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© 2009 The American Physical Society. We would like to thank Eiichiro Komatsu for useful comments. J. B. is very grateful to the Department ofFisika Teorikoa of the EHU for their hospitality. This work has been supported by DGICYT (Spain) Project Nos. FPA 2004-02602 and FPA 2005-02327, UCMSantander PR34/07-15875, CAM/UCM 910309, and MEC grant BES-2006-12059., It has been recently shown that the presence of a vector field over cosmological scales could explain the observed accelerated expansion of the Universe without introducing either new scales or unnatural initial conditions in the early Universe, thus avoiding the coincidence problem. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the constraints imposed by supernova type Ia (SNIa), cosmic microwave background (CMB), and baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data on the vector dark energy model with general spatial curvature. We find that contrary to standard cosmology, CMB data exclude a flat universe for this model and, in fact, predict a closed geometry for the spatial sections. We see that CMB and SNIa Gold data are perfectly compatible at the 1-sigma level, however the SNIa Union data set exhibits a 3-sigma tension with CMB. The same level of tension is also found between SNIa and BAO measurements., DGICYT (Spain), UCM-Santander, CAM/UCM, MEC, Depto. de Física Teórica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

SARS-CoV-2 Lambda, a variant of interest, has spread in some South American countries; however, its virological features and evolutionary traits remain unknown. In this study, we use pseudoviruses and reveal that the spike protein of the Lambda variant is more infectious than that of other variants due to the T76I and L452Q mutations. The RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, a unique 7-amino-acid deletion in the N-terminal domain of the Lambda spike protein, is responsible for evasion from neutralizing antibodies and further augments antibody-mediated enhancement of infection. Although this mutation generates a nascent N-linked glycosylation site, the additional N-linked glycan is dispensable for the virological property conferred by this mutation. Since the Lambda variant has dominantly spread according to the increasing frequency of the isolates harboring the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation, our data suggest that the RSYLTPGD246-253N mutation is closely associated with the substantial spread of the Lambda variant in South America.

BackgroundAppropriate use criteria (AUC) provide patient-centered physician guidance in test selection. An initial set of AUC was reported by the American Society of Dermatopathology (ASDP) in 2018. AUC reflect evidence collected at single timepoints and may be affected by evolving evidence and experience. The objective of this study was to update and expand AUC for selected tests.MethodsRAND/UCLA (RAND Corporation [Santa Monica, CA]/University of California Los Angeles) methodology used includes the following: (a) literature review; (b) review of previously rated tests and previously employed clinical scenarios; (c) selection of previously rated tests for new ratings; (d) development of new clinical scenarios; (e) selection of additional tests; (f) three rating rounds with feedback and group discussion after rounds 1 and 2.ResultsFor 220 clinical scenarios comprising lymphoproliferative (light chain clonality), melanocytic (comparative genomic hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter), vascular disorders (MYC), and inflammatory dermatoses (periodic acid-Schiff, Gömöri methenamine silver), consensus by panel raters was reached in 172 of 220 (78%) scenarios, with 103 of 148 (70%) rated "usually appropriate" or "rarely appropriate" and 45 of 148 (30%), "appropriateness uncertain."LimitationsThe study design only measures appropriateness. Cost, availability, test comparison, and additional clinical considerations are not measured. The possibility that the findings of this study may be influenced by the inherent biases of the dermatopathologists involved in the study cannot be excluded.ConclusionsAUC are reported for selected diagnostic tests in clinical scenarios that occur in dermatopathology practice. Adhering to AUC may reduce inappropriate test utilization and improve healthcare delivery.

Arbetet bygger på förbättring av befintlig arkitektur för en tjänst som beräknar koldioxidutsläpp för molntjänster. Nuvarande arkitektur bygger på att samla ihop och klumpa stora mängder data i form av användarrapporter. Därefter körs frågor mot det data för att få ut relevant information. Detta kan ta väldigt lång tid. För att försöka påskynda denna process görs en undersökning om man kan minska tiden som går åt att köra frågor mot data om datamängden blir mindre. Detta uppnås genom att filtrera bort oönskad data ur mängden innan man kör frågor mot det. Vidare undersöks om den nya arkitekturen kan möjliggöra för enklare implementation av nya funktioner till tjänsten. Metoden för undersökningen var att bygga en alternativ arkitektur med hjälp av AWS och dess tjänster. Resultaten visar på att även om mängden data som skannas är nästan oförändrat så minskas körtiden avsevärt när den totala storleken på datamängden minskar. Vidare bidrar den nya arkitekturen till enklare implementation av nya tjänster än tidigare., The current architecture the stakeholders are using consists of collecting large amounts of data. After the data is collected it is queried for relevant information. This query process can take a long time. This report looks at if it is possible to reduce this time by reducing the data size. This is done by filtering the data before doing queries towards it. Furthermore this report will investigate if the new architecture can make it easier to implement new functionality. To investigate these questions a new architecture will be built using AWS. The results show that even though scanning nearly the same amount of data, with the total data size reduced one can drastically reduce the query times. Furthermore this new architecture makes it easier to implement new functionality.

