration of HCl by pyrohydrolysis of the iron chloride-rich pregnant stripping solution, production of MgO and regeneration of HCl by pyrohydrolysis of bleed stream from the MgCl2-containing raffinate from the nickel sovent-extraction stage, and recycling of the HCl generated by pyrohydrolysis. A comparison of this process with commercial laterite processes - Caron process, high-pressure acid-leach process and pyrometallurgical process - is additionally presented.

The potential of membrane crystallization has been studied for the recovery of Na2CO3 from aqueous streams, as a tool that can be used in CO2 sequestration. The influence of various crystallization conditions (i.e., concentration and flowrate of the Na2CO3 solution, concentration and flowrate of the osmotic solution and kind of osmotic solution: NaCl or MgCl2) on the process performance has been determined. The concentration of the osmotic solution was found to be the key parameter that may condition the applicability of the system. The flowrate of the Na2CO3 solution has also an important influence on the mass transfer through the membrane. Thus, concentration polarization may occur since the transmembrane flux increases with the flowrate. In addition, the characterization of crystals demonstrated that Na2CO3•10H2O crystals were obtained. An exergy analysis was made for the membrane contactor. The higher the concentration of NaCl, the higher the exergy of the outlet streams. It yields a positive variation of exergy, reaching a maximum value at a specific Na2CO3 concentration. In addition, a range of concentrations can be established in order to operate under conditions of positive exergy variation. Increasing the flowrates of the feed or osmotic solutions has also an effect on the exergy variation, reaching an asymptotic value.

The interactions of concrete specimens (both plain and with fly ash addition) with six different deicers was investigated by exposing them to solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), calcium chloride (CaCl2), and the combinations of: sodium chloride with magnesium chloride (NaCl + MgCl2), sodium chloride with calcium chloride (NaCl + CaCl2), sodium chloride with agricultural by product – Ice Ban® (NaCl + Ice Ban®). In addition, control group of specimens was exposed to the deionized water. The exposures consisted of wet/dry (W/D) and freeze/thaw (F/T) cycles as well as a continuous storage in lime water at 23°C. The effects of various exposure conditions were evaluated based on the changes in the following: relative dynamic modulus of elasticity (RDME), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), mass of specimens, length of specimens, mass of scaled material and compressive strength. In addition, absorption and chloride penetration measurements were performed for specimens exposed to various deicers at room temperature of 23°C. Finally, the qualitative visual evaluation of the appearance of the samples was also performed along with documentation of microstructural changes using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among the deicer/anti-icers tested, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride solutions caused comparatively higher degree of deterioration than other solutions. Although the ultimate extent of visual degradation of the specimens exposed to both of these deicers was very comparable, the onset of the degradation process in specimens exposed to magnesium chloride was significantly delayed when compared to the onset of deterioration of specimens exposed to calcium chloride. The best performance (least amount of damage) was observed for specimens exposed to sodium chloride solutions followed by the specimens exposed to the combination of sodium chloride with magnesium chloride and sodium chloride with calcium chloride. The test results indicate

[EN] The reduction of the content of sodium chloride in dry-cured ham was studied in to prevent the problems related to high sodium intake (i.e. the hypertension). One of the possibilities to reduce the sodium content is the partial replacement of sodium chloride by mixtures of potassium, magnesium and calcium chloride salts. The effect of two salting formulations (formulation II: 50% NaCl-50% KCl and formulation III: 55% NaCl, 25% KCl, 15 CaCl 2 and 5 MgCl 2) on the protease activity through the dry-curing process and on the sensory characteristics of the final product was evaluated and compared to those of control hams (formulation I, 100% NaCl). Sensory attributes were all affected in the hams containing CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 while hams containing 50% KCl and NaCl (formulation II) were better valued, except for the attribute taste probably due to the potassium contribution to bitter taste. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Nickel and cobalt can be recovered of from laterite ores by selective reduction of Ni and Co in preference to Fe followed by leaching in HCl-MgCl2 media. Ni, Co, Fe and Cu can also be extracted from sulphide ores by leaching of the concentrates at 90-100 degrees C in a recycled HCl-MgCl2 mixture with chlorine as an oxidant, with PGE recovered during a second-stage leach using established separation technologies. A process for the extraction of high-purity TiO2 from ilmenite ores, currently being tested at pilot scale, includes the leaching of ore/concentrate in HCl-MgCl2 lixiviant and three solvent-extraction stages: Fe removal, Ti extraction and V/Cr extraction., Nickel and cobalt can be recovered of from laterite ores by selective reduction of Ni and Co in preference to Fe followed by leaching in HCl-MgCl2 media. Ni, Co, Fe and Cu can also be extracted from sulphide ores by leaching of the concentrates at 90-100 degrees C in a recycled HCl-MgCl2 mixture with chlorine as an oxidant, with PGE recovered during a second-stage leach using established separation technologies. A process for the extraction of high-purity TiO2 from ilmenite ores, currently being tested at pilot scale, includes the leaching of ore/concentrate in HCl-MgCl2 lixiviant and three solvent-extraction stages: Fe removal, Ti extraction and V/Cr extraction.

