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In this work the monologue Blackface y otras vergüenzas (Blackface and other emba-rrassments), by Silvia Albert Sopale, is analyzed and we will establish in which way the anti-racist discourse is present in the play. In order to reveal the motives that encouraged the author to write it, we will use the theory of motives and strategies, a method that seems to be effective in determining and identifying the aspects of reality that are dealt with in the work. Through the strategy of monologue, the author questions and denounces the racist practices still installed in society. These “em-barrassments” such as blackface and some others are exposed by Albert Sopale as ignominious acts perpetrated by whites against the black population. It is explained why the monologue is the ideal aesthetic mediation for the author to transpose her world-view on racism., Neste trabalho analisa-se o monólogo Blackface y otras vergüenzas (Blackface e outras vergonhas), de Silvia Albert Sopale e estabelecemos como o discurso antirra-cista está presente na obra. Para desvendar os motivos que encorajaram a autora para escrevê-la, utilizamos a teoria dos motivos e as estratégias, método que parece eficaz para determinar e identificar os aspectos da realidade que são tratados na obra. Através da estratégia do monólogo, a autora questiona e denúncia as práticas racistas que ainda continuam instaladas na sociedade. Essas “vergonhas” como o blackface e outras são expostas por Albert Sopale como atos ignominiosos perpetra-dos pelo branco contra a população preta. Explica por que o monólogo é a mediação estética ideal para a autora transpor sua visão do mundo sobre o racismo., En este trabajo, se analiza el monólogo Blackface y otras vergüenzas, de Silvia Albert Sopale, y estableceremos de qué manera está presente el discurso antirracista en la obra. Para desvelar los motivos que han alentado a la autora a escribirla, utilizaremos la teoría de los motivos y las estrategias, método que parece eficaz para determinar e identificar los aspectos de la realidad que son tratados en la obra. A través de la estrategia del monólogo, la autora cuestiona y denuncia las prácticas racistas que todavía siguen instaladas en la sociedad. Estas “vergüenzas” como el blackface y otras son expuestas por Albert Sopale como hechos ignominiosos perpetrados por el blanco en contra de la población negra. Se explica por qué el monólogo es la mediación estética idónea para que la autora transponga su visión del mundo sobre el racismo.

Car dependency leads to a variety of societal problems and challenges, not least environmental ones. It is thus not only relevant but also critical to better understand the determinants of car ownership and use. Among those contributing factors, the role of subjective factors is often acknowledged to be important, yet not well understood. We conduct a systematic review of the literature regarding the effect of such motives on car ownership and usage. Based on the commonalities found in the reviewed articles, we identify and describe the five most relevant subjective factors in detail: (i) instrumental motives and autonomy, (ii) affective motives, (iii) symbolic motives, (iv) social norms, and (v) environmental motives. We synthesise these findings in a car ownership/use motives model, discuss implications for public policy and outline directions for future research.

We classify the localizing tensor ideals of the derived categories of mixed Tate motives over certain algebraically closed fields. More precisely, we prove that these categories are stratified in the sense of Barthel, Heard and Sanders. A key ingredient in the proof is the development of a new technique for transporting stratification between categories by means of Brown--Adams representability, which may be of independent interest.

This study was conducted to explore measures taken by private forest owners in a region of southern Sweden to adapt forestry to climate change and the motivations behind these measures. Additionally, measures undertaken were compared with policy goals of the Swedish Forest Agency. Data were gathered through a questionnaire and interviews. The most common measure, mentioned by 72% (64) of respondents, is the choice of tree species, usually involving the replacement of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) or deciduous tree species. Other significant measures are creating mixed forests and shortened rotation periods for Norway spruce. While forest owners have adopted several policy-aligned measures, they have not yet prioritized measures pertaining to forest roads, or specific social and environmental concerns such as avoiding clear-cutting in erosion-prone areas or creating dying trees. The most common motive for adapting forestry is to reduce the risk of damage. Communication activities of authorities and forestry advisors that start from forest owners’ multifunctional views and multiple motives for taking action could promote the development of climate-adapted forests. Highlighting the additional environmental and social values that are served by climate adaptation measures may further motivate forest owners.

This study was conducted to explore measures taken by private forest owners in a region of southern Sweden to adapt forestry to climate change and the motivations behind these measures. Additionally, measures undertaken were compared with policy goals of the Swedish Forest Agency. Data were gathered through a questionnaire and interviews. The most common measure, mentioned by 72% (64) of respondents, is the choice of tree species, usually involving the replacement of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst) with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) or deciduous tree species. Other significant measures are creating mixed forests and shortened rotation periods for Norway spruce. While forest owners have adopted several policy-aligned measures, they have not yet prioritized measures pertaining to forest roads, or specific social and environmental concerns such as avoiding clear-cutting in erosion-prone areas or creating dying trees. The most common motive for adapting forestry is to reduce the risk of damage. Communication activities of authorities and forestry advisors that start from forest owners’ multifunctional views and multiple motives for taking action could promote the development of climate-adapted forests. Highlighting the additional environmental and social values that are served by climate adaptation measures may further motivate forest owners.

Detta examensarbete på kandidatnivå utforskade samverkan mellan destinationsbolag och livsstilsentreprenörer inom besöksnäringen. Problemformulering grundades i de båda parternas olika synsätt på företagande och tillväxt. En fallstudie i Jämtlands och Västernorrlands län utfördes för att undersöka de båda parternas förutsättningar, motiv, barriärer och eventuella fördelar rörande samverkan. Litteratur kring samverkan, destinationsutveckling, destinationsbolag, entreprenörsskap och marknadsföring låg till grund för studiens litteraturgenomgång och teoretiska ramverk. 11 semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med både livsstilsentreprenörer och destinationsbolag verksamma i de båda länen. Intervjuerna analyserades tematiskt. Fem huvudteman identifierades: samverkan, förutsättningar för samverkan, motiv och fördelar för samverkan samt barriärer för samverkan. Studien kom fram till att samverkan mellan DMOer och LSEr sågs som eftersträvansvärt och att marknadsföring och destinationsutveckling var de två främsta motiven för samverkan. De motiv som låg till grund för samverkan var relaterade till upplevda potentiella fördelar hos parterna. Barriärer för samverkan som identifierades var bristande transparens, kommunikation och resurser. Framtida forskningförelogs till att ytterligare utforska kommunikation och strategier hos de båda parterna., This bachelor thesis explored collaboration between destination managing organisations and lifestyle entrepreneurs within the tourism sector. Problematisation drew from stakeholders diverging views on business practice and growth. A case study in Jämtland and Västernorrland counties were carried out to investigate the parties’ prerequisites, motives, barriers and potential gains from collaboration. Literature on collaboration, destination development, destination managing organisations, entrepreneurship and marketing were the foundations for the thesis literature review and theoretical framework. 11 semi-structured interviews with lifestyle entrepreneurs and destination managing organisations within the two counties were carried out. Thematic analysis was conducted. Five main themes were identified through analysis: collaboration, prerequisites for collaboration, motives and potential gains from collaboration and barriers for collaboration. The thesis concluded collaboration between DMOs and LSEs as desirable and marketing and destination development were identified as the two main motives for collaboration. Motives were also related to perceived potential gains among the stakeholders. Barriers for collaboration were identified as lack of transparency, communication, and resources. Future research was suggested to further explore both parties'communication and managerial strategies., 2024-05-29

Over the years, internationalization has seen significant shifts, especially in the financial industry where fintech firms blending technology and finance have sparked a revolution. Sweden has emerged as one of the global leaders in this sector. However, despite this transformation, existing studies on the internationalization process of fintech firms lack context and industry-specific insights, indicating a pressing need for further research in this area. Therefore, this thesis investigates the intricate internationalization process of small Swedish fintech firms with a digital and technological foundation. We aim to uncover the motives and patterns driving their early international expansion process. By conducting an in-depth case study of a single Swedish fintech firm, utilizing semi-structured interviews with employees with different positions as well as secondary data, this methodological approach allowed us to reveal new insights. More specifically, our research contributed to an identification of three distinct stages in the internationalization process: (1) motives centered on the product, prompting swift digital export strategies, (2) motives focused on the customer, leading to a shift from broad to deep engagement through localization and (3) motives based on strategic resources, guiding a measured expansion in markets optimized for regulatory conditions. These stages are shaped by entrepreneurial vision and national support, highlighting a dynamic and iterative process of international growth as well as a temporal aspect of the process development throughout these stages. In theory, this thesis expands comprehension and questions the idea of a one-size-fits-all internationalization strategy for fintech companies. It demonstrates that Swedish fintech firms employ a hybrid approach, integrating early internationalization with gradual methods. In practice, the research furnishes valuable perspectives for fintech executives, investors and policymakers, presen

In the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, a compelling question arises, could this event have brought Europeans closer? Armed conflicts often strengthen in-group identity as individuals seek safety from external threats. This study speculates that the perceived threat of the invasion might have intensified emotional attachments to Europe across the continent. Additionally, it explores how the response differed between Western Europe and Central and Eastern European countries. This study bases its conceptualization, hypotheses, and interpretations on social identity theory, alongside a comprehensive review of the literature on armed conflict and identity. Utilizing a quasi-experimental method to investigate the probable causal link and using 12 countries from the 10th round of the European Social Survey to generalize the findings across a diverse European population. The findings reveal that Europeans did not develop a stronger sense of European identity in response to the invasion, suggesting that Europeans do not perceive Europe as a meaningful identity to unite under or seek safety in when military conflicts intensify on the continent. This study contributes to the understanding that the European project, along with its socio-political efforts, has been relatively unsuccessful in establishing itself as a significant unifying point when conflicts intensify.

