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Ever since the vision was formulated, the Semantic Web has inspired many generations of innovations. Semantic technologies have been used to share vast amounts of information on the Web, enhance them with semantics to give them meaning, and enable inference and reasoning on them. Throughout the years, semantic technologies, and in particular knowledge graphs, have been used in search engines, data integration, enterprise settings, and machine learning. In this paper, we recap the classical concepts and foundations of the Semantic Web as well as modern and recent concepts and applications, building upon these foundations. The classical topics we cover include knowledge representation, creating and validating knowledge on the Web, reasoning and linking, and distributed querying. We enhance this classical view of the so-called "Semantic Web Layer Cake" with an update of recent concepts that include provenance, security and trust, as well as a discussion of practical impacts from industry-led contributions. We conclude with an outlook on the future directions of the Semantic Web. This is a living document. If you like to contribute, please contact the first author and visit: https://github.com/ascherp/semantic-web-primer

The Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra’s New Year’s Concert is an annual, live-broadcast New Year’s Day staple for a vast international audience, with an alternating line-up of star conductors and an ever-changing repertoire that incorporates the same favourites – most notably, the Blue Danube Waltz and the Radetzky March – year after year. We are gathering, digitizing, and aligning the concert recordings of this series with audio features, score encodings, records of historical discourse, and other ephemera, interconnecting this multimodal music information and making it available as a digital corpus of linked open data following the principles of Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) research data management. Here, we raise musicological research questions motivating our work; describe the approach to assembling our corpus and developing associated editorial and analytical tooling, building on and extending recently established semantic music information workflows; and, provide insight into ongoing digital musicology research incorporating this data. Our work is motivated both by the pursuit of our own research interests in musicology and performance science, but also by a desire to provide a useful and reusable dataset for the wider digital music research community, bringing publication practices between these fields into further dialogue.

BiCIKL (Biodiversity Community Integrated Knowledge Library) is a European Union (EU) Horizon 2020 project (2021–2024) building a new community of research infrastructures (RIs), researchers and other stakeholders, through improved access to interlinked, open and FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) biodiversity data along the biodiversity research cycle (specimens, sequences, taxon names, publications) (Penev et al. 2022). The project’s 14 partners developed or substantially improved 16 tools and services currently in process of onboarding to the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC), presented in the FAIR Data Place (FDP) of BiCIKL’s flagship product, the Biodiversity Knowledge Hub (BKH). The tools and data were used in Open Call projects, performed by research groups worldwide. A key achievement of BiCIKL is the establishment of several new bi-directional links between the participating RIs through shared and interoperable data standards and web services. The sustainability of the BiCIKL services and especially of the strong collaborative spirit developed through the project will be ensured by a membership agreement for the BKH maintenance and further development. The results of BiCIKL are diverse and tackle various aspects of the implementation of open science practices in biodiversity research. The project partners and external collaborators from the Open Call projects published more than 80 papers and conference abstracts (see the article collections in Penev et al. 2022a and Thessen et al. 2023), two policy briefs (Penev et al. 2024, Agosti et al. 2024), three Biodiversity Information Science (TDWG) symposia (2021, 2023, 2024), several videos and factsheets and other training materials, guidelines and best practice recommendations, and so on. In the special focus of BiCIKL was the extraction and liberation of data from the PDFs of several thousands of published biodiversity articles making it accessible and re-usable. The new BiCIKL community pro

Web resources in linked open data (LOD) are comprehensible to humans through literal textual values attached to them, such as labels, notes, or comments. Word choices in literals may not always be neutral. When culturally stereotyping terminology is used in literals, they may appear as offensive to users in interfaces and propagate stereotypes to algorithms trained on them. We study how frequently and in which literals contentious terms about people and cultures occur in LOD and whether there are attempts to mark the usage of such terms. For our analysis, we reuse English and Dutch terms from a knowledge graph that provides opinions of experts from the cultural heritage domain about terms' contentiousness. We inspect occurrences of these terms in four widely used datasets: Wikidata, The Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus, Princeton WordNet, and Open Dutch WordNet. Some terms are ambiguous and contentious only in particular senses. Applying word sense disambiguation, we generate a set of literals relevant to our analysis. We found that contentious terms frequently appear in descriptive and labelling literals, such as preferred labels that are usually displayed in interfaces and used for indexing. In some cases, LOD contributors mark contentious terms with words and phrases in literals (implicit markers) or properties linked to resources (explicit markers). However, such marking is rare and non-consistent in all datasets. Our quantitative and qualitative insights could be helpful in developing more systematic approaches to address the propagation of stereotypes via LOD.

Cultural heritage collections available as linked open data (LOD) may contain harmful stereotypes about people and cultures, for example, in outdated textual descriptions of objects. Galleries, libraries, archives, and museums (GLAM) have suggested various approaches to tackle potentially problematic content in digital collections. However, the domain expertise and discussions about words and phrases used in LOD-collections are scattered across different resources and detached from the collections themselves. In this paper, we capture domain expertise about English and Dutch contentious heritage terminology in a knowledge graph. Contentious terms in the resulting graph are then linked to entities from other LOD-resources used in the cultural domain and beyond, including Wikidata and WordNet. We make our design decisions explicit and report on the linking process. The developed knowledge graph makes expert knowledge interoperable, so it can be reused by the cultural heritage community and other LOD-developers to contribute to a more inclusive representation of cultural heritage on the Web.