The MgCl2 feed for the molten salt electrolysis production of Mg must be completely dry with minimum oxygen content. The fluidised bed driers employed for air-drying Mg hexahydrate prills, spray drying of brine solution and drying of dehydrate prills with hot HCl gas are described. The main challenge is that the removal of more and more water from MgCl2 requires higher and higher temperatures which can result in the pyro-hydrolysis of the MgCl2 to form unwanted hydroxide or oxide species. Most fluidised bed driers operate in the bubbling regime, where the solids are agitated and fully contacted with the hot fluidising gas. A rectangular drier can operate under a plug-flow regime, with wet feed entering at one end and the product withdrawn from the other side of the unit. A similar plug-flow arrangement can be obtained within a circular cross-section unit through the use of baffles. The minimum fluidising velocity of the particulate solids must be carefully considered in the design of fluid beds. It is advantageous to run the unit at the highest gas velocity possible to achieve drying within the smallest equipment diameter, but high velocities result in more elutriation and dust losses to the off-gas. The reactions and thermodynamics involved in the drying processes are described and case studies presented of operational history., The MgCl2 feed for the molten salt electrolysis production of Mg must be completely dry with minimum oxygen content. The fluidised bed driers employed for air-drying Mg hexahydrate prills, spray drying of brine solution and drying of dehydrate prills with hot HCl gas are described. The main challenge is that the removal of more and more water from MgCl2 requires higher and higher temperatures which can result in the pyro-hydrolysis of the MgCl2 to form unwanted hydroxide or oxide species. Most fluidised bed driers operate in the bubbling regime, where the solids are agitated and fully contacted with the hot fluidising gas. A rectangular drier can operate under a plug-flow regime, with wet feed entering at one end and the product withdrawn from the other side of the unit. A similar plug-flow arrangement can be obtained within a circular cross-section unit through the use of baffles. The minimum fluidising velocity of the particulate solids must be carefully considered in the design of fluid beds. It is advantageous to run the unit at the highest gas velocity possible to achieve drying within the smallest equipment diameter, but high velocities result in more elutriation and dust losses to the off-gas. The reactions and thermodynamics involved in the drying processes are described and case studies presented of operational history.

An experimental electrolytic cell for Mg production is described in which the anode geometry and the use of a quartz tube surrounding the anode enabled the rapid removal of chlorine gas produced on the anode surface. Results obtained using an initial electrolyte composition of 20 wt% MgCl2, 39.5 wt% KCl, 39.5 wt% NaCl and 1 wt% NaF showed that the effective separation of the electrode products and the decreased contact time between the chlorine gas and the electrolyte resulted in a reduction in the back reaction which leads to current losses. The smaller inter- electrode distances employed and the reduced chlorine gas present on the anode also allowed operation at low cell voltages. The energy consumption at an anodic current density of 0.68 A/cm2 was 7.0 kWh/kg of Mg, slightly above the theoretical minimum., An experimental electrolytic cell for Mg production is described in which the anode geometry and the use of a quartz tube surrounding the anode enabled the rapid removal of chlorine gas produced on the anode surface. Results obtained using an initial electrolyte composition of 20 wt% MgCl2, 39.5 wt% KCl, 39.5 wt% NaCl and 1 wt% NaF showed that the effective separation of the electrode products and the decreased contact time between the chlorine gas and the electrolyte resulted in a reduction in the back reaction which leads to current losses. The smaller inter- electrode distances employed and the reduced chlorine gas present on the anode also allowed operation at low cell voltages. The energy consumption at an anodic current density of 0.68 A/cm2 was 7.0 kWh/kg of Mg, slightly above the theoretical minimum.

Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the intercalation of chlorine and electrolyte into needle coke, petroleum coke and common petroleum coke graphite anodes from NaCl-KCl-MgCl2 melts at 700 degrees C. The amount of chlorine intercalation was characterised by the reduction current on the reverse scan in the cyclic voltammograms and the electrolyte intercalation by the increase in oxidation charge between the forward and reverse scans. The needle coke exhibited the lowest reduction current and almost no increase in the oxidation charge, while the other anodes showed a charge increase of about 5-10 times, indicating that the needle coke anode had the highest resistance to intercalation. The results were confirmed in electrolysis experiments carried out at a current density of 1 A/cm3 for 6 h, which showed that the needle coke anode exhibited better corrosion resistance. Cyclic voltammetry analysis is a simple and efficient method for comparing the behaviour of graphite anodes in chloride melts., Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the intercalation of chlorine and electrolyte into needle coke, petroleum coke and common petroleum coke graphite anodes from NaCl-KCl-MgCl2 melts at 700 degrees C. The amount of chlorine intercalation was characterised by the reduction current on the reverse scan in the cyclic voltammograms and the electrolyte intercalation by the increase in oxidation charge between the forward and reverse scans. The needle coke exhibited the lowest reduction current and almost no increase in the oxidation charge, while the other anodes showed a charge increase of about 5-10 times, indicating that the needle coke anode had the highest resistance to intercalation. The results were confirmed in electrolysis experiments carried out at a current density of 1 A/cm3 for 6 h, which showed that the needle coke anode exhibited better corrosion resistance. Cyclic voltammetry analysis is a simple and efficient method for comparing the behaviour of graphite anodes in chloride melts.

