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1. Global maps of soil temperature

Author: Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M. D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N. S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, Jose Luis C., Campoe, Otavio, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Eodardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C. Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N., de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dusek, Jiri, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M. Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Finger Higgens, Rebecca, Forte, T'ai G. W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García, María B., Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Jessen Graae, Bente, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoït, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfters, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Hoye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Robert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, Le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Malis, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, Rita, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J.R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonnathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonnathan A., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo, Nouvellon, Yann, Nunez, Martin, Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Oystein H., Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Anibal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Peñuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Puscas, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, et al., Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M. D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N. S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, Jose Luis C., Campoe, Otavio, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Eodardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C. Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N., de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dusek, Jiri, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M. Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Finger Higgens, Rebecca, Forte, T'ai G. W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García, María B., Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Jessen Graae, Bente, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoït, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfters, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Hoye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Robert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, Le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Malis, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, Rita, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J.R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonnathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonnathan A., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo, Nouvellon, Yann, Nunez, Martin, Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Oystein H., Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Anibal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Peñuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Puscas, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, and et al.
Abstract: Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Published: 2022

2. Global maps of soil temperature

Author: Lembrechts, Jonas J, van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B, De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M D, Crowther, Thomas W, Bailey, Joseph J, Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H, Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M, Alexander, Jake M, Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L, Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C, Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C, Benavides, Juan C, Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J, Bjerke, Jarle W, Björk, Robert G, Björkman, Mats P, Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N S, Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L, Cifuentes, Edgar F, Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R, Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N, de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D, Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M, Exton, Dan A, Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Higgens, Rebecca Finger, Forte, T'ai G W, Freeman, Erika C, Frei, Esther R, Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A, García, María B, Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H, Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V, Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S, Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T, Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J, Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S, Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A, Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M, Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I, Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I, Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, Mesquita, Rita de Cássia Guimarães, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J R, Michaletz, Sean T, Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R, Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A, Myers-Smith, Isla H, Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B, Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D, Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A, Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H, Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V, Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D, Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M, Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S, Phoenix, Gareth K, Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S, Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C, Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A, Robroek, Bjorn J M, Rocha, Adrian V, Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V, Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C, Sarneel, Judith M, Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A, Serra-Diaz, Josep M, Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V, Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P, Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W, Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João L L, Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J, Speed, James D M, Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G, Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J, Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Thomas, Haydn J D, Thomas, Andrew D, Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A, Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V, Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G F, Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E, Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G A, Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G, Wedegärtner, Ronja E M, Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I, Nijs, Ivan, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lembrechts, Jonas J, van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B, De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M D, Crowther, Thomas W, Bailey, Joseph J, Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H, Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M, Alexander, Jake M, Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L, Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C, Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C, Benavides, Juan C, Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J, Bjerke, Jarle W, Björk, Robert G, Björkman, Mats P, Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N S, Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L, Cifuentes, Edgar F, Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R, Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N, de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D, Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M, Exton, Dan A, Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Higgens, Rebecca Finger, Forte, T'ai G W, Freeman, Erika C, Frei, Esther R, Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A, García, María B, Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H, Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V, Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S, Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T, Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J, Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S, Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A, Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M, Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I, Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I, Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, Mesquita, Rita de Cássia Guimarães, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J R, Michaletz, Sean T, Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R, Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A, Myers-Smith, Isla H, Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B, Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D, Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A, Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H, Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V, Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D, Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M, Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S, Phoenix, Gareth K, Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S, Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C, Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A, Robroek, Bjorn J M, Rocha, Adrian V, Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V, Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C, Sarneel, Judith M, Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A, Serra-Diaz, Josep M, Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V, Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P, Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W, Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João L L, Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J, Speed, James D M, Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G, Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J, Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Thomas, Haydn J D, Thomas, Andrew D, Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A, Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V, Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G F, Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E, Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G A, Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G, Wedegärtner, Ronja E M, Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I, Nijs, Ivan, and Lenoir, Jonathan
Abstract: Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Published: 2022

3. Global maps of soil temperature

Author: Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M. D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Nina Allonsius, Camille, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Johann Assmann, Jakob, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Luis Benito Alonso, José, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N.S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Luís Camargo, José, Campoe, Otávio C., Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova‐Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Johan Dahlberg, C., Daskalova, Gergana N., Angel de Pablo, Miguel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Rosa Fernández Calzado, M., Fernández‐Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Finger Higgens, Rebecca, Forte, T'ai G.W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes‐Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García, María B., Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Jessen Graae, Bente, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Antoni Jackowicz‐Korczynski, Marcin, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Clara Mazzolari, Ana, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, Rita, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J.R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana‐Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz‐Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A., Myers‐Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis‐Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D., Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A., Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Eivind Olesen, Jørgen, Opedal, Øystein, Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo‐Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V., Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C., Sarneel, Judith M., Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Cristina Segalin de Andrade, Ana, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A., Serra‐Diaz, Josep M., Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V., Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P., Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W., Smith‐Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Vedel Sørensen, Mia, João L. L. Souza, José, Israel Souza, Bartolomeu, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J., Speed, James D.M., Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G., Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J., Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean‐Paul, Thomas, Haydn J.D., Thomas, Andrew D., Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Albert Treier, Urs, Trouillier, Mario, Dan Turtureanu, Pavel, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A., Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V., Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor‐Mihai, Primo Vaccari, Francesco, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G.F., Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E., Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G.A., Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives‐Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G., Wedegärtner, Ronja E.M., Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I., Nijs, Ivan, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M. D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Nina Allonsius, Camille, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Johann Assmann, Jakob, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Luis Benito Alonso, José, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N.S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Luís Camargo, José, Campoe, Otávio C., Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova‐Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Johan Dahlberg, C., Daskalova, Gergana N., Angel de Pablo, Miguel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Rosa Fernández Calzado, M., Fernández‐Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Finger Higgens, Rebecca, Forte, T'ai G.W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes‐Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García, María B., Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Jessen Graae, Bente, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Antoni Jackowicz‐Korczynski, Marcin, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Clara Mazzolari, Ana, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, Rita, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J.R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana‐Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz‐Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A., Myers‐Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis‐Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D., Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A., Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Eivind Olesen, Jørgen, Opedal, Øystein, Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo‐Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V., Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C., Sarneel, Judith M., Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Cristina Segalin de Andrade, Ana, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A., Serra‐Diaz, Josep M., Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V., Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P., Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W., Smith‐Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Vedel Sørensen, Mia, João L. L. Souza, José, Israel Souza, Bartolomeu, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J., Speed, James D.M., Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G., Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J., Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean‐Paul, Thomas, Haydn J.D., Thomas, Andrew D., Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Albert Treier, Urs, Trouillier, Mario, Dan Turtureanu, Pavel, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A., Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V., Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor‐Mihai, Primo Vaccari, Francesco, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G.F., Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E., Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G.A., Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives‐Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G., Wedegärtner, Ronja E.M., Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I., Nijs, Ivan, and Lenoir, Jonathan
Abstract: Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Published: 2022

4. Global maps of soil temperature

Author: Lembrechts, Jonas J, van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B, De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M D, Crowther, Thomas W, Bailey, Joseph J, Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H, Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M, Alexander, Jake M, Nina Allonsius, Camille, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L, Johann Assmann, Jakob, Bader, Maaike Y, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C, Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bell, Michael C, Benavides, Juan C, Luis Benito Alonso, José, Berauer, Bernd J, Bjerke, Jarle W, Björk, Robert G, Björkman, Mats P, Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N S, Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Luís Camargo, José, Campoe, Otávio C, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L, Cifuentes, Edgar F, Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R, Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Johan Dahlberg, C, Daskalova, Gergana N, Angel de Pablo, Miguel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D, Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M, Exton, Dan A, Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Rosa Fernández Calzado, M, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Finger Higgens, Rebecca, Forte, T'ai G W, Freeman, Erika C, Frei, Esther R, Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A, García, María B, Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Jessen Graae, Bente, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H, Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V, Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S, Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T, Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J, Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S, Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A, Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M, Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I, Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I, Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Clara Mazzolari, Ana, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, Rita, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J R, Michaletz, Sean T, Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R, Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A, Myers-Smith, Isla H, Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B, Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D, Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A, Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Eivind Olesen, Jørgen, Opedal, Øystein, Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V, Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D, Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M, Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S, Phoenix, Gareth K, Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S, Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C, Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A, Robroek, Bjorn J M, Rocha, Adrian V, Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V, Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C, Sarneel, Judith M, Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Cristina Segalin de Andrade, Ana, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A, Serra-Diaz, Josep M, Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V, Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P, Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W, Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Vedel Sørensen, Mia, João L L Souza, José, Israel Souza, Bartolomeu, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J, Speed, James D M, Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G, Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J, Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Thomas, Haydn J D, Thomas, Andrew D, Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Albert Treier, Urs, Trouillier, Mario, Dan Turtureanu, Pavel, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A, Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V, Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Primo Vaccari, Francesco, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G F, Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E, Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G A, Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G, Wedegärtner, Ronja E M, Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I, Nijs, Ivan, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lembrechts, Jonas J, van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B, De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M D, Crowther, Thomas W, Bailey, Joseph J, Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H, Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M, Alexander, Jake M, Nina Allonsius, Camille, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L, Johann Assmann, Jakob, Bader, Maaike Y, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C, Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bell, Michael C, Benavides, Juan C, Luis Benito Alonso, José, Berauer, Bernd J, Bjerke, Jarle W, Björk, Robert G, Björkman, Mats P, Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N S, Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Luís Camargo, José, Campoe, Otávio C, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L, Cifuentes, Edgar F, Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R, Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Johan Dahlberg, C, Daskalova, Gergana N, Angel de Pablo, Miguel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D, Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M, Exton, Dan A, Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Rosa Fernández Calzado, M, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Finger Higgens, Rebecca, Forte, T'ai G W, Freeman, Erika C, Frei, Esther R, Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A, García, María B, Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Jessen Graae, Bente, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H, Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V, Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S, Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T, Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J, Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S, Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A, Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M, Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I, Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I, Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Clara Mazzolari, Ana, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, Rita, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J R, Michaletz, Sean T, Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R, Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A, Myers-Smith, Isla H, Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B, Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D, Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A, Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Eivind Olesen, Jørgen, Opedal, Øystein, Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V, Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D, Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M, Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S, Phoenix, Gareth K, Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S, Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C, Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A, Robroek, Bjorn J M, Rocha, Adrian V, Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V, Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C, Sarneel, Judith M, Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Cristina Segalin de Andrade, Ana, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A, Serra-Diaz, Josep M, Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V, Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P, Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W, Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Vedel Sørensen, Mia, João L L Souza, José, Israel Souza, Bartolomeu, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J, Speed, James D M, Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G, Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J, Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Thomas, Haydn J D, Thomas, Andrew D, Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Albert Treier, Urs, Trouillier, Mario, Dan Turtureanu, Pavel, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A, Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V, Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Primo Vaccari, Francesco, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G F, Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E, Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G A, Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G, Wedegärtner, Ronja E M, Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I, Nijs, Ivan, and Lenoir, Jonathan
Abstract: Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Published: 2022