The PIM in LOD project aimed to publish the "Repertorio della Poesia Italiana in Musica, 1500-1700" (RePIM) as Linked Open Data (LOD) dataset. For the extent and detail of its contents, RePIM is a reference archive for research on Italian secular music from the 16th-17th centuries. In recent years, scholars have been able to access it through a public web-based application. Due to the obsolescence of its information technology platform, the RePIM repository was set to be taken offline. To preserve this precious source, the project migrated its contents into a knowledge base (KB) adopting semantic technologies and designed an up-to-date end-user application. The paper illustrates the challenges of managing information about madrigal tradition and the digital knowledge preservation of bibliographic and philological information in the field of Italian secular music and lyric poetry of the 16th-17th centuries.

The research starts from some questions left open by a previous study, which had demonstrated the possibility of creating in an automated way the class numbers of the Colon Classification of some works of Italian literature. The article examines the entire process of creating book numbers - an additional part to the class number envisaged by the Colon Classification - starting from the extraction of the necessary data from the Primo catalogue of the University of Udine and, by means of SPARQL queries, from the endpoint of data.bnf. fr. It is then shown how, through the use of the OpenRefine software, the data were organised and the notation of the publications examined was created. The research thus confirmed the possibility of automated or semi-automated creation of class numbers for works and demonstrated the feasibility of creating book numbers.

GLAM organisations have been exploring the benefits of publishing their digital collections in a wide variety of forms since the 2000s. Many institutions, and in particular libraries, have applied the Semantic Web and Linked Data to their main catalogues. Recent advances in technology and innovative approaches concerning the reuse of the digital collections by means of computational access have paved the way for the creation of laboratories within GLAM organisations. In this work, we present a framework that works in several steps to transform into linked open data (LOD), assess and enrich with external repositories the data sets made available by GLAM organisations under open licences. The framework has been applied to three metadata data sets made available by the Data Foundry at the National Library of Scotland obtaining as a result a collection of LOD repositories, a data quality assessment and examples of exploration. The results of this work are publicly available and can be applied to other domains such as digital humanities and data science.

In recent years, cultural heritage institutions have been exploring the benefits of applying Linked Open Data to their catalogs and digital materials. Innovative and creative methods have emerged to publish and reuse digital contents to promote computational access, such as the concepts of Labs and Collections as Data. Data quality has become a requirement for researchers and training methods based on artificial intelligence and machine learning. This article explores how the quality of Linked Open Data made available by cultural heritage institutions can be automatically assessed. The results obtained can be useful for other institutions who wish to publish and assess their collections.

Cultural Heritage institutions have been exploring new ways of making available their catalogues in digital format. Recently, new approaches have emerged as methods to reuse and make available the contents for computational purposes. This work introduces a methodology to transform digital collections into Linked Open Data following best practices. The framework has been applied to Indigenous and Spanish colonial archives based on the collection Relaciones Geográficas of Mexico and Guatemala provided by the LLILAS Benson Latin American Studies and Collections. The results of this work are publicly available. This work aims at encouraging Cultural Heritage institutions to publish and reuse their digital collections using advanced methods and techniques.

The study of medieval and early modern geographic space, literary cartography, and spatial thinking at a time of rapid digitization in the Humanities offers new ways to investigate spatial knowledge and world perceptions in pre-modern societies. Digitization of cultural heritage collections, open source databases, and interactive resources utilizing a rich variety of source materials—place names, early modern cadastral maps, medieval literature and art, Viking Age and medieval runic inscriptions—provides opportunities to re-think traditional lines of research on spatiality and worldviews, encourage innovation in methodology, and engage critically with digital outcomes. In this book, Nordic scholars of philology, onomastics, history, geography, literary studies, and digital humanities examine multiple aspects of ten large- and small-scale digital spatial infrastructures from the early stages of development to the practical applications of digital tools for studying spatial thinking and knowledge in pre-modern sources and societies.

The study of medieval and early modern geographic space, literary cartography, and spatial thinking at a time of rapid digitization in the Humanities offers new ways to investigate spatial knowledge and world perceptions in pre-modern societies. Digitization of cultural heritage collections, open source databases, and interactive resources utilizing a rich variety of source materials—place names, early modern cadastral maps, medieval literature and art, Viking Age and medieval runic inscriptions—provides opportunities to re-think traditional lines of research on spatiality and worldviews, encourage innovation in methodology, and engage critically with digital outcomes. In this book, Nordic scholars of philology, onomastics, history, geography, literary studies, and digital humanities examine multiple aspects of ten large- and small-scale digital spatial infrastructures from the early stages of development to the practical applications of digital tools for studying spatial thinking and knowledge in pre-modern sources and societies.

The study of medieval and early modern geographic space, literary cartography, and spatial thinking at a time of rapid digitization in the Humanities offers new ways to investigate spatial knowledge and world perceptions in pre-modern societies. Digitization of cultural heritage collections, open source databases, and interactive resources utilizing a rich variety of source materials—place names, early modern cadastral maps, medieval literature and art, Viking Age and medieval runic inscriptions—provides opportunities to re-think traditional lines of research on spatiality and worldviews, encourage innovation in methodology, and engage critically with digital outcomes. In this book, Nordic scholars of philology, onomastics, history, geography, literary studies, and digital humanities examine multiple aspects of ten large- and small-scale digital spatial infrastructures from the early stages of development to the practical applications of digital tools for studying spatial thinking and knowledge in pre-modern sources and societies.