A method is proposed for dealing with by-product magnesium chloride resulting from the production of titanium sponge in the Kroll process. If Cl is to be circulated to titanium smelting and Mg to magnesium metal by way of aluminothermic or silicothermic reduction, the pyrolysis of MgCl2 must first be understood and its dynamics investigated. Experiments were carried out on anhydrous MgCl2 to determine the effects of temperature, time, oxygen partial pressure and gas flow rate on the efficiency of molten MgCl2 pyrolysis in a tubular furnace., A method is proposed for dealing with by-product magnesium chloride resulting from the production of titanium sponge in the Kroll process. If Cl is to be circulated to titanium smelting and Mg to magnesium metal by way of aluminothermic or silicothermic reduction, the pyrolysis of MgCl2 must first be understood and its dynamics investigated. Experiments were carried out on anhydrous MgCl2 to determine the effects of temperature, time, oxygen partial pressure and gas flow rate on the efficiency of molten MgCl2 pyrolysis in a tubular furnace.

[EN] The reduction of the content of sodium chloride in dry-cured ham was studied in to prevent the problems related to high sodium intake (i.e. the hypertension). One of the possibilities to reduce the sodium content is the partial replacement of sodium chloride by mixtures of potassium, magnesium and calcium chloride salts. The effect of two salting formulations (formulation II: 50% NaCl-50% KCl and formulation III: 55% NaCl, 25% KCl, 15 CaCl 2 and 5 MgCl 2) on the protease activity through the dry-curing process and on the sensory characteristics of the final product was evaluated and compared to those of control hams (formulation I, 100% NaCl). Sensory attributes were all affected in the hams containing CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 while hams containing 50% KCl and NaCl (formulation II) were better valued, except for the attribute taste probably due to the potassium contribution to bitter taste. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Process Research ORTECH has developed a mixed chloride leaching process for the recovery of titanium from ilmenite. After atmospheric leaching using a hydrochloric acid-magnesium chloride leach solution at 70-73 degrees C for 4 hours, the iron impurity is first removed by solvent extraction followed by a second solvent extraction stage to recover the Ti. The barren solution is used for reagent recovery and the regenerated leach liquor is recycled. Ti recoveries are as high as 96.9%. The results of laboratory and pilot-scale tests are presented., Process Research ORTECH has developed a mixed chloride leaching process for the recovery of titanium from ilmenite. After atmospheric leaching using a hydrochloric acid-magnesium chloride leach solution at 70-73 degrees C for 4 hours, the iron impurity is first removed by solvent extraction followed by a second solvent extraction stage to recover the Ti. The barren solution is used for reagent recovery and the regenerated leach liquor is recycled. Ti recoveries are as high as 96.9%. The results of laboratory and pilot-scale tests are presented.

Process Research ORTECH has developed a mixed chloride hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of base and precious metals from sulphide concentrates. Base metals were first extracted from the concentrates at 90-100 degrees C using a recycled MgCl2/HCl mixture with Cl2 as an oxidant, with extraction rates of 98% of Ni, 98% of Fe, 96% of Co and 98% of Cu. In the second stage, over 99% of Pt and Pd were recovered. Some of the advantages of the process are the recovery of elemental sulphur from sulphide sulphur, the recycling of the chloride lixiviant eliminating effluent treatment and use of excess energy from the Claus reactor for the pyrohydrolysis step., Process Research ORTECH has developed a mixed chloride hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of base and precious metals from sulphide concentrates. Base metals were first extracted from the concentrates at 90-100 degrees C using a recycled MgCl2/HCl mixture with Cl2 as an oxidant, with extraction rates of 98% of Ni, 98% of Fe, 96% of Co and 98% of Cu. In the second stage, over 99% of Pt and Pd were recovered. Some of the advantages of the process are the recovery of elemental sulphur from sulphide sulphur, the recycling of the chloride lixiviant eliminating effluent treatment and use of excess energy from the Claus reactor for the pyrohydrolysis step.

