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© 2018 Data from previous studies of patients with heart failure and coronary artery disease suggest that those with higher resting heart rates (HRs) have worse cardiovascular outcomes. We sought to evaluate whether HR immediately before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is an independent predictor for 30-day outcome. We analyzed the outcome of 3,720 patients who had HR recorded before PCI from the Melbourne Interventional Group registry. HR and outcomes were analyzed by quintiles, and secondarily by dichotomizing into <70 or =70 beats/min. Patients with cardiogenic shock, intra-aortic balloon pump or inotropic support, and out-of-hospital arrest were excluded. The mean ± SD HR was 70.9 ± 14.7 beats/min. HR by quintile was 55 ± 5, 64 ± 2, 70 ± 1, 77 ± 3, and 93 ± 13 beats/min, respectively. Patients with higher HR were more likely to be women, current smokers, have higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, recent heart failure, lower ejection fraction, and ST-elevation myocardial infarction as the indication for the PCI (all p =0.002). However, rates of treated hypertension, multivessel disease, previous myocardial infarction, PCI, and coronary bypass surgery were lower (all p =0.004). Increased HR was associated with higher 30-day mortality (p for trend = 0.04), target vessel revascularization (p for trend = 0.003), and 30-day major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (p for trend = 0.004). In a multivariable analysis, HR was an independent predictor of 30-day MACE (OR 1.21 per quintile; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06 to 1.39, p = 0.004). When dichotomized into <70 or =70 beats/min, HR independently predicted both 30-day MACE (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.08 to 2.36, p = 0.02) and 30-day mortality (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.10 to 7.08, p = 0.03). In conclusion, HR immediately before PCI is an independent predictor of adverse 30-day cardiovascular outcomes.

Objectives: To evaluate outcomes of patients undergoing rotational atherectomy (RA) in a multicenter percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) registry. Background: RA remains an important technique for plaque modification in PCI, particularly with complex calcification. Methods: The study population consisted of consecutive patients undergoing PCI in nine major Australian hospitals, who were treated over an 8-year period (June 2004 to June 2012). Results: Of 16,577 PCI's, 1.0% of patients n=167 (214 lesions) underwent RA. Patients undergoing RA were more likely to be older (71.0±9.7 vs. 64.4 ±11.9 years, P<0.01), with greater incidence of diabetes (37.7% vs. 23.8%, P<0.01) and renal impairment. There was no significant difference in procedural success (94.6% vs. 95.5%, P=0.57), dissection (6.1% vs. 4.8%, P=0.39), transient no reflow (4.4% vs. 2.8%, P=0.23), or persistent no reflow (0% RA vs. 0.7% non-RA, P=0.23). Those undergoing RA had a low but increased risk of death at 12 months (6.6 vs. 3.6%, P=0.04). There was no significant difference in 12 month major adverse cardiovascular outcomes (MACE) between groups following adjustment for univariate predictors (OR 1.00, 95%CI; 0.93-1.08). Additionally, there was no significant difference in 30-day MACE (6.0% vs. 5.1%, P=0.62) or 30-day mortality (2.4% vs. 1.8%, P=0.54) between groups. Conclusions: In this large multicenter registry, RA continues to be used to treat complex lesions with low procedural complications and MACE rates. It is essential for interventional cardiologists to maintain skills in RA to enable effective percutaneous treatment of certain complex lesions.

Despite the guidelines, a "treatment gap" exists in the delivery of pharmacotherapy for secondary prevention. We aimed to analyze the trend in guideline-based medication usage following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using the Melbourne Interventional Group (MIG) registry over a 6-year period (2005-2010).