5. Mineral Changes to the Tufa Columns of Ikka Fjord, SW Greenland

Author: Stockmann, Gabrielle. J. J., Seaman, Paul, Balic-Zunic, Tonci, Peternell, Mark, Sturkell, Erik, Liljebladh, Bengt, Gyllencreutz, Richard, Stockmann, Gabrielle. J. J., Seaman, Paul, Balic-Zunic, Tonci, Peternell, Mark, Sturkell, Erik, Liljebladh, Bengt, and Gyllencreutz, Richard
Abstract: The submarine tufa columns of Ikka Fjord in Southwest Greenland have been studied during multiple field campaigns since 1995. The fjord contains close to thousand columns previously shown to consist of the metastable carbonate mineral ikaite (CaCO3·6H2O), which requires near-freezing conditions to remain stable over longer periods of time. During a field campaign to Ikka Fjord in the summer of 2019, seawater temperatures of 6–9 °C and visual physical changes to the columns were observed. These are the highest recorded seawater temperatures measured in Ikka Fjord in over three decades of research. In response, three selected columns at three different locations were sampled at their bases, middle, and top sections for mineralogical analysis. These samples were supplemented by a four further column samples and an extensive hydrographical campaign during fieldwork in the summer 2021. Here, we report the results of the mineralogical analyses performed by X-ray diffraction and µ-Raman Spectroscopy on these column samples. The results show that the columns analysed now consist of the less hydrated carbonate minerals, monohydrocalcite (CaCO3·H2O), aragonite, and calcite (CaCO3). One of the columns has completely altered into monohydrocalcite, whereas the other columns have crusts of ikaite and cores of monohydrocalcite ± aragonite and calcite. This change is interpreted as a dehydration reaction and mineral alteration from ikaite to monohydrocalcite continuing to aragonite ± calcite in response to being bathed in warming seawater. Hydrographic profilers and static dataloggers recorded seawater temperatures of 4–8 °C in the column-containing fjord areas during June–August 2021. The upper parts of the columns are particularly exposed to temperatures > 6 °C, considered to be the long-term stability threshold of ikaite in Ikka Fjord. The mineral dehydration reactions are irreversible. It is therefore predicted in a warming Arctic, ikaite will only appear as new growth on th
Published: 2022
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6. Global maps of soil temperature

Author: Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M. D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N. S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C., Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C. Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N., de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M. Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Higgens, Rebecca Finger, Forte, T'ai G. W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García, María B., Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, Mesquita, Rita de Cássia Guimarães, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J. R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D., Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A., Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H., Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J. M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V., Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C., Sarneel, Judith M., Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A., Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V., Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P., Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W., Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João L. L., Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J., Speed, James D. M., Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G., Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J., Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Thomas, Haydn J. D., Thomas, Andrew D., Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A., Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V., Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G.F., Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E., Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G. A., Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G., Wedegärtner, Ronja E. M., Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I., Nijs, Ivan, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M. D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N. S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C., Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C. Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N., de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M. Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Higgens, Rebecca Finger, Forte, T'ai G. W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García, María B., Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, Mesquita, Rita de Cássia Guimarães, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J. R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D., Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A., Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H., Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J. M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V., Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C., Sarneel, Judith M., Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A., Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V., Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P., Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W., Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João L. L., Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J., Speed, James D. M., Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G., Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J., Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Thomas, Haydn J. D., Thomas, Andrew D., Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A., Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V., Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G.F., Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E., Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G. A., Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G., Wedegärtner, Ronja E. M., Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I., Nijs, Ivan, and Lenoir, Jonathan
Abstract: Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Published: 2022
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7. Mineral Changes to the Tufa Columns of Ikka Fjord, SW Greenland

Author: Stockmann, Gabrielle J., Seaman, Paul, Balic-Zunic, Tonci, Peternell, Mark, Sturkell, Erik, Liljebladh, Bengt, Gyllencreutz, Richard, Stockmann, Gabrielle J., Seaman, Paul, Balic-Zunic, Tonci, Peternell, Mark, Sturkell, Erik, Liljebladh, Bengt, and Gyllencreutz, Richard
Abstract: The submarine tufa columns of Ikka Fjord in Southwest Greenland have been studied during multiple field campaigns since 1995. The fjord contains close to thousand columns previously shown to consist of the metastable carbonate mineral ikaite (CaCO3 center dot 6H(2)O), which requires near-freezing conditions to remain stable over longer periods of time. During a field campaign to Ikka Fjord in the summer of 2019, seawater temperatures of 6-9 degrees C and visual physical changes to the columns were observed. These are the highest recorded seawater temperatures measured in Ikka Fjord in over three decades of research. In response, three selected columns at three different locations were sampled at their bases, middle, and top sections for mineralogical analysis. These samples were supplemented by a four further column samples and an extensive hydrographical campaign during fieldwork in the summer 2021. Here, we report the results of the mineralogical analyses performed by X-ray diffraction and mu-Raman Spectroscopy on these column samples. The results show that the columns analysed now consist of the less hydrated carbonate minerals, monohydrocalcite (CaCO3 center dot H2O), aragonite, and calcite (CaCO3). One of the columns has completely altered into monohydrocalcite, whereas the other columns have crusts of ikaite and cores of monohydrocalcite +/- aragonite and calcite. This change is interpreted as a dehydration reaction and mineral alteration from ikaite to monohydrocalcite continuing to aragonite +/- calcite in response to being bathed in warming seawater. Hydrographic profilers and static dataloggers recorded seawater temperatures of 4-8 degrees C in the column-containing fjord areas during June-August 2021. The upper parts of the columns are particularly exposed to temperatures > 6 degrees C, considered to be the long-term stability threshold of ikaite in Ikka Fjord. The mineral dehydration reactions are irreversible. It is therefore predicted in a warmin
Published: 2022

8. Global maps of soil temperature

Author: Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M. D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N. S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, Jose Luis C., Campoe, Otavio, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Eodardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C. Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N., de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dusek, Jiri, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M. Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Finger Higgens, Rebecca, Forte, T'ai G. W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García, María B., Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Jessen Graae, Bente, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoït, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfters, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Hoye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Robert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, Le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Malis, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, Rita, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J.R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonnathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonnathan A., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo, Nouvellon, Yann, Nunez, Martin, Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Oystein H., Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Anibal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Peñuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Puscas, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, et al., Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M. D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N. S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, Jose Luis C., Campoe, Otavio, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Eodardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C. Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N., de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dusek, Jiri, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M. Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Finger Higgens, Rebecca, Forte, T'ai G. W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García, María B., Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Jessen Graae, Bente, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoït, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfters, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Hoye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Robert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, Le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Malis, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, Rita, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J.R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonnathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonnathan A., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo, Nouvellon, Yann, Nunez, Martin, Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Oystein H., Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Anibal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Peñuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Puscas, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, and et al.
Abstract: Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Published: 2022

9. Global maps of soil temperature

Author: Lembrechts, Jonas J, van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B, De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M D, Crowther, Thomas W, Bailey, Joseph J, Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H, Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M, Alexander, Jake M, Nina Allonsius, Camille, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L, Johann Assmann, Jakob, Bader, Maaike Y, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C, Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bell, Michael C, Benavides, Juan C, Luis Benito Alonso, José, Berauer, Bernd J, Bjerke, Jarle W, Björk, Robert G, Björkman, Mats P, Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N S, Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Luís Camargo, José, Campoe, Otávio C, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L, Cifuentes, Edgar F, Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R, Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Johan Dahlberg, C, Daskalova, Gergana N, Angel de Pablo, Miguel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D, Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M, Exton, Dan A, Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Rosa Fernández Calzado, M, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Finger Higgens, Rebecca, Forte, T'ai G W, Freeman, Erika C, Frei, Esther R, Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A, García, María B, Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Jessen Graae, Bente, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H, Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V, Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S, Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T, Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J, Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S, Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A, Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M, Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I, Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I, Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Clara Mazzolari, Ana, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, Rita, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J R, Michaletz, Sean T, Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R, Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A, Myers-Smith, Isla H, Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B, Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D, Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A, Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Eivind Olesen, Jørgen, Opedal, Øystein, Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V, Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D, Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M, Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S, Phoenix, Gareth K, Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S, Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C, Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A, Robroek, Bjorn J M, Rocha, Adrian V, Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V, Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C, Sarneel, Judith M, Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Cristina Segalin de Andrade, Ana, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A, Serra-Diaz, Josep M, Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V, Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P, Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W, Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Vedel Sørensen, Mia, João L L Souza, José, Israel Souza, Bartolomeu, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J, Speed, James D M, Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G, Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J, Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Thomas, Haydn J D, Thomas, Andrew D, Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Albert Treier, Urs, Trouillier, Mario, Dan Turtureanu, Pavel, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A, Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V, Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Primo Vaccari, Francesco, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G F, Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E, Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G A, Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G, Wedegärtner, Ronja E M, Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I, Nijs, Ivan, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lembrechts, Jonas J, van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B, De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M D, Crowther, Thomas W, Bailey, Joseph J, Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H, Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M, Alexander, Jake M, Nina Allonsius, Camille, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L, Johann Assmann, Jakob, Bader, Maaike Y, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C, Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bell, Michael C, Benavides, Juan C, Luis Benito Alonso, José, Berauer, Bernd J, Bjerke, Jarle W, Björk, Robert G, Björkman, Mats P, Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N S, Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Luís Camargo, José, Campoe, Otávio C, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L, Cifuentes, Edgar F, Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R, Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Johan Dahlberg, C, Daskalova, Gergana N, Angel de Pablo, Miguel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D, Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M, Exton, Dan A, Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Rosa Fernández Calzado, M, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Finger Higgens, Rebecca, Forte, T'ai G W, Freeman, Erika C, Frei, Esther R, Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A, García, María B, Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Jessen Graae, Bente, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H, Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V, Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S, Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T, Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Antoni Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J, Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S, Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A, Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M, Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I, Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I, Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Clara Mazzolari, Ana, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, Rita, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J R, Michaletz, Sean T, Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R, Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A, Myers-Smith, Isla H, Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B, Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D, Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A, Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Eivind Olesen, Jørgen, Opedal, Øystein, Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V, Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D, Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M, Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S, Phoenix, Gareth K, Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S, Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C, Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A, Robroek, Bjorn J M, Rocha, Adrian V, Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V, Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C, Sarneel, Judith M, Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Cristina Segalin de Andrade, Ana, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A, Serra-Diaz, Josep M, Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V, Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P, Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W, Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Vedel Sørensen, Mia, João L L Souza, José, Israel Souza, Bartolomeu, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J, Speed, James D M, Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G, Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J, Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Thomas, Haydn J D, Thomas, Andrew D, Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Albert Treier, Urs, Trouillier, Mario, Dan Turtureanu, Pavel, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A, Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V, Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Primo Vaccari, Francesco, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G F, Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E, Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G A, Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G, Wedegärtner, Ronja E M, Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I, Nijs, Ivan, and Lenoir, Jonathan
Abstract: Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km 2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km 2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Published: 2022