Web resources in linked open data (LOD) are comprehensible to humans through literal textual values attached to them, such as labels, notes, or comments. Word choices in literals may not always be neutral. When outdated and culturally stereotyping terminology is used in literals, they may appear as offensive to users in interfaces and propagate stereotypes to algorithms trained on them. We study how frequently and in which literals contentious terms about people and cultures occur in LOD and whether there are attempts to mark the usage of such terms. For our analysis, we reuse English and Dutch terms from a knowledge graph that provides opinions of experts from the cultural heritage domain about terms' contentiousness. We inspect occurrences of these terms in four widely used datasets: Wikidata, The Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus, Princeton WordNet, and Open Dutch WordNet. Some terms are ambiguous and contentious only in particular senses. Applying word sense disambiguation, we generate a set of literals relevant to our analysis. We found that outdated, derogatory, stereotyping terms frequently appear in descriptive and labelling literals, such as preferred labels that are usually displayed in interfaces and used for indexing. In some cases, LOD contributors mark contentious terms with words and phrases in literals (implicit markers) or properties linked to resources (explicit markers). However, such marking is rare and non-consistent in all datasets. Our quantitative and qualitative insights could be helpful in developing more systematic approaches to address the propagation of stereotypes via LOD.

The study of medieval and early modern geographic space, literary cartography, and spatial thinking at a time of rapid digitization in the Humanities offers new ways to investigate spatial knowledge and world perceptions in pre-modern societies. Digitization of cultural heritage collections, open source databases, and interactive resources utilizing a rich variety of source materials—place names, early modern cadastral maps, medieval literature and art, Viking Age and medieval runic inscriptions—provides opportunities to re-think traditional lines of research on spatiality and worldviews, encourage innovation in methodology, and engage critically with digital outcomes. In this book, Nordic scholars of philology, onomastics, history, geography, literary studies, and digital humanities examine multiple aspects of ten large- and small-scale digital spatial infrastructures from the early stages of development to the practical applications of digital tools for studying spatial thinking and knowledge in pre-modern sources and societies.

This paper sets forth the relation established between two Digital Humanities projects: FactGrid, a database for Historians, and PhiloBiblon, a biobibliographical database created in the 1970s. The technical details of both projects are specified as well as their use of DH for development. In addition, it updates the steps that have been taken to integrate all PhiloBiblon data in the FactGrid environment. The future is attractive and promising for the relation between both HD projects., Se expone la relación establecida entre dos proyectos de Humanidades Digitales: FactGrid, una base de datos enlazados creada específicamente para contener datos históricos, y PhiloBiblon, una base de datos biobibliográfica creada en la década de 1970. Se especifican los detalles técnicos de ambos proyectos y cómo utilizan las HD para su desarrollo. Además, es una puesta al día de los pasos que se han dado para integrar todos los datos de PhiloBiblon sobre textos romances en el entorno FactGrid. El futuro es halagüeño y prometedor para la relación entre ambos proyectos de HD.

Cultural heritage collections available as linked open data (LOD) may contain harmful stereotypes about people and cultures, for example, in outdated textual descriptions of objects. Galleries, libraries, archives, and museums (GLAM) have suggested various approaches to tackle potentially problematic content in digital collections. However, the domain expertise and discussions about words and phrases used in LOD-collections are scattered across different resources and detached from the collections themselves. In this paper, we capture domain expertise about English and Dutch contentious heritage terminology in a knowledge graph. Contentious terms in the resulting graph are then linked to entities from other LOD-resources used in the cultural domain and beyond, including Wikidata and WordNet. We make our design decisions explicit and report on the linking process. The developed knowledge graph makes expert knowledge interoperable, so it can be reused by the cultural heritage community and other LOD-developers to contribute to a more inclusive representation of cultural heritage on the Web.

GLOBALISE is an innovative project that aims to open up the 'Transferred letters and papers' of the VOC to sophisticated new research methods. This archive set of more than 5 million handwritten pages covers almost the entire seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The documents contain a wealth of data crucial for understanding the maritime history of the Netherlands and for reconstructing the history of the vast area around the Indian Ocean and Indonesian archipelago where the VOC was active. Our poster shows how we process the VOC sources and furthermore show that the GLOBALISE infrastructure is also open to other collections of primary and secondary sources, which offer additional perspectives on the past.

The study of medieval and early modern geographic space, literary cartography, and spatial thinking at a time of rapid digitization in the Humanities offers new ways to investigate spatial knowledge and world perceptions in pre-modern societies. Digitization of cultural heritage collections, open source databases, and interactive resources utilizing a rich variety of source materials—place names, early modern cadastral maps, medieval literature and art, Viking Age and medieval runic inscriptions—provides opportunities to re-think traditional lines of research on spatiality and worldviews, encourage innovation in methodology, and engage critically with digital outcomes. In this book, Nordic scholars of philology, onomastics, history, geography, literary studies, and digital humanities examine multiple aspects of ten large- and small-scale digital spatial infrastructures from the early stages of development to the practical applications of digital tools for studying spatial thinking and knowledge in pre-modern sources and societies.