Denna kandidatuppsats studerar företags motiv till förvärv och hur förvärven påverkar företagetslönsamhet beroende på om motivet till förvärvet uppnås eller ej på både kort och lång sikt. Dethuvudsakliga syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om lönsamhet genom förvärv är beroendeav uppfyllda motiv till förvärvet. Detta eftersom det enligt tidigare forskning är intressant attundersöka lönsamheten i relation till motiven. Undersökningen har genomförts genom entriangulering av kvalitativ innehållsanalys och kvantitativ undersökningsmetod. Den kvalitativadelen består av granskning av totalt 96 årsredovisningar från 16 olika företag för att analyseraderas motiv till betydande förvärv och om dessa uppnåtts. Den kvantitativa delen omfattar i ställetinsamling av totalt 480 nyckeltal tillhörande samma 16 företag. Nyckeltalen har i sin tur använts iFisher ́s Exact test för att se om dessa är beroende eller oberoende av om motiven uppnåtts ellerej. Av de 16 företagen i undersökningen har 14 uppnått deras motiv på kort sikt och 11 på långsikt. Resultatet har analyserats med hjälp av den teoretiska referensramen bestående av Portersfem krafter och teorier kring motiv till förvärv och lönsamhetsmått. Studien kommer fram till attlönsamheten är oberoende av om motiven uppnås eller ej., This bachelor thesis studies companies' motives for acquisitions and how acquisitions affect thecompany's profitability depending on whether the motive for the acquisition is achieved or not inboth the short and long term. The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether profitabilitythrough acquisition is dependent on the fulfilment of the motives for the acquisition. This isbecause, according to previous research, it is interesting to examine profitability in relation tomotives. The study has been conducted through a triangulation of qualitative content analysis andquantitative research method. The qualitative part consists of reviewing a total of 96 annual reportsfrom 16 different companies to analyze their motives for significant acquisitions and whether thesewere achieved. The quantitative part, on the other hand, involves the collection of a total of 480financial key figures belonging to the same 16 companies. The key figures have been used inFisher's Exact test to analyze if these are dependent or independent of whether the motives havebeen achieved or not. Of the 16 companies in the study, 14 have achieved their motives in the shortterm and 11 in the long term. The result has been analyzed using the theoretical frameworkconsisting of Porter's five forces and theories on motives for acquisition and profitability measures.The study concludes that profitability is independent of whether the motives are achieved or not.

The overall interest of this thesis is to contribute with knowledge about meaning making processes in educational encounters with nature in different educational practices. The exploration consists of four studies based on a pragmatic perspective on meaning making inspired by the works of John Dewey and Ludwig Wittgenstein. A discourse analytical approach is also used in the first study to analyse the curriculum documents. The result confirms that encounters with nature have a clear position in the curriculum documents, and friluftsliv is a prioritised content in PETE. It is further confirmed that the field of outdoor education is a field of conflicting meanings that pose significant educational challenges. Indeterminate situations occur and may influence students’ possibilities to transform the educational content in PETE to a school context. Another conclusion from the results is that instrumental meanings and a sportification of friluftsliv often get precedence over more emotional based meanings connected to nature. The results also show empirical examples where encounters with nature enable participants to create moral relations towards nature. This potential is highlighted in previous research as one of the most important in order to (re)connect our relation towards nature and in extension better conditions to deal with environmental questions.

The overall interest of this thesis is to contribute with knowledge about meaning making processes in educational encounters with nature in different educational practices. The exploration consists of four studies based on a pragmatic perspective on meaning making inspired by the works of John Dewey and Ludwig Wittgenstein. A discourse analytical approach is also used in the first study to analyse the curriculum documents. The result confirms that encounters with nature have a clear position in the curriculum documents, and friluftsliv is a prioritised content in PETE. It is further confirmed that the field of outdoor education is a field of conflicting meanings that pose significant educational challenges. Indeterminate situations occur and may influence students’ possibilities to transform the educational content in PETE to a school context. Another conclusion from the results is that instrumental meanings and a sportification of friluftsliv often get precedence over more emotional based meanings connected to nature. The results also show empirical examples where encounters with nature enable participants to create moral relations towards nature. This potential is highlighted in previous research as one of the most important in order to (re)connect our relation towards nature and in extension better conditions to deal with environmental questions.

The overall interest of this thesis is to contribute with knowledge about meaning making processes in educational encounters with nature in different educational practices. The exploration consists of four studies based on a pragmatic perspective on meaning making inspired by the works of John Dewey and Ludwig Wittgenstein. A discourse analytical approach is also used in the first study to analyse the curriculum documents. The result confirms that encounters with nature have a clear position in the curriculum documents, and friluftsliv is a prioritised content in PETE. It is further confirmed that the field of outdoor education is a field of conflicting meanings that pose significant educational challenges. Indeterminate situations occur and may influence students’ possibilities to transform the educational content in PETE to a school context. Another conclusion from the results is that instrumental meanings and a sportification of friluftsliv often get precedence over more emotional based meanings connected to nature. The results also show empirical examples where encounters with nature enable participants to create moral relations towards nature. This potential is highlighted in previous research as one of the most important in order to (re)connect our relation towards nature and in extension better conditions to deal with environmental questions.

The overall interest of this thesis is to contribute with knowledge about meaning making processes in educational encounters with nature in different educational practices. The exploration consists of four studies based on a pragmatic perspective on meaning making inspired by the works of John Dewey and Ludwig Wittgenstein. A discourse analytical approach is also used in the first study to analyse the curriculum documents. The result confirms that encounters with nature have a clear position in the curriculum documents, and friluftsliv is a prioritised content in PETE. It is further confirmed that the field of outdoor education is a field of conflicting meanings that pose significant educational challenges. Indeterminate situations occur and may influence students’ possibilities to transform the educational content in PETE to a school context. Another conclusion from the results is that instrumental meanings and a sportification of friluftsliv often get precedence over more emotional based meanings connected to nature. The results also show empirical examples where encounters with nature enable participants to create moral relations towards nature. This potential is highlighted in previous research as one of the most important in order to (re)connect our relation towards nature and in extension better conditions to deal with environmental questions.

This study examines the motives behind the choice of social work as a career, and using the vocabulary of motives and folk logic as supporting theoretical concepts looks at how these motives can be understood. The study draws on data collected in Sweden through a questionnaire administrated to 583 newly qualified social workers and from written descriptions by 295 first-term social work students. The results show that there are several motives for undertaking social work as a career: altruistic ones, professional strategic ones, motives founded in personal experiences, and motives related to the individual’s personal characteristics. The last-mentioned motive is a new discovery in research, while the others have been well established for some time.

Detta examensarbete på kandidatnivå utforskade samverkan mellan destinationsbolag och livsstilsentreprenörer inom besöksnäringen. Problemformulering grundades i de båda parternas olika synsätt på företagande och tillväxt. En fallstudie i Jämtlands och Västernorrlands län utfördes för att undersöka de båda parternas förutsättningar, motiv, barriärer och eventuella fördelar rörande samverkan. Litteratur kring samverkan, destinationsutveckling, destinationsbolag, entreprenörsskap och marknadsföring låg till grund för studiens litteraturgenomgång och teoretiska ramverk. 11 semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med både livsstilsentreprenörer och destinationsbolag verksamma i de båda länen. Intervjuerna analyserades tematiskt. Fem huvudteman identifierades: samverkan, förutsättningar för samverkan, motiv och fördelar för samverkan samt barriärer för samverkan. Studien kom fram till att samverkan mellan DMOer och LSEr sågs som eftersträvansvärt och att marknadsföring och destinationsutveckling var de två främsta motiven för samverkan. De motiv som låg till grund för samverkan var relaterade till upplevda potentiella fördelar hos parterna. Barriärer för samverkan som identifierades var bristande transparens, kommunikation och resurser. Framtida forskningförelogs till att ytterligare utforska kommunikation och strategier hos de båda parterna., This bachelor thesis explored collaboration between destination managing organisations and lifestyle entrepreneurs within the tourism sector. Problematisation drew from stakeholders diverging views on business practice and growth. A case study in Jämtland and Västernorrland counties were carried out to investigate the parties’ prerequisites, motives, barriers and potential gains from collaboration. Literature on collaboration, destination development, destination managing organisations, entrepreneurship and marketing were the foundations for the thesis literature review and theoretical framework. 11 semi-structured interviews with lifestyle entrepreneurs and destination managing organisations within the two counties were carried out. Thematic analysis was conducted. Five main themes were identified through analysis: collaboration, prerequisites for collaboration, motives and potential gains from collaboration and barriers for collaboration. The thesis concluded collaboration between DMOs and LSEs as desirable and marketing and destination development were identified as the two main motives for collaboration. Motives were also related to perceived potential gains among the stakeholders. Barriers for collaboration were identified as lack of transparency, communication, and resources. Future research was suggested to further explore both parties'communication and managerial strategies., 2024-05-29