The electrochemical reduction of MgCl2 from a LiCl-KCl-MgCl2 melt was studied in the laboratory using cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, chronoamperometry and chronopotentiometry. Potentiostatic electrolysis was then carried out, and the Mg(II) ion was reduced on a liquid lead cathode at the Mg deposition potential. The results show that the Mg(II) ion was reduced in one step with a two-electron transfer. Accurate control of the Mg(II) reduction potential was required to prevent co-deposition of Li(I). 93-99% of the MgCl2 was removed after 8-12 hours electrolysis using a liquid lead cathode., The electrochemical reduction of MgCl2 from a LiCl-KCl-MgCl2 melt was studied in the laboratory using cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, chronoamperometry and chronopotentiometry. Potentiostatic electrolysis was then carried out, and the Mg(II) ion was reduced on a liquid lead cathode at the Mg deposition potential. The results show that the Mg(II) ion was reduced in one step with a two-electron transfer. Accurate control of the Mg(II) reduction potential was required to prevent co-deposition of Li(I). 93-99% of the MgCl2 was removed after 8-12 hours electrolysis using a liquid lead cathode.

HCl leaching using molten salt hydrates has the potential to improve the extraction of nickel from laterite ores. However, as in other HCl leaching applications, recovery of HCl is key to process economics. Spray pyrohydrolysis, which is used in current chloride-based flowsheets, is associated with a high energy cost. The authors have developed a proposed laterite leach circuit using an alternative HCl recovery route. The leach circuit envisions a leach by concentrated (33%) HCl in an MgCl2 molten salt hydrate (MSH) or brine medium, followed by Ni/Co recovery and iron precipitation. Magnesium and chloride are precipitated from solution as magnesium hydroxychloride; this hydroxychloride is thermally decomposed to produce HCl gas. The proposed flowsheet employs a chloride leach circuit with simpler equipment and lower energy cost than in the conventional practice of pyrohydrolysis. Laboratory work investigated key aspects of the flowsheet, including precipitation of magnesium hydroxychlorides and their composition; magnesium hydroxychloride thermal decomposition; and iron control. (Authors.), HCl leaching using molten salt hydrates has the potential to improve the extraction of nickel from laterite ores. However, as in other HCl leaching applications, recovery of HCl is key to process economics. Spray pyrohydrolysis, which is used in current chloride-based flowsheets, is associated with a high energy cost. The authors have developed a proposed laterite leach circuit using an alternative HCl recovery route. The leach circuit envisions a leach by concentrated (33%) HCl in an MgCl2 molten salt hydrate (MSH) or brine medium, followed by Ni/Co recovery and iron precipitation. Magnesium and chloride are precipitated from solution as magnesium hydroxychloride; this hydroxychloride is thermally decomposed to produce HCl gas. The proposed flowsheet employs a chloride leach circuit with simpler equipment and lower energy cost than in the conventional practice of pyrohydrolysis. Laboratory work investigated key aspects of the flowsheet, including precipitation of magnesium hydroxychlorides and their composition; magnesium hydroxychloride thermal decomposition; and iron control. (Authors.)

Approximately 75 percent (300 000 km) of the total Swedish road network and 20 percent(20 000 km) of the national road network consists of gravel roads. One of the most significantproblems associated with gravel roads is traffic-generated dust emission, which contributes tothe deterioration of the road surface and acts as a major source of particulate matter releasedinto the atmosphere, thereby involving public economics, road safety, human health, andenvironmental quality. In order to bind the fine granular material, which is prone to rise into theair, dust suppressants are applied on roads on a yearly basis. Methods for evaluating the efficiency of dust suppressants will facilitate in the selection of themost appropriate product and its optimal application rate. For example, methods forsupervision of residual dust suppressant concentration are valuable tools for estimatinglongevity and optimal application rates, and, consequently, effectiveness of different products. Application of the proper dust suppressant to a gravel road ensures road safety and ridingcomfort as well as creating a cleaner and healthier environment for residents in buildingsadjacent to the road. It also reduces the need and cost for vehicle repair, road maintenanceactivities, and aggregate supplementation. Both field-based and laboratory research were performed to evaluate the efficiency of varioussuppressants and the influence such factors as product concentration, leaching, and fine materialcontent have on the efficiency of different products. Within the field-based research, a newlydeveloped mobile methodology was used to measure dust emission on numerous test sectionstreated with various dust suppressants. In general, all dust suppressants tested, except apolysaccharide (sugar) and products, which form a brittle surface crust, i.e. lignosulphonate andbitumen emulsion, showed acceptable dust reduction. Test sections treated with a magnesium- or calcium chloride solution were the most effecti, QC 20100616