10. Mineral Changes to the Tufa Columns of Ikka Fjord, SW Greenland

Author: Stockmann, Gabrielle J., Seaman, Paul, Balic-Zunic, Tonci, Peternell, Mark, Sturkell, Erik, Liljebladh, Bengt, Gyllencreutz, Richard, Stockmann, Gabrielle J., Seaman, Paul, Balic-Zunic, Tonci, Peternell, Mark, Sturkell, Erik, Liljebladh, Bengt, and Gyllencreutz, Richard
Abstract: The submarine tufa columns of Ikka Fjord in Southwest Greenland have been studied during multiple field campaigns since 1995. The fjord contains close to thousand columns previously shown to consist of the metastable carbonate mineral ikaite (CaCO3 center dot 6H(2)O), which requires near-freezing conditions to remain stable over longer periods of time. During a field campaign to Ikka Fjord in the summer of 2019, seawater temperatures of 6-9 degrees C and visual physical changes to the columns were observed. These are the highest recorded seawater temperatures measured in Ikka Fjord in over three decades of research. In response, three selected columns at three different locations were sampled at their bases, middle, and top sections for mineralogical analysis. These samples were supplemented by a four further column samples and an extensive hydrographical campaign during fieldwork in the summer 2021. Here, we report the results of the mineralogical analyses performed by X-ray diffraction and mu-Raman Spectroscopy on these column samples. The results show that the columns analysed now consist of the less hydrated carbonate minerals, monohydrocalcite (CaCO3 center dot H2O), aragonite, and calcite (CaCO3). One of the columns has completely altered into monohydrocalcite, whereas the other columns have crusts of ikaite and cores of monohydrocalcite +/- aragonite and calcite. This change is interpreted as a dehydration reaction and mineral alteration from ikaite to monohydrocalcite continuing to aragonite +/- calcite in response to being bathed in warming seawater. Hydrographic profilers and static dataloggers recorded seawater temperatures of 4-8 degrees C in the column-containing fjord areas during June-August 2021. The upper parts of the columns are particularly exposed to temperatures > 6 degrees C, considered to be the long-term stability threshold of ikaite in Ikka Fjord. The mineral dehydration reactions are irreversible. It is therefore predicted in a warmin
Published: 2022

11. Global maps of soil temperature

Author: Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M.D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N.S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C., Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C. Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N., de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M. Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Higgens, Rebecca Finger, Forte, T'ai G.W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García, María B., Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, Mesquita, Rita de Cássia Guimarães, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J.R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D., Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A., Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H., Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V., Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C., Sarneel, Judith M., Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A., Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V., Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P., Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W., Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João L.L., Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J., Speed, James D.M., Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G., Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J., Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean Paul, Thomas, Haydn J.D., Thomas, Andrew D., Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A., Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V., Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G. F., Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E., Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G.A., Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G., Wedegärtner, Ronja E.M., Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I., Nijs, Ivan, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M.D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N.S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C., Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C. Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N., de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M. Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Higgens, Rebecca Finger, Forte, T'ai G.W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García, María B., Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, Mesquita, Rita de Cássia Guimarães, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J.R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D., Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A., Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H., Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V., Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C., Sarneel, Judith M., Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A., Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V., Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P., Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W., Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João L.L., Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J., Speed, James D.M., Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G., Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J., Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean Paul, Thomas, Haydn J.D., Thomas, Andrew D., Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A., Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V., Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G. F., Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E., Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G.A., Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G., Wedegärtner, Ronja E.M., Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I., Nijs, Ivan, and Lenoir, Jonathan
Abstract: Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Published: 2022

12. Global maps of soil temperature

Author: Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M. D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Nina Allonsius, Camille, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Johann Assmann, Jakob, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Luis Benito Alonso, José, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N.S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Luís Camargo, José, Campoe, Otávio C., Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova‐Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Johan Dahlberg, C., Daskalova, Gergana N., Angel de Pablo, Miguel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Rosa Fernández Calzado, M., Fernández‐Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Finger Higgens, Rebecca, Forte, T'ai G.W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes‐Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García, María B., Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Jessen Graae, Bente, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Antoni Jackowicz‐Korczynski, Marcin, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Clara Mazzolari, Ana, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, Rita, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J.R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana‐Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz‐Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A., Myers‐Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis‐Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D., Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A., Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Eivind Olesen, Jørgen, Opedal, Øystein, Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo‐Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V., Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C., Sarneel, Judith M., Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Cristina Segalin de Andrade, Ana, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A., Serra‐Diaz, Josep M., Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V., Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P., Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W., Smith‐Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Vedel Sørensen, Mia, João L. L. Souza, José, Israel Souza, Bartolomeu, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J., Speed, James D.M., Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G., Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J., Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean‐Paul, Thomas, Haydn J.D., Thomas, Andrew D., Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Albert Treier, Urs, Trouillier, Mario, Dan Turtureanu, Pavel, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A., Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V., Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor‐Mihai, Primo Vaccari, Francesco, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G.F., Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E., Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G.A., Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives‐Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G., Wedegärtner, Ronja E.M., Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I., Nijs, Ivan, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M. D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Nina Allonsius, Camille, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Johann Assmann, Jakob, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Belelli Marchesini, Luca, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Luis Benito Alonso, José, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N.S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Luís Camargo, José, Campoe, Otávio C., Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova‐Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Johan Dahlberg, C., Daskalova, Gergana N., Angel de Pablo, Miguel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Rosa Fernández Calzado, M., Fernández‐Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Finger Higgens, Rebecca, Forte, T'ai G.W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes‐Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García, María B., Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Jessen Graae, Bente, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Antoni Jackowicz‐Korczynski, Marcin, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Clara Mazzolari, Ana, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, de Cássia Guimarães Mesquita, Rita, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J.R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana‐Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz‐Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A., Myers‐Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis‐Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D., Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A., Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Eivind Olesen, Jørgen, Opedal, Øystein, Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo‐Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V., Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C., Sarneel, Judith M., Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Cristina Segalin de Andrade, Ana, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A., Serra‐Diaz, Josep M., Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V., Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P., Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W., Smith‐Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Vedel Sørensen, Mia, João L. L. Souza, José, Israel Souza, Bartolomeu, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J., Speed, James D.M., Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G., Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J., Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean‐Paul, Thomas, Haydn J.D., Thomas, Andrew D., Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Albert Treier, Urs, Trouillier, Mario, Dan Turtureanu, Pavel, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A., Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V., Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor‐Mihai, Primo Vaccari, Francesco, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G.F., Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E., Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G.A., Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives‐Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G., Wedegärtner, Ronja E.M., Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I., Nijs, Ivan, and Lenoir, Jonathan
Abstract: Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km² resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e., offset) between in-situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km² pixels (summarized from 8500 unique temperature sensors) across all the world’s major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in-situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Published: 2022

13. Global maps of soil temperature

Author: Lembrechts, Jonas J, van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B, De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M D, Crowther, Thomas W, Bailey, Joseph J, Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H, Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M, Alexander, Jake M, Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L, Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C, Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C, Benavides, Juan C, Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J, Bjerke, Jarle W, Björk, Robert G, Björkman, Mats P, Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N S, Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L, Cifuentes, Edgar F, Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R, Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N, de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D, Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M, Exton, Dan A, Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Higgens, Rebecca Finger, Forte, T'ai G W, Freeman, Erika C, Frei, Esther R, Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A, García, María B, Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H, Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V, Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S, Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T, Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J, 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Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R, Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A, Myers-Smith, Isla H, Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B, Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D, Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A, Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H, Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V, Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D, Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M, Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S, Phoenix, Gareth K, Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S, Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C, Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A, Robroek, Bjorn J M, Rocha, Adrian V, Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V, Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C, Sarneel, Judith M, Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A, Serra-Diaz, Josep M, Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V, Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P, Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W, Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João L L, Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J, Speed, James D M, Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G, Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J, Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Thomas, Haydn J D, Thomas, Andrew D, Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A, Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V, Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G F, Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E, Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G A, Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G, Wedegärtner, Ronja E M, Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I, Nijs, Ivan, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lembrechts, Jonas J, van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B, De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M D, Crowther, Thomas W, Bailey, Joseph J, Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H, Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R, Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M, Alexander, Jake M, Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L, Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y, Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C, Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W, Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C, Benavides, Juan C, Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J, Bjerke, Jarle W, Björk, Robert G, Björkman, Mats P, Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N S, Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C, Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L, Cifuentes, Edgar F, Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J, Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R, Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N, de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D, Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E, Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M, Exton, Dan A, Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Higgens, Rebecca Finger, Forte, T'ai G W, Freeman, Erika C, Frei, Esther R, Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A, García, María B, Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H, Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V, Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S, Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T, Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J, Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S, Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S, Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A, Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M, Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I, Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I, Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, Mesquita, Rita de Cássia Guimarães, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J R, Michaletz, Sean T, Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R, Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A, Myers-Smith, Isla H, Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B, Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D, Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A, Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H, Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V, Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D, Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M, Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S, Phoenix, Gareth K, Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S, Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C, Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A, Robroek, Bjorn J M, Rocha, Adrian V, Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V, Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C, Sarneel, Judith M, Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A, Serra-Diaz, Josep M, Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V, Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P, Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W, Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João L L, Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J, Speed, James D M, Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G, Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J, Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Thomas, Haydn J D, Thomas, Andrew D, Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A, Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V, Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G F, Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E, Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G A, Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G, Wedegärtner, Ronja E M, Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I, Nijs, Ivan, and Lenoir, Jonathan
Abstract: Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Published: 2022