Assessing developer’s experience and proficiency haslong been a tough task for recruiters to tackle properly. Afunctional programming concept known as lambdas has been proven to be an indicator of more experienced developers. Previous existing studies also showed that GitHub repositories with more experienced developers use lambda functions to a greater extent. Previous research raises the question of whether other functional programming concepts such as smart pointers can be a potential indicator of a developer’s experience. To the best of our knowledge, no attempts have been made to link lambda or smart pointer usage to the individual GitHub developer’s experience level. This thesis aims to address this gap and investigate if lambda or smart pointers be linked to an individual developer’s experience level. To achieve this, we propose a new metric called User Repository Experience (URE), which will rank the developers within a repository in different percentiles. We also developed a tool that analyze the commits found in GitHub repositories, locates lambda and smart pointers and links them to the URE metric, this data is then saved to a log file. We designed a second tool that parses the log files and then prints the data in a readable format. The results from this study showed that lambda and smart pointers are both valid and promising indicators of experience, and thus the URE is a potential metric for representing more experienced developers.

lntroduction. For the first time, the 2019 corona virus (COVID-19) was detected in China at the end of 2019 and was declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020. As it is a virus with a high potential far mutation, it evolves into very aggressive strains and others less, this is evidenced in multiple investigations, currently the treatment is based on multiple therapies to prevent respiratory problems, one of the most efficient forms is antiviral therapy and vaccination. Objective. lnvestigate the main variants and characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as describe each of them and how they present certain variants, through a bibliographic review, based on articles, magazines and scientific publications.Methodology. This research is of an explanatory-descriptive nature, based on the consultation of multiple internationally renowned bibliographic sources in the period from May 2019 to September 2022. Results. 31 articles of scientific quality were analyzed and paraphrased and the necessary information on the different variants, frequency, and pathogenicity of COVID 19 was collected. Conclusions. Concern Variants significantly increase transmissibility and have the potential to increase transmission and severity of disease. They may also affect the efficacy of adenovirus and mRNA vector vaccines, although currently licensed COVID-19 vaccines remain effective in preventing serious infection and disease. lf a variant emerges with a more significant impact on global public health, it would pose a greater threat to humanity; therefore, measures to reduce transmission of the virus and efforts to monitor and understand the impact of variants must continue.

Arbetet bygger på förbättring av befintlig arkitektur för en tjänst som beräknar koldioxidutsläpp för molntjänster. Nuvarande arkitektur bygger på att samla ihop och klumpa stora mängder data i form av användarrapporter. Därefter körs frågor mot det data för att få ut relevant information. Detta kan ta väldigt lång tid. För att försöka påskynda denna process görs en undersökning om man kan minska tiden som går åt att köra frågor mot data om datamängden blir mindre. Detta uppnås genom att filtrera bort oönskad data ur mängden innan man kör frågor mot det. Vidare undersöks om den nya arkitekturen kan möjliggöra för enklare implementation av nya funktioner till tjänsten. Metoden för undersökningen var att bygga en alternativ arkitektur med hjälp av AWS och dess tjänster. Resultaten visar på att även om mängden data som skannas är nästan oförändrat så minskas körtiden avsevärt när den totala storleken på datamängden minskar. Vidare bidrar den nya arkitekturen till enklare implementation av nya tjänster än tidigare., The current architecture the stakeholders are using consists of collecting large amounts of data. After the data is collected it is queried for relevant information. This query process can take a long time. This report looks at if it is possible to reduce this time by reducing the data size. This is done by filtering the data before doing queries towards it. Furthermore this report will investigate if the new architecture can make it easier to implement new functionality. To investigate these questions a new architecture will be built using AWS. The results show that even though scanning nearly the same amount of data, with the total data size reduced one can drastically reduce the query times. Furthermore this new architecture makes it easier to implement new functionality.