Aims: Despite the guidelines, a "treatment gap" exists in the delivery of pharmacotherapy for secondary prevention. We aimed to analyze the trend in guideline-based medication usage following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using the Melbourne Interventional Group (MIG) registry over a 6-year period (2005-2010). Methods: The MIG registry prospectively collects demographical, clinical, and procedural characteristics of consecutive patients undergoing PCI. We assessed medication use (aspirin, clopidogrel, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, and lipid-lowering agents) at 30 days and 12 months in patients alive and able to provide the information. Results: The cohort consists of 12,813 patients who underwent 14,787 consecutive interventional procedures. They comprised 76% males: 22% were elderly (=75 years), 23% had diabetes, 2% had severe renal impairment, 2% had severe left ventricular dysfunction, 26% presented with STEMI, and 44% of patients received drug-eluting stent. Follow-up was complete for 97.8% of the cohort at 30 days (2.2% mortality) and 89.1% at 12 months (4% mortality). From 2005 to 2010, the percentage of patients taking all five classes of medications increased each year. In 2010 at 30 days, nearly 60% of patients took all five classes of medications, and by 12 months, 75% of patients were taking four or five classes of medications. Conclusion: In conclusion, while the increasing use of cardiovascular medicines in an "at-risk" Australian cohort is encouraging, a treatment gap appears to still exist.

Background: Guidelines for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction include a door-to-balloon time (DTBT) of =90min for primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess temporal trends (2006-2010) in DTBT and determine if a reduction in DTBT was associated with improved clinical outcomes. Methods: We compared annual median DTBT in 1926 STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention from the Melbourne Interventional Group registry. ST-elevation myocardial infarction presenting >12h and rescue percutaneous coronary intervention was excluded. Major adverse cardiac events were analysed according to DTBT (dichotomised as =90min vs >90min). A multivariable analysis for predictors of mortality (including DTBT) was performed. Results: Baseline demographics, clinical and procedural characteristics were similar in the STEMI cohort across the 5 years, apart from an increase in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (3.6% in 2006 vs 9.4% in 2010, P < 0.0001) and cardiogenic shock (7.7-9.6%, P = 0.07). The median DTBT (interquartile range) was reduced from 95 (74-130) min in 2006 to 75 (51-100) min in 2010 (P < 0.01). In this period, the proportion of patients achieving a DTBT of =90min increased from 45% to 67% (P < 0.01). Lower mortality and major adverse cardiac event rates were observed with DTBT =90min (all P < 0.01). Multivariable analysis showed that a DTBT of =90min was associated with improved clinical outcomes at 12 months (odds ratio 0.48; 95% confidence interval 0.33-0.73, P < 0.01). Conclusion: There has been a decline in median DTBT in the Melbourne Interventional Group registry over 5 years. DTBT of =90min is associated with improved clinical outcomes at 12 months. © 2014 Royal Australasian College of Physicians.

