Search

Karel Doing is an experimental filmmaker and researcher who has worked across the globe with fellow artists and filmmakers, creating a body of work that is difficult to pinpoint with a simple catchphrase. In Ruins and Resilience he weaves autobiographical elements and critical reviews together with his wide ranging interdisciplinary approach, reflecting on his own practice by positioning key works within the context of a vibrant experimental film scene in Europe, North and South America, and Asia. Doing demonstrates how experimental filmmakers have continued to renew their practice despite the almost total demise of analog motion picture film and the constant neglect of this art form by institutions and critics. Written in a fluent and accessible style, the book looks into the connections between the work of groundbreaking artists within the field and subjects such as transgression, improvisation, collectivity, materiality, phenomenology, and perception. Specifically, intersections with music and sound are investigated, appealing to the idea of the cross-modal brain, the ability to perceive sounds and images in an integrated way. Instead of looking again at the “golden era” of experimental film, the book starts in the 1980s, showing how this art form has never ceased to surprise and inspire. The author’s hands-on engagement with the medium is formational for his more theoretical approach and writing, making the book a highly original contribution in the field that is informative and inspiring for academic and practitioners alike., https://www.librarystack.org/ruins-and-resilience-the-longevity-of-experimental-film/?ref=unknown

Karel Doing is an experimental filmmaker and researcher who has worked across the globe with fellow artists and filmmakers, creating a body of work that is difficult to pinpoint with a simple catchphrase. In Ruins and Resilience he weaves autobiographical elements and critical reviews together with his wide ranging interdisciplinary approach, reflecting on his own practice by positioning key works within the context of a vibrant experimental film scene in Europe, North and South America, and Asia. Doing demonstrates how experimental filmmakers have continued to renew their practice despite the almost total demise of analog motion picture film and the constant neglect of this art form by institutions and critics. Written in a fluent and accessible style, the book looks into the connections between the work of groundbreaking artists within the field and subjects such as transgression, improvisation, collectivity, materiality, phenomenology, and perception. Specifically, intersections with music and sound are investigated, appealing to the idea of the cross-modal brain, the ability to perceive sounds and images in an integrated way. Instead of looking again at the “golden era” of experimental film, the book starts in the 1980s, showing how this art form has never ceased to surprise and inspire. The author’s hands-on engagement with the medium is formational for his more theoretical approach and writing, making the book a highly original contribution in the field that is informative and inspiring for academic and practitioners alike., https://www.librarystack.org/ruins-and-resilience-the-longevity-of-experimental-film/?ref=unknown

The ocean biogeochemistry components of the Canadian Earth System Model v. 5 are presented and compared to observations and other models. CanESM5 employs the same biogeochemistry module as CanESM2 whereas CanESM5-CanOE (“Canadian Ocean Ecosystem model”) is a new, more complex biogeochemistry module developed for Sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), with multiple food chains, flexible phytoplankton elemental ratios, and a prognostic iron cycle. This new model is described in detail and the outputs compared to CanESM5 and CanESM2, as well as to observations and other CMIP6 models. Both CanESM5 models show gains in skill relative to CanESM2, which are attributed primarily to improvements in ocean circulation. CanESM5-CanOE shows improved skill relative to CanESM5 in some areas. CanESM5-CanOE includes a prognostic iron cycle, and maintains high nutrient / low chlorophyll conditions in the expected regions (in CanESM2 and CanESM5, iron limitation is specified as a temporally static ‘mask’). Surface nitrate concentrations are biased low in the subarctic Pacific and equatorial Pacific, and high in the Southern Ocean. Export production in CanESM5-CanOE is among the lowest for CMIP6 models; in CanESM5 it is among the highest, but shows the most rapid decline after about 1980. CanESM5-CanOE has relatively low concentrations of zooplankton and detritus relative to phytoplankton, and a high and relatively constant living phytoplankton fraction of total particulate organic matter. In most regions, large and small phytoplankton show decoupled seasonal cycles with greater abundance of large phytoplankton in the productive seasons. Cumulative ocean uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide through 2014 is lower in both CanESM5 models than in observation-based estimates or the model ensemble mean, and is lower in CanESM5-CanOE (122 PgC) than in CanESM5 (132 PgC).