Over the years, internationalization has seen significant shifts, especially in the financial industry where fintech firms blending technology and finance have sparked a revolution. Sweden has emerged as one of the global leaders in this sector. However, despite this transformation, existing studies on the internationalization process of fintech firms lack context and industry-specific insights, indicating a pressing need for further research in this area. Therefore, this thesis investigates the intricate internationalization process of small Swedish fintech firms with a digital and technological foundation. We aim to uncover the motives and patterns driving their early international expansion process. By conducting an in-depth case study of a single Swedish fintech firm, utilizing semi-structured interviews with employees with different positions as well as secondary data, this methodological approach allowed us to reveal new insights. More specifically, our research contributed to an identification of three distinct stages in the internationalization process: (1) motives centered on the product, prompting swift digital export strategies, (2) motives focused on the customer, leading to a shift from broad to deep engagement through localization and (3) motives based on strategic resources, guiding a measured expansion in markets optimized for regulatory conditions. These stages are shaped by entrepreneurial vision and national support, highlighting a dynamic and iterative process of international growth as well as a temporal aspect of the process development throughout these stages. In theory, this thesis expands comprehension and questions the idea of a one-size-fits-all internationalization strategy for fintech companies. It demonstrates that Swedish fintech firms employ a hybrid approach, integrating early internationalization with gradual methods. In practice, the research furnishes valuable perspectives for fintech executives, investors and policymakers, presen

Denna kandidatuppsats studerar företags motiv till förvärv och hur förvärven påverkar företagetslönsamhet beroende på om motivet till förvärvet uppnås eller ej på både kort och lång sikt. Dethuvudsakliga syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om lönsamhet genom förvärv är beroendeav uppfyllda motiv till förvärvet. Detta eftersom det enligt tidigare forskning är intressant attundersöka lönsamheten i relation till motiven. Undersökningen har genomförts genom entriangulering av kvalitativ innehållsanalys och kvantitativ undersökningsmetod. Den kvalitativadelen består av granskning av totalt 96 årsredovisningar från 16 olika företag för att analyseraderas motiv till betydande förvärv och om dessa uppnåtts. Den kvantitativa delen omfattar i ställetinsamling av totalt 480 nyckeltal tillhörande samma 16 företag. Nyckeltalen har i sin tur använts iFisher ́s Exact test för att se om dessa är beroende eller oberoende av om motiven uppnåtts ellerej. Av de 16 företagen i undersökningen har 14 uppnått deras motiv på kort sikt och 11 på långsikt. Resultatet har analyserats med hjälp av den teoretiska referensramen bestående av Portersfem krafter och teorier kring motiv till förvärv och lönsamhetsmått. Studien kommer fram till attlönsamheten är oberoende av om motiven uppnås eller ej., This bachelor thesis studies companies' motives for acquisitions and how acquisitions affect thecompany's profitability depending on whether the motive for the acquisition is achieved or not inboth the short and long term. The main purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether profitabilitythrough acquisition is dependent on the fulfilment of the motives for the acquisition. This isbecause, according to previous research, it is interesting to examine profitability in relation tomotives. The study has been conducted through a triangulation of qualitative content analysis andquantitative research method. The qualitative part consists of reviewing a total of 96 annual reportsfrom 16 different companies to analyze their motives for significant acquisitions and whether thesewere achieved. The quantitative part, on the other hand, involves the collection of a total of 480financial key figures belonging to the same 16 companies. The key figures have been used inFisher's Exact test to analyze if these are dependent or independent of whether the motives havebeen achieved or not. Of the 16 companies in the study, 14 have achieved their motives in the shortterm and 11 in the long term. The result has been analyzed using the theoretical frameworkconsisting of Porter's five forces and theories on motives for acquisition and profitability measures.The study concludes that profitability is independent of whether the motives are achieved or not.

In the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, a compelling question arises, could this event have brought Europeans closer? Armed conflicts often strengthen in-group identity as individuals seek safety from external threats. This study speculates that the perceived threat of the invasion might have intensified emotional attachments to Europe across the continent. Additionally, it explores how the response differed between Western Europe and Central and Eastern European countries. This study bases its conceptualization, hypotheses, and interpretations on social identity theory, alongside a comprehensive review of the literature on armed conflict and identity. Utilizing a quasi-experimental method to investigate the probable causal link and using 12 countries from the 10th round of the European Social Survey to generalize the findings across a diverse European population. The findings reveal that Europeans did not develop a stronger sense of European identity in response to the invasion, suggesting that Europeans do not perceive Europe as a meaningful identity to unite under or seek safety in when military conflicts intensify on the continent. This study contributes to the understanding that the European project, along with its socio-political efforts, has been relatively unsuccessful in establishing itself as a significant unifying point when conflicts intensify.

We propose an investigation on the Northcott, Bogomolov and Lehmer properties for special values of L-functions. We first introduce an axiomatic approach to these three properties. We then focus on the Northcott property for special values of L-functions. In the case of L-functions of pure motives, we prove a Northcott property for special values located at the left of the critical strip, assuming that the L-functions in question satisfy some expected properties. Inside the critical strip, focusing on the Dedekind zeta function of number fields, we prove that such a property does not hold for the special value at one, but holds for the special value at zero, and we give a related quantitative estimate in this case.

We propose an investigation on the Northcott, Bogomolov and Lehmer properties for special values of L-functions. We first introduce an axiomatic approach to these three properties. We then focus on the Northcott property for special values of L-functions. In the case of L-functions of pure motives, we prove a Northcott property for special values located at the left of the critical strip, assuming that the L-functions in question satisfy some expected properties. Inside the critical strip, focusing on the Dedekind zeta function of number fields, we prove that such a property does not hold for the special value at one, but holds for the special value at zero, and we give a related quantitative estimate in this case.

This master thesis investigates the public servants’ motives for switching their employment from the private to the public sector and for having a tendency to work in the public organization. It also focuses on factors they describe as job satisfaction and the challenges they have encountered after transitioning to the public-sector employment. The framework of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s two factor theories provide an explanation for the reasons why public employees switched sectors and their perception on factors they perceived as motivation and challenges after switching into a new workplace in a new sector. A qualitative study was conducted, using semi-structured interviews to collect data from 8 respondents who are currently working for the government. All of them used to work in the private sector and later moved into the public sector. The study reveals a number of distinctive motives for them to make a sector switch. These include secure employment and pension, less workload and work-related stress, family inspiration, pride in the public sector job, career advancement, and making positive impacts to the community. The findings also identify a number of challenges faced by these sector switchers such as low wage and moonlighting, complicated hierarchy and bureaucratic structures, ineffective leadership and other management issues within the public office. The knowledge and information on these challenges have the implications for certain stakeholders, including recent graduates, employees, politicians, leaders at public institutions, and especially policy makers. Policy makers and/or politicians should consider creating employment policies that entice talented individuals to work for the government and enhance the working conditions for new civil servants. The study also has the potential to pave the way for the prospective recent graduates and employees, giving them sufficient information on which to base their choice of employment, either in

Introduction: This study offers insights into Dutch young people's expected social and personal consequences of ecstasy use. Substance use expectancies are assumed to be an essential component in explaining substance use behaviour and, therefore, the development of effective substance use prevention and treatment strategies. Method: Dutch young adults with an online interest in drug-related social media posts were targeted with an online survey about their use of alcohol and drugs. This resulted in a convenience sample (N = 4182, 73.4% female, Mage = 21.11), of which 35.5% had used ecstasy at least once in their life and 29.3% had used ecstasy last year. Latent class analyses were used to identify subgroups based on both positive and negative expectancies of ecstasy use. Cross-class differences were examined using multinomial logistic regression. Results: This study yielded four distinct classes: only negative expectancies (13.6%), high positive and negative expectancies (23.5%), low to moderate positive and negative expectancies (20.6%), and mostly positive expectancies (22.4%). These classes differed significantly in lifetime experience with ecstasy use, intention to use ecstasy, perception of harmfulness and availability, and social norms regarding the use of ecstasy. Conclusion: Findings show that ecstasy use expectancies can be used to create meaningful classes of users and non-users, and that these classes are different enough to warrant varied prevention approaches. Expectancies young people have regarding the use of ecstasy are associated with various ecstasy use-related variables and should be taken into consideration when developing and implementing preventive interventions.