The aim was to examine timing, causes, and predictors of death during long-term follow-up after contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using a large multicenter Australian registry. The cohort consisted of 10,682 consecutive patients from the Melbourne Interventional Group registry undergoing PCI (February 2004 through November 2009). For the first time in Australia, long-term mortality rates of a PCI cohort were defined by linkage to the National Death Index database. The cohort (mean age 64 ± 12 years) comprised 75% men, 24% diabetics, 59% with multivessel disease, 4.4% with renal failure, 25% with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 2.5% with cardiogenic shock, and 5.1% with heart failure. Drug-eluting stents (DES) were used in 43% of cases. Mean follow-up was 3.2 ± 0.5 years. In-hospital, 30-day, 12-month, and long-term (3.2 ± 0.5 years) mortalities were 1.6% (80% cardiac), 2.1% (79%), 3.9% (61%), and 8.2% (50%), respectively. Independent predictors of long-term mortality included age (hazard ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.06), cardiogenic shock (4.58, 3.60 to 5.83), renal failure (3.14, 2.58 to 3.82), previous heart failure (1.97, 1.60 to 2.41), STEMI (1.79, 1.47 to 2.18), peripheral vascular disease (1.72, 1.4 to 2.11), non-STEMI (1.58, 1.32 to 1.90), multivessel disease (1.47, 1.24 to 1.74), current smoking (1.39, 1.12 to 1.71), diabetes (1.36, 1.16 to 1.59), and cerebrovascular disease (1.33, 1.06 to 1.60, p <0.01 for all comparisons). DES deployment appeared protective against late mortality (hazard ratio 0.85, 0.73 to 0.99, p = 0.04); however, after 30 days, there was no difference in mortality rates between those who received a bare metal stent and those who received a DES. In conclusion, different clinical variables such as renal and heart failure predicted long-term mortality after PCI, whereas DES use in this large registry was not associated with late mortality risk. © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Objective: To evaluate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) practice trends and 12-month outcomes in Australia in the era of drug-eluting stents (DES). Design, setting and patients: Prospective study of consecutive patients undergoing 9204 PCIs between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2008 at seven Victorian public hospitals. Main outcome measures: Temporal trends in baseline characteristics and in-hospital and 12-month clinical outcomes including death, myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel revascularisation (TVR) and composite major adverse cardiac events (MACE), from year to year. Results: Between 2004-2005 and 2007-2008, the mean age of patients undergoing PCI was stable (65 ±12 years), and comorbidities such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, peripheral arterial disease and stroke increased (P<0.05). There were fewer elective and more urgent PCIs, especially for MI < 24 hours (17.6% in 2004-2005 to 27.2% in 2007- 2008, P < 0.01). Overall stent use remained high (mean, 94.6%), but use of DES declined steadily (53.9% in 2004-2005 to 32.0% in 2007-2008, P < 0.01), despite increases in complex lesions. Planned clopidogrel therapy of = 12 months after insertion of DES increased from 54.7% in 2004-2005 to 98.0% in 2007-2008 (P < 0.01). The overall procedural success rate was high (mean, 95.9%), and 12-month rates of mortality (3.8%), MI (4.8%), TVR (6.8%) and stent thrombosis (1.8%) remained low. Selective use of DES was an independent predictor of freedom from MACE at 12 months (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.56-0.81). Conclusions: Use of DES declined steadily from 2004-2005 to 2007-2008, despite increasing patient risk profile and lesion complexity. Procedural success remained high and 12-month adverse outcomes remained low, with increasing use of prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy.

Background: Ostial lesions are a difficult subset associated with suboptimal outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The aim of this study was to analyze outcomes of ostial lesions in contemporary Australian interventional practice. Methods: The study population comprised 1,713 consecutive patients who underwent PCI for proximal lesions of the left anterior descending, left circumflex, and right coronary arteries, who were prospectively enrolled in the Melbourne Interventional Group Registry (February 2004-December 2006). We compared the in-hospital, 30-day, and 1-year outcomes of the 109 patients undergoing PCI for ostial, with the 1,604 patients with proximal nonostial lesions. Left main and bifurcation lesions were excluded. Results: Patients in the ostial group were older (mean age 68.8 ± 11 vs. 64.9 ± 12 years; P = 0.001), and there was a greater proportion of women (38.5% vs. 28.0%; P = 0.021). Other clinical characteristics were similar. The nonostial group were more likely receive a stent (94.6% vs. 87.2%; P = 0.005) but drug-eluting stents (DES) were deployed more often in the ostial group (47.9% vs. 66.1%; P < 0.0001). There was lower procedural success, with no significant difference in in-hospital death, bleeding or emergency PCI, but unplanned in-hospital coronary artery bypass grafting was more frequent in the ostial group (4.8% vs. 1.0%; P = 0.007). There was no difference in 30-day major adverse cardiac events. However, 12-month death (8.8% vs. 4%, log rank P = 0.032) and MACE (24.2% vs. 13.8%, log rank P = 0.005) were higher in the ostial group than the nonostial group with trends to increased incidence of myocardial infarction (6.6% vs. 4.7%, P = NS), and target vessel revascularization (13.2% vs. 7.9%, P = NS). Conclusion: In contemporary, Australian interventional practice, PCI for ostial lesions is associated with a high incidence of adverse outcome at one year despite the introduction of DES. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.