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Background: Immunocompromised patients, including those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), have been observed to have verrucae that are more extensive and treatment-resistant compared to those in immunocompetent patients. However, there is a critical lack of data in the current literature on the characteristics of verruca vulgaris in individuals with HIV.Methods: This retrospective chart review included a cohort of HIV-positive individuals and a control group of immunocompetent individuals presenting to an outpatient, county hospital-based dermatology clinic for evaluation of verruca vulgaris between the years of 2016 and 2018. Clinical characteristics, including gender, age, last CD4 count, viral load, antiretroviral therapy adherence, and total number and location of lesions were recorded.Results: A total of 66 patients (33 HIV-positive, 33 immunocompetent) were included in the study. HIV-positive status was significantly associated with a higher total number of lesions (42% of immunocompromised patients versus 21% of immunocompetent patients presented with four or more lesions, P=0.04) as well as location of lesions on the face, scalp, and neck (51.5% versus 9.1%, P<0.001).Conclusions: HIV-positive status may be associated not only with a higher burden of verruca vulgaris lesions but also a higher number of lesions in locations at or above the neck.

Background: Immunocompromised patients, including those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), have been observed to have verrucae that are more extensive and treatment-resistant compared to those in immunocompetent patients. However, there is a critical lack of data in the current literature on the characteristics of verruca vulgaris in individuals with HIV.Methods: This retrospective chart review included a cohort of HIV-positive individuals and a control group of immunocompetent individuals presenting to an outpatient, county hospital-based dermatology clinic for evaluation of verruca vulgaris between the years of 2016 and 2018. Clinical characteristics, including gender, age, last CD4 count, viral load, antiretroviral therapy adherence, and total number and location of lesions were recorded.Results: A total of 66 patients (33 HIV-positive, 33 immunocompetent) were included in the study. HIV-positive status was significantly associated with a higher total number of lesions (42% of immunocompromised patients versus 21% of immunocompetent patients presented with four or more lesions, P=0.04) as well as location of lesions on the face, scalp, and neck (51.5% versus 9.1%, P<0.001).Conclusions: HIV-positive status may be associated not only with a higher burden of verruca vulgaris lesions but also a higher number of lesions in locations at or above the neck.

Non-PR, IFPRI2, Nutrition, Diets, and Health (NDH); Food and Nutrition Policy, The Strengthening Host and Refugee Populations in Ethiopia (SHARPE) programme uses a market systems development approach to promote increased self-reliance and economic opportunities for refugees and host communities through the piloting and scaling of interventions across different sectors. This approach is based upon understanding the economic barriers that refugee and host communities face, and working with key stakeholders – including businesses, government, and service providers - to improve market function for people in these regions. This report focuses on evaluating the impacts of investments SHARPE has made in the financial market system, which have focused on developing markets for digital financial services in refugee hosting areas. A highlight of the evaluation are two co-developed randomized control trials, designed to help SHARPE and its partners overcome constraints found while implementing the programme. The report finds evidence that robust markets for digital financial services are emerging in refugee hosting areas near Jijiga and are a little farther behind in Dollo Ado. Enrolment in the mobile money product, HelloCash, has been quite robust, though lower among women and refugees. HelloCash users are more likely to report financial inclusion (beyond inclusion through Hello Cash); they are 8.8 percentage points more likely to report being self-employed; they are 6.1 percentage points more likely to report typically having enough income; and they appear less food insecure than non-users. To try to enrol more women and refugees and catalyse HelloCash use among those groups, we conducted two randomized trials, one which allowed high volume customers to refer customers and receive a small bonus for doing so, and one which provided inactive customers with small incentives to start using the system. The former trial led to increased enrolment, but the share of women and refugees enrolling did not change; the latter led to increased use among women, but n

Argus is an experimental language/system designed to support the construction and execution of distributed programs. Argus is intended to support only a subset of the applications that could benefit from being implemented by a distributed program. Two properties distinguish these applications: they make use of on-line data that must remain consistent in spite of concurrency and hardware failures, and they provide services under real-time constraints that are not severe.