Cultural heritage collections available as linked open data (LOD) may contain harmful stereotypes about people and cultures, for example, in outdated textual descriptions of objects. Galleries, libraries, archives, and museums (GLAM) have suggested various approaches to tackle potentially problematic content in digital collections. However, the domain expertise and discussions about words and phrases used in LOD-collections are scattered across different resources and detached from the collections themselves. In this paper, we capture domain expertise about English and Dutch contentious heritage terminology in a knowledge graph. Contentious terms in the resulting graph are then linked to entities from other LOD-resources used in the cultural domain and beyond, including Wikidata and WordNet. We make our design decisions explicit and report on the linking process. The developed knowledge graph makes expert knowledge interoperable, so it can be reused by the cultural heritage community and other LOD-developers to contribute to a more inclusive representation of cultural heritage on the Web.

Cultural heritage collections available as linked open data (LOD) may contain harmful stereotypes about people and cultures, for example, in outdated textual descriptions of objects. Galleries, libraries, archives, and museums (GLAM) have suggested various approaches to tackle potentially problematic content in digital collections. However, the domain expertise and discussions about words and phrases used in LOD-collections are scattered across different resources and detached from the collections themselves. In this paper, we capture domain expertise about English and Dutch contentious heritage terminology in a knowledge graph. Contentious terms in the resulting graph are then linked to entities from other LOD-resources used in the cultural domain and beyond, including Wikidata and WordNet. We make our design decisions explicit and report on the linking process. The developed knowledge graph makes expert knowledge interoperable, so it can be reused by the cultural heritage community and other LOD-developers to contribute to a more inclusive representation of cultural heritage on the Web.

Die Autoren skizzieren, dass insbesondere lokales und regionales Wissen mit Wikis entsteht und dauerhaft bleibt – als Regionalia in globalen offenen Linkzusammenhängen. “Grass Root Open Access” bedeutet nicht nur, Publikationen auf selbst gezimmerte Art und Weise frei und unter offener Lizenz zu publizieren ("I have published my pdf under a cc license on my personal website”). “Grass Root Open Science” bedeutet auch, den Inhalt, die Daten und Bilder – das Wissen einer publizistischen Arbeit an sich frei, offen und reproduzierbar zu veröffentlichen. Am Beispiel der “Wikifizierung” einer gedruckten, heimatkundlichen Buchpublikation wird gezeigt, wie mit Graswurzelstrategien im Wikiversums Open Science entsteht. Wir skizzieren einen solchen Prozess als ‘linked open’: Methoden und Effekte regionaler Datenpflege als demokratisierende Praxis mittels Citizen Science, mit Blick auf Technologien und Gemeinschaften. Potentiell beeinflussen wir mit offenen, wiki-basierten und damit dezentralen Wissenssystemen die Kalkulation und Rentabilität öffentlicher und quasi-öffentlicher Investitionen in Bildungsressourcen, Informationsinfrastrukturen, Forschung und Entwicklung., The authors outline that local and regional knowledge in particular is created with wikis and remains permanent. "Grass Root Open Access" does not only mean publishing freely and under an open licence in a self-made way ("I have published my pdf under a cc license on my personal website"). "Grass Root Open Science" means publishing the content, data and images – the knowledge of the scientific work itself – freely, openly and reproducibly. Using the example of the "wikification" of a printed local history book publication, we show how grass root strategies in the Wikiverse can be used to create Open Science. We outline such a process 'linked open': Methods and effects of regional data creation as a democratizing practice with open wiki-based and thus decentralized knowledge systems, we potentially influence the calculation and profitability of public and quasi-public investments in educational resources, in information infrastructures, in research and development., Peer Reviewed

The problem of entity resolution is central in the field of Digital Humanities. It is also one of the major issues in the Golden Agents project, which aims at creating an infrastructure that enables researchers to search for patterns that span across decentralised knowledge graphs from cultural heritage institutes. To this end, we created a method to perform entity resolution on complex historical knowledge graphs. In previous work, we encoded and embedded the relevant (duplicate) entities in a vector space to derive similarities between them based on sharing a similar context in RDF graphs. In some cases, however, available domain knowledge or rational axioms can be applied to improve entity resolution performance. We show how domain knowledge and rational axioms relevant to the task at hand can be expressed as (probabilistic) rules, and how the information derived from rule application can be combined with quantitative information from the embedding. In this work, we perform our entity resolution method on two data sets. First, we apply it to a data set for which we have a detailed ground truth for validation. This experiment shows that the combination of embedding and the application of domain knowledge and rational axioms leads to improved resolution performance. Second, we perform a case study by applying our method to a larger data set for which there is no ground truth and where the outcome is subsequently validated by a domain expert. Results of this demonstrate that our method achieves a very high precision.

This work focuses on questions of knowledge organization related to literary fiction. How can LGBTQI fictional literature become more accessible to readers and scholars? The project Queerlit Metadata Development and Searchability for LGBTQI Literary Heritage addresses this question in two ways: by the development of a thesaurus for the description of Swedish LGBTQI literature, and by building a curated bibliographical database for this material with flexible search options. Despite the community and scholarly interest in LGBTQI literature, relevant LGBTQI literature is hard to find both for readers and researchers. Subject indexing is underdeveloped for this topic, and subject headings have been historically inadequate and offensive. The paper focuses on how LGBTQI literature can be made more easily accessible through subject indexing. This will make new research possible, such as gaining overviews of the development of specific themes over time, the presence of LGBTQI literature within or outside of the literary canon or in different genres and changing ideas and perceptions concerning sexualities and gender identities. It will also accommodate user’s needs of better access to LGBTQI themed fictional literature.