In times where governments are increasingly unable to solve problems on their own, it is important to understand what motivates citizens to engage in co-production. Drawing on identity theory and on a sample of 966 citizens in Zurich, Switzerland, we analyze how public service motivation (PSM) is related to engagement in a digital co-production platform enabling citizens to support public service provision. As our dependent variable, effort intensity in platform use, is a behavioral outcome, we provide insights into the actual behavioral implications of PSM, going beyond self-reports. Using negative binomial regressions, we found a positive relationship between engagement and the PSM dimension “commitment to the public interest”, and a negative one with the dimension “compassion”. Additionally, social identification with the city moderates the relationship with engagement for certain PSM dimensions. In sum, our study contributes to a better understanding of what motivations drive citizens to collaborate with public organizations, which is an ongoing trend in many countries around the world.

Late-life divorce is increasingly common in many Western countries, however, studies on this transition remain scarce. The purpose of this article is to study attributed reasons for late-life divorce, and if any life phase-typical aspects can be identified in these attributions. Qualitative interviews were carried out with Swedish men and women aged 62-82, who after the age of 60 had divorced from a cross-gender marital or non-marital co-habiting union (N = 37). The results, analysed using principles from Grounded Theory, revealed four different types of narratives: (a) incompatible goals for the third age, (b) personality change caused by age-related disease, (c) a last chance for romance, and (d) enough of inequality and abuse. A central insight and an original contribution generated by the study was the importance grey divorcees attributed to the existential conditions of later life in their divorce decisions. The results are discussed in relation to theories of late modern intimacy and the third age.

Youth gambling is commonly described in policy and research as a high-risk behavior. To design relevant measures to prevent gambling problems among youth, it is important to understand how youth themselves relate to gambling. To explore how youth navigate their position on gambling in the context of their everyday lives, we conducted qualitative interviews with 35 participants aged 17–21 years in Sweden; 15 had gambled and 20 had experience of others’ gambling. The thematic analysis showed that both gamblers and non-gamblers overall had negative attitudes toward gambling and emphasized repeatedly discourses of personal responsibility in it. The participants used various neutralization techniques to navigate the economic and addictive risks of gambling. Youth who gambled distanced themselves from the risks of gambling by drawing a line between themselves and excessive gamblers, between safe and unsafe gambling, or highlighted how their skills and strategic thinking made gambling less problematic. Also, gambling in liminal circumstances abroad or in alcohol-serving venues offered a safe time and place for gambling by separating it from everyday life practices. The findings provide important cues to how young people locate gambling in their everyday life, which is useful knowledge for policy and prevention., REGAPS

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are currently achieving massive growth but the problems and challenges associated with them are less understood. A goal in supply chain management is to maintain a solid flow of goods from raw materials to manufacturers and distribution of the final product. In managing all of these moving parts, warehousing plays a vital and central role to streamlining the supply chain. Furthermore, expanding a firm’s business to one or more locations as trends in markets, and consumer demands are continuously changing has proven vital to succeed. Yet, there is under developed research in the are of geographical expansion as it pertains to warehouse operations as an SME. In understanding these challenges and motivations to expand, SMEs have a greater chance to succeed. This thesis uses a combination of the existing literature surrounding global warehouse expansion as well as a field study that was conducted to gain further insight into an SME that is currently undergoing a warehouse expansion in both Germany and the United States. The motives for expansion to these locations are explored through semi structured interviews of six employees involved in the warehouse project. There is great complexity in this case, where unfamiliar locations and market potential are unknown, making this sector within supply chain management of SMEs an important one to investigate.

Nästan hälften av landets enskilda skogsägare finns i Götaland och tillsammans äger de nära 80% av den produktiva skogsmarken i denna region. Flera studier har undersökt den enskilde skogsägarens mål och handlingar men ofta saknas djupare kunskap om vad som ligger bakom dessa mål och hur eventuella hinder och utmaningar påverkar dem. I denna studie genomfördes 11 kvalitativa intervjuer med enskilda skogsägare i Kronobergs län. Resultatet visade att alla skogsägare hade i genomsnitt fem olika mål med sitt skogsbruk och att ett mål kunde ha flera olika motiv. De hinder eller utmaningar som nämndes rörde många gånger faktorer som storm, klimatförändringar, skadedjur, skadesvampar, vilt, politiska beslut och EU- regleringar. Generellt kommenterades hinder eller eventuella utmaningar som faktorer skogsägarna var medvetna om och tog hänsyn till men som ej utgjorde någon större källa till oro.

In der vorliegenden Querschnittstudie (N = 957) wurden die Zusammenhänge sadistischer und masochistischer Verhaltensweisen im alltäglichen und sexuellen Bereich untersucht. Weiter wurde auf Einflussvariablen wie Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und dahinterstehende Motive eingegangen. Für die Erhebung wurden die Benign Masochism Skala, das Assessment of Sadistic Personality (ASP), eine Skala zur Erhebung von BDSM Verhaltensweisen, der BFI-2-S zur Erhebung der Big Five, die Unified Motives Scale 3 (UMS-3) und ein selbst erstellter Motivfragebogen verwendet. Die Studie ergab, dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen Alltagsmasochismus und Sadismus und sexuellem Masochismus und Sadismus besteht. Demografische Variablen wie die sexuelle Orientierung und das Geschlecht wurden ebenfalls mit diesen Konstrukten in Verbindung gebracht, wobei pansexuelle Personen eine höhere Prävalenz von sexuellem Sadismus und Masochismus aufwiesen und Männer mehr alltägliche masochistische und sadistische Tendenzen zeigten. Darüber hinaus wurden in der Studie Persönlichkeitsmerkmale ermittelt, die mit diesen Konstrukten in Verbindung stehen, wobei negative Korrelationen zwischen Verträglichkeit und alltäglichem Sadismus und positive Korrelationen zwischen Offenheit für Erfahrungen und sexuellem Sadismus und Masochismus festgestellt wurden. Schließlich untersuchte die Studie die Motive, die sadistisches und masochistisches Verhalten antreiben, und stellte fest, dass vor allem die Motive Mind over Body, Flucht vor dem Selbst, veränderte Kognition und Kontrolle mit sexuellem Sadismus und Masochismus und Alltagsmasochismus und -sadismus zusammenhängen. Insgesamt verdeutlicht die Studie das komplexe Zusammenspiel zwischen Sadismus- und Masochismuskonstrukten sowie den ihnen zugrunde liegenden Motiven und den damit verbundenen Faktoren. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass weitere Forschungen erforderlich sind, um die Ursprünge und Motive sadistischen und masochistischen Verhaltens in sexuellen und nicht-sexuellen, In the present cross-sectional study (N = 957), the correlations between sadistic and masochistic behaviour in the everyday and sexual context were investigated. Furthermore, influencing variables such as personality traits and underlying motives were examined. For the survey, the Benign Masochism Scale, the Assessment of Sadistic Personality (ASP), a scale to survey BDSM behaviours, the BFI-2-S to survey the Big Five, the Unified Motives Scale 3 (UMS-3) and a self-administered motives questionnaire were used. The study found that there is a correlation between everyday masochism and sadism and sexual masochism and sadism. Demographic variables such as sexual orientation and gender were also associated with these constructs, with pansexual individuals showing a higher prevalence of sexual sadism and masochism, and men showing more everyday masochistic and sadistic tendencies. In addition, the study identified personality traits associated with these constructs, finding negative correlations between agreeableness and everyday sadism and positive correlations between openness to experience and sexual sadism and masochism. Finally, the study examined the motives driving sadistic and masochistic behaviour and found that motives such as escape from self, altered cognition and control were particularly associated with sexual sadism and masochism and everyday masochism and sadism. Overall, the study highlights the complex interplay between sadism and masochism constructs and their underlying motives and associated factors. The findings suggest that further research is needed to better understand the origins and motives of sadistic and masochistic behaviour in sexual and non-sexual context., Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2023

We prove that the rational Chow motive of a six-dimensional hyper-Kähler variety obtained as symplectic resolution of O'Grady type of a singular moduli space of semistable sheaves on an Abelian surface A belongs to the tensor category of motives generated by the motive of A. We in fact give a formula for the rational Chow motive of such a variety in terms of that of the surface. As a consequence, the conjectures of Hodge and Tate hold for many hyper-Kähler varieties of OG6-type.