14. Global maps of soil temperature

Author: Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M.D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N.S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C., Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C.J., Daskalova, Gergana N., de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M.R., Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Higgens, Rebecca Finger, Forte, T.G.W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García, María B., Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, Mesquita, Rita C.G., Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J.R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D., Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A., Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H., Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V., Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C., Sarneel, Judith M., Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A., Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V., Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P., Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W., Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João L.L., Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J., Speed, James D.M., Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G., Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J., Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean Paul, Thomas, Haydn J.D., Thomas, Andrew D., Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A., Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V., Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G.F., Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E., Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G.A., Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G., Wedegärtner, Ronja E.M., Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I., Nijs, Ivan, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M.D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N.S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C., Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C.J., Daskalova, Gergana N., de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M.R., Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Higgens, Rebecca Finger, Forte, T.G.W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García, María B., Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, Mesquita, Rita C.G., Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J.R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D., Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A., Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H., Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V., Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C., Sarneel, Judith M., Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A., Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V., Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P., Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W., Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João L.L., Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J., Speed, James D.M., Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G., Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J., Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean Paul, Thomas, Haydn J.D., Thomas, Andrew D., Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A., Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V., Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G.F., Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E., Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G.A., Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G., Wedegärtner, Ronja E.M., Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I., Nijs, Ivan, and Lenoir, Jonathan
Abstract: Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Published: 2022

15. Global maps of soil temperature

Author: Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M.D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N.S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C., Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C. Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N., de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M. Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Higgens, Rebecca Finger, Forte, T'ai G.W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García, María B., Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, Mesquita, Rita de Cássia Guimarães, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J.R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D., Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A., Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H., Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V., Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C., Sarneel, Judith M., Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A., Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V., Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P., Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W., Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João L.L., Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J., Speed, James D.M., Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G., Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J., Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean Paul, Thomas, Haydn J.D., Thomas, Andrew D., Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A., Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V., Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G. F., Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E., Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G.A., Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G., Wedegärtner, Ronja E.M., Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I., Nijs, Ivan, Lenoir, Jonathan, Lembrechts, Jonas J., van den Hoogen, Johan, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M.D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Van Meerbeek, Koenraad, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N.S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C., Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C. Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N., de Pablo, Miguel Angel, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, M. Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Higgens, Rebecca Finger, Forte, T'ai G.W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García, María B., Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, Mesquita, Rita de Cássia Guimarães, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J.R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D., Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A., Ogaya, Romà, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H., Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Penuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J.M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V., Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C., Sarneel, Judith M., Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A., Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V., Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P., Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W., Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João L.L., Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J., Speed, James D.M., Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G., Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J., Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean Paul, Thomas, Haydn J.D., Thomas, Andrew D., Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A., Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V., Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G. F., Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E., Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G.A., Villar, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, von Oppen, Jonathan, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G., Wedegärtner, Ronja E.M., Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I., Nijs, Ivan, and Lenoir, Jonathan
Abstract: Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Published: 2022