Approximately 75 percent (300 000 km) of the total Swedish road network and 20 percent(20 000 km) of the national road network consists of gravel roads. One of the most significantproblems associated with gravel roads is traffic-generated dust emission, which contributes tothe deterioration of the road surface and acts as a major source of particulate matter releasedinto the atmosphere, thereby involving public economics, road safety, human health, andenvironmental quality. In order to bind the fine granular material, which is prone to rise into theair, dust suppressants are applied on roads on a yearly basis. Methods for evaluating the efficiency of dust suppressants will facilitate in the selection of themost appropriate product and its optimal application rate. For example, methods forsupervision of residual dust suppressant concentration are valuable tools for estimatinglongevity and optimal application rates, and, consequently, effectiveness of different products. Application of the proper dust suppressant to a gravel road ensures road safety and ridingcomfort as well as creating a cleaner and healthier environment for residents in buildingsadjacent to the road. It also reduces the need and cost for vehicle repair, road maintenanceactivities, and aggregate supplementation. Both field-based and laboratory research were performed to evaluate the efficiency of varioussuppressants and the influence such factors as product concentration, leaching, and fine materialcontent have on the efficiency of different products. Within the field-based research, a newlydeveloped mobile methodology was used to measure dust emission on numerous test sectionstreated with various dust suppressants. In general, all dust suppressants tested, except apolysaccharide (sugar) and products, which form a brittle surface crust, i.e. lignosulphonate andbitumen emulsion, showed acceptable dust reduction. Test sections treated with a magnesium- or calcium chloride solution were the most effecti, QC 20100616

Inandningsbara partiklar från vägdamm är ett hälsoproblem och en viktig orsak till att miljökvalitetsnormen för partiklar i utomhusluft inte nås i Sverige. Bildningen av vägdamm längs belagda vägar i de nordiska länderna är i stor utsträckning kopplad till dubbdäcksanvändning och vinterdrift av vägar, som till exempel sandning och saltning. Vägdamm på vägytan virvlas upp av trafiken. För att minska uppvirvlingen används bland annat kemisk dammbindning, som innebär att en lösning sprayas på vägbanan som därigenom hålls fuktig och dammet förhindras att virvla upp. Främst används kloridsalter (magnesium- och kalciumklorid) som traditionellt används för dammbindning av grusvägar men även andra mer miljövänliga alternativ har provats. Alla uppges fungera för dammbindning men vissa problem har uppstått med friktionssänkning, vilket bidragit till en osäkerhet kring användningen, särskilt på vägar med hög hastighet. Syftet med denna rapport är att utreda vilket dammbindningsmedel som har bäst effekt och samtidigt inte äventyrar trafiksäkerheten genom friktionssänkning. En litteraturundersökning avseende effekter av dammbindningsmedel föregick fältförsöken i denna studie. I fältförsöken testades fyra medel, kalciumklorid (CaCl2, magnesiumklorid (MgCl2), kalciummagnesiumacetat (CMA) och sockerlösning på en nordsydlig sträckning av riksväg 34 sydväst om Linköping. Varje medel lades ut sex gånger. Dosen var 20 g/m2 och utläggningen skedde på var sin 600 m lång sträcka. Partikelhalterna (PM10) mättes med TEOM i mitten av provsträckorna och jämfördes med halterna på en referenssträcka och halterna före behandlingen. Partikelprover togs nära vägen med aktiva och passiva provtagare och vid ett par tillfällen efter sista behandlingen provtogs även dammet på vägytan. Friktionen mättes vid tre utläggningstillfällen med SAAB friction tester (SFT). Friktionstest utfördes även på det ligninbaserade dammbindningsmedlet Dustex. Resultaten visar att de provade dammbindningsmedlen har en lik, Inhalable particles from road dust is a health problem and a major cause of the environmental quality standard for particles in outdoor air not being reached in Sweden. Formation of road dust along paved roads in the Nordic countries is largely related to the use of studded tires and winter operation of highways, such as sanding and salting. To reduce dust suspension chemical dust control is sometimes used, meaning that a chemical solution is sprayed onto the road which is thus kept moist and dust is prevented from whirling up. Mainly, chloride salts are used, but also more environmentally friendly alternatives have been tested. All are stated to operate for dust control, but some problems have arisen with friction reduction, which have contributed to the uncertainty surrounding their use. The purpose of this report is to investigate which dust control agents that have the best effect, while not compromising road safety by reducing friction. A literature survey on the effects of dust control agents was made prior to field trials in this study. This survey is annexed to this report. In the field experiments four dust binders were tested; calcium chloride (CaCl2), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) and sugar solution on a road south of Linköping.

