1. Smoking remains associated with education after controlling for social background and genetic factors in a study of 18 twin cohorts
- Author
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Silventoinen, Karri, Piirtola, Maarit, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Ordoñana, Juan R., Sánchez-Romera, Juan F., Colodro-Conde, Lucia, Rebato, Esther, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Tan, Qihua, Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Korhonen, Tellervo, Kaprio, Jaakko, Silventoinen, Karri, Piirtola, Maarit, Jelenkovic, Aline, Sund, Reijo, Tarnoki, Adam D., Tarnoki, David L., Medda, Emanuela, Nisticò, Lorenza, Toccaceli, Virgilia, Honda, Chika, Inui, Fujio, Tomizawa, Rie, Watanabe, Mikio, Sakai, Norio, Gatz, Margaret, Butler, David A., Lee, Jooyeon, Lee, Soo Ji, Sung, Joohon, Franz, Carol E., Kremen, William S., Lyons, Michael J., Derom, Catherine A., Vlietinck, Robert F., Loos, Ruth J. F., Tynelius, Per, Rasmussen, Finn, Martin, Nicholas G., Medland, Sarah E., Montgomery, Grant W., Brandt, Ingunn, Nilsen, Thomas S., Harris, Jennifer R., Tyler, Jessica, Hopper, John L., Magnusson, Patrik K. E., Pedersen, Nancy L., Dahl Aslan, Anna K., Ordoñana, Juan R., Sánchez-Romera, Juan F., Colodro-Conde, Lucia, Rebato, Esther, Zhang, Dongfeng, Pang, Zengchang, Tan, Qihua, Silberg, Judy L., Maes, Hermine H., Boomsma, Dorret I., Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Korhonen, Tellervo, and Kaprio, Jaakko
- Abstract
We tested the causality between education and smoking using the natural experiment of discordant twin pairs allowing to optimally control for background genetic and childhood social factors. Data from 18 cohorts including 10,527 monozygotic (MZ) and same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs discordant for education and smoking were analyzed by linear fixed effects regression models. Within twin pairs, education levels were lower among the currently smoking than among the never smoking co-twins and this education difference was larger within DZ than MZ pairs. Similarly, education levels were higher among former smoking than among currently smoking co-twins, and this difference was larger within DZ pairs. Our results support the hypothesis of a causal effect of education on both current smoking status and smoking cessation. However, the even greater intra-pair differences within DZ pairs, who share only 50% of their segregating genes, provide evidence that shared genetic factors also contribute to these associations., CC BY 4.0Attribution 4.0 InternationalCorrespondence and requests for materials should be addressed to K.S.This study was conducted within the CODATwins project. Open access funded by Helsinki University Library. Support for collaborators: This research was facilitated through access to Twins Research Australia, a national resource supported by a Centre of Research Excellence Grant (ID: 1079102), from the National Health and Medical Research Council. Data collection and analyses in Finnish twin cohorts have been supported by ENGAGE – European Network for Genetic and Genomic Epidemiology, FP7-HEALTH-F4-2007, Grant Agreement Number 201413, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (Grants AA-12502, AA-00145, and AA-09203 to R J Rose, the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics (Grant Numbers: 213506, 129680), and the Academy of Finland (Grants 100499, 205585, 118555, 141054, 265240, 263278 and 264146 to J Kaprio). Since its origin the East Flanders Prospective Survey has been partly supported by Grants from the Fund of Scientific Research, Flanders and Twins, a non-profit Association for Scientific Research in Multiple Births (Belgium). Anthropometric measurements of the Hungarian twins were supported by Medexpert Ltd., Budapest, Hungary. Korean Twin-Family Register was supported by the Global Research Network Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF 2011-220-E00006). The Murcia Twin Registry is supported by Fundación Séneca, Regional Agency for Science and Technology, Murcia, Spain (19479/PI/14) and Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain (RTI2018-095185-B-I00, co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)). Osaka University Aged Twin Registry is supported by Grants from JSPS KAKENHI JP (23593419, 24792601, 26671010, 24590695, 26293128, 16K15385, 16K15978, 16K15989, 16H03261). The Swedish Twin Registry is managed by Karolinska Institutet and receives funding through the Swedish Research
- Published
- 2022
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