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Jia-Xin Cai,1– 3,* Ji-Hua Liu,1– 3,* Jun-Yong Wu,1– 3 Yong-Jiang Li,1– 3 Xiao-Han Qiu,1– 3 Wen-Jie Xu,1– 3 Ping Xu,1,2 Da-Xiong Xiang1– 3 1Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 3Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ping Xu; Da-Xiong Xiang, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People’s Republic of China, Email xuping1109@csu.edu.cn; xiangdaxiong@csu.edu.cnPurpose: In order to prepare a biomimetic nano-carrier which has inflammatory chemotaxis, homologous targeting and reduce immune clearance, for targeted chemotherapy of osteosarcoma, we fabricated the paclitaxel-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles coated with 143B-RAW hybrid membrane (PTX-PLGA@[143B-RAW] NPs) and evaluate its anti-cancer efficacy in vitro and vivo.Methods: PTX-PLGA@[143B-RAW] NPs were prepared by the ultrasonic method and were characterized by size, zeta potential, polymer dispersion index (PDI), Coomassie bright blue staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cellular uptake, cell viability assay, flow cytometry and chemotactic effect of PTX-PLGA@[143B-RAW] NPs were evaluated in vitro. Biodistribution, anti-cancer therapeutic efficacy and safety of PTX-PLGA@[143B-RAW] NPs were evaluated in 143B osteosarcoma xenograft mice.Results: The hybrid membrane successfully coated onto the surface of PLGA nanoparticles. PTX-PLGA@[143B-RAW] NPs had a drug loading capacity of 4.24 ± 0.02% and showed targeting ability to osteosarcoma. PTX-PLGA@[143B-RAW] NPs show

Jia-Xin Cai,1– 3,* Ji-Hua Liu,1– 3,* Jun-Yong Wu,1– 3 Yong-Jiang Li,1– 3 Xiao-Han Qiu,1– 3 Wen-Jie Xu,1– 3 Ping Xu,1,2 Da-Xiong Xiang1– 3 1Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 3Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ping Xu; Da-Xiong Xiang, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People’s Republic of China, Email xuping1109@csu.edu.cn; xiangdaxiong@csu.edu.cnPurpose: In order to prepare a biomimetic nano-carrier which has inflammatory chemotaxis, homologous targeting and reduce immune clearance, for targeted chemotherapy of osteosarcoma, we fabricated the paclitaxel-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles coated with 143B-RAW hybrid membrane (PTX-PLGA@[143B-RAW] NPs) and evaluate its anti-cancer efficacy in vitro and vivo.Methods: PTX-PLGA@[143B-RAW] NPs were prepared by the ultrasonic method and were characterized by size, zeta potential, polymer dispersion index (PDI), Coomassie bright blue staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cellular uptake, cell viability assay, flow cytometry and chemotactic effect of PTX-PLGA@[143B-RAW] NPs were evaluated in vitro. Biodistribution, anti-cancer therapeutic efficacy and safety of PTX-PLGA@[143B-RAW] NPs were evaluated in 143B osteosarcoma xenograft mice.Results: The hybrid membrane successfully coated onto the surface of PLGA nanoparticles. PTX-PLGA@[143B-RAW] NPs had a drug loading capacity of 4.24 ± 0.02% and showed targeting ability to osteosarcoma. PTX-PLGA@[143B-RAW] NPs show

Jun-Yong Wu,1–3* Yong-Jiang Li,1–3* Xin-Yi Liu,1–3 Jia-Xin Cai,1–3 Xiong-Bin Hu,1–3 Jie-Min Wang,1–3 Tian-Tian Tang,1–3 Da-Xiong Xiang1–3 1Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 3Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Da-Xiong XiangDepartment of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail xiangdaxiong@csu.edu.cnBackground: 3,5,4′-trimethoxy-trans-stilbene (BTM) is a methylated derivative of resveratrol. To improve the pharmaceutical properties of BTM, BTM loaded PEG-PE micelles (BTM@PEG-PE) were fabricated and its anti-cancer efficacy against colon cancer was evaluated.Methods: BTM@PEG-PE micelles were prepared by the solvent evaporation method and were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), size, zeta potential, polymer disperse index (PDI) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cellular uptake, cell viability assay, caspase-3 activity assay and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the cell internalization and anti-cancer efficacy of BTM@PEG-PE micelles in vitro. Pharmacokinetic profiles of BTM and BTM@PEG-PE micelles were compared and in vivo anti-cancer therapeutic efficacy and safety of BTM@PEG-PE micelles on CT26 xenograft mice were evaluated.Results: BTM was successfully embedded in the core of PEG-PE micelles, with a drug loading capacity of 5.62±0.80%. PEG-PE micelles facilitated BTM entering to the CT26 cells and BTM@PEG-PE micelles exerted enhanced anti-cancer effic