Assessing developer’s experience and proficiency haslong been a tough task for recruiters to tackle properly. Afunctional programming concept known as lambdas has been proven to be an indicator of more experienced developers. Previous existing studies also showed that GitHub repositories with more experienced developers use lambda functions to a greater extent. Previous research raises the question of whether other functional programming concepts such as smart pointers can be a potential indicator of a developer’s experience. To the best of our knowledge, no attempts have been made to link lambda or smart pointer usage to the individual GitHub developer’s experience level. This thesis aims to address this gap and investigate if lambda or smart pointers be linked to an individual developer’s experience level. To achieve this, we propose a new metric called User Repository Experience (URE), which will rank the developers within a repository in different percentiles. We also developed a tool that analyze the commits found in GitHub repositories, locates lambda and smart pointers and links them to the URE metric, this data is then saved to a log file. We designed a second tool that parses the log files and then prints the data in a readable format. The results from this study showed that lambda and smart pointers are both valid and promising indicators of experience, and thus the URE is a potential metric for representing more experienced developers.

This paper presents review on emerging new SARS Co-2 Variants.

This paper presents review on emerging new SARS Co-2 Variants.

This paper presents review on emerging new SARS Co-2 Variants.

This study has been performed at Powertrain Engineering Sweden AB (PES), a fully owned subsidiary of Volvo Cars Group, which is constantly working to develop and improve internal combustion engines. As part of this work, durability tests are performed to analyse the impact of wear on the engines. At present, there is a strong focus on visual inspections after the engines have undergone durability tests. PES wants to develop a method where collected data from these tests can be used to explain how the phenomenon of knocking and the control of lambda changes over time. The study analyses one specific durability test and investigates the methodology of data analysis by using the open-source software platform Sympathy for Data, with an add-on developed by Volvo Cars Group, for data management, visualisation and analysis. To execute the analysis, engine parameters that affect these systems as well as parameters suitable to use as response variables are identified through literature studies of internal combustion engine fundamentalsas well as internal material, and knowledge acquired at the company. The result is presented in the form of an analysis generated by the node for partial least squares regression (PLSR) which is pre-programmed in Sympathy for Data as well as the images and graphs obtained as output. For knock, the signal for the final ignition angle was found to be suitable to use as the response variable in the PLSR. A suitable response variable for lambda was more difficult to identify, this is why both signals for the measured lambda and lambda adaptation are analysed. Studies of the internal material and knowledge highlighted the fact that several engine subsystems are highly dependent on each other and that even deeper research would be necessary to fully understand the process and identify the primary cause for the variations observed in the generated models. However, partial least squares regression was performed using parameters derived from literature, Denna studie är utförd hos Powertrain Engineering Sweden AB (PES), vilka är ett helägt dotterbolag till Volvo Cars Group, som arbetar med att ta fram och förbättra förbränningsmotorer. En del i detta arbete är att genomföra långtidstest för att analysera hur motorernas egenskaper ändras vid förslitning över tid. I nuläget ligger stort fokus på visuella inspektioner efter att motorerna genomgått långtidstester. PES önskar utveckla en metod där redan insamlad data som registrerats i dessa tester kan förklara hur fenomenet knack och regleringen för lambda förändras över tid. Studien är genomförd i form av en fallstudie av ett specifikt långtidstest där den öppna programvaran Sympathy for Data, tillsammans med det av Volvo Cars Group utvecklade tillägget, används för datahantering, visualisering och analys. Studien undersöker också metodiken för dataanalys med nämnd programvara. För att genomföra detta identifieras motorparametrar som påverkar de undersökta systemen samt parametrar som lämpar sig att användas som responsvariabler i en regressionsmodell. Dessa parametrar togs fram genom litteraturstudier om de fundamentala delarna i en förbränningsmotor samt från företaget förvärvad intern kunskap kring systemen. Resultatet presenteras i form av en analys genomförd med den, i Sympathy for Data, förprogrammerade noden för partial least squares regression(PLSR) samt de bilder och grafer som erhålls. För knack visade det sig att den slutliga tändningsvinkeln var lämplig att använda som respons i PLSR-modellen. En lämplig responsvariabel för lambda var mer svåridentifierad, detta förklarar varför signalerna för uppmätt lambda och lambda adaption analyseras. Inläsning av internt material och grundläggande information om förbränningsmotorer visade att delsystem i ottomotorn är beroende och påverkas av varandra vilket innebär att mer ingående studier i dessa delsystem är nödvändigt för att förstå hela processen och hitta grundorsakerna till variationerna som påvisas för respons

This paper presents review on emerging new SARS Co-2 Variants.