Grupno finansiranje (engl. crowdfunding), kao poseban segment ekonomije deljenja, relativno je mlad fenomen. Pažnju istraživača posebno privlači ispitivanje toga koji faktori motivišu bekere da, putem određene digitalne platforme, stave na raspolaganje novčana sredstva onima kojima su ta sredstva potrebna kako bi se finansirao određeni projekat. Cilj rada je analiza i testiranje razlika između dve široko definisane grupe motiva: motiv za kreiranjem ličnog brendinga i motiv za ostvarivanjem materijalnih koristi, i to na nivou celog uzorka, kao i na nivou užih kategorija definisanih na nivou različitih socio-ekonomskih grupa ispitanika. Za potrebe ostvarenja tog cilja sprovedeno je anketno ispitivanje. Rezultati sprovedene analize ukazuju da, na nivou celog uzorka i većeg broja užih kategorija, postoji statistički značajna razlika u motivima za učešće u grupnom finansiranju, u smislu da su (potencijalni) bekeri dominantno motivisani ostvarivanjem određenog oblika materijalne koristi u poređenju sa izgradnjom ličnog brendinga., Crowdfunding, as a special segment of the sharing economy, is a relatively young phenomenon. The researchers' attention is particularly drawn to the examination of factors that motivate backers to offer funds through a certain digital platform to those who need them, in order to finance a certain project. The aim of this paper is to analyze and test the differences between two broadly defined groups of motives: the motive for creating personal branding and the motive for gaining material benefits, both at the level of the entire sample, as well as at the level of narrower categories defined for different socio-economic groups of respondents. In order to achieve that goal, a survey was conducted. The results of the conducted analysis indicate that, at the level of the entire cause, as well as at the level of a larger number of narrower categories, there is a statistically significant difference in the motives for participation in group financing, in the sense that (potential) backers are dominantly motivated by achieving a certain form of material benefit compared to building personal branding.

Ekonomija deljenja, kao novi ekonomsko-društveni model koji promoviše pružanje privremenog pristupa ograničenim resursima bez prenosa vlasništva nad istim, nosi brojne nepoznanice i kontroverze. Cilj ovog rada je da sagleda percepciju i najvažnije motive ključnih aktera ekonomije deljenja na području Srbije. Sprovedeno je eksploratorno istraživanje koje targetira provajdere (pružaoce usluga) i korisnike usluga na tržištu ekonomije deljenja. Kvalitativno istraživanje putem ekspertskog intervju primenjeno je na uzorku provajdera usluga ekonomije deljenja dok se kvantitativno istraživanje, sprovedeno putem onlajn anketnog upitnika, odnosilo na korisnike usluga deljenja. Rezultati pokazuju da su i provajderi i korisnici usluga ekonomije deljenja u Srbiji generalno zadovoljni iskustvom u ekonomiji deljenja – najviše funkcionisanjem platformi, ali i tačnošću i ažurnošću realizovanja usluga, pristupačnim cenama i ljubaznošću provajdera. Iako postoji saglasnost u tome da će se koncept razvijati, dosadašnji umereni intenzitet učestvovanja u ekonomiji deljenja verovatno će ostati na sličnom nivou. Kao glavno ograničenje navodi se nedovoljno zadovoljstvo promotivnim aktivnostima ekonomije deljenja. Kod obe grupe ispitanika preovladavaju ekonomski motivi korišćenja, odnosno motivi zarade i uštede u troškovima. Iako deljenje u svojoj osnovi ima socijalnu komponentu, društveni i ekološki motivi su znatno manje prisutni u Srbiji, naročito u poređenju sa zemljama EU., The sharing economy, as a new economic-social model that promotes temporary access to limited resources without transferring ownership, carries numerous unknowns and controversies. The aim of this paper is to examine the perception and motives of key stakeholders in the sharing economy in Serbia. An exploratory research targeting service providers and users in the sharing economy market was conducted. Qualitative research, based on expert interviews, was applied to a sample of sharing economy service providers, while quantitative research, conducted through an online survey, focused on sharing economy service users. The results indicate that both providers and users of the sharing economy in Serbia are generally satisfied with their experience in the sharing economy, particularly with the functioning of platforms, accuracy and timeliness of service delivery, affordable prices, and provider friendliness. Although there is an agreement that the concept will continue to develop, the current moderate level of participation in the sharing economy is likely to remain similar. Insufficient satisfaction with promotional activities is considered the main limitation of the sharing economy development. Economic motives, such as earnings and cost savings, prevail among both groups of respondents. Although sharing inherently has a social component, social and environmental motives are significantly less present in Serbia, especially when compared to EU countries.

This study intends to examine the significance of the motivations underlying the incidence of contested divorce, the factors contributing to the occurrence of contested divorce, and the feelings associated with contested divorce In Tulungagung Regency. The research subjects, i.e., the defendants in the litigation the researcher researched, were analyzed using a qualitative research methodology and a phenomenological model. Choosing research participants based on data gathered through interviews, observations, and life experiences using the snowball sampling technique (self-report). Data reduction, presentation, verification, and decision-making techniques were used in the analysis of the data, while tests for the data's dependability, trustworthiness, and certainty were used to ascertain its validity. The study's conclusions suggest that the motivation to have a divorce is driven by the needs for survival, security, affection, self-esteem, and self-actualization. Economic difficulties, carelessness (neglect/neglect), domestic violence treatment, family system support, poor behavior (drinking, returning home at night without a good cause), and a lack of knowledge and marriage preparedness were among the factors identified. Pre-divorce (a time of conflict), divorce process (mediation/divorce decision), and post-divorce are the three periods into which emotions are divided in accordance with the current divorce process., Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis makna motif yang melatarbelakangi terjadinya cerai gugat, menganalisis faktor penyebab terjadinya cerai gugat, dan menganalisis emosi yang muncul terhadap cerai gugat di Kabupaten Tulungagung. Pendekatan Penelitian kualitatif dengan model fenomenologi digunakan untuk menganalisis subjek penelitian, yaitu pelaku cerai gugat yang diteliti oleh peneliti. Penentuan subjek penelitian menggunakan teknik snowball sampling dan data dikumpulkan pedoman wawancara, pedoman observasi dan pengalaman hidup (self- report). Analisis data dilakukan dengan cara reduksi data, penyajian data, verifikasi dan pengambilan keputusan, sedangkan untuk mengetahui keabsahan data dengan uji kredibilitas, dependabilitas, dan kepastian. Hasil temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dorongan melakukan cerai gugat dilandaskan pada motif bertahan hidup, rasa aman, kasih sayang, penghargaan diri dan aktualisasi diri.  Faktor yang ditemukan diantaranya masalah ekonomi, tidak berganggung jawab (lalai/mengabaikan), perlakuan KDRT, dukungan sistem keluarga, perilaku buruk (mabuk, pulang malam tidak jelas alasannya), dan kurangnya pengetahuan dan kesiapan dalam pernikahan. Emosi yang muncul terbagi menjadi tiga fase sesuai dengan proses perceraian yang ada, yakni pra perceraian (masa konflik), proses perceraian (mediasi/keputusan perceraian), pasca perceraian.

