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The MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) control topology based on Fuzzy logic, and analysis of the Vienna Rectifier for the small-scale Wind Turbine System (WTS) is proposed in this paper. The PMSG (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator) of the WTS generates the output power that is fluctuated due to irregular wind velocity, which has to be controlled for the smooth output power. Many controlstrategies are projected by the researchers for the settled power output, but the conventional control techniques getting more complex. One of the simple and robust methods that enable for the MPPT is fuzzy logic control. The above mechanism regulates the speed of PMSG and the DC power output. Moreover, it is engaged in the parameter optimization and the speed control of the PMSG. A fuzzy logic MPPT controller based Vienna Rectifier is used in this paper for a 1kW WTS with improved efficiency and reduced harmonics, and the results are justified using MATLAB/Simulink.

Many key aspects of society, such as transport, housing and health care, have been significantly improved by the advent of a range of electricity applications, and the power generation for electricity applications has been a major field of research. Photovoltaic (PV) self-powered technologies are promising technologies for addressing applications' power supply challenges and alleviating conventional electricity load and environmental pollution. This study reviews solar energy harvesting (SEH) technologies for PV self-powered applications. First, the PV power generation and scenarios of PV self-powered applications are analyzed. Second, analysis of system design for PV self-powered applications is presented. Third, key components for PV self-powered applications, including maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques and power management (PM) systems are discussed in detail. Furthermore, numerous PV self-powered applications and utilizations of energy harvesting are summarized. Finally, some recommendations are proposed for further research.

The setting up of a practical electrically driven light commercial demonstration vehicle with integrated photovoltaics (PV) is reported. The demonstrator vehicle is equipped with 15 modules based on the crystalline Si/amorphous Si heterojunction technology. The nominal total peak power under standard testing conditions is 2180 Wp. Specifically, the PV-converted energy is fed into the high-voltage (HV; 400 V) board-net for a utilization of the large capacity of the HV battery and thus for direct range extension. The demonstrator vehicle is equipped with irradiation, wind, temperature, magnetic, and global positioning system sensors. Irradiation and temperature as well as the energy flows from modules, maximum power point trackers (MPPTs), low-voltage buffer battery to HV battery via DC/DC, and from the HV battery to the loads during an exemplarily test drive day (May 31, 2021) are monitored. The range extension obtained at this day on our test route (51° 59′ N, 9° 31′ E) was 36 km, the corresponding CO2 savings account for ≈2.3 kg. The chain efficiency of the electronic components from the input side of the MPPTs to the HV output side of the DC/DC was 68.6%, whereas the DC/DC itself has an average efficiency of 90%. © 2021 The Authors. Solar RRL published by Wiley-VCH GmbH

World energy consumption increases with time, so that occur an energy imbalance. Many breakthroughs have developed to utilize renewable energy. The photovoltaic system is one of the easy-to-use renewable energies. The power conversion from PV fixed is still low, so the PV system is designed using the active dual-axis solar tracker. The PV tracker position can be adjusted to change the sun position to get maximum efficiency. The active dual-axis solar tracker system is integrated with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to keep PV operating at a maximum power point even though input variations change. The active dual-axis solar tracker system integrated with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to keep PV operating at a maximum power point even though input variations change. Tracking test simulation had done by comparing the output power of a fixed PV system with the active dual-axis solar tracker. Type-2 fuzzy logic based MPPT successfully increased the average output power by 10.48 % with the highest increase of 17.48 % obtained at 15:00 West Indonesia Time (GMT+7). The difference in power from a fixed PV system with the active dual-axis solar tracker of 36.08 W is from the output power worth 206.3 to 242.4 W.