This study has been performed at Powertrain Engineering Sweden AB (PES), a fully owned subsidiary of Volvo Cars Group, which is constantly working to develop and improve internal combustion engines. As part of this work, durability tests are performed to analyse the impact of wear on the engines. At present, there is a strong focus on visual inspections after the engines have undergone durability tests. PES wants to develop a method where collected data from these tests can be used to explain how the phenomenon of knocking and the control of lambda changes over time. The study analyses one specific durability test and investigates the methodology of data analysis by using the open-source software platform Sympathy for Data, with an add-on developed by Volvo Cars Group, for data management, visualisation and analysis. To execute the analysis, engine parameters that affect these systems as well as parameters suitable to use as response variables are identified through literature studies of internal combustion engine fundamentalsas well as internal material, and knowledge acquired at the company. The result is presented in the form of an analysis generated by the node for partial least squares regression (PLSR) which is pre-programmed in Sympathy for Data as well as the images and graphs obtained as output. For knock, the signal for the final ignition angle was found to be suitable to use as the response variable in the PLSR. A suitable response variable for lambda was more difficult to identify, this is why both signals for the measured lambda and lambda adaptation are analysed. Studies of the internal material and knowledge highlighted the fact that several engine subsystems are highly dependent on each other and that even deeper research would be necessary to fully understand the process and identify the primary cause for the variations observed in the generated models. However, partial least squares regression was performed using parameters derived from literature, Denna studie är utförd hos Powertrain Engineering Sweden AB (PES), vilka är ett helägt dotterbolag till Volvo Cars Group, som arbetar med att ta fram och förbättra förbränningsmotorer. En del i detta arbete är att genomföra långtidstest för att analysera hur motorernas egenskaper ändras vid förslitning över tid. I nuläget ligger stort fokus på visuella inspektioner efter att motorerna genomgått långtidstester. PES önskar utveckla en metod där redan insamlad data som registrerats i dessa tester kan förklara hur fenomenet knack och regleringen för lambda förändras över tid. Studien är genomförd i form av en fallstudie av ett specifikt långtidstest där den öppna programvaran Sympathy for Data, tillsammans med det av Volvo Cars Group utvecklade tillägget, används för datahantering, visualisering och analys. Studien undersöker också metodiken för dataanalys med nämnd programvara. För att genomföra detta identifieras motorparametrar som påverkar de undersökta systemen samt parametrar som lämpar sig att användas som responsvariabler i en regressionsmodell. Dessa parametrar togs fram genom litteraturstudier om de fundamentala delarna i en förbränningsmotor samt från företaget förvärvad intern kunskap kring systemen. Resultatet presenteras i form av en analys genomförd med den, i Sympathy for Data, förprogrammerade noden för partial least squares regression(PLSR) samt de bilder och grafer som erhålls. För knack visade det sig att den slutliga tändningsvinkeln var lämplig att använda som respons i PLSR-modellen. En lämplig responsvariabel för lambda var mer svåridentifierad, detta förklarar varför signalerna för uppmätt lambda och lambda adaption analyseras. Inläsning av internt material och grundläggande information om förbränningsmotorer visade att delsystem i ottomotorn är beroende och påverkas av varandra vilket innebär att mer ingående studier i dessa delsystem är nödvändigt för att förstå hela processen och hitta grundorsakerna till variationerna som påvisas för respons

Structured demographic models are among the most common and useful tools in population biology. However, the introduction of integral projection models (IPMs) has caused a profound shift in the way many demographic models are conceptualized. Some researchers have argued that IPMs, by explicitly representing demographic processes as continuous functions of state variables such as size, are more statistically efficient, biologically realistic, and accurate than classic matrix projection models, calling into question the usefulness of the many studies based on matrix models. Here, we evaluate how IPMs and matrix models differ, as well as the extent to which these differences matter for estimation of key model outputs, including population growth rates, sensitivity patterns, and life spans. First, we detail the steps in constructing and using each type of model. Second, we present a review of published demographic models, concentrating on size-based studies, which shows significant overlap in the way IPMs and matrix models are constructed and analyzed. Third, to assess the impact of various modeling decisions on demographic predictions, we ran a series of simulations based on size-based demographic data sets for five biologically diverse species. We found little evidence that discrete vital rate estimation is less accurate than continuous functions across a wide range of sample sizes or size classes (equivalently bin numbers or mesh points). Most model outputs quickly converged with modest class numbers (≥10), regardless of most other modeling decisions. Another surprising result was that the most commonly used method to discretize growth rates for IPM analyses can introduce substantial error into model outputs. Finally, we show that empirical sample sizes generally matter more than modeling approach for the accuracy of demographic outputs. Based on these results, we provide specific recommendations to those constructing and evaluating structured population models. Both