The ocean biogeochemistry components of the Canadian Earth System Model v. 5 are presented and compared to observations and other models. CanESM5 employs the same biogeochemistry module as CanESM2 whereas CanESM5-CanOE (“Canadian Ocean Ecosystem model”) is a new, more complex biogeochemistry module developed for Sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), with multiple food chains, flexible phytoplankton elemental ratios, and a prognostic iron cycle. This new model is described in detail and the outputs compared to CanESM5 and CanESM2, as well as to observations and other CMIP6 models. Both CanESM5 models show gains in skill relative to CanESM2, which are attributed primarily to improvements in ocean circulation. CanESM5-CanOE shows improved skill relative to CanESM5 in some areas. CanESM5-CanOE includes a prognostic iron cycle, and maintains high nutrient / low chlorophyll conditions in the expected regions (in CanESM2 and CanESM5, iron limitation is specified as a temporally static ‘mask’). Surface nitrate concentrations are biased low in the subarctic Pacific and equatorial Pacific, and high in the Southern Ocean. Export production in CanESM5-CanOE is among the lowest for CMIP6 models; in CanESM5 it is among the highest, but shows the most rapid decline after about 1980. CanESM5-CanOE has relatively low concentrations of zooplankton and detritus relative to phytoplankton, and a high and relatively constant living phytoplankton fraction of total particulate organic matter. In most regions, large and small phytoplankton show decoupled seasonal cycles with greater abundance of large phytoplankton in the productive seasons. Cumulative ocean uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide through 2014 is lower in both CanESM5 models than in observation-based estimates or the model ensemble mean, and is lower in CanESM5-CanOE (122 PgC) than in CanESM5 (132 PgC).

Many consequences of climate change undermine the stability of global food systems, decreasing food security and diet quality, and exposing vulnerable populations to multiple forms of malnutrition. The emergence of pandemics such as Covid-19 exacerbate the situation and make interactions even more complex. Climate change impacts food systems at different levels, including changes in soil fertility and crop yield, composition, and bioavailability of nutrients in foods, pest resistance, and risk of malnutrition. Sustainable and resilient food systems, coupled with climate-smart agriculture, are needed to ensure sustainable diets that are adequately diverse, nutritious, and better aligned with contextual ecosystem functions and environmental conservation. Robust tools and indicators are urgently needed to measure the reciprocal food systems-climate change interaction, that is further complicated by pandemics, and how it impacts human health.

Many consequences of climate change undermine the stability of global food systems, decreasing food security and diet quality, and exposing vulnerable populations to multiple forms of malnutrition. The emergence of pandemics such as Covid-19 exacerbate the situation and make interactions even more complex. Climate change impacts food systems at different levels, including changes in soil fertility and crop yield, composition, and bioavailability of nutrients in foods, pest resistance, and risk of malnutrition. Sustainable and resilient food systems, coupled with climate-smart agriculture, are needed to ensure sustainable diets that are adequately diverse, nutritious, and better aligned with contextual ecosystem functions and environmental conservation. Robust tools and indicators are urgently needed to measure the reciprocal food systems-climate change interaction, that is further complicated by pandemics, and how it impacts human health.

The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5) is a global model developed to simulate historical climate change and variability, to make centennial-scale projections of future climate, and to produce initialized seasonal and decadal predictions. This paper describes the model components and their coupling, as well as various aspects of model development, including tuning, optimization, and a reproducibility strategy. We also document the stability of the model using a long control simulation, quantify the model's ability to reproduce large-scale features of the historical climate, and evaluate the response of the model to external forcing. CanESM5 is comprised of three-dimensional atmosphere (T63 spectral resolution equivalent roughly to 2.8 degrees) and ocean (nominally 1 degrees) general circulation models, a sea-ice model, a land surface scheme, and explicit land and ocean carbon cycle models. The model features relatively coarse resolution and high throughput, which facilitates the production of large ensembles. CanESM5 has a notably higher equilibrium climate sensitivity (5.6 K) than its predecessor, CanESM2 (3.7 K), which we briefly discuss, along with simulated changes over the historical period. CanESM5 simulations contribute to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) and will be employed for climate science and service applications in Canada.