World energy consumption increases with time, so that occur an energy imbalance. Many breakthroughs have developed to utilize renewable energy. The photovoltaic system is one of the easy-to-use renewable energies. The power conversion from PV fixed is still low, so the PV system is designed using the active dual-axis solar tracker. The PV tracker position can be adjusted to change the sun position to get maximum efficiency. The active dual-axis solar tracker system is integrated with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to keep PV operating at a maximum power point even though input variations change. The active dual-axis solar tracker system integrated with the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to keep PV operating at a maximum power point even though input variations change. Tracking test simulation had done by comparing the output power of a fixed PV system with the active dual-axis solar tracker. Type-2 fuzzy logic based MPPT successfully increased the average output power by 10.48 % with the highest increase of 17.48 % obtained at 15:00 West Indonesia Time (GMT+7). The difference in power from a fixed PV system with the active dual-axis solar tracker of 36.08 W is from the output power worth 206.3 to 242.4 W. © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2020.

The hybrid integration of small-scale wind and solar energy conversion systems can be used for on- and off-grid applications. This paper investigates a stand-alone off-grid application of a hybrid small-scale wind turbine and photovoltaic (PV) cell microgrid to supply houses in rural Iraq far from the utility grid. Experimental investigations were performed to measure wind speed and solar radiation, as well as the DC voltage in the rectifier section of a small-scale permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine and the DC voltage in a PV cell for 24 hours. The results showed that using a small-scale hybrid wind and solar generating system for off-grid applications in Iraq is possible if the components are equipped with proper charge controllers that perform maximum power point tracking (MPPT) during wind speed and solar radiation fluctuations. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

This paper presents the interconnection performance analysis of single-phase cascaded H-bridge and neutral point clamped multilevel inverters for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) applications. Interconnection performance analysis of both inverters was investigated using fixed and variable bands hysteresis current control strategies to ensure a lower current's total harmonic distortion (THD). An intelligent control method based on neural networks was introduced to extract maximum power from the PV modules and to achieve optimal operation of the whole system when connected to the utility grid. Control algorithm was implemented in a microcontroller with interrupt routines priority. Both simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed control methods. In addition, islanding detection capability of the two topologies was investigated. © 2019 International Journal of Renewable Energy Research.

A non-isolated high-voltage gain dual-input DC/DC converter with a zero voltage turn-off (ZVT) auxiliary circuit has been presented. Two photovoltaic (PV) modules can be connected to the proposed converter with separate maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The cost of whole PV power generation system can be decreased significantly as a single converter is employed instead of two converters. All switches can achieve ZVT by an auxiliary circuit, and turn-off switching losses can be decreased and the efficiency of the converter can be improved. Working principle and performance characteristics of the proposed converter are analysed in detail, a dual-input maximum power point tracking control algorithm has been designed for the proposed converter. An 800 W experimental prototype has been built to verify the theoretical analysis.

This paper presents an approach to control a grid-connected, five-level, diode-clamped converter (DCC) with solar arrays directly connected to each capacitor of the dc-link, On one hand, the control of such converters is challenging as the voltage imbalance among the capacitor may affect the power controller. On the other hand, when dealing with solar arrays, the dc voltage is a key point considering that the efficiency of the array highly depends on it. This article presents a solution where both aims are fulfilled: the desired capacitor voltages, set by the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, are reached at the same time that these values are taken into account in the power controller. This is an unusual approach for five-level DCC that avoids the use of DC-DC stages, therefore it makes the system more affordable and avoids extra losses. Thanks to the capacitor voltage controller, proper power extraction from each solar array is achieved. The theoretical presentation of this approach is shown along with simulation results that validates its effectiveness.

This paper presents an approach to control a grid-connected, five-level, diode-clamped converter (DCC) with solar arrays directly connected to each capacitor of the dc-link, On one hand, the control of such converters is challenging as the voltage imbalance among the capacitor may affect the power controller. On the other hand, when dealing with solar arrays, the dc voltage is a key point considering that the efficiency of the array highly depends on it. This article presents a solution where both aims are fulfilled: the desired capacitor voltages, set by the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, are reached at the same time that these values are taken into account in the power controller. This is an unusual approach for five-level DCC that avoids the use of DC-DC stages, therefore it makes the system more affordable and avoids extra losses. Thanks to the capacitor voltage controller, proper power extraction from each solar array is achieved. The theoretical presentation of this approach is shown along with simulation results that validates its effectiveness.