Recent work has shown that Machine Learning (ML) programs are error-prone and called for contracts for ML code. Contracts, as in the design by contract methodology, help document APIs and aid API users in writing correct code. The question is: what kinds of contracts would provide the most help to API users? We are especially interested in what kinds of contracts help API users catch errors at earlier stages in the ML pipeline. We describe an empirical study of posts on Stack Overflow of the four most often-discussed ML libraries: TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, Keras, and PyTorch. For these libraries, our study extracted 413 informal (English) API specifications. We used these specifications to understand the following questions. What are the root causes and effects behind ML contract violations? Are there common patterns of ML contract violations? When does understanding ML contracts require an advanced level of ML software expertise? Could checking contracts at the API level help detect the violations in early ML pipeline stages? Our key findings are that the most commonly needed contracts for ML APIs are either checking constraints on single arguments of an API or on the order of API calls. The software engineering community could employ existing contract mining approaches to mine these contracts to promote an increased understanding of ML APIs. We also noted a need to combine behavioral and temporal contract mining approaches. We report on categories of required ML contracts, which may help designers of contract languages., Comment: Accepted for publication at EMSE (Empirical Software Engineering) Journal, 2023

Non-PR, IFPRI1; CRP2; 3 Building Inclusive and Efficient Markets, Trade Systems, and Food Industry, MTID; PIM, CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM), This project note discusses findings from a panel phone survey in Malawi in which respondents were asked about their perceptions of the risks and impacts of COVID-19. Previous findings from the first and second rounds of the survey were discussed in two previous project notes. This note focuses on changes in indicators across rounds, using only panel households. The panel comprises households in eight rural districts in Malawi who were interviewed four times between July 2020 and July 2021. This study builds on a survey originally designed to measure seasonal changes in labor activities. However, as the pandemic spread, the survey was modified to include questions about COVID-19’s risks and impacts on their lives.

Verrucous venous malformation, also known as verrucous hemangioma, is a superficial vascular malformation with a variable degree of hyperkeratosis that is composed of capillaries and veins in the dermis and sometimes subcutaneous tissue. We describe a 53-year-old man who presented with a large hyperkeratotic plaque of the left dorsal and plantar foot. Biopsy revealed verrucous acanthosis of the epidermis and a proliferation of thin-walled vessels in the dermis. We provide a brief review of the clinical and histopathologic presentation, differential diagnosis, and management of this rare entity.

Verrucous venous malformation, also known as verrucous hemangioma, is a superficial vascular malformation with a variable degree of hyperkeratosis that is composed of capillaries and veins in the dermis and sometimes subcutaneous tissue. We describe a 53-year-old man who presented with a large hyperkeratotic plaque of the left dorsal and plantar foot. Biopsy revealed verrucous acanthosis of the epidermis and a proliferation of thin-walled vessels in the dermis. We provide a brief review of the clinical and histopathologic presentation, differential diagnosis, and management of this rare entity.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of separation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive mother-newborn dyads on breastfeeding outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: This observational longitudinal cohort study of mothers with SARS-CoV-2 PCR-and their infants at 3 NYU Langone Health hospitals was conducted between March 25, 2020, and May 30, 2020. Mothers were surveyed by telephone regarding predelivery feeding plans, in-hospital feeding, and home feeding of their neonates. Any change prompted an additional question to determine whether this change was due to coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). RESULTS: Of the 160 mother-newborn dyads, 103 mothers were reached by telephone, and 85 consented to participate. There was no significant difference in the predelivery feeding plan between the separated and unseparated dyads (P = .268). Higher rates of breastfeeding were observed in the unseparated dyads compared with the separated dyads both in the hospital (P < .001) and at home (P = .012). Only 2 mothers in each group reported expressed breast milk as the hospital feeding source (5.6% of unseparated vs 4.1% of separated). COVID-19 was more commonly cited as the reason for change in the separated group (49.0% vs 16.7%; P < .001). When the dyads were further stratified by symptom status into 4 groups-asymptomatic separated, asymptomatic unseparated, symptomatic separated, and symptomatic unseparated-the results remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: In the setting of COVID-19, separation of mother-newborn dyads impacts breastfeeding outcomes, with lower rates of breastfeeding both during hospitalization and at home following discharge compared with unseparated mothers and infants. No evidence of vertical transmission was observed; 1 case of postnatal transmission occurred from an unmasked symptomatic mother who held her infant at birth.