The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5) is a global model developed to simulate historical climate change and variability, to make centennial-scale projections of future climate, and to produce initialized seasonal and decadal predictions. This paper describes the model components and their coupling, as well as various aspects of model development, including tuning, optimization, and a reproducibility strategy. We also document the stability of the model using a long control simulation, quantify the model's ability to reproduce large-scale features of the historical climate, and evaluate the response of the model to external forcing. CanESM5 is comprised of three-dimensional atmosphere (T63 spectral resolution equivalent roughly to 2.8 degrees) and ocean (nominally 1 degrees) general circulation models, a sea-ice model, a land surface scheme, and explicit land and ocean carbon cycle models. The model features relatively coarse resolution and high throughput, which facilitates the production of large ensembles. CanESM5 has a notably higher equilibrium climate sensitivity (5.6 K) than its predecessor, CanESM2 (3.7 K), which we briefly discuss, along with simulated changes over the historical period. CanESM5 simulations contribute to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) and will be employed for climate science and service applications in Canada.

The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5) is a global model developed to simulate historical climate change and variability, to make centennial-scale projections of future climate, and to produce initialized seasonal and decadal predictions. This paper describes the model components and their coupling, as well as various aspects of model development, including tuning, optimization, and a reproducibility strategy. We also document the stability of the model using a long control simulation, quantify the model's ability to reproduce large-scale features of the historical climate, and evaluate the response of the model to external forcing. CanESM5 is comprised of three-dimensional atmosphere (T63 spectral resolution equivalent roughly to 2.8 degrees) and ocean (nominally 1 degrees) general circulation models, a sea-ice model, a land surface scheme, and explicit land and ocean carbon cycle models. The model features relatively coarse resolution and high throughput, which facilitates the production of large ensembles. CanESM5 has a notably higher equilibrium climate sensitivity (5.6 K) than its predecessor, CanESM2 (3.7 K), which we briefly discuss, along with simulated changes over the historical period. CanESM5 simulations contribute to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) and will be employed for climate science and service applications in Canada.

The Canadian Earth System Model version 5 (CanESM5) is a global model developed to simulate historical climate change and variability, to make centennial-scale projections of future climate, and to produce initialized seasonal and decadal predictions. This paper describes the model components and their coupling, as well as various aspects of model development, including tuning, optimization, and a reproducibility strategy. We also document the stability of the model using a long control simulation, quantify the model's ability to reproduce large-scale features of the historical climate, and evaluate the response of the model to external forcing. CanESM5 is comprised of three-dimensional atmosphere (T63 spectral resolution equivalent roughly to 2.8 degrees) and ocean (nominally 1 degrees) general circulation models, a sea-ice model, a land surface scheme, and explicit land and ocean carbon cycle models. The model features relatively coarse resolution and high throughput, which facilitates the production of large ensembles. CanESM5 has a notably higher equilibrium climate sensitivity (5.6 K) than its predecessor, CanESM2 (3.7 K), which we briefly discuss, along with simulated changes over the historical period. CanESM5 simulations contribute to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) and will be employed for climate science and service applications in Canada.