16. Global maps of soil temperature

Author: Benito Alonso, José Luis [0000-0003-1086-8834], García González, María Begoña [0000-0003-4231-6006], Ogaya, Romá [0000-0003-4927-8479], Peñuelas, Josep [0000-0002-7215-0150], Hampe, Arndt [0000-0003-2551-9784], Hoffrén, Raúl [0000-0002-9123-304X], Poyatos, Rafael [0000-0003-0521-2523], Lembrechts, Jonas J., Hoogen, Johan van den, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M. D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Meerbeek, Koenraad Van, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N. S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C., Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C. Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N., Pablo, Miguel Ángel de, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, María Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Finger Higgens, Rebecca, Forte, T'ai G. W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García González, María Begoña, Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, Le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, Mesquita, Rita de Cássia Guimarães, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J. R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D., Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A., Ogaya, Romá, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H., Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Peñuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J. M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V., Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C., Sarneel, Judith M., Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A., Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V., Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P., Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W., Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João L. L., Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J., Speed, James D. M., Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G., Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J., Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Thomas, Haydn J. D., Thomas, Andrew D., Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A., Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V., Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G. F., Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E., Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G. A., Villar Pérez, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, Oppen, Jonathan von, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G., Wedegärtner, Ronja E. M., Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I., Nijs, Ivan, Lenoir, Jonathan, Benito Alonso, José Luis [0000-0003-1086-8834], García González, María Begoña [0000-0003-4231-6006], Ogaya, Romá [0000-0003-4927-8479], Peñuelas, Josep [0000-0002-7215-0150], Hampe, Arndt [0000-0003-2551-9784], Hoffrén, Raúl [0000-0002-9123-304X], Poyatos, Rafael [0000-0003-0521-2523], Lembrechts, Jonas J., Hoogen, Johan van den, Aalto, Juha, Ashcroft, Michael B., De Frenne, Pieter, Kemppinen, Julia, Kopecký, Martin, Luoto, Miska, Maclean, Ilya M. D., Crowther, Thomas W., Bailey, Joseph J., Haesen, Stef, Klinges, David H., Niittynen, Pekka, Scheffers, Brett R., Meerbeek, Koenraad Van, Aartsma, Peter, Abdalaze, Otar, Abedi, Mehdi, Aerts, Rien, Ahmadian, Negar, Ahrends, Antje, Alatalo, Juha M., Alexander, Jake M., Allonsius, Camille Nina, Altman, Jan, Ammann, Christof, Andres, Christian, Andrews, Christopher, Ardö, Jonas, Arriga, Nicola, Arzac, Alberto, Aschero, Valeria, Assis, Rafael L., Assmann, Jakob Johann, Bader, Maaike Y., Bahalkeh, Khadijeh, Barančok, Peter, Barrio, Isabel C., Barros, Agustina, Barthel, Matti, Basham, Edmund W., Bauters, Marijn, Bazzichetto, Manuele, Marchesini, Luca Belelli, Bell, Michael C., Benavides, Juan C., Benito Alonso, José Luis, Berauer, Bernd J., Bjerke, Jarle W., Björk, Robert G., Björkman, Mats P., Björnsdóttir, Katrin, Blonder, Benjamin, Boeckx, Pascal, Boike, Julia, Bokhorst, Stef, Brum, Bárbara N. S., Brůna, Josef, Buchmann, Nina, Buysse, Pauline, Camargo, José Luís, Campoe, Otávio C., Candan, Onur, Canessa, Rafaella, Cannone, Nicoletta, Carbognani, Michele, Carnicer, Jofre, Casanova-Katny, Angélica, Cesarz, Simone, Chojnicki, Bogdan, Choler, Philippe, Chown, Steven L., Cifuentes, Edgar F., Čiliak, Marek, Contador, Tamara, Convey, Peter, Cooper, Elisabeth J., Cremonese, Edoardo, Curasi, Salvatore R., Curtis, Robin, Cutini, Maurizio, Dahlberg, C. Johan, Daskalova, Gergana N., Pablo, Miguel Ángel de, Della Chiesa, Stefano, Dengler, Jürgen, Deronde, Bart, Descombes, Patrice, Di Cecco, Valter, Di Musciano, Michele, Dick, Jan, Dimarco, Romina D., Dolezal, Jiri, Dorrepaal, Ellen, Dušek, Jiří, Eisenhauer, Nico, Eklundh, Lars, Erickson, Todd E., Erschbamer, Brigitta, Eugster, Werner, Ewers, Robert M., Exton, Dan A., Fanin, Nicolas, Fazlioglu, Fatih, Feigenwinter, Iris, Fenu, Giuseppe, Ferlian, Olga, Fernández Calzado, María Rosa, Fernández-Pascual, Eduardo, Finckh, Manfred, Finger Higgens, Rebecca, Forte, T'ai G. W., Freeman, Erika C., Frei, Esther R., Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo, García, Rafael A., García González, María Begoña, Géron, Charly, Gharun, Mana, Ghosn, Dany, Gigauri, Khatuna, Gobin, Anne, Goded, Ignacio, Goeckede, Mathias, Gottschall, Felix, Goulding, Keith, Govaert, Sanne, Graae, Bente Jessen, Greenwood, Sarah, Greiser, Caroline, Grelle, Achim, Guénard, Benoit, Guglielmin, Mauro, Guillemot, Joannès, Haase, Peter, Haider, Sylvia, Halbritter, Aud H., Hamid, Maroof, Hammerle, Albin, Hampe, Arndt, Haugum, Siri V., Hederová, Lucia, Heinesch, Bernard, Helfter, Carole, Hepenstrick, Daniel, Herberich, Maximiliane, Herbst, Mathias, Hermanutz, Luise, Hik, David S., Hoffrén, Raúl, Homeier, Jürgen, Hörtnagl, Lukas, Høye, Toke T., Hrbacek, Filip, Hylander, Kristoffer, Iwata, Hiroki, Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni, Jactel, Hervé, Järveoja, Järvi, Jastrzębowski, Szymon, Jentsch, Anke, Jiménez, Juan J., Jónsdóttir, Ingibjörg S., Jucker, Tommaso, Jump, Alistair S., Juszczak, Radoslaw, Kanka, Róbert, Kašpar, Vít, Kazakis, George, Kelly, Julia, Khuroo, Anzar A., Klemedtsson, Leif, Klisz, Marcin, Kljun, Natascha, Knohl, Alexander, Kobler, Johannes, Kollár, Jozef, Kotowska, Martyna M., Kovács, Bence, Kreyling, Juergen, Lamprecht, Andrea, Lang, Simone I., Larson, Christian, Larson, Keith, Laska, Kamil, Le Maire, Guerric, Leihy, Rachel I., Lens, Luc, Liljebladh, Bengt, Lohila, Annalea, Lorite, Juan, Loubet, Benjamin, Lynn, Joshua, Macek, Martin, Mackenzie, Roy, Magliulo, Enzo, Maier, Regine, Malfasi, Francesco, Máliš, František, Man, Matěj, Manca, Giovanni, Manco, Antonio, Manise, Tanguy, Manolaki, Paraskevi, Marciniak, Felipe, Matula, Radim, Mazzolari, Ana Clara, Medinets, Sergiy, Medinets, Volodymyr, Meeussen, Camille, Merinero, Sonia, Mesquita, Rita de Cássia Guimarães, Meusburger, Katrin, Meysman, Filip J. R., Michaletz, Sean T., Milbau, Ann, Moiseev, Dmitry, Moiseev, Pavel, Mondoni, Andrea, Monfries, Ruth, Montagnani, Leonardo, Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel, Morra di Cella, Umberto, Mörsdorf, Martin, Mosedale, Jonathan R., Muffler, Lena, Muñoz-Rojas, Miriam, Myers, Jonathan A., Myers-Smith, Isla H., Nagy, Laszlo, Nardino, Marianna, Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona, Newling, Emily, Nicklas, Lena, Niedrist, Georg, Niessner, Armin, Nilsson, Mats B., Normand, Signe, Nosetto, Marcelo D., Nouvellon, Yann, Nuñez, Martin A., Ogaya, Romá, Ogée, Jérôme, Okello, Joseph, Olejnik, Janusz, Olesen, Jørgen Eivind, Opedal, Øystein H., Orsenigo, Simone, Palaj, Andrej, Pampuch, Timo, Panov, Alexey V., Pärtel, Meelis, Pastor, Ada, Pauchard, Aníbal, Pauli, Harald, Pavelka, Marian, Pearse, William D., Peichl, Matthias, Pellissier, Loïc, Penczykowski, Rachel M., Peñuelas, Josep, Petit Bon, Matteo, Petraglia, Alessandro, Phartyal, Shyam S., Phoenix, Gareth K., Pio, Casimiro, Pitacco, Andrea, Pitteloud, Camille, Plichta, Roman, Porro, Francesco, Portillo-Estrada, Miguel, Poulenard, Jérôme, Poyatos, Rafael, Prokushkin, Anatoly S., Puchalka, Radoslaw, Pușcaș, Mihai, Radujković, Dajana, Randall, Krystal, Ratier Backes, Amanda, Remmele, Sabine, Remmers, Wolfram, Renault, David, Risch, Anita C., Rixen, Christian, Robinson, Sharon A., Robroek, Bjorn J. M., Rocha, Adrian V., Rossi, Christian, Rossi, Graziano, Roupsard, Olivier, Rubtsov, Alexey V., Saccone, Patrick, Sagot, Clotilde, Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan, Santos, Cinthya C., Sarneel, Judith M., Scharnweber, Tobias, Schmeddes, Jonas, Schmidt, Marius, Scholten, Thomas, Schuchardt, Max, Schwartz, Naomi, Scott, Tony, Seeber, Julia, Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina, Seipel, Tim, Semenchuk, Philipp, Senior, Rebecca A., Serra-Diaz, Josep M., Sewerniak, Piotr, Shekhar, Ankit, Sidenko, Nikita V., Siebicke, Lukas, Siegwart Collier, Laura, Simpson, Elizabeth, Siqueira, David P., Sitková, Zuzana, Six, Johan, Smiljanic, Marko, Smith, Stuart W., Smith-Tripp, Sarah, Somers, Ben, Sørensen, Mia Vedel, Souza, José João L. L., Souza, Bartolomeu Israel, Souza Dias, Arildo, Spasojevic, Marko J., Speed, James D. M., Spicher, Fabien, Stanisci, Angela, Steinbauer, Klaus, Steinbrecher, Rainer, Steinwandter, Michael, Stemkovski, Michael, Stephan, Jörg G., Stiegler, Christian, Stoll, Stefan, Svátek, Martin, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tagesson, Torbern, Tanentzap, Andrew J., Tanneberger, Franziska, Theurillat, Jean-Paul, Thomas, Haydn J. D., Thomas, Andrew D., Tielbörger, Katja, Tomaselli, Marcello, Treier, Urs Albert, Trouillier, Mario, Turtureanu, Pavel Dan, Tutton, Rosamond, Tyystjärvi, Vilna A., Ueyama, Masahito, Ujházy, Karol, Ujházyová, Mariana, Uogintas, Domas, Urban, Anastasiya V., Urban, Josef, Urbaniak, Marek, Ursu, Tudor-Mihai, Vaccari, Francesco Primo, Van de Vondel, Stijn, van den Brink, Liesbeth, Van Geel, Maarten, Vandvik, Vigdis, Vangansbeke, Pieter, Varlagin, Andrej, Veen, G. F., Veenendaal, Elmar, Venn, Susanna E., Verbeeck, Hans, Verbrugggen, Erik, Verheijen, Frank G. A., Villar Pérez, Luis, Vitale, Luca, Vittoz, Pascal, Vives-Ingla, Maria, Oppen, Jonathan von, Walz, Josefine, Wang, Runxi, Wang, Yifeng, Way, Robert G., Wedegärtner, Ronja E. M., Weigel, Robert, Wild, Jan, Wilkinson, Matthew, Wilmking, Martin, Wingate, Lisa, Winkler, Manuela, Wipf, Sonja, Wohlfahrt, Georg, Xenakis, Georgios, Yang, Yan, Yu, Zicheng, Yu, Kailiang, Zellweger, Florian, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zhaochen, Zhao, Peng, Ziemblińska, Klaudia, Zimmermann, Reiner, Zong, Shengwei, Zyryanov, Viacheslav I., Nijs, Ivan, and Lenoir, Jonathan
Abstract: Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km2 resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Published: 2022

17. An Experiment with Forced Oxygenation of the Deepwater of the Anoxic By Fjord, Western Sweden

Author: Stigebrandt, Anders, Liljebladh, Bengt, de Brabandere, Loreto, Forth, Michael, Granmo, Åke, Hall, Per, Hammar, Jonatan, Hansson, Daniel, Kononets, Mikhail, Magnusson, Marina, Norén, Fredrik, Rahm, Lars, Treusch, Alexander H., Viktorsson, Lena, Stigebrandt, Anders, Liljebladh, Bengt, de Brabandere, Loreto, Forth, Michael, Granmo, Åke, Hall, Per, Hammar, Jonatan, Hansson, Daniel, Kononets, Mikhail, Magnusson, Marina, Norén, Fredrik, Rahm, Lars, Treusch, Alexander H., and Viktorsson, Lena
Abstract: In a 2.5-year-long environmental engineering experiment in the By Fjord, surface water was pumped into the deepwater where the frequency of deepwater renewals increased by a factor of 10. During the experiment, the deepwater became long-term oxic, and nitrate became the dominating dissolved inorganic nitrogen component. The amount of phosphate in the water column decreased by a factor of 5 due to the increase in flushing and reduction in the leakage of phosphate from the sediments when the sediment surface became oxidized. Oxygenation of the sediments did not increase the leakage of toxic metals and organic pollutants. The bacterial community was the first to show changes after the oxygenation, with aerobic bacteria also thriving in the deepwater. The earlier azoic deepwater bottom sediments were colonized by animals. No structural difference between the phytoplankton communities in the By Fjord and the adjacent Havsten Fjord, with oxygenated deepwater, could be detected during the experiment.
Published: 2015
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18. An Experiment with Forced Oxygenation of the Deepwater of the Anoxic By Fjord, Western Sweden

Author: Stigebrandt, Anders, Liljebladh, Bengt, de Brabandere, Loreto, Forth, Michael, Granmo, Åke, Hall, Per, Hammar, Jonatan, Hansson, Daniel, Kononets, Mikhail, Magnusson, Marina, Norén, Fredrik, Rahm, Lars, Treusch, Alexander H., Viktorsson, Lena, Stigebrandt, Anders, Liljebladh, Bengt, de Brabandere, Loreto, Forth, Michael, Granmo, Åke, Hall, Per, Hammar, Jonatan, Hansson, Daniel, Kononets, Mikhail, Magnusson, Marina, Norén, Fredrik, Rahm, Lars, Treusch, Alexander H., and Viktorsson, Lena
Abstract: In a 2.5-year-long environmental engineering experiment in the By Fjord, surface water was pumped into the deepwater where the frequency of deepwater renewals increased by a factor of 10. During the experiment, the deepwater became long-term oxic, and nitrate became the dominating dissolved inorganic nitrogen component. The amount of phosphate in the water column decreased by a factor of 5 due to the increase in flushing and reduction in the leakage of phosphate from the sediments when the sediment surface became oxidized. Oxygenation of the sediments did not increase the leakage of toxic metals and organic pollutants. The bacterial community was the first to show changes after the oxygenation, with aerobic bacteria also thriving in the deepwater. The earlier azoic deepwater bottom sediments were colonized by animals. No structural difference between the phytoplankton communities in the By Fjord and the adjacent Havsten Fjord, with oxygenated deepwater, could be detected during the experiment.
Published: 2015
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19. An Experiment with Forced Oxygenation of the Deepwater of the Anoxic By Fjord, Western Sweden