El sector de la restauració és un dels més rellevants al nostre país, suposant més d'un 6% del PIB total en 2019. A pesar que existeixen diferents solucions tecnològiques per a aquest tipus d'establiments, moltes de les accions que es realitzen dins d'un restaurant no estan del tot automatitzades o disten de ser eficients a la pràctica, tant a nivell informàtic com econòmic. D'altra banda, la situació de pandèmia actual per COVID-19 ha repercutit de manera directa en l'economia d'aquest sector, obligant al tancament de milers de restaurants. Basant-nos en aquests indicatius, aquest treball de fi de grau mostra el desenvolupament d'una solució tecnològica que permet als restaurants gestionar d'una forma ràpida i segura les ordres realitzades pels comensals. Això s'aconsegueix a través d'un petit dispositiu que es coloca a cada taula del restaurant i una aplicació que s'instal·la en el telèfon intel·ligent del comensal., The catering sector is one of the most relevant in Spain, assuming more than 6% of total GDP in 2019. In spite of the fact that there are different technological solutions for this kind of business, many of the actions that are carried out within a restaurant are not fully automated or are far from efficient in practice, both at an IT and economic level. However, the current pandemic situation due to COVID-19 has had a direct impact on the economy of this sector, closing down thousands of restaurants. Based on these facts, this final degree project shows the development of a technological solution that allows restaurants to quickly and safely manage the orders made by diners. This is achieved through a small device that is placed on each restaurant's table and an application that is installed on the diner's smartphone.

This paper presents review on emerging new SARS Co-2 Variants.

We report the first observation of the spontaneous polarization of Lambda and (Lambda) over bar hyperons transverse to the production plane in e(+)e(-) annihilation, which is attributed to the effect arising from a polarizing fragmentation function. For inclusive Lambda/(Lambda) over bar production, we also report results with subtracted feed-down contributions from Sigma(0) and charm. This measurement uses a dataset of 800.4 fb(-1) collected by the Belle experiment at or near a center-of-mass energy of 10.58 GeV. We observe a significant polarization that rises with the fractional energy carried by the Lambda/(Lambda) over bar hyperon.

I Sverige finns det mycket skog att tillgå och en del av skogen används som energikälla för uppvärmning av hus. Många hus värms upp av pelletspannor och det finns många omoderna pelletspannor runt om i Sverige. Denna rapport syftar till att bygga om en pelletspanna av modell Ariterm PX21 från år 2009 med hjälp av lambdareglering.Brännaren idag har ingen teknik som kontrollerar förbränningen. Syftet med lambdaregleringen är att en lambdasond, som ska styra matarskruven till pelletsbrännaren, ska installeras och därmed styra förbränningen. Frågeställningen för arbetet är om en installation av lambdareglering förbättrar förbränningen och i sådana fall hur lång tid det tar innan investeringen lönar sig.En lambdasond installerades på rökröret och två Arduinos programmerades och installerades tillsammans med ett relä som är kopplat till matarskruvens strömförsörjning. Mätningar av avgaserna har genomförts både före och efter installationen och en förbättring på värdena NO, NOx och CO2 uppmättes vid lambdareglering. Vidare förbättrades verkningsgraden och bränsleförbrukningen. Förbränningen kan därmed antas vara mer fullständig med lambdareglering jämfört med utan. Efter inköpskostnaderna för installationen och besparingarna på pellets är installationen intjänad på en säsong., There is a vast amount of forest in Sweden and parts of that is used as an energy source to heat up homes. Many homes are heated with pellet burners and some of these are old and inefficient. The purpose of this report is to rebuild a 2009 Ariterm PX21 pellet burner by installing a lambda controller.Currently, the burner has no built-in technique that controls the combustion. The purpose of the lambda controller is to control the pellet feeder to the burner with a lambda transmitter and by that control the combustion. The report aims to answer if that installation will improve the combustion and how long it will take until the investment is profitable.A lambda transmitter has been installed on the funnel and two Arduinos has been programmed and installed together with a relay connected to the feeder’s electrical supply. Exhaust measurements have been performed both before and after the installations. There was an improvement on NO, NOx, and CO2 after the installation. There was also an improvement of the efficiency and fuel consumption. Therefore, the installation of a lambda controller can be considered to improve the combustion. With the expenses made and the savings on pellet consumption, the installation will be profitable within one season.