Controlled reproduction of the European flat oyster requires the development of tools adapted to this species, including a practical anaesthesia and gonad sampling protocol to facilitate sex determination and the verification of gametogenesis. Three replicate groups of 10 oysters (mean weight +/- SD: 29.9 +/- 8.5 g) were anaesthetised in 5 L containers using magnesium chloride designed either for laboratory (Flucka (R)) or agricultural (Dead Sea Work (R): DSW) use, at two concentrations (50 or 72 g L-1). No significant differences were observed in the percentages of oysters anaesthetised or subsequent oyster mortality with the different anaesthetics or concentrations, but increasing water temperature from 14.9 to 18.8 degrees C significantly increased the number of oysters anaesthetised after 3 h. Increasing anaesthesia duration from 1 to 22 h significantly increased the percentage of oysters anaesthetised but did not affect subsequent oyster mortality. Gonad sampling of anaesthetised oysters did not increase oyster mortality either. A reliable anaesthesia protocol was, therefore, defined using 50 g L-1 DSW (R) magnesium chloride for a 2 to 3 h duration. This protocol was validated by monthly anaesthesia and gonad sampling on the same oysters over a three month period, during which a percentage of 95 +/- 2% anaesthetised oysters was observed. Compared with controls (oysters that were neither anaesthetised nor sampled), oyster mortality of monthly anaesthetised batches showed no significant increase. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Previous studies on the effectiveness of dust suppressants had concentrated on how reagents wet materials, a process which does not directly correlate to the reagent's effectiveness at dust control. The current investigation used a novel dust tower, which allowed direct measurement of material dustiness, giving a more realistic measurement of the reagent's effectiveness in dust suppression. The experimental procedures are described, and the results given when using distilled water, acetylenic glycol, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium silicate to control dust generated from iron ore pellets., Previous studies on the effectiveness of dust suppressants had concentrated on how reagents wet materials, a process which does not directly correlate to the reagent's effectiveness at dust control. The current investigation used a novel dust tower, which allowed direct measurement of material dustiness, giving a more realistic measurement of the reagent's effectiveness in dust suppression. The experimental procedures are described, and the results given when using distilled water, acetylenic glycol, calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium silicate to control dust generated from iron ore pellets.

A thermodynamic analysis is presented of the reaction between MgCl2 and CaC2 in relation to the treatment of waste from titanium-magnesium processing plants. Experiments were conducted in an electric resistance furnace using MgCl2 containing about 2% of impurities and a MgCl2/CaC2 ratio of 5/4. Conditions close to equilibrium were obtained after 2 hours and the recovery of sublimated Mg in the condensate increased from 51.2% to 94.1% with an increase in temperature from 600 to 1 000 degrees C. Tests were also carried out on the sublimation, distillation and condensation of metallic Mg from slimes obtained from electric furnaces for the continuous refinement of electrolytic raw Mg leached in water. An integrated plant was then developed for the vacuum separation of Mg from the slimes which included a vertical retort in a shaft electric resistance furnace., A thermodynamic analysis is presented of the reaction between MgCl2 and CaC2 in relation to the treatment of waste from titanium-magnesium processing plants. Experiments were conducted in an electric resistance furnace using MgCl2 containing about 2% of impurities and a MgCl2/CaC2 ratio of 5/4. Conditions close to equilibrium were obtained after 2 hours and the recovery of sublimated Mg in the condensate increased from 51.2% to 94.1% with an increase in temperature from 600 to 1 000 degrees C. Tests were also carried out on the sublimation, distillation and condensation of metallic Mg from slimes obtained from electric furnaces for the continuous refinement of electrolytic raw Mg leached in water. An integrated plant was then developed for the vacuum separation of Mg from the slimes which included a vertical retort in a shaft electric resistance furnace.

As the presence of water and other oxygen compounds can have a detrimental effect on the electrolytic production of Mg in fused salt baths, complete dehydration of the feed to anhydrous MgCl2 under conditions that minimise Mg oxidation is required. The source of the feed may be from an ore that has been leached with HCl or from the evaporation of salty waters containing MgCl2. Both processes result in the production of a brine solution typically containing 25-35 wt% MgCl2. The brine can be further evaporated to produce intermediate MgCl2.6H2O prills before being sent to a multi-stage fluidised bed drier to produce MgCl2.2H2O prills. Alternatively the brine can be fed directly to a fluidised bed spray drier to produce the dehydrate. Three different types of fluid bed technology which can be used for MgCl2 dehydration plants are described: drying with hot air for a solid prill or a brine and drying with HCl gas. The chemistry, unit operation and advantages of each type of process are discussed. The design of the driers is considered in relation to fluidising velocity and dust losses from the fluid beds, and details are given of commercial installations., As the presence of water and other oxygen compounds can have a detrimental effect on the electrolytic production of Mg in fused salt baths, complete dehydration of the feed to anhydrous MgCl2 under conditions that minimise Mg oxidation is required. The source of the feed may be from an ore that has been leached with HCl or from the evaporation of salty waters containing MgCl2. Both processes result in the production of a brine solution typically containing 25-35 wt% MgCl2. The brine can be further evaporated to produce intermediate MgCl2.6H2O prills before being sent to a multi-stage fluidised bed drier to produce MgCl2.2H2O prills. Alternatively the brine can be fed directly to a fluidised bed spray drier to produce the dehydrate. Three different types of fluid bed technology which can be used for MgCl2 dehydration plants are described: drying with hot air for a solid prill or a brine and drying with HCl gas. The chemistry, unit operation and advantages of each type of process are discussed. The design of the driers is considered in relation to fluidising velocity and dust losses from the fluid beds, and details are given of commercial installations.