Background: Dietary diversity is a key element of diet quality, but diets of women of reproductive age (WRA; aged 15-49 y) in resource-poor settings are often deficient in a range of micronutrients. Previous work showed associations between simple food-group diversity indicators (FGIs) and micronutrient adequacy among WRA. For operational and advocacy purposes, however, there is strong demand for a dichotomous indicator reflecting an acceptable level of dietary diversity. Objective: The aim of the study was to develop a dichotomous indicator of dietary diversity inWRA. Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of 9 data sets containing quantitative dietary data from WRA in resource-poor settings (total n = 4166). From the raw dietary data, we calculated an individual "mean probability of adequacy" (MPA) across 11 micronutrients. Several candidate FGIs were constructed. Indicator performance in predicting an MPA > 0.60 was assessed within each data set by using receiver-operating characteristic analysis and sensitivity and specificity analysis at various FGI cutoffs. The analysis was performed separately for nonpregnant and nonlactating (NPNL) women and for lactating women. Results: We identified 2 "best candidate" dichotomous indicators on the basis of 9- or 10-point food-group scores (FGI-9 and FGI-10) with a cutoff of ≥ 5 food groups. Both were significantly correlated to MPA in each site (P < 0.001). Areas under the curve were moderate, ranging from 0.62 to 0.82 among NPNL women and from 0.56 to 0.90 among lactating women. Comparisons of results slightly favored FGI-10 for all women. Conclusions: When resource-intensive dietary methods are not feasible, a simple dichotomous indicator based on a cutoff of ≥ 5 of 10 defined food groups reflects "minimum dietary diversity for women of reproductive age." According to the conclusions of a consensus meeting of experts, this indicator is well suited for population-level assessment, advocacy, and possibly also for track

Precision or personalized medicine through clinical genome and exome sequencing has been described by some as a revolution that could transform healthcare delivery, yet it is currently used in only a small fraction of patients, principally for the diagnosis of suspected Mendelian conditions and for targeting cancer treatments. Given the burden of illness in our society, it is of interest to ask how clinical genome and exome sequencing can be constructively integrated more broadly into the routine practice of medicine for the betterment of public health. In November 2014, 46 experts from academia, industry, policy and patient advocacy gathered in a conference sponsored by Illumina, Inc. to discuss this question, share viewpoints and propose recommendations. This perspective summarizes that work and identifies some of the obstacles and opportunities that must be considered in translating advances in genomics more widely into the practice of medicine.

Precision or personalized medicine through clinical genome and exome sequencing has been described by some as a revolution that could transform healthcare delivery, yet it is currently used in only a small fraction of patients, principally for the diagnosis of suspected Mendelian conditions and for targeting cancer treatments. Given the burden of illness in our society, it is of interest to ask how clinical genome and exome sequencing can be constructively integrated more broadly into the routine practice of medicine for the betterment of public health. In November 2014, 46 experts from academia, industry, policy and patient advocacy gathered in a conference sponsored by Illumina, Inc. to discuss this question, share viewpoints and propose recommendations. This perspective summarizes that work and identifies some of the obstacles and opportunities that must be considered in translating advances in genomics more widely into the practice of medicine.

Non-PR, IFPRI5; CRP4; HarvestPlus, HarvestPlus; A4NH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)