Öppen länkad data används i kulturarvssektorn för att strukturera och publicera data och metadata på nätet. Tekniken används för att förbättra interoperabilitet mellan separata system och för att möjliggöra nya typer av utforskande och upptäckande av kulturarv. Öppen länkad data kan implementeras på olika sätt och tidigare forskning visar att den mängd beslut som måste fattas ses som ett hinder för spridningen av tekniken. En brist på kunskap och expertis i sektorn har även identifierats genom tidigare studier. Denna studie har för avsikt att underlätta användandet av öppen länkad data i kulturarvssektorn genom att undersöka hur implementeringar framställs i dokumentation. Detta fokus kan sammanfattas genom följande forskningsfråga: Vilka aspekter av implementeringar av öppen länkad data i kulturarvssektorn förekommer i dokument? Studien använder en kvalitativ dokumentanalys genom vilken innehållet i relevanta dokument har kodats genom en induktiv metod. Det material som analyserats är dokument som är producerade i samband med fyra svenska kulturarvsprojekt som använder öppen länkad data. Genom analysen har 17 aspekter identifierats. Dessa aspekter är indelade i följande sju kategorier: Bakgrund, Data, Databehandlingsprocesser, Externa källor, Kulturarv, Publicerad data, och Resultat. Aspekterna och kategorierna har sammanställts i en konceptuell modell som visar hur implementeringar av öppen länkad data framställs i dokument. En analys av relationer mellan förekomsterna av aspekterna visar att modellering av data, databehandlingsprocesser, och typ av kulturarv framställs som de mest centrala aspekterna av implementeringar av öppen länkad data. Det faktum att databehandlingsprocesser inte kunde nyanseras ytterligare visar hur flexibel tekniken är och hur många beslut som måste fattas av de institutioner som implementerar öppen länkad data. Detta resultat stämmer överens med tidigare forskning., Linked open data is used in the cultural heritage sector to structure and publish data and metadata on the Web. The technology is used to improve interoperability between separate systems and to enable new forms of exploration and discovery of cultural heritage. Linked open data can be implemented in various ways, and research shows that the number of decisions that have to be made is seen as an obstacle in the diffusion of the technology. A lack of knowledge and expertise in the sector has also been identified through previous studies. The purpose of this study is to simplify the usage of linked open data in the cultural heritage sector by examining how implementations are expressed in documents. This focus can be summarized by the following research question: Which aspects of cultural heritage linked open data implementations are expressed in documents? This study employed a qualitative document analysis through which the content of relevant documents were coded through an inductive method. The analyzed material consisted of documents produced in relation to four Swedish cultural heritage projects which utilize linked open data. 17 aspects were identified through this analysis. These aspects were grouped into the following seven categories: Background, Cultural heritage, Data, Data processing methods, External sources, Outcomes, and Published data. The aspects and the categories were compiled in a conceptual model which displays how implementations of linked open data are expressed in documents. An analysis of the relations between the occurrences of the aspects showed that data modelling, data processing methods, and type of cultural heritage are perceived as the most central aspects of implementations of linked open data. The fact that data processing methods could not be split into multiple aspects shows how flexible the technology is. It also illustrates the many decisions that implementing institutions have to make. These results match results from previous

After a homage to Gemma Avenoza and a brief review of the technological changes in PhiloBiblon since 1987, there follows a description of the current project, “PhiloBiblon: From Siloed Databases to Linked Open Data via Wikibase: Proof of Concept”. The current rigid structure, with its ten relational tables and almost 1,300 data fields, is abandoned in favor of a much more flexible structure of “triples,” records based on a series of statements of the type Entity + Property + Entity, using the system of Wikidata, in which two entities Q are linked by a property P, e.g., Santillana (Q2877) writes (P50) the “Comedieta de Ponza” (Q390408).

After a brief review of the technological changes in PhiloBiblon since 1987, there follows a description of the current project, "PhiloBiblon: From Siloed Databases to Linked Open Data via Wikibase: Proof of Concept". The current rigid structure, with its ten relational tables and almost 1,300 data fields, is abandoned in favor of a much more flexible structure of “triples,” records based on a series of statements of the type Entity + Property + Entity, using the system of Wikidata, in which two entities Q are linked by a property P, e.g., Santillana (Q2877) writes (P50) the “Comedieta de Ponza” (Q390408).

The RESTORE project (smaRt accESs TO digital heRitage and mEmory) started in June 2020 with a duration of 2 years. The project consortium, coordinated by the Istituto Opera del Vocabolario Italiano - CNR (National Research Council of Italy), includes the State Archives and the Museum of Palazzo Pretorio in Prato, the Archival and Bibliographic Superintendency of Tuscany as well as the SPACE SpA company. The project - co-financed by the Region of Tuscany - has as its main purpose the recovery, integration and accessibility of data and digital objects produced in the last twenty years by its partners, in order to build a knowledge base with information on the history of the city and of its institutions, on the development of its economic and entrepreneurial system, and on the role of women in the development of a welfare state and network. Starting from the figure of the merchant Francesco di Marco Datini, his family and his entourage, and broadening the focus from the local dimension it will be possible to reconstruct a significant part of the history of European and Mediterranean cities of the 14th century, including commercial and economical aspects. This paper presents a focused overview on the mapping of the archival and museum digital resources provided by the partners (encoded with different standards, such as: EAD, EAC-CPF, TEI, ICCD etc.) to the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model, the ontology chosen within the RESTORE project as the “common language” for semantic data integration. The landscape for the scientific and infrastructural development of the project’s activities consists in the collaboration (via the CNR- OVI) with some key players in the EU RIs environment, such as DARIAH-ERIC (ESFRI Landmark for the Humanities and Social Sciences) and E-RIHS (ESFRI project for the Heritage Science), as well as other actors within the EOSC Framework.