In der vorliegenden Querschnittstudie (N = 957) wurden die Zusammenhänge sadistischer und masochistischer Verhaltensweisen im alltäglichen und sexuellen Bereich untersucht. Weiter wurde auf Einflussvariablen wie Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und dahinterstehende Motive eingegangen. Für die Erhebung wurden die Benign Masochism Skala, das Assessment of Sadistic Personality (ASP), eine Skala zur Erhebung von BDSM Verhaltensweisen, der BFI-2-S zur Erhebung der Big Five, die Unified Motives Scale 3 (UMS-3) und ein selbst erstellter Motivfragebogen verwendet. Die Studie ergab, dass ein Zusammenhang zwischen Alltagsmasochismus und Sadismus und sexuellem Masochismus und Sadismus besteht. Demografische Variablen wie die sexuelle Orientierung und das Geschlecht wurden ebenfalls mit diesen Konstrukten in Verbindung gebracht, wobei pansexuelle Personen eine höhere Prävalenz von sexuellem Sadismus und Masochismus aufwiesen und Männer mehr alltägliche masochistische und sadistische Tendenzen zeigten. Darüber hinaus wurden in der Studie Persönlichkeitsmerkmale ermittelt, die mit diesen Konstrukten in Verbindung stehen, wobei negative Korrelationen zwischen Verträglichkeit und alltäglichem Sadismus und positive Korrelationen zwischen Offenheit für Erfahrungen und sexuellem Sadismus und Masochismus festgestellt wurden. Schließlich untersuchte die Studie die Motive, die sadistisches und masochistisches Verhalten antreiben, und stellte fest, dass vor allem die Motive Mind over Body, Flucht vor dem Selbst, veränderte Kognition und Kontrolle mit sexuellem Sadismus und Masochismus und Alltagsmasochismus und -sadismus zusammenhängen. Insgesamt verdeutlicht die Studie das komplexe Zusammenspiel zwischen Sadismus- und Masochismuskonstrukten sowie den ihnen zugrunde liegenden Motiven und den damit verbundenen Faktoren. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass weitere Forschungen erforderlich sind, um die Ursprünge und Motive sadistischen und masochistischen Verhaltens in sexuellen und nicht-sexuellen, In the present cross-sectional study (N = 957), the correlations between sadistic and masochistic behaviour in the everyday and sexual context were investigated. Furthermore, influencing variables such as personality traits and underlying motives were examined. For the survey, the Benign Masochism Scale, the Assessment of Sadistic Personality (ASP), a scale to survey BDSM behaviours, the BFI-2-S to survey the Big Five, the Unified Motives Scale 3 (UMS-3) and a self-administered motives questionnaire were used. The study found that there is a correlation between everyday masochism and sadism and sexual masochism and sadism. Demographic variables such as sexual orientation and gender were also associated with these constructs, with pansexual individuals showing a higher prevalence of sexual sadism and masochism, and men showing more everyday masochistic and sadistic tendencies. In addition, the study identified personality traits associated with these constructs, finding negative correlations between agreeableness and everyday sadism and positive correlations between openness to experience and sexual sadism and masochism. Finally, the study examined the motives driving sadistic and masochistic behaviour and found that motives such as escape from self, altered cognition and control were particularly associated with sexual sadism and masochism and everyday masochism and sadism. Overall, the study highlights the complex interplay between sadism and masochism constructs and their underlying motives and associated factors. The findings suggest that further research is needed to better understand the origins and motives of sadistic and masochistic behaviour in sexual and non-sexual context., Theresa Springer, in englischer Sprache, Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2023

In light of growing environmental challenges, the need to reconsider how we approach personal transportation is becoming increasingly evident. A shift from a private car-focused mobility system towards a more sustainable and equitable transportation system is desired. Car sharing is considered a means to achieve this. However, car sharing use and its related impact are not entirely understood, as many studies do not consider the car sharing motives of individuals and treat the car sharing population as a homogeneous group. This study aims to reveal distinct car sharing usage profiles to gain a thorough understanding of car sharing utilisation and its related impact. Six distinct user profiles are uncovered using a Latent Class Cluster Analysis (LCCA) based on station-based car sharer data gathered through an online survey (N=1281). This segmentation underscores the diversity in car sharing motives and reveals that the impacts associated with car sharing use differ across the identified user groups. The cluster profiles show that environmentally motivated car sharers use the shared car as a complete replacement for their private car, causing a substantial decrease in car ownership and use. More utility-focused car sharers, and especially initially carless individuals, show a less substantial decrease in car ownership and sometimes even an increase in car use. This study concludes with recommendations based on these findings and discusses its limitations., Transport, Infrastructure and Logistics

In this paper, we prove a decomposition result for the Chow groups of projectivizations of coherent sheaves of homological dimension. In this process, we establish the decomposition of Chow groups for the cases of the Cayley trick and standard flips. Moreover, we apply these results to study the Chow groups of symmetric powers of curves, nested Hilbert schemes of surfaces, and the varieties resolving Voisin maps for cubic fourfolds.

This master thesis investigates the public servants’ motives for switching their employment from the private to the public sector and for having a tendency to work in the public organization. It also focuses on factors they describe as job satisfaction and the challenges they have encountered after transitioning to the public-sector employment. The framework of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s two factor theories provide an explanation for the reasons why public employees switched sectors and their perception on factors they perceived as motivation and challenges after switching into a new workplace in a new sector. A qualitative study was conducted, using semi-structured interviews to collect data from 8 respondents who are currently working for the government. All of them used to work in the private sector and later moved into the public sector. The study reveals a number of distinctive motives for them to make a sector switch. These include secure employment and pension, less workload and work-related stress, family inspiration, pride in the public sector job, career advancement, and making positive impacts to the community. The findings also identify a number of challenges faced by these sector switchers such as low wage and moonlighting, complicated hierarchy and bureaucratic structures, ineffective leadership and other management issues within the public office. The knowledge and information on these challenges have the implications for certain stakeholders, including recent graduates, employees, politicians, leaders at public institutions, and especially policy makers. Policy makers and/or politicians should consider creating employment policies that entice talented individuals to work for the government and enhance the working conditions for new civil servants. The study also has the potential to pave the way for the prospective recent graduates and employees, giving them sufficient information on which to base their choice of employment, either in

Nästan hälften av landets enskilda skogsägare finns i Götaland och tillsammans äger de nära 80% av den produktiva skogsmarken i denna region. Flera studier har undersökt den enskilde skogsägarens mål och handlingar men ofta saknas djupare kunskap om vad som ligger bakom dessa mål och hur eventuella hinder och utmaningar påverkar dem. I denna studie genomfördes 11 kvalitativa intervjuer med enskilda skogsägare i Kronobergs län. Resultatet visade att alla skogsägare hade i genomsnitt fem olika mål med sitt skogsbruk och att ett mål kunde ha flera olika motiv. De hinder eller utmaningar som nämndes rörde många gånger faktorer som storm, klimatförändringar, skadedjur, skadesvampar, vilt, politiska beslut och EU- regleringar. Generellt kommenterades hinder eller eventuella utmaningar som faktorer skogsägarna var medvetna om och tog hänsyn till men som ej utgjorde någon större källa till oro.

Late-life divorce is increasingly common in many Western countries, however, studies on this transition remain scarce. The purpose of this article is to study attributed reasons for late-life divorce, and if any life phase-typical aspects can be identified in these attributions. Qualitative interviews were carried out with Swedish men and women aged 62-82, who after the age of 60 had divorced from a cross-gender marital or non-marital co-habiting union (N = 37). The results, analysed using principles from Grounded Theory, revealed four different types of narratives: (a) incompatible goals for the third age, (b) personality change caused by age-related disease, (c) a last chance for romance, and (d) enough of inequality and abuse. A central insight and an original contribution generated by the study was the importance grey divorcees attributed to the existential conditions of later life in their divorce decisions. The results are discussed in relation to theories of late modern intimacy and the third age.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are currently achieving massive growth but the problems and challenges associated with them are less understood. A goal in supply chain management is to maintain a solid flow of goods from raw materials to manufacturers and distribution of the final product. In managing all of these moving parts, warehousing plays a vital and central role to streamlining the supply chain. Furthermore, expanding a firm’s business to one or more locations as trends in markets, and consumer demands are continuously changing has proven vital to succeed. Yet, there is under developed research in the are of geographical expansion as it pertains to warehouse operations as an SME. In understanding these challenges and motivations to expand, SMEs have a greater chance to succeed. This thesis uses a combination of the existing literature surrounding global warehouse expansion as well as a field study that was conducted to gain further insight into an SME that is currently undergoing a warehouse expansion in both Germany and the United States. The motives for expansion to these locations are explored through semi structured interviews of six employees involved in the warehouse project. There is great complexity in this case, where unfamiliar locations and market potential are unknown, making this sector within supply chain management of SMEs an important one to investigate.

Forskningsfråga: Vad finns det för motiv för e-handelsföretag inom sällanköpshandeln att etablera fysiska butiker? Hur använder e-handelsföretag den fysiska butiken för att skapa brand experience och brand image? Hur påverkar fysiska butiker e-handelsföretagens lönsamhet? Syfte: I denna studie har vi som avsikt att redogöra för varför renodlade e-handelsföretag inom sällanköpshandeln öppnar fysiska butiker, samt undersöka hur den fysiska butiken används för att stärka e-handelsföretagens varumärken med utgångspunkt i teorierna brand experience och brand image. Vidare syftar studien till att skapa en teoretisk grund och ökad förståelse för fenomenet med e-handelsföretag som öppnar fysiska butiker, utifrån ett management perspektiv. Metod: För att besvara studiens syftet har en kvalitativ studie genomförts med en abduktiv ansats. Vidare antar studien en komparativ design i formen av en flerfallstudie. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av djupintervjuer med fem renodlade e-handelsföretag som valt att öppna fysiska butiker. Teoretiska perspektiv: Studiens teoretiska referensram utgörs av tidigare forskning om den fysiska butiken samt teorierna brand experience och brand image. Referensramen ger grund för analys och förståelse för den fysiska butikens roll och hur den används. Resultat: Utifrån det empiriska materialet identifierades fyra motiv för butiksetablering: 1) skapa och kontrollera upplevelser, 2) komma närmare kunden, 3) kommunicera och stärka varumärket, och 4) en förbättrad affärsstrategi. Vidare använder e-handelsföretagen butiken till att stärka varumärket i enlighet med teorierna brand experience och brand image. Butiken har även bidragit till förbättrad lönsamhet. Slutsats: Denna studie ger forskare och managers insikt i fenomenet med e-handelsföretag som öppnar fysiska butiker, och som kan användas för att bygga ett starkt varumärke genom brand experience och brand image., Research question: What are the motives for e-commerce companies in the consumer goods trade to establish physical stores? How do e-commerce companies use the physical store to create brand experience and brand image? How do physical stores affect the profitability of e-commerce companies? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to create a deeper understanding of why pure e-commerce companies in the consumer goods trade open physical stores, and how the stores are used to create stronger brands based on brand experience and brand image. Furthermore, the study aims to create a theoretical basis and a deeper understanding of the phenomena of e-commerce companies opening physical stores, from a management perspective. Methodology: In order to answer the purpose of this study, a qualitative study has been carried out with an abductive approach. Furthermore, the study adopts a comparative design in the form of a multiple case study. The empirical material consists of in-depth interviews with five pure e-commerce companies that have chosen to open physical stores. Theoretical perspectives: The study's theoretical frame of reference consists of previous research on the physical store, as well as the theories brand experience and brand image. The frame of reference provides a basis for analysis and understanding of the physical store's role and how it is used. Result: Based on the empirical material, we’ve identified four motives for establishing a store: 1) create and control experiences, 2) get closer to the customer, 3) communicate and strengthen the brand, and 4) improve the business strategy. Furthermore, the e-commerce companies use the store to strengthen the brand in accordance with the theories of brand experience and brand image. The store has also contributed to improved profitability. Conclusions: This study provides researchers and managers with insight into the phenomenon of e-commerce companies opening physical stores, which can be used to build a strong brand