Follicular porokeratosis is a rare variant of porokeratosis in which the coronoid lamellae are confined to hair follicles. It classically presents with annular plaques with a surrounding keratotic ridge. However, the clinical presentation has shown significant variation in reported cases. We present the case of a 26-year-old man with chronic diffuse follicular spicules associated with alopecia. Clinical findings were suggestive of trichodysplasia spinulosa, but multiple biopsies showed findings consistent with follicular porokeratosis. Diffusely spiculated presentation as present in our patient has not been previously reported in the literature. It is important to recognize the necessity of histopathologic confirmation in a diagnostically challenging condition such as follicular porokeratosis.

Follicular porokeratosis is a rare variant of porokeratosis in which the coronoid lamellae are confined to hair follicles. It classically presents with annular plaques with a surrounding keratotic ridge. However, the clinical presentation has shown significant variation in reported cases. We present the case of a 26-year-old man with chronic diffuse follicular spicules associated with alopecia. Clinical findings were suggestive of trichodysplasia spinulosa, but multiple biopsies showed findings consistent with follicular porokeratosis. Diffusely spiculated presentation as present in our patient has not been previously reported in the literature. It is important to recognize the necessity of histopathologic confirmation in a diagnostically challenging condition such as follicular porokeratosis.

Modern software relies on libraries and uses them via application programming interfaces (APIs). Correct API usage as well as many software engineering tasks are enabled when APIs have formal specifications. In this work, we analyze the implementation of each method in an API to infer a formal postcondition. Conventional wisdom is that, if one has preconditions, then one can use the strongest postcondition predicate transformer (SP) to infer postconditions. However, SP yields postconditions that are exponentially large, which makes them difficult to use, either by humans or by tools. Our key idea is an algorithm that converts such exponentially large specifications into a form that is more concise and thus more usable. This is done by leveraging the structure of the specifications that result from the use of SP. We applied our technique to infer postconditions for over 2,300 methods in seven popular Java libraries. Our technique was able to infer specifications for 75.7% of these methods, each of which was verified using an Extended Static Checker. We also found that 84.6% of resulting specifications were less than 1/4 page (20 lines) in length. Our technique was able to reduce the length of SMT proofs needed for verifying implementations by 76.7% and reduced prover execution time by 26.7%.

The state of knowledge in how to specify sequential programs in object-oriented languages such as Java and C# and the state of the art in automated verification tools for such programs have made measurable progress in the last several years. This paper describes several remaining challenges and approaches to their solution

One of the key challenges facing early stage drug discovery is understanding the commonly observed difference between the activity of compounds in biochemical assays and cellular assays. Traditionally, indirect or estimated cell permeability measurements such as estimations from logP or artificial membrane permeability are used to explain the differences. The missing link is a direct measurement of intracellular compound concentration in whole cells. This can, in some circumstances, be estimated from the cellular activity, but this may also be problematic if cellular activity is weak or absent. Advances in sensitivity and throughput of analytical techniques have enabled us to develop a high-throughput assay for the measurement of intracellular compound concentration for routine use to support lead optimization. The assay uses a RapidFire-MS based readout of compound concentration in HeLa cells following incubation of cells with test compound. The initial assay validation was performed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and the assay was subsequently transferred to RapidFire tandem mass spectrometry. Further miniaturization and optimization were performed to streamline the process, increase sample throughput, and reduce cycle time. This optimization has delivered a semi-automated platform with the potential of production scale compound profiling up to 100 compounds per day.