This paper presents the vision of aggregating, harmonizing, and publishing letter catalog metadata (information e.g. of senders, receivers and datings of letters) from cultural heritage (CH) institutions in Finland as a single reconciled Linked Open Data (LOD) service and a semantic portal providing data analytical tools for researchers. The research is conducted as part of the consortium research project Constellations of Correspondence (CoCo). The target of the project is to study – for the first time – scattered, heterogeneous epistolary metadata regarding the period of the Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917) as one, integrated dataset and make it interoperable and available. This will enable scholars to ask ambitious research questions in the field of computer science and to conduct empirical, bottom-up case studies e.g. on epistolary culture, communicative networks, and heritagization processes. This paper discusses one of the first datasets acquired by the project, the letter collection of the Board of the Finnish Art Society (1846–1901), provided by the Finnish National Gallery, which contains details of c. 1150 letters sent or received by c. 400 actors.

This paper presents the vision of aggregating, harmonizing, and publishing letter catalog metadata (information e.g. of senders, receivers and datings of letters) from cultural heritage (CH) institutions in Finland as a single reconciled Linked Open Data (LOD) service and a semantic portal providing data analytical tools for researchers. The research is conducted as part of the consortium research project Constellations of Correspondence (CoCo). The target of the project is to study – for the first time – scattered, heterogeneous epistolary metadata regarding the period of the Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917) as one, integrated dataset and make it interoperable and available. This will enable scholars to ask ambitious research questions in the field of computer science and to conduct empirical, bottom-up case studies e.g. on epistolary culture, communicative networks, and heritagization processes. This paper discusses one of the first datasets acquired by the project, the letter collection of the Board of the Finnish Art Society (1846–1901), provided by the Finnish National Gallery, which contains details of c. 1150 letters sent or received by c. 400 actors.

This paper presents the vision of aggregating, harmonizing, and publishing letter catalog metadata (information e.g. of senders, receivers and datings of letters) from cultural heritage (CH) institutions in Finland as a single reconciled Linked Open Data (LOD) service and a semantic portal providing data analytical tools for researchers. The research is conducted as part of the consortium research project Constellations of Correspondence (CoCo). The target of the project is to study – for the first time – scattered, heterogeneous epistolary metadata regarding the period of the Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917) as one, integrated dataset and make it interoperable and available. This will enable scholars to ask ambitious research questions in the field of computer science and to conduct empirical, bottom-up case studies e.g. on epistolary culture, communicative networks, and heritagization processes. This paper discusses one of the first datasets acquired by the project, the letter collection of the Board of the Finnish Art Society (1846–1901), provided by the Finnish National Gallery, which contains details of c. 1150 letters sent or received by c. 400 actors.

This work focuses on questions of knowledge organization related to literary fiction. How can LGBTQI fictional literature become more accessible to readers and scholars? The project Queerlit Metadata Development and Searchability for LGBTQI Literary Heritage addresses this question in two ways: by the development of a thesaurus for the description of Swedish LGBTQI literature, and by building a curated bibliographical database for this material with flexible search options. Despite the community and scholarly interest in LGBTQI literature, relevant LGBTQI literature is hard to find both for readers and researchers. Subject indexing is underdeveloped for this topic, and subject headings have been historically inadequate and offensive. The paper focuses on how LGBTQI literature can be made more easily accessible through subject indexing. This will make new research possible, such as gaining overviews of the development of specific themes over time, the presence of LGBTQI literature within or outside of the literary canon or in different genres and changing ideas and perceptions concerning sexualities and gender identities. It will also accommodate user’s needs of better access to LGBTQI themed fictional literature.