by Warren Tak-keung Lee., Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-186)., Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1, Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives --- p.3, Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4, Chapter 2.1 --- Calcium intakes of Hong Kong Chinese: past and present --- p.4, Chapter 2.1.1 --- Adults --- p.4, Chapter 2.1.2 --- Children --- p.5, Chapter 2.2 --- Calcium Metabolism --- p.6, Chapter 2.2.1 --- Calcium and bone mass --- p.9, Chapter 2.2.2 --- Ethnicity and bone mass --- p.9, Chapter 2.2.3 --- Physical activity and bone mass --- p.10, Chapter 2.2.4 --- Hormonal control of calcium metabolism --- p.11, Chapter 2.2.5 --- Intestinal calcium absorption --- p.14, Chapter (1) --- Calcium transport across the intestine, Chapter (2) --- Active Calcium Transport, Chapter (3) --- Passive calcium transport, Chapter (4) --- Age and calcium absorption, Chapter 2.2.6 --- Dietary components in relation to calcium bioavailability and absorption --- p.17, Chapter (1) --- Habitual calcium intake, Chapter (2) --- Vitamin D nutritional status, Chapter (3) --- Protein, Chapter (4) --- Phosphorous and Ca:P ratio, Chapter (5) --- Sodium, Chapter (6) --- Lactose, Chapter (7) --- Glucose and Glucose Polymers, Chapter (8) --- Phytate, Chapter (9) --- Oxalate, Chapter (10) --- Plant estrogen (phyto-estrogen), Chapter 2.2.7 --- Bioavailability from calcium salts --- p.23, Chapter 2.3 --- Calcium intakes and requirements --- p.25, Chapter 2.3.1 --- Calcium requirements in adulthood --- p.28, Chapter 2.3.2 --- Calcium requirements in childhood --- p.29, Chapter 2.3.3 --- Manifestation of calcium deficiency in children --- p.30, Chapter 2.4 --- Assessment of Dietary Intakes --- p.32, Chapter 2.4.1 --- Food weighing method --- p.32, Chapter 2.4.2 --- Food Recording method --- p.34, Chapter 2.4.3 --- 24-hour dietary recall --- p.35, Chapter 2.4.4 --- Food frequency method --- p.36, Chapter 2.4.5 --- Dietary history method --- p.38, Chapter 2.4.6 --- Chemical analysis of duplicate meals --- p.39, Chapter 2.4.7 --- Photographic method --- p.40, Chapter 2.4.8 --- Selecting suitable methods for the present study --- p.40, Chapter 2.5 --- Food composition database --- p.41, Chapter 2.6 --- Evaluation of bone mass in vivo --- p.43, Chapter 2.6.1 --- Single photon absorptiometry --- p.44, Chapter 2.6.2 --- Dual photon absorptiometry --- p.46, Chapter 2.6.3 --- Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry --- p.47, Chapter 2.6.4 --- Quantitative computerized tomography --- p.47, Chapter 2.6.5 --- The techniques selected to quantify bone mass in the present study --- p.48, Chapter 2.7 --- Measurement of intestinal calcium absorption --- p.49, Chapter 2.7.1 --- Metabolic balance study --- p.49, Chapter 2.7.2 --- Isotopic techniques (radioisotope or stable isotope) --- p.50, Chapter (1) --- Radio isotope vs stable isotope, Chapter (2) --- The single-label isotope technique, Chapter (3) --- The double-label isotope technique, Chapter (4) --- "Preparation of stable isotopes for human study, and determination of stable isotopes in body fluids", Chapter (I) --- Dosage considerations, Chapter (II) --- Intrinsic or Extrinsic labelling, Chapter (III) --- Oral and intravenous administration of isotopes, Chapter 2.7.3 --- The technique selected to determine calcium absorption in the present study --- p.60, Chapter 2.8 --- Mass spectrometry --- p.60, Chapter 2.8.1 --- Thermal ionization mass spectrometry --- p.60, Chapter 2.8.2 --- Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry --- p.61, Chapter 2.8.3 --- Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry --- p.61, Chapter 2.8.4 --- Electron impact mass spectrometry and Gas chromatography mass spectrometry --- p.62, Chapter 2.8.5 --- Neutron activation analysis --- p.62, Chapter 2.8.6 --- The type of mass spectrometry used to determine stable isotopic ratios