This paper presents an approach to control a grid-connected, five-level, diode-clamped converter (DCC) with solar arrays directly connected to each capacitor of the dc-link, On one hand, the control of such converters is challenging as the voltage imbalance among the capacitor may affect the power controller. On the other hand, when dealing with solar arrays, the dc voltage is a key point considering that the efficiency of the array highly depends on it. This article presents a solution where both aims are fulfilled: the desired capacitor voltages, set by the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, are reached at the same time that these values are taken into account in the power controller. This is an unusual approach for five-level DCC that avoids the use of DC-DC stages, therefore it makes the system more affordable and avoids extra losses. Thanks to the capacitor voltage controller, proper power extraction from each solar array is achieved. The theoretical presentation of this approach is shown along with simulation results that validates its effectiveness.

In this paper we present the design and simulation results of an RF energy harvesting circuit that operates across a wide range of available input power, from -27 dBm to 6 dBm. The system comprises an adaptive impedance matching network, a single-stage cross-connected differential rectifier, a start-up charge pump, an adaptive buck-boost converter and a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) circuit. The MPPT circuit controls the switching frequency of the buck-boost converter and configures the impedance matching network, optimizing the interfaces between the rectifier and antenna and between the rectifier and the storage capacitor, thereby guaranteeing that maximum power is being harvested. The system is designed in a standard 0.18 pm CMOS technology. The peak efficiency is 49.1% at an available input power of -18 dBm and signal frequency of 403.5 MHz., Accepted author manuscript, Bio-Electronics

The study of wind turbines requires a multidisciplinary approach that covers the electrical, mechanical and aerodynamic aspects. Most wind turbine studies focus their modelization effort on a single aspect and rely on simplified models for the other ones. The present paper aims at a complete modelization and investigation of the energy conversion chain of small wind turbines (up to 100kW), going from the turbulent wind resource to the electrical power injected into the grid. For that purpose, the following computational chain is set up: a synthetic turbulence is used as inflow to a Vortex Particle-Mesh method which computes the wind turbine coarse scale aerodynamics taking into account the rotor dynamics; the aero-mechanical results are used to feed an electrical simulation and the consistency of both simulations is ensured by using a common Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithm. We apply this methodology to compare the behavior of horizontal- and vertical-axis machines in a turbulent wind with two different turbulent intensities (low TI = 8.3% and high TI = 16%). © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

This paper presents an approach to control a grid-connected, five-level, diode-clamped converter (DCC) with solar arrays directly connected to each capacitor of the dc-link, On one hand, the control of such converters is challenging as the voltage imbalance among the capacitor may affect the power controller. On the other hand, when dealing with solar arrays, the dc voltage is a key point considering that the efficiency of the array highly depends on it. This article presents a solution where both aims are fulfilled: the desired capacitor voltages, set by the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, are reached at the same time that these values are taken into account in the power controller. This is an unusual approach for five-level DCC that avoids the use of DC-DC stages, therefore it makes the system more affordable and avoids extra losses. Thanks to the capacitor voltage controller, proper power extraction from each solar array is achieved. The theoretical presentation of this approach is shown along with simulation results that validates its effectiveness.

This paper presents an approach to control a grid-connected, five-level, diode-clamped converter (DCC) with solar arrays directly connected to each capacitor of the dc-link, On one hand, the control of such converters is challenging as the voltage imbalance among the capacitor may affect the power controller. On the other hand, when dealing with solar arrays, the dc voltage is a key point considering that the efficiency of the array highly depends on it. This article presents a solution where both aims are fulfilled: the desired capacitor voltages, set by the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, are reached at the same time that these values are taken into account in the power controller. This is an unusual approach for five-level DCC that avoids the use of DC-DC stages, therefore it makes the system more affordable and avoids extra losses. Thanks to the capacitor voltage controller, proper power extraction from each solar array is achieved. The theoretical presentation of this approach is shown along with simulation results that validates its effectiveness.