The continuous growth of available data on the World Wide Web has led to an unprecedented amount of available information. However, the enormous variance in data quality and trustworthiness of information sources impairs the great potential of the large amount of vacant information. This observation especially applies to geographic information on the Web, i.e., information describing entities that are located on the Earth’s surface. With the advent of mobile devices, the impact of geographic Web information on our everyday life has substantially grown. The mobile devices have also enabled the creation of novel data sources such as OpenStreetMap (OSM), a collaborative crowd-sourced map providing open cartographic information. Today, we use geographic information in many applications, including routing, location recommendation, or geographic question answering. The processing of geographic Web information yields unique challenges. First, the descriptions of geographic entities on the Web are typically not validated. Since not all Web information sources are trustworthy, the correctness of some geographic Web entities is questionable. Second, geographic information sources on the Web are typically isolated from each other. The missing integration of information sources hinders the efficient use of geographic Web information for many applications. Third, the description of geographic entities is typically incomplete. Depending on the application, missing information is a decisive criterion for (not) using a particular data source. Due to the large scale of the Web, the manual correction of these problems is usually not feasible such that automated approaches are required. In this thesis, we tackle these challenges from three different angles. (i) Validation of geographic Web information: We validate geographic Web information by detecting vandalism in OpenStreetMap, for instance, the replacement of a street name with advertisement. To this end, we present the OVID model, Durch die kontinuierliche Zunahme verfügbarer Daten im World Wide Web, besteht heute eine noch nie da gewesene Menge verfügbarer Informationen. Das große Potential dieser Daten wird jedoch durch hohe Schwankungen in der Datenqualität und in der Vertrauenswürdigkeit der Datenquellen geschmälert. Dies kann vor allem am Beispiel von geografischen Web-Informationen beobachtet werden. Geografische Web-Informationen sind Informationen über Entitäten, die über Koordinaten auf der Erdoberfläche verfügen. Die Relevanz von geografischen Web-Informationen für den Alltag ist durch die Verbreitung von internetfähigen, mobilen Endgeräten, zum Beispiel Smartphones, extrem gestiegen. Weiterhin hat die Verfügbarkeit der mobilen Endgeräte auch zur Erstellung neuartiger Datenquellen wie OpenStreetMap (OSM) geführt. OSM ist eine offene, kollaborative Webkarte, die von Freiwilligen dezentral erstellt wird. Mittlerweile ist die Nutzung geografischer Informationen die Grundlage für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungen, wie zum Beispiel Navigation, Reiseempfehlungen oder geografische Frage-Antwort-Systeme. Bei der Verarbeitung geografischer Web-Informationen müssen einzigartige Herausforderungen berücksichtigt werden. Erstens werden die Beschreibungen geografischer Web-Entitäten typischerweise nicht validiert. Da nicht alle Informationsquellen im Web vertrauenswürdig sind, ist die Korrektheit der Darstellung mancher Web-Entitäten fragwürdig. Zweitens sind Informationsquellen im Web oft voneinander isoliert. Die fehlende Integration von Informationsquellen erschwert die effektive Nutzung von geografischen Web-Information in vielen Anwendungsfällen. Drittens sind die Beschreibungen von geografischen Entitäten typischerweise unvollständig. Je nach Anwendung kann das Fehlen von bestimmten Informationen ein entscheidendes Kriterium für die Nutzung einer Datenquelle sein. Da die Größe des Webs eine manuelle Behebung dieser Probleme nicht zulässt, sind automatisierte Verfahren notwendig. In dieser Arbei

Linking, Building and Sustaining Humanities Digital Spatial Infrastructures for Research in the Nordic Countries

This paper presents the vision of aggregating, harmonizing, and publishing letter catalog metadata (information e.g. of senders, receivers and datings of letters) from cultural heritage (CH) institutions in Finland as a single reconciled Linked Open Data (LOD) service and a semantic portal providing data analytical tools for researchers. The research is conducted as part of the consortium research project Constellations of Correspondence (CoCo). The target of the project is to study – for the first time – scattered, heterogeneous epistolary metadata regarding the period of the Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917) as one, integrated dataset and make it interoperable and available. This will enable scholars to ask ambitious research questions in the field of computer science and to conduct empirical, bottom-up case studies e.g. on epistolary culture, communicative networks, and heritagization processes. This paper discusses one of the first datasets acquired by the project, the letter collection of the Board of the Finnish Art Society (1846–1901), provided by the Finnish National Gallery, which contains details of c. 1150 letters sent or received by c. 400 actors.

This papers presents a workflow on how to link, retrieve and create data for historical research in a Linked Data format. Through this workflow, one can create a ’web of data’ that contains a representation of all the things that are relevant to a particular history research project. For example, the workflow can accommodate publications and archival sources (linked to online catalogues or retrieved from data set providers and registered in Zotero, Tropy and Recogito) and organizations, persons and songs (created with CoW and burgerLinker). As an example a 19th century labour history project is presented on the development of collective action among print labourers. While describing the workflow, the paper advocates the use of Linked Data and investigates how well tools are equipped to realize interoperable data with this technique, using the three Linked Data principles introduced by Tim Berners-Lee in 2009.