in the present study --- p.63, Chapter 2.9 --- Assessment of physical activity in children --- p.63, Chapter 2.9.1 --- Activity questionnaire or record --- p.64, Chapter 2.9.2 --- Direct measurement of physical activity --- p.65, Chapter (1) --- Accelerometer, Chapter (2) --- Pedometer, Chapter (3) --- Actometer, Chapter (4) --- Video-recording, Chapter (5) --- Heart-rate recording, Chapter 2.9.3 --- Selection of a suitable physical activity assessment method --- p.67, Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RANDOMIZED DOUBLE-BLIND CONTROLLED CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATON TRIALS IN RELATION TO BONE AND HEIGHT ACQUISITION IN 7-YEAR OLD CHINESE CHILDREN FROM JIANGMEN (CHINA) AND HONG KONG --- p.71, Chapter 3.1 --- Chapter summary --- p.71, Chapter 3.2 --- Chapter Introduction --- p.72, PART I --- p.73, Chapter 3.3 --- Double-blind Controlled Randomized Calcium Supplementation and Bone and Height Acquisition in Chinese Children Accustomed to Mean Calcium Intake at About 300mg/d --- p.73, Chapter 3.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.73, Chapter 3.3.2 --- Objectives --- p.74, Chapter 3.3.3 --- Subject and Methods --- p.74, Chapter 3.3.4 --- Results --- p.81, Chapter 3.3.5 --- Discussions --- p.83, Chapter 3.3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.84, PART II --- p.84, Chapter 3.4 --- Randomized double-blind controlled calcium supplementation in relation to bone mineral accretion and height increment of Hong Kong Chinese children --- p.84, Chapter 3.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.84, Chapter 3.4.2 --- Objectives --- p.85, Chapter 3.4.3 --- Subjects and Methods --- p.85, Chapter 3.3.4 --- Results --- p.91, Chapter 3.4.5 --- Discussions --- p.95, Chapter 3.4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.97, Chapter 3.5 --- Comparisons of the two calcium supplementation trials from Jiangmen and Hong Kong --- p.97, Chapter 3.6 --- Chapter Discussions --- p.99, Chapter 3.7 --- Chapter Conclusion --- p.103, Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- TRUE FRACTIONAL CALCIUM ABSORPTION OF CHINESE CHILDREN AND THE EFFECTS OF DOUBLE-BLIND CONTROLLED CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION ON CALCIUM ABSORPTION IN CHILDREN MEASURED WITH STABLE ISOTOPES (42Ca and 44Ca) --- p.117, Chapter 4.1 --- Chapter summary --- p.117, Chapter 4.2 --- Chapter introduction --- p.118, PART I --- p.119, Chapter 4.3 --- True fractional calcium absorption in Chinese children measured with stable isotopes (42Ca and 44Ca) --- p.119, Chapter 4.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.119, Chapter 4.3.2 --- Objectives --- p.120, Chapter 4.3.3 --- "Subjects, Materials and Methods" --- p.120, Chapter 4.3.4 --- Results --- p.127, Chapter 4.3.5 --- Discussions & Conclusion --- p.131, Part II --- p.131, Chapter 4.4 --- Effects of double-blind controlled calcium supplementation on calcium absorption in Chinese children measured with stable isotopes (42Ca and 44Ca) --- p.131, Chapter 4.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.131, Chapter 4.4.2 --- Objective --- p.132, Chapter 4.4.3 --- "Subjects, Materials and Methods" --- p.132, Chapter 4.4.4 --- Results --- p.135, Chapter 4.4.5 --- Discussions --- p.137, Chapter 4.4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.139, Chapter 4.5 --- Chapter Conclusion and Discussions --- p.140, Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- GENERAL DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY --- p.156, Chapter 5.1 --- Ethnic differences in bone acquisition and calcium absorption --- p.156, Chapter 5.2 --- Calcium requirements for Chinese children --- p.157, Chapter 5.3 --- Indications for further studies --- p.158, REFERENCES --- p.161, APPENDIXES, PUBLICATIONS, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5888157, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