In this paper we present the design and simulation results of an RF energy harvesting circuit that operates across a wide range of available input power, from -27 dBm to 6 dBm. The system comprises an adaptive impedance matching network, a single-stage cross-connected differential rectifier, a start-up charge pump, an adaptive buck-boost converter and a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) circuit. The MPPT circuit controls the switching frequency of the buck-boost converter and configures the impedance matching network, optimizing the interfaces between the rectifier and antenna and between the rectifier and the storage capacitor, thereby guaranteeing that maximum power is being harvested. The system is designed in a standard 0.18 pm CMOS technology. The peak efficiency is 49.1% at an available input power of -18 dBm and signal frequency of 403.5 MHz., Accepted author manuscript, Bio-Electronics

New grid requirements for large scale photovoltaic power plants (LS-PVPPs) demanding ancillary services make necessary the enhancement of photovoltaic (PV) generator's control. One of the challenges is the reactive power control despite the variable conditions. The aim of this paper is to present the response of reactive power considering the PV generator's capability curves and variable ambient conditions when maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is used for the active power control. For this purpose, a single PV generator of 0.6 MVA is simulated in DIgSILENT PowerFactory®. The results show that the active and reactive power varies with the ambient conditions. © 2018 IEEE., Postprint (published version)

This paper presents an approach to control a grid-connected, five-level, diode-clamped converter (DCC) with solar arrays directly connected to each capacitor of the dc-link, On one hand, the control of such converters is challenging as the voltage imbalance among the capacitor may affect the power controller. On the other hand, when dealing with solar arrays, the dc voltage is a key point considering that the efficiency of the array highly depends on it. This article presents a solution where both aims are fulfilled: the desired capacitor voltages, set by the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, are reached at the same time that these values are taken into account in the power controller. This is an unusual approach for five-level DCC that avoids the use of DC-DC stages, therefore it makes the system more affordable and avoids extra losses. Thanks to the capacitor voltage controller, proper power extraction from each solar array is achieved. The theoretical presentation of this approach is shown along with simulation results that validates its effectiveness.

As research and development of renewable and clean energy based systems is advancing rapidly, the nonlinear source emulator (NSE) is becoming very essential for testing of maximum power point trackers or downstream converters. Renewable and clean energy sources play important roles in both terrestrial and nonterrestrial applications. However, most existing NSEs have only been concerned with simulating energy sources in terrestrial applications, which may not be fast enough for testing of nonterrestrial applications. In this paper, a high-bandwidth NSE is developed that is able to simulate the behaviors of a typical nonlinear source under different critical conditions that can happen during their operations. The proposed 200-W NSE, which consists of a fourth-order output filter buck converter and a novel nonlinear small-signal reference generator, can quickly react not only to an instantaneous change in the input source but also to a load step between nominal and open circuit. Moreover, all of these operation modes have a very fast settling time of only 10 μs, which is hundreds of times faster than that of existing works. This attribute allows for higher speed and a more efficient maximum power point tracking algorithm. The proposed NSE, therefore, offers a superior dynamic performance among devices of the same kind.

This study presents a transformerless topology for a grid-tied single-phase inverter capable of performing the simultaneous maximum power point tracking of two independent and series connected photovoltaic sources. This topology is derived from the neutral point clamped multilevel inverter in half-bridge configuration. The use of a half-bridge topology reduces the leakage current to very low values, whereas the multilevel topology presents an output voltage quality similar to that of a full-bridge inverter. To simultaneously track the maximum power of both photovoltaic sources, a generation control circuit is used. With this topology, it is possible to improve the performance of the converter under partial shadowing conditions, very common in photovoltaic facilities operating in residential areas. A 5 kW prototype of this topology has been implemented and tested in the laboratory.