Xiong-Bin Hu,1–3 Tian-Tian Tang,1–3 Yong-Jiang Li,1–3 Jun-Yong Wu,1–3 Jie-Min Wang,1–3 Xin-Yi Liu,1–3 Da-Xiong Xiang1–31Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 3Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, People’s Republic of ChinaPurpose: The aim of this research was to develop a phospholipid complex based nanoemulsion system for oral insulin delivery.Methods: Insulin-phospholipid complex (IPC) was firstly prepared by an anhydrous co-solvent lyophilization method, and then encapsulated into the oil phase of nanoemulsion to obtain the IPC-based nanoemulsion (IPC-NE). Both water-in-oil (W/O) IPC-NE and oil-in-water (O/W) IPC-NE were formulated and evaluated for comparison.Results: The obtained W/O IPC-NE and O/W IPC-NE were both spherical in shape with a mean particle size of 18.6±0.79 nm and 27.3±1.25 nm, respectively. While both IPC-NEs exhibited enhanced Caco-2 cell monolayers permeability than IPC and insulin solution, W/O IPC-NE showed relatively greater protective effects against enzymatic degradation than O/W IPC-NE. Moreover, oral administration of W/O IPC-NE exhibited significant hypoglycemic effects, with 12.4-fold and 1.5-fold higher oral bioavailability compared with insulin solution and O/W IPC-NE, respectively.Conclusion: IPC-NEs, especially the W/O IPC-NE showed promising efficiency in vitro and in vivo, thus could be a potential strategy for oral insulin delivery.Keywords: insulin, phospholipid complex, oral drug delivery, nanoemulsion, hypoglycemic effect

Jun-Yong Wu,1–3,* Yong-Jiang Li,1–3,* Ting-Ting Liu,1–3 Ge Ou,1–3 Xiong-Bin Hu,1–3 Tian-Tian Tang,1–3 Jie-Min Wang,1–3 Xin-Yi Liu,1–3 Da-Xiong Xiang1–3 1Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People’s Republic of China; 3Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) is one of the most commonly utilized drugs in psoralen-ultraviolet A therapy for treatment of vitiligo. However, poor skin retention and systemic side effects limit the clinical application of 8-MOP. Methods: Microemulsions (MEs) and chitosan derivative-coated 8-MOP MEs were developed and compared for dermal delivery of 8-MOP. Ex vivo skin retention/permeation study was performed to select the ME formulation with the highest retention:permeation ratio. Four different chitosan-coated MEs were prepared and compared with the ME formulation for their ability to distribute 8-MOP in the skin.Results: Among various ME formulations developed, a formulation containing 2.9% ethyl oleate, 17.2% Cromophor EL35, 8.6% ethanol and 71.3% water showed the highest ex vivo skin retention:permeation ratio (1.98). Of four chitosan-coated MEs prepared, carboxymethyl chitosan-coated MEs (CC-MEs) and hydroxypropyl chitosan-coated MEs (HC-MEs) showed higher ex vivo skin retention:permeation ratio (1.46 and 1.84). and were selected for in vivo pharmacokinetic study. AUCskin (0–12 h) for 8-MOP MEs (4578.56 h·ng·mL-1) was higher than HC-MEs (3422.47 h·ng·mL-1), CC-MEs (2808.51 h·ng·mL-1) and tinctu

Xiong-Bin Hu,1–3 Tian-Tian Tang,1–3 Yong-Jiang Li,1–3 Jun-Yong Wu,1–3 Jie-Min Wang,1–3 Xin-Yi Liu,1–3 Da-Xiong Xiang1–31Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 3Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, People’s Republic of ChinaPurpose: The aim of this research was to develop a phospholipid complex based nanoemulsion system for oral insulin delivery.Methods: Insulin-phospholipid complex (IPC) was firstly prepared by an anhydrous co-solvent lyophilization method, and then encapsulated into the oil phase of nanoemulsion to obtain the IPC-based nanoemulsion (IPC-NE). Both water-in-oil (W/O) IPC-NE and oil-in-water (O/W) IPC-NE were formulated and evaluated for comparison.Results: The obtained W/O IPC-NE and O/W IPC-NE were both spherical in shape with a mean particle size of 18.6±0.79 nm and 27.3±1.25 nm, respectively. While both IPC-NEs exhibited enhanced Caco-2 cell monolayers permeability than IPC and insulin solution, W/O IPC-NE showed relatively greater protective effects against enzymatic degradation than O/W IPC-NE. Moreover, oral administration of W/O IPC-NE exhibited significant hypoglycemic effects, with 12.4-fold and 1.5-fold higher oral bioavailability compared with insulin solution and O/W IPC-NE, respectively.Conclusion: IPC-NEs, especially the W/O IPC-NE showed promising efficiency in vitro and in vivo, thus could be a potential strategy for oral insulin delivery.Keywords: insulin, phospholipid complex, oral drug delivery, nanoemulsion, hypoglycemic effect