While products are regularly presented as gifts to apologize, little is known about the effect of an apology context on product evaluations and relationships. Past research suggests that recipients positively evaluate gifts. Instead, our five studies reveal that, when recipients receive an apology gift, they evaluate the gift and the giver-recipient relationship more negatively compared to regular products, to receiving regular gifts, or towards verbal apologies. This occurs because apology gifts remind the recipient of transgressions, and signal misunderstandings of recipients’ emotions. These findings highlight the importance of the gift-giving context when promoting products as gifts.

In many West European countries, debates about Muslim women wearing a headscarf in public positions evolve around the question whether the reason for wearing it is personal choice, religious freedom or community pressures. This study uses national samples of Dutch and German majority group members (N = 3734) and an experimental design to investigate whether their tolerance of the headscarf worn by a civil servant depends on four perceived reasons for wearing it. The findings indicated that a headscarf that is perceived to be worn out of personal choice was tolerated the most, and for reasons of normative community pressures was tolerated the least, with perceived reasons of religious and cultural identity enactment in between. Additionally, we found that higher (versus lower) authoritarian individuals were less likely to differentiate between the different reasons. In conclusion, perceived motives and authoritarianism are important to consider in understanding majority group members’ tolerance of the headscarf.

This study investigates the motives of clients, contractors and subcontractors and underlying conditions favoring strategic partnering formation in the Dutch retrofit market. In-depth interviews were conducted with six clients, six contractors, and two subcontractors concerning four cases in the Netherlands. To identify motives, the data from the 14 interviews were coded with Atlas TI based on a theoretical framework. The thematic analysis revealed the main motives. The main finding of this study was that clients and contractors form strategic partnerships for different reasons: clients unite to exploit the knowledge and capabilities of their supplying partners, while contractors and subcontractors unite to improve their market position. Both motives may be exchanged when clients offer contractors and subcontractors a long-term perspective. This finding shows managers in the construction industry that, to maintain a strategic partnership, it is important to understand and discuss the motives of each partner and how they can be exchanged., Design & Construction Management

The sainete is a fictional strategy that had a great boom during the first three decades of the twentieth century in Venezuela. It became the hegemonic theatrical canon and enjoyed many followers in a particularly eventful period such as the dictatorship of Juan Vicente Gómez. The sainete is by definition a costumbrista work that does not seek political dialogue but rather to satirize vices and correct errors. Playwrights were careful not to question or satirize aspects that had to do with the government under penalty of ending up with their bones in jail. However, after the dictator's death in 1935, there was a political restructuring and opening that brought as a major change the congressional elections. Guinand writes the play and in it he reflects the political environment of that opening. In this work we will analyze this sainete with the purpose of establishing how and in what way Guinand transposes his vision of the world of this electoral process and in what way he parodies, questions and satirizes this event. In order to elucidate these aspects, we will analyze his work in the light of the theory of motives and strategies, and we will account for the possible aggressions suffered by the author. We will also comment on the possible scenic strategies used to configure its dramatic structure., El sainete es una estrategia ficcional que tuvo un gran auge durante las primeras tres décadas del siglo XX en Venezuela. Se convirtió en el canon teatral hegemónico y gozó de muchos adeptos en una época particularmente azarosa como fue la dictadura de Juan Vicente Gómez. El sainete es por definición una obra costumbrista que no busca dialogar políticamente sino más bien satirizar vicios y corregir errores. Los dramaturgos se cuidaban de no cuestionar o satirizar aspectos que tuvieran que ver con el gobierno so pena de ir a parar con sus huesos a la cárcel. Sin embargo, luego que muere el dictador, en 1935, hay una recomposición y apertura política que traerá como principal cambio las elecciones al congreso. Guinand escribe la obra y en ella recoge el ambiente político de esa apertura. En este trabajo analizaremos dicho sainete con el propósito de establecer cómo y de qué forma Guinand transpone su visión del mundo de dicho proceso electoral y de qué forma parodia, cuestiona y satiriza tal acontecimiento. Para dilucidar estos aspectos analizaremos su obra a la luz de la teoría de los motivos y estrategias y, daremos cuenta, de las posibles agresiones sufridas por el autor. Se comentará también acerca de las posibles estrategias escénicas usadas para configurar su estructura dramática.

Digital social viewing strategies are acknowledged to be a powerful strategic marketing tool. Drawing on exploratory research and expert interviews with mid to top-level marketing managers, this thesis explores key determinants that influence a company’s strategic choice to produce and share livestreaming vs pre-recorded marketing videos. This thesis proposes two process models that visualize the factors, dimensions, and circumstances considered in the decision-making process. We are aiming to facilitate the development and deployment of digital social viewing strategies. Hence the purpose of this thesis is to identify why and how marketers decide between marketing video formats to establish theoretical and practicable managerial implications. The results suggest that there is no one-size-fits-all procedure for developing and deploying digital social viewing strategies. Yet, patterns from ten companies and several industries are identified and framed into process models that provide guidance for marketers and academic research., Masterarbeit Universität Innsbruck 2022

Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera vilka drivkrafter som motiverar till hållbarhetsredovisning för svenska kommunala bostadsbolag samt att förklara hur den allmännyttiga roll de besitter påverkar deras synsätt på hållbarhetsredovisning. Genom att identifiera motiven som påverkar hållbarhetsredovisningen hos kommunala bostadsbolag syftar studien till att skapa förståelse för vad som kan uppmuntra företag till ökad frivillig hållbarhetsredovisning. Studien utgår från ett teoretiskt ramverk grundat i intressentteorin, legitimitetsteorin och MAST (från engelskans Media Agenda Setting Theory). För att uppfylla studiens syfte samlas data in genom enkäter till kommunala bostadsbolag. Studien kombinerar en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ metod, där enkätens slutna frågor analyseras med hjälp av en logistisk regression samt en korrelationsanalys och kompletteras med en tematisk analys av enkätens öppna frågor. Flermetodsvalet gör att studien förhåller sig mellan motpolerna för de ontologiska och epistemologiska antagandena. Studien är av en analytisk form och tillämpar en abduktiv forskningsansats. Den kvantitativa delen av studien finner med hjälp av den logistiska regressionen inga signifikanta variabler, men finner utifrån en korrelationsanalys signifikant korrelation mellan kommunala bostadsbolags hållbarhetsredovisning och påtryckningar från olika intressentgrupper. Ur den kvalitativa delen framkom fyra teman: legitimering, interna drivkrafter, kommunalt ansvar och förbättringsmöjligheter. Studien drar slutsatsen att det finns externa drivkrafter till svenska kommunala bostadsbolags hållbarhetsredovisning, i form av att bemöta externa påtryckningar och skapa legitimitet för bolaget gentemot omgivningen. Det framkommer även interna drivkrafter så som att individer i bolaget själva värderar hållbarhetsarbetet och redovisningen av det, samt att hållbarhetsredovisning kan förbättra styrningen i bolagen. Gällande kommunala bostadsbolags ansvar dras slutsatsen att de, The purpose with this study is to identify what incentives motives municipal housing companies to conduct sustainability reporting and to explain how their public role affects their view on sustainability reporting. Through identifying the incentives for sustainability reporting the study aims to create an understanding of what could encourage companies to voluntarily conduct sustainability reports. The study uses a theoretical framework consisting of Stakeholder Theory, Legitimacy Theory and Media Agenda Setting Theory. To fulfil the aim of the study data is collected through surveys to municipal housing companies. The study combines a quantitative and qualitative method, where the closed questions of the survey is analyzed through a logistic regression and a correlation analysis while it is complemented by a thematical analysis of the open survey questions. The mixed research methods lead to the study taking a middle position when it comes to ontological and epistemological assumptions. The study is conducted as an analytical study and applies an abductive research approach. The quantitative part of the study finds no significant variables in the logistic regression but finds significant correlation between sustainability reporting of municipal housing companies and pressure from different stakeholder groups when using a correlation analysis. From the qualitative part, four themes emerged: legitimation, internal incentives, municipal responsibility, and opportunities for improvement. The study concludes that there are external incentives for the sustainability reporting of Swedish municipal housing companies, such as responding to external pressure and creating legitimacy for the company towards its surroundings. Internal incentives also emerge, such as that individuals in the company themselves value sustainability and sustainability reporting, and that sustainability reporting can improve corporate governance. Regarding municipal housing companies' responsibil