Author: Stigebrandt, Anders, Liljebladh, Bengt, de Brabandere, Loreto, Forth, Michael, Granmo, Åke, Hall, Per, Hammar, Jonatan, Hansson, Daniel, Kononets, Mikhail, Magnusson, Marina, Norén, Fredrik, Rahm, Lars, Treusch, Alexander H., Viktorsson, Lena, Stigebrandt, Anders, Liljebladh, Bengt, de Brabandere, Loreto, Forth, Michael, Granmo, Åke, Hall, Per, Hammar, Jonatan, Hansson, Daniel, Kononets, Mikhail, Magnusson, Marina, Norén, Fredrik, Rahm, Lars, Treusch, Alexander H., and Viktorsson, Lena
Abstract: In a 2.5-year-long environmental engineering experiment in the By Fjord, surface water was pumped into the deepwater where the frequency of deepwater renewals increased by a factor of 10. During the experiment, the deepwater became long-term oxic, and nitrate became the dominating dissolved inorganic nitrogen component. The amount of phosphate in the water column decreased by a factor of 5 due to the increase in flushing and reduction in the leakage of phosphate from the sediments when the sediment surface became oxidized. Oxygenation of the sediments did not increase the leakage of toxic metals and organic pollutants. The bacterial community was the first to show changes after the oxygenation, with aerobic bacteria also thriving in the deepwater. The earlier azoic deepwater bottom sediments were colonized by animals. No structural difference between the phytoplankton communities in the By Fjord and the adjacent Havsten Fjord, with oxygenated deepwater, could be detected during the experiment.
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

20. An Experiment with Forced Oxygenation of the Deepwater of the Anoxic By Fjord, Western Sweden

Author: Stigebrandt, Anders, Liljebladh, Bengt, de Brabandere, Loreto, Forth, Michael, Granmo, Åke, Hall, Per, Hammar, Jonatan, Hansson, Daniel, Kononets, Mikhail, Magnusson, Marina, Norén, Fredrik, Rahm, Lars, Treusch, Alexander H., Viktorsson, Lena, Stigebrandt, Anders, Liljebladh, Bengt, de Brabandere, Loreto, Forth, Michael, Granmo, Åke, Hall, Per, Hammar, Jonatan, Hansson, Daniel, Kononets, Mikhail, Magnusson, Marina, Norén, Fredrik, Rahm, Lars, Treusch, Alexander H., and Viktorsson, Lena
Abstract: In a 2.5-year-long environmental engineering experiment in the By Fjord, surface water was pumped into the deepwater where the frequency of deepwater renewals increased by a factor of 10. During the experiment, the deepwater became long-term oxic, and nitrate became the dominating dissolved inorganic nitrogen component. The amount of phosphate in the water column decreased by a factor of 5 due to the increase in flushing and reduction in the leakage of phosphate from the sediments when the sediment surface became oxidized. Oxygenation of the sediments did not increase the leakage of toxic metals and organic pollutants. The bacterial community was the first to show changes after the oxygenation, with aerobic bacteria also thriving in the deepwater. The earlier azoic deepwater bottom sediments were colonized by animals. No structural difference between the phytoplankton communities in the By Fjord and the adjacent Havsten Fjord, with oxygenated deepwater, could be detected during the experiment.
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

21. An Experiment with Forced Oxygenation of the Deepwater of the Anoxic By Fjord, Western Sweden

Author: Stigebrandt, Anders, Liljebladh, Bengt, de Brabandere, Loreto, Forth, Michael, Granmo, Åke, Hall, Per, Hammar, Jonatan, Hansson, Daniel, Kononets, Mikhail, Magnusson, Marina, Norén, Fredrik, Rahm, Lars, Treusch, Alexander H., Viktorsson, Lena, Stigebrandt, Anders, Liljebladh, Bengt, de Brabandere, Loreto, Forth, Michael, Granmo, Åke, Hall, Per, Hammar, Jonatan, Hansson, Daniel, Kononets, Mikhail, Magnusson, Marina, Norén, Fredrik, Rahm, Lars, Treusch, Alexander H., and Viktorsson, Lena
Abstract: In a 2.5-year-long environmental engineering experiment in the By Fjord, surface water was pumped into the deepwater where the frequency of deepwater renewals increased by a factor of 10. During the experiment, the deepwater became long-term oxic, and nitrate became the dominating dissolved inorganic nitrogen component. The amount of phosphate in the water column decreased by a factor of 5 due to the increase in flushing and reduction in the leakage of phosphate from the sediments when the sediment surface became oxidized. Oxygenation of the sediments did not increase the leakage of toxic metals and organic pollutants. The bacterial community was the first to show changes after the oxygenation, with aerobic bacteria also thriving in the deepwater. The earlier azoic deepwater bottom sediments were colonized by animals. No structural difference between the phytoplankton communities in the By Fjord and the adjacent Havsten Fjord, with oxygenated deepwater, could be detected during the experiment.
Published: 2015
Full Text: View/download PDF

22. A New Phosphorus Paradigm for the Baltic Proper

Author: Stigebrandt, Anders, Rahm, Lars, Viktorsson, Lena, Odalen, Malin, Hall, Per O. J., Liljebladh, Bengt, Stigebrandt, Anders, Rahm, Lars, Viktorsson, Lena, Odalen, Malin, Hall, Per O. J., and Liljebladh, Bengt
Abstract: The external phosphorus (P) loading has been halved, but the P content in the water column and the area of anoxic bottoms in Baltic proper has increased during the last 30 years. This can be explained by a temporary internal source of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) that is turned on when the water above the bottom sediment becomes anoxic. A load-response model, explaining the evolution from 1980 to 2005, suggests that the average specific DIP flux from anoxic bottoms in the Baltic proper is about 2.3 g P m(-2) year(-1). This is commensurable with fluxes estimated in situ from anoxic bottoms in the open Baltic proper and from hydrographic data in the deep part of Bornholm Basin. Oxygenation of anoxic bottoms, natural or manmade, may quickly turn off the internal P source from anoxic bottoms. This new P-paradigm should have far-reaching implications for abatement of eutrophication in the Baltic proper., Funding Agencies|Swedish EPA [NV 08/302 F-255-08]
Published: 2014
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23. A New Phosphorus Paradigm for the Baltic Proper

Author: Stigebrandt, Anders, Rahm, Lars, Viktorsson, Lena, Odalen, Malin, Hall, Per O. J., Liljebladh, Bengt, Stigebrandt, Anders, Rahm, Lars, Viktorsson, Lena, Odalen, Malin, Hall, Per O. J., and Liljebladh, Bengt
Abstract: The external phosphorus (P) loading has been halved, but the P content in the water column and the area of anoxic bottoms in Baltic proper has increased during the last 30 years. This can be explained by a temporary internal source of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) that is turned on when the water above the bottom sediment becomes anoxic. A load-response model, explaining the evolution from 1980 to 2005, suggests that the average specific DIP flux from anoxic bottoms in the Baltic proper is about 2.3 g P m(-2) year(-1). This is commensurable with fluxes estimated in situ from anoxic bottoms in the open Baltic proper and from hydrographic data in the deep part of Bornholm Basin. Oxygenation of anoxic bottoms, natural or manmade, may quickly turn off the internal P source from anoxic bottoms. This new P-paradigm should have far-reaching implications for abatement of eutrophication in the Baltic proper., Funding Agencies|Swedish EPA [NV 08/302 F-255-08]
Published: 2014
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24. A New Phosphorus Paradigm for the Baltic Proper

Author: Stigebrandt, Anders, Rahm, Lars, Viktorsson, Lena, Odalen, Malin, Hall, Per O. J., Liljebladh, Bengt, Stigebrandt, Anders, Rahm, Lars, Viktorsson, Lena, Odalen, Malin, Hall, Per O. J., and Liljebladh, Bengt
Abstract: The external phosphorus (P) loading has been halved, but the P content in the water column and the area of anoxic bottoms in Baltic proper has increased during the last 30 years. This can be explained by a temporary internal source of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) that is turned on when the water above the bottom sediment becomes anoxic. A load-response model, explaining the evolution from 1980 to 2005, suggests that the average specific DIP flux from anoxic bottoms in the Baltic proper is about 2.3 g P m(-2) year(-1). This is commensurable with fluxes estimated in situ from anoxic bottoms in the open Baltic proper and from hydrographic data in the deep part of Bornholm Basin. Oxygenation of anoxic bottoms, natural or manmade, may quickly turn off the internal P source from anoxic bottoms. This new P-paradigm should have far-reaching implications for abatement of eutrophication in the Baltic proper., Funding Agencies|Swedish EPA [NV 08/302 F-255-08]
Published: 2014
Full Text: View/download PDF

25. A New Phosphorus Paradigm for the Baltic Proper

Author: Stigebrandt, Anders, Rahm, Lars, Viktorsson, Lena, Odalen, Malin, Hall, Per O. J., Liljebladh, Bengt, Stigebrandt, Anders, Rahm, Lars, Viktorsson, Lena, Odalen, Malin, Hall, Per O. J., and Liljebladh, Bengt
Abstract: The external phosphorus (P) loading has been halved, but the P content in the water column and the area of anoxic bottoms in Baltic proper has increased during the last 30 years. This can be explained by a temporary internal source of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) that is turned on when the water above the bottom sediment becomes anoxic. A load-response model, explaining the evolution from 1980 to 2005, suggests that the average specific DIP flux from anoxic bottoms in the Baltic proper is about 2.3 g P m(-2) year(-1). This is commensurable with fluxes estimated in situ from anoxic bottoms in the open Baltic proper and from hydrographic data in the deep part of Bornholm Basin. Oxygenation of anoxic bottoms, natural or manmade, may quickly turn off the internal P source from anoxic bottoms. This new P-paradigm should have far-reaching implications for abatement of eutrophication in the Baltic proper., Funding Agencies|Swedish EPA [NV 08/302 F-255-08]
Published: 2014
Full Text: View/download PDF