A perturb and observe algorithm based on both the power-current characteristic of a photovoltaic (PV) panel and the sliding-mode control of the input inductor current of an associated converter is investigated in a static application. A single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) converter charging a battery from a PV generator illustrates the procedure whose effectiveness is proved with experimental results. The reported technique is appropriate for distributed maximum power point tracking of PV systems with output series connected DC-DC switching converters. In these systems, each converter is supplied by an independent PV panel at the input port whereas its output port is connected in series with the output ports of the other converters. The proposed converter interconnection is based on a transformer-less SEPIC because of the capability of this converter to step-up or step-down the input voltage. The resulting system allows maximum power extraction from each PV source even in cases of non-uniform irradiance. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (published version)

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms are an important part of photovoltaic systems, with a large amount of literature having been published on different approaches and comparisons. Yet there have been very few practical comparisons between the performances of different algorithms published. This work attempted to resolve this by designing and implementing a custom test system with high accuracy and speed to test algorithms in real time at update rates currently being used in industry. The outcome of the research showed difference in the PV modules tested was more significant than the expected difference between algorithms. However the complete test system performed to specification and is now repurposed for use in teaching and other research.

This study presents a transformerless topology for a grid-tied single-phase inverter capable of performing the simultaneous maximum power point tracking of two independent and series connected photovoltaic sources. This topology is derived from the neutral point clamped multilevel inverter in half-bridge configuration. The use of a half-bridge topology reduces the leakage current to very low values, whereas the multilevel topology presents an output voltage quality similar to that of a full-bridge inverter. To simultaneously track the maximum power of both photovoltaic sources, a generation control circuit is used. With this topology, it is possible to improve the performance of the converter under partial shadowing conditions, very common in photovoltaic facilities operating in residential areas. A 5 kW prototype of this topology has been implemented and tested in the laboratory.

A single-stage three-phase Photovoltaic (PV) in-verter guaranteeing Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and nearly unitary Power Factor (PF) in the connection to the Low Voltage (LV) grid, while acting as an Active Power Filter (APF), is developed in this paper. A Current Source Inverter (CSI) with an inductive DC link is used to connect the PV array to the grid, and the MPPT is achieved controlling directly the power in the DC link. Based on the power balance of the whole system, the grid current references are generated in a dq frame synchronized with the grid guaranteeing the mitigation of current harmonics produced by a non-linear load connected to the grid. Simulation results are presented to confirm the proper operation of the system., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

A single-stage three-phase Photovoltaic (PV) in-verter guaranteeing Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and nearly unitary Power Factor (PF) in the connection to the Low Voltage (LV) grid, while acting as an Active Power Filter (APF), is developed in this paper. A Current Source Inverter (CSI) with an inductive DC link is used to connect the PV array to the grid, and the MPPT is achieved controlling directly the power in the DC link. Based on the power balance of the whole system, the grid current references are generated in a dq frame synchronized with the grid guaranteeing the mitigation of current harmonics produced by a non-linear load connected to the grid. Simulation results are presented to confirm the proper operation of the system., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

During the last few years, there has been an increased attention paid on the developments of DC microgrids (DCMGs) and their applications. For economical and more flexible wind power generation, doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is regarded as a most commonly used generator in wind farms. This paper presents a configuration and operation method for a DCMG connected with DFIGs, in which the controller of the DFIG is designed for maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The generation of harmonics and their effects on the generator in this configuration are analyzed and a harmonic compensation method is proposed. Furthermore, the simulation results are presented to show that the DFIG can be operated effectively in DCMGs and harmonic currents can be reduced.

For solar and electric vehicles, a highly distributed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) scheme is preferred. A maximum power point (MPP) tracker has been previously presented for a single triple junction cell. The Texas Instruments MSP430 microprocessor, which is designed for 1.8 V applications, provides the tracking intelligence. However, the MPP cell voltages of other cell types under different environmental conditions may fall well below 1.8 V. This paper conducts a preliminary study of four maximum power point tracker designs for different cell types, which cover an input supply voltage range from 0.3 to 3.0 V. A comparison of the applications, the topologies and the costs of the four designs is summarised at the end of the paper.