Sammanfattning Titel: Vd:ars rapporterade motiv till redovisning av hållbarhet i svenska tillverkande företag. En kvalitativ studie om vd:ns tankar om varför företaget upprättar en hållbarhetsrapport eller inte. Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Sara Enegren och Joanna Hedin Handledare: Fredrik Hartwig och Asif Huq Datum: 2022 - juni Bakgrund: Hållbarhet har de senaste åren blivit ett alltmer aktuellt ämne, framför allt för företag. Som en följd av detta har kraven på redovisning utökats. Numera krävs ytterligare information om företagens verksamhet utöver den finansiella. Tidigare forskning på hållbarhetsredovisning har fokuserat på att finna samband mellan företagsspecifika faktorer såsom storlek och bransch. Vi menar att detta riskerar att inte kunna säga något om de verkliga motiven till upprättandet av hållbarhetsredovisningar. I den här studien råder vi bot på det genom att intervjua vd:ar, som i normalfallet har en stor inverkan på vad som kommuniceras externt, och frågar om vilka upplevda motiv som enligt dem ligger bakom upprättandet av hållbarhetsredovisningar. Vi upplever att forskning saknas på framför allt svenska företag och deras unika kontext. På så vis bidrar denna studie med att utforska ett område som saknas i tidigare forskning och söker ny kunskap om hur motiven påverkas i olika miljöer. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka vd:ars rapporterade motiv till att upprätta hållbarhetsredovisning i svenska tillverkande företag. Metod: Materialet har samlats in genom åtta intervjuer tillsammans med en kompletterande enkät. Arbetet med studien har utgått från den kategorisering som gjorts i teorin. Dessa kategorier återfanns även i resultatet av intervjuerna. Resultat och slutsats: Studien visar att motiv är komplexa och ofta sammankopplade i en kedjeeffekt. Sättet som motiven framhålls av respondenterna förefaller vara till viss del kontextuellt beroende och föränderliga över företagets utvecklingsfas. Exame, Title: CEOs' reported motives for reporting sustainability in Swedish manufacturing companies. A qualitative study of the CEO's thoughts on why the company prepares a sustainability report or not. Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor degree in business administration Authors: Sara Enegren and Joanna Hedin Supervisor: Fredrik Hartwig and Asif Huq Date: 2022-June Background: In recent years, sustainability has become an increasingly relevant topic, especially for companies. As a result, the accounting requirements have expanded. More information is now required about the companies' operations apart from the financial report. Previous research on sustainability reporting has been undertaken to find connections between specific factors such as size and industry. We believe there is a risk that this will not be able to say anything about the real motives for the preparation of sustainability reports. In this study we remedy this by interviewing CEOs, who normally have a major impact on what is communicated externally and examine what perceived motives are behind the preparation of sustainability reports. We feel that research is lacking, especially on Swedish companies and their unique context. In this way, this study contributes to exploring an area that is missing in the previous research and seeks new knowledge about how the motives are affected in different environments. Aim: The purpose is to investigate the CEOs' reported motives for preparing sustainability reports in Swedish manufacturing companies. Method: The material was collected by eight interviews together with a supplementary questionnaire. This study is based on the categorization made in the theory. These categories were also found in the results of the interviews. Results and conclusion: The study shows that motives are complex and often interconnected in a chain effect. The way in which motives are emphasized by the respondents seems to be to some extent contextually dependent

International financial reporting standards (IFRS) är känd för att vara en komplex och kostsamredovisningsstandard, men det finns fortfarande företag som väljer att redovisa enligt IFRS.Studiens syfte är att få en förståelse för att sedan ge förklaring till vilket som är det viktigastemotivet bakom valet att tillämpa IFRS. IFRS som redovisningsstandard är ett krav för noteradebolag, därför har studien riktat in sig på att undersöka onoterade fastighetsbolag och varför deväljer att frivilligt tillämpa redovisningsstandarden. Fastighetsbranschen blev särskilt utvald dåfastigheter i flera år ökat i värde och är ett aktuellt ämne idag. Den teoretiska referensramen hjälperstudien att ge ytterligare förklaring till viktiga begrepp som motiv, redovisningsstandard,förvaltningsfastigheter, anskaffningsvärde, värdering till verkligt värde och kapitalkostnader.Vidare kommer den institutionella teorin belysa varför företag gör vissa val för att säkerställa sinplats på marknaden. Sedan påbörjades den empiriska insamlingen utifrån en kvalitativ metodansatsi form av intervjuer. Respondenterna är särskilt utvalda experter inom redovisning enligt IFRS ochhålls anonyma. I resultatet presenterades tre motiv som ligger till grund för valet att redovisa enligtIFRS. Dessa var harmonisering, legitimitet och värdering till verkligt värde. Efter vidareanalysering kunde slutsatsen dras att det viktigaste motivet för att implementera IFRS varmöjligheten att värdera tillgångar till verkligt värde. Detta styrks genom teoretiska- och praktiskaimplikationer. Fastighetsbolag som strävar efter att låna mera för att kunna investera i merfastigheter och därmed skapa tillväxt, vill värdera sina tillgångar till verkligt värde. Förslag tillfortsatt forskning inom ämnet är bland annat att göra en kvantitativ studie med ett bredare urvalsom även kan komplettera denna studie kring motiv bakom valet att redovisa enligt IFRS föronoterade fastighetsbolag., International financial reporting standards (IFRS) are known for being a complex and expensiveaccounting standard, but there are still companies that choose to report in accordance with IFRS.The purpose of the study is to gain an understanding and then provide an explanation of which isthe most important motive behind the choice to apply IFRS. IFRS as an accounting standard is arequirement for listed companies, therefore the study has focused on examining unlistedcompanies in the property management sector and why they choose to voluntarily apply theaccounting standard. Companies in the property management sector were specially selected asproperties have increased in value for several years and are a current topic today. The theoreticalframework helps the study to provide further explanation of important concepts such as motives,accounting standards, investment properties, acquisition value, valuation at fair value and capitalcosts. Furthermore, institutional theory will give us further understanding on why companies makecertain choices to secure their place in the market. The study was based on a qualitativemethodological approach in the form of interviews. The respondents are specially selected expertsin accounting in accordance with IFRS and are kept anonymous. The results presented threemotives that form the basis for the choice to report in accordance with IFRS. These wereharmonization, legitimacy and valuation at fair value. After further analysis, it could be concludedthat the most important motive for implementing IFRS was the ability to value assets at fair value.This is substantiated by theoretical and practical implications. Companies in the propertymanagement sector that strive to borrow more to then be able to invest in more properties andthereby create growth, want to value their assets at fair value. Proposals for further research in thesubject include conducting a quantitative study with a wider selection that can also supplementthis study on motives

Gift exchange is at the heart of many social relationships and interactions. Various studies haveimplied that gift-giving is often based on the obligation to reciprocate, thus creating an economicexchange. The common components of gift-giving are the gift, the giver and the receiver, and theoccasion. Many studies have suggested various motives and functions for gift-giving. It is wellknown that the custom of gift-giving is an important part of Japanese culture. However, no researchis found regarding Finnish gift-giving behavior. In an effort to understand more about the diversegift exchange phenomenon, this study compares Japanese and Finnish gift-giving behavior. The aimis to examine the motivations and functions, and how the cultural values are reflected in gift-givingbehavior in both countries. For this purpose, two online surveys are conducted for both Japaneseand Finnish people. The findings are then compared with each other as well as with previousstudies. The results reveal that gift-giving behavior is relatively similar in both Japan and Finland inmany aspects, and the findings are mostly consistent with previous studies. It also seems thatwomen are a little more involved in gift-giving both in Japan and Finland.