ObjectiveThe current study aimed to inform future interventions for heavy alcohol use and problems among college students by examining the utility of normative perceptions and coping strategies in predicting alcohol use among student service members/Veterans (SSM/Vs).MethodsSSM/Vs and civilian students (N=319) at a large university in the Southern Plains completed self-report measures of demographics, alcohol use and related behaviors, and coping strategies.ResultsBoth SSM/Vs and civilian students significantly overestimated the typical weekly drinking quantities and frequencies of same-sex students on campus. Among SSM/Vs, normative perceptions of typical student (not military-specific) drinking and substance-related coping strategies significantly predicted drinks consumed per week, while substance-related coping predicted alcohol-related consequences.ConclusionsDespite the theoretical importance of similarity to normative referents, military-specific norms did not significantly improve the prediction of SSM/Vs' personal drinking behavior. Moreover, neither typical student nor military-specific norms predicted alcohol-related consequences among SSM/Vs after accounting for substance-related coping strategies. Future research may examine the efficacy of descriptive normative feedback and the importance of military-specific norms in alcohol interventions for SSM/Vs.

Contains fulltext : 127951.pdf (preprint version ) (Closed access)

Pseudouridine synthases introduce the most common RNA modification and likely use the same catalytic mechanism. Besides a catalytic aspartate residue, the contributions of other residues for catalysis of pseudouridine formation are poorly understood. Here, we have tested the role of a conserved basic residue in the active site for catalysis using the bacterial pseudouridine synthase TruB targeting U55 in tRNAs. Substitution of arginine 181 with lysine results in a 2500-fold reduction of TruB’s catalytic rate without affecting tRNA binding. Furthermore, we analyzed the function of a second-shell aspartate residue (D90) that is conserved in all TruB enzymes and interacts with C56 of tRNA. Site-directed mutagenesis, biochemical and kinetic studies reveal that this residue is not critical for substrate binding but influences catalysis significantly as replacement of D90 with glutamate or asparagine reduces the catalytic rate 30- and 50-fold, respectively. In agreement with molecular dynamics simulations of TruB wild type and TruB D90N, we propose an electrostatic network composed of the catalytic aspartate (D48), R181 and D90 that is important for catalysis by finetuning the D48-R181 interaction. Conserved, negatively charged residues similar to D90 are found in a number of pseudouridine synthases, suggesting that this might be a general mechanism.

Pseudouridine synthases introduce the most common RNA modification and likely use the same catalytic mechanism. Besides a catalytic aspartate residue, the contributions of other residues for catalysis of pseudouridine formation are poorly understood. Here, we have tested the role of a conserved basic residue in the active site for catalysis using the bacterial pseudouridine synthase TruB targeting U55 in tRNAs. Substitution of arginine 181 with lysine results in a 2500-fold reduction of TruB’s catalytic rate without affecting tRNA binding. Furthermore, we analyzed the function of a second-shell aspartate residue (D90) that is conserved in all TruB enzymes and interacts with C56 of tRNA. Site-directed mutagenesis, biochemical and kinetic studies reveal that this residue is not critical for substrate binding but influences catalysis significantly as replacement of D90 with glutamate or asparagine reduces the catalytic rate 30- and 50-fold, respectively. In agreement with molecular dynamics simulations of TruB wild type and TruB D90N, we propose an electrostatic network composed of the catalytic aspartate (D48), R181 and D90 that is important for catalysis by finetuning the D48-R181 interaction. Conserved, negatively charged residues similar to D90 are found in a number of pseudouridine synthases, suggesting that this might be a general mechanism.