Controlled reproduction of the European flat oyster requires the development of tools adapted to this species, including a practical anaesthesia and gonad sampling protocol to facilitate sex determination and the verification of gametogenesis. Three replicate groups of 10 oysters (mean weight +/- SD: 29.9 +/- 8.5 g) were anaesthetised in 5 L containers using magnesium chloride designed either for laboratory (Flucka (R)) or agricultural (Dead Sea Work (R): DSW) use, at two concentrations (50 or 72 g L-1). No significant differences were observed in the percentages of oysters anaesthetised or subsequent oyster mortality with the different anaesthetics or concentrations, but increasing water temperature from 14.9 to 18.8 degrees C significantly increased the number of oysters anaesthetised after 3 h. Increasing anaesthesia duration from 1 to 22 h significantly increased the percentage of oysters anaesthetised but did not affect subsequent oyster mortality. Gonad sampling of anaesthetised oysters did not increase oyster mortality either. A reliable anaesthesia protocol was, therefore, defined using 50 g L-1 DSW (R) magnesium chloride for a 2 to 3 h duration. This protocol was validated by monthly anaesthesia and gonad sampling on the same oysters over a three month period, during which a percentage of 95 +/- 2% anaesthetised oysters was observed. Compared with controls (oysters that were neither anaesthetised nor sampled), oyster mortality of monthly anaesthetised batches showed no significant increase. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Inandningsbara partiklar från vägdamm är ett hälsoproblem och en viktig orsak till att miljökvalitetsnormen för partiklar i utomhusluft inte nås i Sverige. Bildningen av vägdamm längs belagda vägar i de nordiska länderna är i stor utsträckning kopplad till dubbdäcksanvändning och vinterdrift av vägar, som till exempel sandning och saltning. Vägdamm på vägytan virvlas upp av trafiken. För att minska uppvirvlingen används bland annat kemisk dammbindning, som innebär att en lösning sprayas på vägbanan som därigenom hålls fuktig och dammet förhindras att virvla upp. Främst används kloridsalter (magnesium- och kalciumklorid) som traditionellt används för dammbindning av grusvägar men även andra mer miljövänliga alternativ har provats. Alla uppges fungera för dammbindning men vissa problem har uppstått med friktionssänkning, vilket bidragit till en osäkerhet kring användningen, särskilt på vägar med hög hastighet. Syftet med denna rapport är att utreda vilket dammbindningsmedel som har bäst effekt och samtidigt inte äventyrar trafiksäkerheten genom friktionssänkning. En litteraturundersökning avseende effekter av dammbindningsmedel föregick fältförsöken i denna studie. I fältförsöken testades fyra medel, kalciumklorid (CaCl2, magnesiumklorid (MgCl2), kalciummagnesiumacetat (CMA) och sockerlösning på en nordsydlig sträckning av riksväg 34 sydväst om Linköping. Varje medel lades ut sex gånger. Dosen var 20 g/m2 och utläggningen skedde på var sin 600 m lång sträcka. Partikelhalterna (PM10) mättes med TEOM i mitten av provsträckorna och jämfördes med halterna på en referenssträcka och halterna före behandlingen. Partikelprover togs nära vägen med aktiva och passiva provtagare och vid ett par tillfällen efter sista behandlingen provtogs även dammet på vägytan. Friktionen mättes vid tre utläggningstillfällen med SAAB friction tester (SFT). Friktionstest utfördes även på det ligninbaserade dammbindningsmedlet Dustex. Resultaten visar att de provade dammbindningsmedlen har en lik, Inhalable particles from road dust is a health problem and a major cause of the environmental quality standard for particles in outdoor air not being reached in Sweden. Formation of road dust along paved roads in the Nordic countries is largely related to the use of studded tires and winter operation of highways, such as sanding and salting. To reduce dust suspension chemical dust control is sometimes used, meaning that a chemical solution is sprayed onto the road which is thus kept moist and dust is prevented from whirling up. Mainly, chloride salts are used, but also more environmentally friendly alternatives have been tested. All are stated to operate for dust control, but some problems have arisen with friction reduction, which have contributed to the uncertainty surrounding their use. The purpose of this report is to investigate which dust control agents that have the best effect, while not compromising road safety by reducing friction. A literature survey on the effects of dust control agents was made prior to field trials in this study. This survey is annexed to this report. In the field experiments four dust binders were tested; calcium chloride (CaCl2), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) and sugar solution on a road south of Linköping.

Appendix 1 till: "Effekter av dammbindning av belagda vägar" av Mats Gustafsson, Göran Blomqvist, Per Jonsson & Martin Ferm. Syftet med föreliggande litteraturstudie är att få en aktuell bild av kunskapen kring effekter av de olika typer av dammbindningsmedel, som av Vägverket bedöms som mest intressanta för användning på belagda vägar.