26. A New Phosphorus Paradigm for the Baltic Proper

Author: Stigebrandt, Anders, Rahm, Lars, Viktorsson, Lena, Odalen, Malin, Hall, Per O. J., Liljebladh, Bengt, Stigebrandt, Anders, Rahm, Lars, Viktorsson, Lena, Odalen, Malin, Hall, Per O. J., and Liljebladh, Bengt
Abstract: The external phosphorus (P) loading has been halved, but the P content in the water column and the area of anoxic bottoms in Baltic proper has increased during the last 30 years. This can be explained by a temporary internal source of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) that is turned on when the water above the bottom sediment becomes anoxic. A load-response model, explaining the evolution from 1980 to 2005, suggests that the average specific DIP flux from anoxic bottoms in the Baltic proper is about 2.3 g P m(-2) year(-1). This is commensurable with fluxes estimated in situ from anoxic bottoms in the open Baltic proper and from hydrographic data in the deep part of Bornholm Basin. Oxygenation of anoxic bottoms, natural or manmade, may quickly turn off the internal P source from anoxic bottoms. This new P-paradigm should have far-reaching implications for abatement of eutrophication in the Baltic proper., Funding Agencies|Swedish EPA [NV 08/302 F-255-08]
Published: 2014
Full Text: View/download PDF

27. Analysis and modeling of hydrothermal plume data acquired from the 85°E segment of the Gakkel Ridge

Author: Stranne, Christian, Sohn, Robert A., Liljebladh, Bengt, Nakamura, Ko-ichi, Stranne, Christian, Sohn, Robert A., Liljebladh, Bengt, and Nakamura, Ko-ichi
Abstract: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 115 (2010): C06028, doi:10.1029/2009JC005776., We use data from a CTD plume-mapping campaign conducted during the Arctic Gakkel Vents (AGAVE) expedition in 2007 to constrain the nature of hydrothermal processes on the Gakkel Ridge at 85°E. Thermal and redox potential (Eh) anomalies were detected in two discrete depth intervals: 2400–2800 m (Interval 1) and 3000–3800 m (Interval 2). The spatial and temporal patterns of the signals indicate that the Interval 1 anomalies were most likely generated by a single large, high-temperature (T > 100°C) vent field located on the fault terraces that form the NE axial valley wall. In contrast, the Interval 2 anomalies appear to have been generated by up to 7 spatially distinct vent fields associated with constructional volcanic features on the floor of the axial valley, many of which may be sites of diffuse, low-temperature (T < 10°C) discharge. Numerical simulations of turbulent plumes rising in a weakly stratified Arctic Ocean water column indicate that the high-temperature field on the axial valley wall has a thermal power of ∼1.8 GW, similar to the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse and Rainbow fields in the Atlantic Ocean, whereas the sites on the axial valley floor have values ranging from 5 to 110 MW., Thiswork was funded by the NSF Office of Polar Programs, Tellus—The Centre of Earth Systems Science at theUniversity of Gothenburg, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Published: 2010

28. Analysis and modeling of hydrothermal plume data acquired from the 85°E segment of the Gakkel Ridge

Author: Stranne, Christian, Sohn, Robert A., Liljebladh, Bengt, Nakamura, Ko-ichi, Stranne, Christian, Sohn, Robert A., Liljebladh, Bengt, and Nakamura, Ko-ichi
Abstract: We use data from a CTD plume-mapping campaign conducted during the Arctic Gakkel Vents (AGAVE) expedition in 2007 to constrain the nature of hydrothermal processes on the Gakkel Ridge at 85°E. Thermal and redox potential (Eh) anomalies were detected in two discrete depth intervals: 2400–2800 m (Interval 1) and 3000–3800 m (Interval 2). The spatial and temporal patterns of the signals indicate that the Interval 1 anomalies were most likely generated by a single large, high-temperature (T > 100°C) vent field located on the fault terraces that form the NE axial valley wall. In contrast, the Interval 2 anomalies appear to have been generated by up to 7 spatially distinct vent fields associated with constructional volcanic features on the floor of the axial valley, many of which may be sites of diffuse, low-temperature (T < 10°C) discharge. Numerical simulations of turbulent plumes rising in a weakly stratified Arctic Ocean water column indicate that the high-temperature field on the axial valley wall has a thermal power of ∼1.8 GW, similar to the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse and Rainbow fields in the Atlantic Ocean, whereas the sites on the axial valley floor have values ranging from 5 to 110 MW.
Published: 2010

29. Explosive volcanism on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean

Author: Sohn, Robert A., Willis, Claire, Humphris, Susan E., Shank, Timothy M., Singh, Hanumant, Edmonds, Henrietta N., Kunz, Clayton G., Hedman, Ulf, Helmke, Elisabeth, Jakuba, Michael V., Liljebladh, Bengt, Linder, Julia, Murphy, Christopher A., Nakamura, Ko-ichi, Sato, Taichi, Schlindwein, Vera, Stranne, Christian, Tausenfreund, Upchurch, Winsor, Peter, Jakobsson, Martin, Soule, Samuel A., Sohn, Robert A., Willis, Claire, Humphris, Susan E., Shank, Timothy M., Singh, Hanumant, Edmonds, Henrietta N., Kunz, Clayton G., Hedman, Ulf, Helmke, Elisabeth, Jakuba, Michael V., Liljebladh, Bengt, Linder, Julia, Murphy, Christopher A., Nakamura, Ko-ichi, Sato, Taichi, Schlindwein, Vera, Stranne, Christian, Tausenfreund, Upchurch, Winsor, Peter, Jakobsson, Martin, and Soule, Samuel A.
Abstract: Author Posting. © Nature Publishing Group, 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Nature Publishing Group for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Nature 453 (2008): 1236-1238, doi:10.1038/nature07075., Roughly 60% of the Earth’s outer surface is comprised of oceanic crust formed by volcanic processes at mid-ocean ridges (MORs). Although only a small fraction of this vast volcanic terrain has been visually surveyed and/or sampled, the available evidence suggests that explosive eruptions are rare on MORs, particularly at depths below the critical point for steam (3000 m). A pyroclastic deposit has never been observed on the seafloor below 3000 m, presumably because the volatile content of mid-ocean ridge basalts is generally too low to produce the gas fractions required to fragment a magma at such high hydrostatic pressure. We employed new deep submergence technologies during an International Polar Year expedition to the Gakkel Ridge in the Arctic Basin at 85°E, to acquire the first-ever photographic images of ‘zero-age’ volcanic terrain on this remote, ice-covered MOR. Our imagery reveals that the axial valley at 4000 m water depth is blanketed with unconsolidated pyroclastic deposits, including bubble wall fragments (limu o Pele), covering a large area greater than 10 km2. At least 13.5 wt% CO2 is required to fragment magma at these depths, which is ~10x greater than the highest values measured to-date in a MOR basalt. These observations raise important questions regarding the accumulation and discharge of magmatic volatiles at ultra-slow spreading rates on the Gakkel Ridge (6- 14 mm yr-1, full-rate), and demonstrate that large-scale pyroclastic activity is possible along even the deepest portions of the global MOR volcanic system., This research was funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Published: 2009

30. Explosive volcanism on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean

Author: Sohn, Robert A., Willis, Claire, Humphris, Susan E., Shank, Timothy M., Singh, Hanumant, Edmonds, Henrietta N., Kunz, Clayton G., Hedman, Ulf, Helmke, Elisabeth, Jakuba, Michael V., Liljebladh, Bengt, Linder, Julia, Murphy, Christopher A., Nakamura, Ko-ichi, Sato, Taichi, Schlindwein, Vera, Stranne, Christian, Tausenfreund, Upchurch, Winsor, Peter, Jakobsson, Martin, Soule, Samuel A., Sohn, Robert A., Willis, Claire, Humphris, Susan E., Shank, Timothy M., Singh, Hanumant, Edmonds, Henrietta N., Kunz, Clayton G., Hedman, Ulf, Helmke, Elisabeth, Jakuba, Michael V., Liljebladh, Bengt, Linder, Julia, Murphy, Christopher A., Nakamura, Ko-ichi, Sato, Taichi, Schlindwein, Vera, Stranne, Christian, Tausenfreund, Upchurch, Winsor, Peter, Jakobsson, Martin, and Soule, Samuel A.
Abstract: Author Posting. © Nature Publishing Group, 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Nature Publishing Group for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Nature 453 (2008): 1236-1238, doi:10.1038/nature07075., Roughly 60% of the Earth’s outer surface is comprised of oceanic crust formed by volcanic processes at mid-ocean ridges (MORs). Although only a small fraction of this vast volcanic terrain has been visually surveyed and/or sampled, the available evidence suggests that explosive eruptions are rare on MORs, particularly at depths below the critical point for steam (3000 m). A pyroclastic deposit has never been observed on the seafloor below 3000 m, presumably because the volatile content of mid-ocean ridge basalts is generally too low to produce the gas fractions required to fragment a magma at such high hydrostatic pressure. We employed new deep submergence technologies during an International Polar Year expedition to the Gakkel Ridge in the Arctic Basin at 85°E, to acquire the first-ever photographic images of ‘zero-age’ volcanic terrain on this remote, ice-covered MOR. Our imagery reveals that the axial valley at 4000 m water depth is blanketed with unconsolidated pyroclastic deposits, including bubble wall fragments (limu o Pele), covering a large area greater than 10 km2. At least 13.5 wt% CO2 is required to fragment magma at these depths, which is ~10x greater than the highest values measured to-date in a MOR basalt. These observations raise important questions regarding the accumulation and discharge of magmatic volatiles at ultra-slow spreading rates on the Gakkel Ridge (6- 14 mm yr-1, full-rate), and demonstrate that large-scale pyroclastic activity is possible along even the deepest portions of the global MOR volcanic system., This research was funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Published: 2009