Pseudouridine synthases introduce the most common RNA modification and likely use the same catalytic mechanism. Besides a catalytic aspartate residue, the contributions of other residues for catalysis of pseudouridine formation are poorly understood. Here, we have tested the role of a conserved basic residue in the active site for catalysis using the bacterial pseudouridine synthase TruB targeting U55 in tRNAs. Substitution of arginine 181 with lysine results in a 2500-fold reduction of TruB’s catalytic rate without affecting tRNA binding. Furthermore, we analyzed the function of a second-shell aspartate residue (D90) that is conserved in all TruB enzymes and interacts with C56 of tRNA. Site-directed mutagenesis, biochemical and kinetic studies reveal that this residue is not critical for substrate binding but influences catalysis significantly as replacement of D90 with glutamate or asparagine reduces the catalytic rate 30- and 50-fold, respectively. In agreement with molecular dynamics simulations of TruB wild type and TruB D90N, we propose an electrostatic network composed of the catalytic aspartate (D48), R181 and D90 that is important for catalysis by finetuning the D48-R181 interaction. Conserved, negatively charged residues similar to D90 are found in a number of pseudouridine synthases, suggesting that this might be a general mechanism.

Pseudouridine synthases introduce the most common RNA modification and likely use the same catalytic mechanism. Besides a catalytic aspartate residue, the contributions of other residues for catalysis of pseudouridine formation are poorly understood. Here, we have tested the role of a conserved basic residue in the active site for catalysis using the bacterial pseudouridine synthase TruB targeting U55 in tRNAs. Substitution of arginine 181 with lysine results in a 2500-fold reduction of TruB’s catalytic rate without affecting tRNA binding. Furthermore, we analyzed the function of a second-shell aspartate residue (D90) that is conserved in all TruB enzymes and interacts with C56 of tRNA. Site-directed mutagenesis, biochemical and kinetic studies reveal that this residue is not critical for substrate binding but influences catalysis significantly as replacement of D90 with glutamate or asparagine reduces the catalytic rate 30- and 50-fold, respectively. In agreement with molecular dynamics simulations of TruB wild type and TruB D90N, we propose an electrostatic network composed of the catalytic aspartate (D48), R181 and D90 that is important for catalysis by finetuning the D48-R181 interaction. Conserved, negatively charged residues similar to D90 are found in a number of pseudouridine synthases, suggesting that this might be a general mechanism.

Contains fulltext : 127951.pdf (preprint version ) (Closed access)

Contains fulltext : 127951.pdf (Author’s version preprint ) (Closed access)

Under conditions of obesity and insulin resistance, the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt/PKB is required for lipid accumulation in liver. Two forkhead transcription factors, FoxA2 and FoxO1, have been suggested to function downstream of and to be negatively regulated by Akt and are proposed as key determinants of hepatic triglyceride content. In this study, we utilize genetic loss of function experiments to show that constitutive activation of neither FoxA2 nor FoxO1 can account for the protection from steatosis afforded by deletion of Akt2 in liver. Rather, another downstream target positively regulated by Akt, the mTORC1 complex, is required in vivo for de novo lipogenesis and Srebp1c expression. Nonetheless, activation of mTORC1 and SREBP1c is not sufficient to drive postprandial lipogenesis in the absence of Akt2. These data show that insulin signaling through Akt2 promotes anabolic lipid metabolism independent of Foxa2 or FoxO1 and through pathways additional to the mTORC1-dependent activation of SREBP1c.

Pseudouridine synthases introduce the most common RNA modification and likely use the same catalytic mechanism. Besides a catalytic aspartate residue, the contributions of other residues for catalysis of pseudouridine formation are poorly understood. Here, we have tested the role of a conserved basic residue in the active site for catalysis using the bacterial pseudouridine synthase TruB targeting U55 in tRNAs. Substitution of arginine 181 with lysine results in a 2500-fold reduction of TruB’s catalytic rate without affecting tRNA binding. Furthermore, we analyzed the function of a second-shell aspartate residue (D90) that is conserved in all TruB enzymes and interacts with C56 of tRNA. Site-directed mutagenesis, biochemical and kinetic studies reveal that this residue is not critical for substrate binding but influences catalysis significantly as replacement of D90 with glutamate or asparagine reduces the catalytic rate 30- and 50-fold, respectively. In agreement with molecular dynamics simulations of TruB wild type and TruB D90N, we propose an electrostatic network composed of the catalytic aspartate (D48), R181 and D90 that is important for catalysis by finetuning the D48-R181 interaction. Conserved, negatively charged residues similar to D90 are found in a number of pseudouridine synthases, suggesting that this might be a general mechanism.