Jun-Yong Wu,1–3* Yong-Jiang Li,1–3* Xin-Yi Liu,1–3 Jia-Xin Cai,1–3 Xiong-Bin Hu,1–3 Jie-Min Wang,1–3 Tian-Tian Tang,1–3 Da-Xiong Xiang1–3 1Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 3Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Da-Xiong XiangDepartment of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail xiangdaxiong@csu.edu.cnBackground: 3,5,4′-trimethoxy-trans-stilbene (BTM) is a methylated derivative of resveratrol. To improve the pharmaceutical properties of BTM, BTM loaded PEG-PE micelles (BTM@PEG-PE) were fabricated and its anti-cancer efficacy against colon cancer was evaluated.Methods: BTM@PEG-PE micelles were prepared by the solvent evaporation method and were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), size, zeta potential, polymer disperse index (PDI) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cellular uptake, cell viability assay, caspase-3 activity assay and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the cell internalization and anti-cancer efficacy of BTM@PEG-PE micelles in vitro. Pharmacokinetic profiles of BTM and BTM@PEG-PE micelles were compared and in vivo anti-cancer therapeutic efficacy and safety of BTM@PEG-PE micelles on CT26 xenograft mice were evaluated.Results: BTM was successfully embedded in the core of PEG-PE micelles, with a drug loading capacity of 5.62±0.80%. PEG-PE micelles facilitated BTM entering to the CT26 cells and BTM@PEG-PE micelles exerted enhanced anti-cancer effic

Jun-Yong Wu,1–3,* Yong-Jiang Li,1–3,* Ting-Ting Liu,1–3 Ge Ou,1–3 Xiong-Bin Hu,1–3 Tian-Tian Tang,1–3 Jie-Min Wang,1–3 Xin-Yi Liu,1–3 Da-Xiong Xiang1–3 1Department of Pharmacy, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People’s Republic of China; 2Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People’s Republic of China; 3Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drugs, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Background: 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) is one of the most commonly utilized drugs in psoralen-ultraviolet A therapy for treatment of vitiligo. However, poor skin retention and systemic side effects limit the clinical application of 8-MOP. Methods: Microemulsions (MEs) and chitosan derivative-coated 8-MOP MEs were developed and compared for dermal delivery of 8-MOP. Ex vivo skin retention/permeation study was performed to select the ME formulation with the highest retention:permeation ratio. Four different chitosan-coated MEs were prepared and compared with the ME formulation for their ability to distribute 8-MOP in the skin.Results: Among various ME formulations developed, a formulation containing 2.9% ethyl oleate, 17.2% Cromophor EL35, 8.6% ethanol and 71.3% water showed the highest ex vivo skin retention:permeation ratio (1.98). Of four chitosan-coated MEs prepared, carboxymethyl chitosan-coated MEs (CC-MEs) and hydroxypropyl chitosan-coated MEs (HC-MEs) showed higher ex vivo skin retention:permeation ratio (1.46 and 1.84). and were selected for in vivo pharmacokinetic study. AUCskin (0–12 h) for 8-MOP MEs (4578.56 h·ng·mL-1) was higher than HC-MEs (3422.47 h·ng·mL-1), CC-MEs (2808.51 h·ng·mL-1) and tinctu

Yong-Jiang Li,1,* Kai Yao,2,* Min-Xun Lu,2 Wen-Biao Zhang,1 Cong Xiao,2 Chong-Qi Tu2 1Department of Oncology, 2Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: The prognostic role of the C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CRP/Alb ratio) in patients with osteosarcoma has not been investigated. A total of 216 osteosarcoma patients were enrolled in the study. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses between the groups were performed and Kaplan–Meier analysis was conducted to plot the survival curves. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated and areas under the curve (AUCs) were compared to assess the discriminatory ability of the inflammation-based indicators, including CRP/Alb ratio, Glasgow prognostic score (GPS), neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR). The optimal cutoff value was 0.210 for CRP/Alb ratio with a Youden index of 0.319. Higher values of CRP/Alb ratio were significantly associated with poorer overall survival in univariate (HR =2.62, 95% CI =1.70–4.03; P<0.001) and multivariate (HR =2.21, 95% CI =1.40–3.49; P=0.001) analyses. In addition, the CRP/Alb ratio had significantly higher AUC values compared with GPS (P=0.003), NLR (P<0.001), and PLR (P<0.001). The study demonstrated that the CRP/Alb ratio is an effective inflammation-based prognostic indicator in osteosarcoma, which potentially has a discriminatory ability superior to that of other inflammatory indicators including GPS, NLR, and PLR. Keywords: osteosarcoma, CRP to albumin ratio, prognosis