by Warren Tak-keung Lee., Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-186)., Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1, Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives --- p.3, Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4, Chapter 2.1 --- Calcium intakes of Hong Kong Chinese: past and present --- p.4, Chapter 2.1.1 --- Adults --- p.4, Chapter 2.1.2 --- Children --- p.5, Chapter 2.2 --- Calcium Metabolism --- p.6, Chapter 2.2.1 --- Calcium and bone mass --- p.9, Chapter 2.2.2 --- Ethnicity and bone mass --- p.9, Chapter 2.2.3 --- Physical activity and bone mass --- p.10, Chapter 2.2.4 --- Hormonal control of calcium metabolism --- p.11, Chapter 2.2.5 --- Intestinal calcium absorption --- p.14, Chapter (1) --- Calcium transport across the intestine, Chapter (2) --- Active Calcium Transport, Chapter (3) --- Passive calcium transport, Chapter (4) --- Age and calcium absorption, Chapter 2.2.6 --- Dietary components in relation to calcium bioavailability and absorption --- p.17, Chapter (1) --- Habitual calcium intake, Chapter (2) --- Vitamin D nutritional status, Chapter (3) --- Protein, Chapter (4) --- Phosphorous and Ca:P ratio, Chapter (5) --- Sodium, Chapter (6) --- Lactose, Chapter (7) --- Glucose and Glucose Polymers, Chapter (8) --- Phytate, Chapter (9) --- Oxalate, Chapter (10) --- Plant estrogen (phyto-estrogen), Chapter 2.2.7 --- Bioavailability from calcium salts --- p.23, Chapter 2.3 --- Calcium intakes and requirements --- p.25, Chapter 2.3.1 --- Calcium requirements in adulthood --- p.28, Chapter 2.3.2 --- Calcium requirements in childhood --- p.29, Chapter 2.3.3 --- Manifestation of calcium deficiency in children --- p.30, Chapter 2.4 --- Assessment of Dietary Intakes --- p.32, Chapter 2.4.1 --- Food weighing method --- p.32, Chapter 2.4.2 --- Food Recording method --- p.34, Chapter 2.4.3 --- 24-hour dietary recall --- p.35, Chapter 2.4.4 --- Food frequency method --- p.36, Chapter 2.4.5 --- Dietary history method --- p.38, Chapter 2.4.6 --- Chemical analysis of duplicate meals --- p.39, Chapter 2.4.7 --- Photographic method --- p.40, Chapter 2.4.8 --- Selecting suitable methods for the present study --- p.40, Chapter 2.5 --- Food composition database --- p.41, Chapter 2.6 --- Evaluation of bone mass in vivo --- p.43, Chapter 2.6.1 --- Single photon absorptiometry --- p.44, Chapter 2.6.2 --- Dual photon absorptiometry --- p.46, Chapter 2.6.3 --- Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry --- p.47, Chapter 2.6.4 --- Quantitative computerized tomography --- p.47, Chapter 2.6.5 --- The techniques selected to quantify bone mass in the present study --- p.48, Chapter 2.7 --- Measurement of intestinal calcium absorption --- p.49, Chapter 2.7.1 --- Metabolic balance study --- p.49, Chapter 2.7.2 --- Isotopic techniques (radioisotope or stable isotope) --- p.50, Chapter (1) --- Radio isotope vs stable isotope, Chapter (2) --- The single-label isotope technique, Chapter (3) --- The double-label isotope technique, Chapter (4) --- "Preparation of stable isotopes for human study, and determination of stable isotopes in body fluids", Chapter (I) --- Dosage considerations, Chapter (II) --- Intrinsic or Extrinsic labelling, Chapter (III) --- Oral and intravenous administration of isotopes, Chapter 2.7.3 --- The technique selected to determine calcium absorption in the present study --- p.60, Chapter 2.8 --- Mass spectrometry --- p.60, Chapter 2.8.1 --- Thermal ionization mass spectrometry --- p.60, Chapter 2.8.2 --- Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry --- p.61, Chapter 2.8.3 --- Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry --- p.61, Chapter 2.8.4 --- Electron impact mass spectrometry and Gas chromatography mass spectrometry --- p.62, Chapter 2.8.5 --- Neutron activation analysis --- p.62, Chapter 2.8.6 --- The type of mass spectrometry