Pseudouridine synthases introduce the most common RNA modification and likely use the same catalytic mechanism. Besides a catalytic aspartate residue, the contributions of other residues for catalysis of pseudouridine formation are poorly understood. Here, we have tested the role of a conserved basic residue in the active site for catalysis using the bacterial pseudouridine synthase TruB targeting U55 in tRNAs. Substitution of arginine 181 with lysine results in a 2500-fold reduction of TruB’s catalytic rate without affecting tRNA binding. Furthermore, we analyzed the function of a second-shell aspartate residue (D90) that is conserved in all TruB enzymes and interacts with C56 of tRNA. Site-directed mutagenesis, biochemical and kinetic studies reveal that this residue is not critical for substrate binding but influences catalysis significantly as replacement of D90 with glutamate or asparagine reduces the catalytic rate 30- and 50-fold, respectively. In agreement with molecular dynamics simulations of TruB wild type and TruB D90N, we propose an electrostatic network composed of the catalytic aspartate (D48), R181 and D90 that is important for catalysis by finetuning the D48-R181 interaction. Conserved, negatively charged residues similar to D90 are found in a number of pseudouridine synthases, suggesting that this might be a general mechanism.

Pseudouridine synthases introduce the most common RNA modification and likely use the same catalytic mechanism. Besides a catalytic aspartate residue, the contributions of other residues for catalysis of pseudouridine formation are poorly understood. Here, we have tested the role of a conserved basic residue in the active site for catalysis using the bacterial pseudouridine synthase TruB targeting U55 in tRNAs. Substitution of arginine 181 with lysine results in a 2500-fold reduction of TruB’s catalytic rate without affecting tRNA binding. Furthermore, we analyzed the function of a second-shell aspartate residue (D90) that is conserved in all TruB enzymes and interacts with C56 of tRNA. Site-directed mutagenesis, biochemical and kinetic studies reveal that this residue is not critical for substrate binding but influences catalysis significantly as replacement of D90 with glutamate or asparagine reduces the catalytic rate 30- and 50-fold, respectively. In agreement with molecular dynamics simulations of TruB wild type and TruB D90N, we propose an electrostatic network composed of the catalytic aspartate (D48), R181 and D90 that is important for catalysis by finetuning the D48-R181 interaction. Conserved, negatively charged residues similar to D90 are found in a number of pseudouridine synthases, suggesting that this might be a general mechanism.

This paper has been withdrawn by the author., Comment: This paper has been withdrawn by the author

We, the organizers and participants, report our experiences from the 1st Veried Software Competition, held in August 2010 in Edinburgh at the VSTTE 2010 conference

We, the organizers and participants, report our experiences from the 1st Veried Software Competition, held in August 2010 in Edinburgh at the VSTTE 2010 conference

Insulin drives the global anabolic response to nutrient ingestion, regulating both carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. When insulin resistance occurs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, dysregulation of both of these processes ensues, resulting in hyperglycemia and lipid abnormalities. One of the most prevalent morbidities associated with insulin resistance is the abnormal accumulation of triglycerides in the liver, called hepatic steatosis, though the underlying pathogenesis of this accumulation remains unclear. There is certainly an inappropriate increase in de novo lipogenesis in the livers of individuals with hepatic steatosis, but the insulin signaling pathway involved in the control of normal, and therefore abnormal, lipogenesis remain undefined. Previous studies have demonstrated that Akt2 is critical to insulin’s control of glucose metabolism, but its role in lipid metabolism has remained controversial. Here we show that Akt2 is required for hepatic lipid accumulation in obese, insulin-resistant states induced by either leptin-deficiency or high fat diet feeding. Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice lacking hepatic Akt2 failed to amass triglycerides in their livers, associated with and most likely due to a decrease in lipogenic gene expression and de novo lipogenesis. However, Akt2 is also required for steatotic pathways unrelated to fatty acid synthesis, as mice fed high fat diet had reduced liver triglycerides in the absence of hepatic Akt2 but did not exhibit changes in lipogenesis. In addition, we show that Akt2 is a requisite component of the normal insulin signaling pathway that controls de novo lipogenesis in lean non-steatotic livers. Following high-carbohydrate feeding, influx of glucose and secretion of insulin induce hepatic de novo lipogenesis in normal animals. However, liver-specific Akt2 null mice failed to induce de novo lipogenesis in response to high-carbohydrate feeding. These data demonstrate that Akt2 is required for the insulin-dependent regulation of h