Controlled reproduction of the European flat oyster requires the development of tools adapted to this species, including a practical anaesthesia and gonad sampling protocol to facilitate sex determination and the verification of gametogenesis. Three replicate groups of 10 oysters (mean weight +/- SD: 29.9 +/- 8.5 g) were anaesthetised in 5 L containers using magnesium chloride designed either for laboratory (Flucka (R)) or agricultural (Dead Sea Work (R): DSW) use, at two concentrations (50 or 72 g L-1). No significant differences were observed in the percentages of oysters anaesthetised or subsequent oyster mortality with the different anaesthetics or concentrations, but increasing water temperature from 14.9 to 18.8 degrees C significantly increased the number of oysters anaesthetised after 3 h. Increasing anaesthesia duration from 1 to 22 h significantly increased the percentage of oysters anaesthetised but did not affect subsequent oyster mortality. Gonad sampling of anaesthetised oysters did not increase oyster mortality either. A reliable anaesthesia protocol was, therefore, defined using 50 g L-1 DSW (R) magnesium chloride for a 2 to 3 h duration. This protocol was validated by monthly anaesthesia and gonad sampling on the same oysters over a three month period, during which a percentage of 95 +/- 2% anaesthetised oysters was observed. Compared with controls (oysters that were neither anaesthetised nor sampled), oyster mortality of monthly anaesthetised batches showed no significant increase. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Approximately 75 percent (300 000 km) of the total Swedish road network and 20 percent(20 000 km) of the national road network consists of gravel roads. One of the most significantproblems associated with gravel roads is traffic-generated dust emission, which contributes tothe deterioration of the road surface and acts as a major source of particulate matter releasedinto the atmosphere, thereby involving public economics, road safety, human health, andenvironmental quality. In order to bind the fine granular material, which is prone to rise into theair, dust suppressants are applied on roads on a yearly basis. Methods for evaluating the efficiency of dust suppressants will facilitate in the selection of themost appropriate product and its optimal application rate. For example, methods forsupervision of residual dust suppressant concentration are valuable tools for estimatinglongevity and optimal application rates, and, consequently, effectiveness of different products. Application of the proper dust suppressant to a gravel road ensures road safety and ridingcomfort as well as creating a cleaner and healthier environment for residents in buildingsadjacent to the road. It also reduces the need and cost for vehicle repair, road maintenanceactivities, and aggregate supplementation. Both field-based and laboratory research were performed to evaluate the efficiency of varioussuppressants and the influence such factors as product concentration, leaching, and fine materialcontent have on the efficiency of different products. Within the field-based research, a newlydeveloped mobile methodology was used to measure dust emission on numerous test sectionstreated with various dust suppressants. In general, all dust suppressants tested, except apolysaccharide (sugar) and products, which form a brittle surface crust, i.e. lignosulphonate andbitumen emulsion, showed acceptable dust reduction. Test sections treated with a magnesium- or calcium chloride solution were the most effecti, QC 20100616

Appendix 1 till: "Effekter av dammbindning av belagda vägar" av Mats Gustafsson, Göran Blomqvist, Per Jonsson & Martin Ferm. Syftet med föreliggande litteraturstudie är att få en aktuell bild av kunskapen kring effekter av de olika typer av dammbindningsmedel, som av Vägverket bedöms som mest intressanta för användning på belagda vägar.

Approximately 75 percent (300 000 km) of the total Swedish road network and 20 percent(20 000 km) of the national road network consists of gravel roads. One of the most significantproblems associated with gravel roads is traffic-generated dust emission, which contributes tothe deterioration of the road surface and acts as a major source of particulate matter releasedinto the atmosphere, thereby involving public economics, road safety, human health, andenvironmental quality. In order to bind the fine granular material, which is prone to rise into theair, dust suppressants are applied on roads on a yearly basis. Methods for evaluating the efficiency of dust suppressants will facilitate in the selection of themost appropriate product and its optimal application rate. For example, methods forsupervision of residual dust suppressant concentration are valuable tools for estimatinglongevity and optimal application rates, and, consequently, effectiveness of different products. Application of the proper dust suppressant to a gravel road ensures road safety and ridingcomfort as well as creating a cleaner and healthier environment for residents in buildingsadjacent to the road. It also reduces the need and cost for vehicle repair, road maintenanceactivities, and aggregate supplementation. Both field-based and laboratory research were performed to evaluate the efficiency of varioussuppressants and the influence such factors as product concentration, leaching, and fine materialcontent have on the efficiency of different products. Within the field-based research, a newlydeveloped mobile methodology was used to measure dust emission on numerous test sectionstreated with various dust suppressants. In general, all dust suppressants tested, except apolysaccharide (sugar) and products, which form a brittle surface crust, i.e. lignosulphonate andbitumen emulsion, showed acceptable dust reduction. Test sections treated with a magnesium- or calcium chloride solution were the most effecti, QC 20100616