Öppen länkad data används i kulturarvssektorn för att strukturera och publicera data och metadata på nätet. Tekniken används för att förbättra interoperabilitet mellan separata system och för att möjliggöra nya typer av utforskande och upptäckande av kulturarv. Öppen länkad data kan implementeras på olika sätt och tidigare forskning visar att den mängd beslut som måste fattas ses som ett hinder för spridningen av tekniken. En brist på kunskap och expertis i sektorn har även identifierats genom tidigare studier. Denna studie har för avsikt att underlätta användandet av öppen länkad data i kulturarvssektorn genom att undersöka hur implementeringar framställs i dokumentation. Detta fokus kan sammanfattas genom följande forskningsfråga: Vilka aspekter av implementeringar av öppen länkad data i kulturarvssektorn förekommer i dokument? Studien använder en kvalitativ dokumentanalys genom vilken innehållet i relevanta dokument har kodats genom en induktiv metod. Det material som analyserats är dokument som är producerade i samband med fyra svenska kulturarvsprojekt som använder öppen länkad data. Genom analysen har 17 aspekter identifierats. Dessa aspekter är indelade i följande sju kategorier: Bakgrund, Data, Databehandlingsprocesser, Externa källor, Kulturarv, Publicerad data, och Resultat. Aspekterna och kategorierna har sammanställts i en konceptuell modell som visar hur implementeringar av öppen länkad data framställs i dokument. En analys av relationer mellan förekomsterna av aspekterna visar att modellering av data, databehandlingsprocesser, och typ av kulturarv framställs som de mest centrala aspekterna av implementeringar av öppen länkad data. Det faktum att databehandlingsprocesser inte kunde nyanseras ytterligare visar hur flexibel tekniken är och hur många beslut som måste fattas av de institutioner som implementerar öppen länkad data. Detta resultat stämmer överens med tidigare forskning., Linked open data is used in the cultural heritage sector to structure and publish data and metadata on the Web. The technology is used to improve interoperability between separate systems and to enable new forms of exploration and discovery of cultural heritage. Linked open data can be implemented in various ways, and research shows that the number of decisions that have to be made is seen as an obstacle in the diffusion of the technology. A lack of knowledge and expertise in the sector has also been identified through previous studies. The purpose of this study is to simplify the usage of linked open data in the cultural heritage sector by examining how implementations are expressed in documents. This focus can be summarized by the following research question: Which aspects of cultural heritage linked open data implementations are expressed in documents? This study employed a qualitative document analysis through which the content of relevant documents were coded through an inductive method. The analyzed material consisted of documents produced in relation to four Swedish cultural heritage projects which utilize linked open data. 17 aspects were identified through this analysis. These aspects were grouped into the following seven categories: Background, Cultural heritage, Data, Data processing methods, External sources, Outcomes, and Published data. The aspects and the categories were compiled in a conceptual model which displays how implementations of linked open data are expressed in documents. An analysis of the relations between the occurrences of the aspects showed that data modelling, data processing methods, and type of cultural heritage are perceived as the most central aspects of implementations of linked open data. The fact that data processing methods could not be split into multiple aspects shows how flexible the technology is. It also illustrates the many decisions that implementing institutions have to make. These results match results from previous

This work focuses on questions of knowledge organization related to literary fiction. How can LGBTQI fictional literature become more accessible to readers and scholars? The project Queerlit Metadata Development and Searchability for LGBTQI Literary Heritage addresses this question in two ways: by the development of a thesaurus for the description of Swedish LGBTQI literature, and by building a curated bibliographical database for this material with flexible search options. Despite the community and scholarly interest in LGBTQI literature, relevant LGBTQI literature is hard to find both for readers and researchers. Subject indexing is underdeveloped for this topic, and subject headings have been historically inadequate and offensive. The paper focuses on how LGBTQI literature can be made more easily accessible through subject indexing. This will make new research possible, such as gaining overviews of the development of specific themes over time, the presence of LGBTQI literature within or outside of the literary canon or in different genres and changing ideas and perceptions concerning sexualities and gender identities. It will also accommodate user’s needs of better access to LGBTQI themed fictional literature.

This work focuses on questions of knowledge organization related to literary fiction. How can LGBTQI fictional literature become more accessible to readers and scholars? The project Queerlit Metadata Development and Searchability for LGBTQI Literary Heritage addresses this question in two ways: by the development of a thesaurus for the description of Swedish LGBTQI literature, and by building a curated bibliographical database for this material with flexible search options. Despite the community and scholarly interest in LGBTQI literature, relevant LGBTQI literature is hard to find both for readers and researchers. Subject indexing is underdeveloped for this topic, and subject headings have been historically inadequate and offensive. The paper focuses on how LGBTQI literature can be made more easily accessible through subject indexing. This will make new research possible, such as gaining overviews of the development of specific themes over time, the presence of LGBTQI literature within or outside of the literary canon or in different genres and changing ideas and perceptions concerning sexualities and gender identities. It will also accommodate user’s needs of better access to LGBTQI themed fictional literature.

This paper presents the vision of aggregating, harmonizing, and publishing letter catalog metadata (information e.g. of senders, receivers and datings of letters) from cultural heritage (CH) institutions in Finland as a single reconciled Linked Open Data (LOD) service and a semantic portal providing data analytical tools for researchers. The research is conducted as part of the consortium research project Constellations of Correspondence (CoCo). The target of the project is to study – for the first time – scattered, heterogeneous epistolary metadata regarding the period of the Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917) as one, integrated dataset and make it interoperable and available. This will enable scholars to ask ambitious research questions in the field of computer science and to conduct empirical, bottom-up case studies e.g. on epistolary culture, communicative networks, and heritagization processes. This paper discusses one of the first datasets acquired by the project, the letter collection of the Board of the Finnish Art Society (1846–1901), provided by the Finnish National Gallery, which contains details of c. 1150 letters sent or received by c. 400 actors.

This work focuses on questions of knowledge organization related to literary fiction. How can LGBTQI fictional literature become more accessible to readers and scholars? The project Queerlit Metadata Development and Searchability for LGBTQI Literary Heritage addresses this question in two ways: by the development of a thesaurus for the description of Swedish LGBTQI literature, and by building a curated bibliographical database for this material with flexible search options. Despite the community and scholarly interest in LGBTQI literature, relevant LGBTQI literature is hard to find both for readers and researchers. Subject indexing is underdeveloped for this topic, and subject headings have been historically inadequate and offensive. The paper focuses on how LGBTQI literature can be made more easily accessible through subject indexing. This will make new research possible, such as gaining overviews of the development of specific themes over time, the presence of LGBTQI literature within or outside of the literary canon or in different genres and changing ideas and perceptions concerning sexualities and gender identities. It will also accommodate user’s needs of better access to LGBTQI themed fictional literature.