used to determine stable isotopic ratios in the present study --- p.63, Chapter 2.9 --- Assessment of physical activity in children --- p.63, Chapter 2.9.1 --- Activity questionnaire or record --- p.64, Chapter 2.9.2 --- Direct measurement of physical activity --- p.65, Chapter (1) --- Accelerometer, Chapter (2) --- Pedometer, Chapter (3) --- Actometer, Chapter (4) --- Video-recording, Chapter (5) --- Heart-rate recording, Chapter 2.9.3 --- Selection of a suitable physical activity assessment method --- p.67, Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- RANDOMIZED DOUBLE-BLIND CONTROLLED CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATON TRIALS IN RELATION TO BONE AND HEIGHT ACQUISITION IN 7-YEAR OLD CHINESE CHILDREN FROM JIANGMEN (CHINA) AND HONG KONG --- p.71, Chapter 3.1 --- Chapter summary --- p.71, Chapter 3.2 --- Chapter Introduction --- p.72, PART I --- p.73, Chapter 3.3 --- Double-blind Controlled Randomized Calcium Supplementation and Bone and Height Acquisition in Chinese Children Accustomed to Mean Calcium Intake at About 300mg/d --- p.73, Chapter 3.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.73, Chapter 3.3.2 --- Objectives --- p.74, Chapter 3.3.3 --- Subject and Methods --- p.74, Chapter 3.3.4 --- Results --- p.81, Chapter 3.3.5 --- Discussions --- p.83, Chapter 3.3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.84, PART II --- p.84, Chapter 3.4 --- Randomized double-blind controlled calcium supplementation in relation to bone mineral accretion and height increment of Hong Kong Chinese children --- p.84, Chapter 3.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.84, Chapter 3.4.2 --- Objectives --- p.85, Chapter 3.4.3 --- Subjects and Methods --- p.85, Chapter 3.3.4 --- Results --- p.91, Chapter 3.4.5 --- Discussions --- p.95, Chapter 3.4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.97, Chapter 3.5 --- Comparisons of the two calcium supplementation trials from Jiangmen and Hong Kong --- p.97, Chapter 3.6 --- Chapter Discussions --- p.99, Chapter 3.7 --- Chapter Conclusion --- p.103, Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- TRUE FRACTIONAL CALCIUM ABSORPTION OF CHINESE CHILDREN AND THE EFFECTS OF DOUBLE-BLIND CONTROLLED CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION ON CALCIUM ABSORPTION IN CHILDREN MEASURED WITH STABLE ISOTOPES (42Ca and 44Ca) --- p.117, Chapter 4.1 --- Chapter summary --- p.117, Chapter 4.2 --- Chapter introduction --- p.118, PART I --- p.119, Chapter 4.3 --- True fractional calcium absorption in Chinese children measured with stable isotopes (42Ca and 44Ca) --- p.119, Chapter 4.3.1 --- Introduction --- p.119, Chapter 4.3.2 --- Objectives --- p.120, Chapter 4.3.3 --- "Subjects, Materials and Methods" --- p.120, Chapter 4.3.4 --- Results --- p.127, Chapter 4.3.5 --- Discussions & Conclusion --- p.131, Part II --- p.131, Chapter 4.4 --- Effects of double-blind controlled calcium supplementation on calcium absorption in Chinese children measured with stable isotopes (42Ca and 44Ca) --- p.131, Chapter 4.4.1 --- Introduction --- p.131, Chapter 4.4.2 --- Objective --- p.132, Chapter 4.4.3 --- "Subjects, Materials and Methods" --- p.132, Chapter 4.4.4 --- Results --- p.135, Chapter 4.4.5 --- Discussions --- p.137, Chapter 4.4.6 --- Conclusion --- p.139, Chapter 4.5 --- Chapter Conclusion and Discussions --- p.140, Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- GENERAL DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY --- p.156, Chapter 5.1 --- Ethnic differences in bone acquisition and calcium absorption --- p.156, Chapter 5.2 --- Calcium requirements for Chinese children --- p.157, Chapter 5.3 --- Indications for further studies --- p.158, REFERENCES --- p.161, APPENDIXES, PUBLICATIONS, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5888157, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)