Real-time systems, and in particular safety-critical systems, are a rich source of challenges for the program verification community as software errors can have catastrophic consequences. Unfortunately, it is nearly impossible to find representative safety-critical programs in the public domain. This has been significant impediment to research in the field, as it is very difficult to validate new ideas or techniques experimentally. This paper presents open challenges for verification of real-time systems in the context of the Real-time Specification for Java. But, our main contribution is a family of programs, called CDx, which we present as an open source benchmark for the verification community.

Full-featured integrated development environments have become critical to the adoption of new programming languages. Key to the success of these IDEs is the provision of services tailored to the languages. However, modern IDEs are large and complex, and the cost of constructing one from scratch can be prohibitive. Generators that work from language specifications reduce costs but produce environments that do not fully reflect distinctive language characteristics. We believe that there is a practical middle ground between these extremes that can be effectively addressed by an open, semi-automated strategy to IDE development. This strategy is to reduce the burden of IDE development as much as possible, especially for internal IDE details, while opening opportunities for significant customizations to IDE services. To reduce the effort needed for customization we provide a combination of frameworks, templates, and generators. We demonstrate an extensible IDE architecture that embodies this strategy, and we show that this architecture can be used to produce customized IDEs, with a moderate amount of effort, for a variety of interesting languages.

Full-featured integrated development environments have become critical to the adoption of new programming languages. Key to the success of these IDEs is the provision of services tailored to the languages. However, modern IDEs are large and complex, and the cost of constructing one from scratch can be prohibitive. Generators that work from language specifications reduce costs but produce environments that do not fully reflect distinctive language characteristics. We believe that there is a practical middle ground between these extremes that can be effectively addressed by an open, semi-automated strategy to IDE development. This strategy is to reduce the burden of IDE development as much as possible, especially for internal IDE details, while opening opportunities for significant customizations to IDE services. To reduce the effort needed for customization we provide a combination of frameworks, templates, and generators. We demonstrate an extensible IDE architecture that embodies this strategy, and we show that this architecture can be used to produce customized IDEs, with a moderate amount of effort, for a variety of interesting languages.

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Contains fulltext : 36070.pdf (author's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 36070.pdf (author's version ) (Open Access)

Contains fulltext : 36070.pdf (author's version ) (Open Access)

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ECOOP 2003, Contains fulltext : 60445.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access)

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This report responds to February 8 and March 5, 1990, requests by Reps. Dingell and Markey that the General Accounting Office (GAO) examine the adequacy of existing controls by the Department of Energy (DOE) and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) on the commercial sales and exports of tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen that can be used to enhance the explosive power of nuclear weapons. The Reprsentatives expressed concern about reported losses of radioactive tritium gas from DOE's Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Subsequently, GAO met with their offices and agreed to examine the following issues: The promptness and adequacy of DOE's and NRC's investigations into the major tritium discrepancies which occurred in 1988 at 0RNL, including any investigations into the possibility that the tritium might have been stolen or diverted; The weaknesses in the management and operation of the DOE isotope sales program that led to reported tritium discrepancies and the weaknesses in existing material controls over and accounting for tritium; Whether DOE and NRC should reevaluate their positions on the level of controls required for possessing and shipping tritium or the reporting requirements imposed on tritium licensees, including the feasibility and desirability of having NRC include a determination of tritium end use in its inspections of licensees to alleviate concerns that tritium might not be used as intended.