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Pasteurized donor human milk is provided by milk banks to very preterm babies where their maternal supply is insufficient or unavailable. Donor milk is currently processed by Holder pasteurization, producing a microbiologically safe product but significantly reducing immunoprotective components. Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation at 254 nm is being investigated as an alternative treatment method and has been shown to preserve components such as lactoferrin, lysozyme and secretory IgA considerably better than Holder pasteurization. We describe the inactivation of cytomegalovirus, a virus commonly excreted into breast milk, using UV-C irradiation. Full replication was ablated by various treatment doses. However, evidence of viral immediate early proteins within the cells was never completely eliminated indicating that some viral gene transcription was still occurring. In conclusion, UV-C may be a safe alternative to pasteurisation for the treatment of human donor milk that preserves the bioactivity. However, our data suggests that CMV inactivation will have to be carefully evaluated for each device designed to treat breast milk using UV-C irradiation.

Pasteurized donor human milk is provided by milk banks to very preterm babies where their maternal supply is insufficient or unavailable. Donor milk is currently processed by Holder pasteurization, producing a microbiologically safe product but significantly reducing immunoprotective components. Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation at 254 nm is being investigated as an alternative treatment method and has been shown to preserve components such as lactoferrin, lysozyme and secretory IgA considerably better than Holder pasteurization. We describe the inactivation of cytomegalovirus, a virus commonly excreted into breast milk, using UV-C irradiation. Full replication was ablated by various treatment doses. However, evidence of viral immediate early proteins within the cells was never completely eliminated indicating that some viral gene transcription was still occurring. In conclusion, UV-C may be a safe alternative to pasteurisation for the treatment of human donor milk that preserves the bioactivity. However, our data suggests that CMV inactivation will have to be carefully evaluated for each device designed to treat breast milk using UV-C irradiation.

Waters, S., Lee, S., Lloyd, M., Irish, A., & Price, P. (2019). The detection of CMV in saliva can mark a systemic infection with CMV in renal transplant recipients. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(20). Available here.

Almutawif, Y., Hartmann, B., Lloyd, M., Erber, W., & Geddes, D. (2017). A retrospective audit of bacterial culture results of donated human milk in Perth, Western Australia. Early Human Development, 105, 1-6. Available here

Lloyd, M. L., Malacova, E., Hartmann, B., & Simmer, K. (2019). A clinical audit of the growth of preterm infants fed predominantly pasteurised donor human milk v. those fed mother’s own milk in the neonatal intensive care unit. British Journal of Nutrition, 121(9), 1018-1025. Available here

Almutawif, Y., Hartmann, B., Lloyd, M., Lai, C. T., Rea, A., & Geddes, D. (2019). Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin production in raw, Holder-Pasteurized, and ultraviolet-C-treated donated human milk. Breastfeeding Medicine, 14(4), 262-270. Available here

Wang, J. T., Huston, W. M., Johanesen, P., Lloyd, M., & Waller, K. L. (2018). A laboratory competency examination in microbiology. FEMS microbiology letters, 365(20), fny224. Available here

Almutawif, Y., Hartmann, B., Lloyd, M., Lai, C. T., Rea, A., & Geddes, D. (2019). Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin production in raw and pasteurized milk: The effect of selected different storage durations and temperatures. Breastfeeding Medicine, 14(4). Available here

Lloyd, M. L., Hod, N., Jayaraman, J., Marchant, E. A., Christen, L., Chiang, P., . . . Simmer, K. (2016). Inactivation of Cytomegalovirus in Breast Milk Using Ultraviolet-C Irradiation: Opportunities for a New Treatment Option in Breast Milk Banking. PLoS ONE, 11(8), e0161116. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161116. Available here.

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