31. Explosive volcanism on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean

Author: Sohn, Robert A., Willis, Claire, Humphris, Susan E., Shank, Timothy M., Singh, Hanumant, Edmonds, Henrietta N., Kunz, Clayton G., Hedman, Ulf, Helmke, Elisabeth, Jakuba, Michael V., Liljebladh, Bengt, Linder, Julia, Murphy, Christopher A., Nakamura, Ko-ichi, Sato, Taichi, Schlindwein, Vera, Stranne, Christian, Tausenfreund, Upchurch, Winsor, Peter, Jakobsson, Martin, Soule, Samuel A., Sohn, Robert A., Willis, Claire, Humphris, Susan E., Shank, Timothy M., Singh, Hanumant, Edmonds, Henrietta N., Kunz, Clayton G., Hedman, Ulf, Helmke, Elisabeth, Jakuba, Michael V., Liljebladh, Bengt, Linder, Julia, Murphy, Christopher A., Nakamura, Ko-ichi, Sato, Taichi, Schlindwein, Vera, Stranne, Christian, Tausenfreund, Upchurch, Winsor, Peter, Jakobsson, Martin, and Soule, Samuel A.
Abstract: Author Posting. © Nature Publishing Group, 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Nature Publishing Group for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Nature 453 (2008): 1236-1238, doi:10.1038/nature07075., Roughly 60% of the Earth’s outer surface is comprised of oceanic crust formed by volcanic processes at mid-ocean ridges (MORs). Although only a small fraction of this vast volcanic terrain has been visually surveyed and/or sampled, the available evidence suggests that explosive eruptions are rare on MORs, particularly at depths below the critical point for steam (3000 m). A pyroclastic deposit has never been observed on the seafloor below 3000 m, presumably because the volatile content of mid-ocean ridge basalts is generally too low to produce the gas fractions required to fragment a magma at such high hydrostatic pressure. We employed new deep submergence technologies during an International Polar Year expedition to the Gakkel Ridge in the Arctic Basin at 85°E, to acquire the first-ever photographic images of ‘zero-age’ volcanic terrain on this remote, ice-covered MOR. Our imagery reveals that the axial valley at 4000 m water depth is blanketed with unconsolidated pyroclastic deposits, including bubble wall fragments (limu o Pele), covering a large area greater than 10 km2. At least 13.5 wt% CO2 is required to fragment magma at these depths, which is ~10x greater than the highest values measured to-date in a MOR basalt. These observations raise important questions regarding the accumulation and discharge of magmatic volatiles at ultra-slow spreading rates on the Gakkel Ridge (6- 14 mm yr-1, full-rate), and demonstrate that large-scale pyroclastic activity is possible along even the deepest portions of the global MOR volcanic system., This research was funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Published: 2009

32. Explosive volcanism on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean

Author: Sohn, Robert A., Willis, Claire, Humphris, Susan E., Shank, Timothy M., Singh, Hanumant, Edmonds, Henrietta N., Kunz, Clayton G., Hedman, Ulf, Helmke, Elisabeth, Jakuba, Michael V., Liljebladh, Bengt, Linder, Julia, Murphy, Christopher A., Nakamura, Ko-ichi, Sato, Taichi, Schlindwein, Vera, Stranne, Christian, Tausenfreund, Upchurch, Winsor, Peter, Jakobsson, Martin, Soule, Samuel A., Sohn, Robert A., Willis, Claire, Humphris, Susan E., Shank, Timothy M., Singh, Hanumant, Edmonds, Henrietta N., Kunz, Clayton G., Hedman, Ulf, Helmke, Elisabeth, Jakuba, Michael V., Liljebladh, Bengt, Linder, Julia, Murphy, Christopher A., Nakamura, Ko-ichi, Sato, Taichi, Schlindwein, Vera, Stranne, Christian, Tausenfreund, Upchurch, Winsor, Peter, Jakobsson, Martin, and Soule, Samuel A.
Abstract: Author Posting. © Nature Publishing Group, 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Nature Publishing Group for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Nature 453 (2008): 1236-1238, doi:10.1038/nature07075., Roughly 60% of the Earth’s outer surface is comprised of oceanic crust formed by volcanic processes at mid-ocean ridges (MORs). Although only a small fraction of this vast volcanic terrain has been visually surveyed and/or sampled, the available evidence suggests that explosive eruptions are rare on MORs, particularly at depths below the critical point for steam (3000 m). A pyroclastic deposit has never been observed on the seafloor below 3000 m, presumably because the volatile content of mid-ocean ridge basalts is generally too low to produce the gas fractions required to fragment a magma at such high hydrostatic pressure. We employed new deep submergence technologies during an International Polar Year expedition to the Gakkel Ridge in the Arctic Basin at 85°E, to acquire the first-ever photographic images of ‘zero-age’ volcanic terrain on this remote, ice-covered MOR. Our imagery reveals that the axial valley at 4000 m water depth is blanketed with unconsolidated pyroclastic deposits, including bubble wall fragments (limu o Pele), covering a large area greater than 10 km2. At least 13.5 wt% CO2 is required to fragment magma at these depths, which is ~10x greater than the highest values measured to-date in a MOR basalt. These observations raise important questions regarding the accumulation and discharge of magmatic volatiles at ultra-slow spreading rates on the Gakkel Ridge (6- 14 mm yr-1, full-rate), and demonstrate that large-scale pyroclastic activity is possible along even the deepest portions of the global MOR volcanic system., This research was funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
Published: 2009

33. Explosive volcanism on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean

Author: Sohn, Robert A., Willis, Claire, Humphris, Susan E., Shank, Timothy M., Singh, Hanumant, Edmonds, Henrietta N., Kunz, Clayton G., Hedman, Ulf, Helmke, Elisabeth, Jakuba, Michael V., Liljebladh, Bengt, Linder, Julia, Murphy, Christopher A., Nakamura, Ko-ichi, Sato, Taichi, Schlindwein, Vera, Stranne, Christian, Tausenfreund, Upchurch, Winsor, Peter, Jakobsson, Martin, Soule, Samuel A., Sohn, Robert A., Willis, Claire, Humphris, Susan E., Shank, Timothy M., Singh, Hanumant, Edmonds, Henrietta N., Kunz, Clayton G., Hedman, Ulf, Helmke, Elisabeth, Jakuba, Michael V., Liljebladh, Bengt, Linder, Julia, Murphy, Christopher A., Nakamura, Ko-ichi, Sato, Taichi, Schlindwein, Vera, Stranne, Christian, Tausenfreund, Upchurch, Winsor, Peter, Jakobsson, Martin, and Soule, Samuel A.
Abstract: Roughly 60% of the Earth’s outer surface is comprised of oceanic crust formed by volcanic processes at mid-ocean ridges (MORs). Although only a small fraction of this vast volcanic terrain has been visually surveyed and/or sampled, the available evidence suggests that explosive eruptions are rare on MORs, particularly at depths below the critical point for steam (3000 m). A pyroclastic deposit has never been observed on the seafloor below 3000 m, presumably because the volatile content of mid-ocean ridge basalts is generally too low to produce the gas fractions required to fragment a magma at such high hydrostatic pressure. We employed new deep submergence technologies during an International Polar Year expedition to the Gakkel Ridge in the Arctic Basin at 85°E, to acquire the first-ever photographic images of ‘zero-age’ volcanic terrain on this remote, ice-covered MOR. Our imagery reveals that the axial valley at 4000 m water depth is blanketed with unconsolidated pyroclastic deposits, including bubble wall fragments (limu o Pele), covering a large area greater than 10 km2. At least 13.5 wt% CO2 is required to fragment magma at these depths, which is ~10x greater than the highest values measured to-date in a MOR basalt. These observations raise important questions regarding the accumulation and discharge of magmatic volatiles at ultra-slow spreading rates on the Gakkel Ridge (6- 14 mm yr-1, full-rate), and demonstrate that large-scale pyroclastic activity is possible along even the deepest portions of the global MOR volcanic system.
Published: 2007

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1. Global maps of soil temperature

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5. Mineral Changes to the Tufa Columns of Ikka Fjord, SW Greenland

6. Global maps of soil temperature

7. Mineral Changes to the Tufa Columns of Ikka Fjord, SW Greenland

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10. Mineral Changes to the Tufa Columns of Ikka Fjord, SW Greenland

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17. An Experiment with Forced Oxygenation of the Deepwater of the Anoxic By Fjord, Western Sweden

18. An Experiment with Forced Oxygenation of the Deepwater of the Anoxic By Fjord, Western Sweden

19. An Experiment with Forced Oxygenation of the Deepwater of the Anoxic By Fjord, Western Sweden

20. An Experiment with Forced Oxygenation of the Deepwater of the Anoxic By Fjord, Western Sweden

21. An Experiment with Forced Oxygenation of the Deepwater of the Anoxic By Fjord, Western Sweden

22. A New Phosphorus Paradigm for the Baltic Proper

23. A New Phosphorus Paradigm for the Baltic Proper

24. A New Phosphorus Paradigm for the Baltic Proper

25. A New Phosphorus Paradigm for the Baltic Proper

26. A New Phosphorus Paradigm for the Baltic Proper

27. Analysis and modeling of hydrothermal plume data acquired from the 85°E segment of the Gakkel Ridge

28. Analysis and modeling of hydrothermal plume data acquired from the 85°E segment of the Gakkel Ridge

29. Explosive volcanism on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean

30. Explosive volcanism on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean

31. Explosive volcanism on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean

32. Explosive volcanism on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean

33. Explosive volcanism on the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean

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