A one dimensional discretized model of a two brick three way catalyst (TWC) system was developed and implemented in MATLAB, Simulink and TargetLink in collaboration with Volvo Cars and Linköpings Universitet - ISY. The purpose of this thesis was to increase system understanding and create a model based TWC control for further development at Volvo Cars. A total of 50 states were modelled, including emission concentrations (O2, CO, C3H6, C3H8, H2, NOx, CO2, H2O), temperature and oxygen buffer level (OBL). A model based control structure was implemented in the form of five separate PID-controllers enabling possibilities to control the OBL of each separate slice of each brick individually and through simple reference handling. The control structures includes anti-windup, feedforward control and feedback safety for model reset during sensor indication of leakage. Specific equipment and software used included MATLAB, Simulink, TargetLink, Volvo SULEV30 TWC and testing rigs. Overall increase in system understanding was achieved in comparison with contemporary TWC modelling and control, as well as sufficient system performance in regard to estimate emissions, simulation duration and pedagogical value. Concluding thoughts of the thesis revolve the complexity of the actual TWC modelling, parameter estimation as well as control. The model presented in this thesis has great potential of describing TWC systems but with great effort during parameter estimation. With ECU performance available in temporary vehicle production year 2019, a complex model may be combined with a simple control strategy whilst a simple model may be combined with a complex control strategy.

Datahantering är en aspekt av systemlösningar som inte ska försummas. Svarstider är en lika viktig aspekt i den moderna onlinetjänsten. När molntjänster har nått en popularitet högre än någonsin är det viktigt att veta hur man använder dem effektivt för att kunna få bästa resultat. Kunden, Axis Communications, utvecklar för närvarande en IoT-plattform (Internet of Things) som tros leverera ytterligare mjukvarufunktionalitet och information i realtid till slutanvändaren. Ett moment i denna tjänst är händelsehantering och behandling. Detta kräver att händelser tas emot och bearbetas med hjälp av AWS-komponenter innan de skickas vidare. I denna rapport har vi jämfört prestandan mellan att berika en händelseström med information via externa tjänster och att berika samma händelseström via lokala tjänster. För att bestämma vilka lösningar som ger en snabbare responstid för vår klient, Axis Communications, har vi utvecklat en ny prototyp. Utvecklingsprocessen som vi har valt gör det möjligt att iterera och utvärdera prototypen under utvecklingsprocessen. Utvärderingen bör endast användas som riktlinje vid bedömning av händelsehanteringstjänster, eftersom antalet parametrar kan skilja sig och ge ändrade resultat. Resultaten visar att vår metod för denna lösningen presterade upp till 5,16 gånger bättre än den externa tjänsten. Molntjänsten presterade även bättre under hög belastning tack vare skalbarheten hos AWS Lambda., Data processing is an aspect of system solutions which cannot be neglected. Response times is an equally important aspect in the modern online service. With cloud services reaching an all-time peak in popularity, it is important to know how to use them efficiently by providing the best results. The client, Axis Communications, is currently developing an IoT (Internet of Things) platform which is thought to deliver further software functionality and information in real-time to the end user. One of the elements of this service is event handling and processing. It requires events to be received and processed using AWS components before sending them through. In this thesis we aim to compare the performance between decorating an event stream using external services to decorating the same event stream with local services. In order to determine which of the solutions offer a better result for our client, we had to develop a new prototype of said solution. The process of development makes it possible to iterate and evaluate the prototype during the time of development. The evaluation should only be used as a guideline when considering event handling services as the number of parameters may differ and yield altered results. The results prove that our method for this solution had up to 5,16 times faster response time. The cloud-based solution also performed better when under heavy load by processing all of the requests simoultanously due to the scaling of AWS Lambda.

A one dimensional discretized model of a two brick three way catalyst (TWC) system was developed and implemented in MATLAB, Simulink and TargetLink in collaboration with Volvo Cars and Linköpings Universitet - ISY. The purpose of this thesis was to increase system understanding and create a model based TWC control for further development at Volvo Cars. A total of 50 states were modelled, including emission concentrations (O2, CO, C3H6, C3H8, H2, NOx, CO2, H2O), temperature and oxygen buffer level (OBL). A model based control structure was implemented in the form of five separate PID-controllers enabling possibilities to control the OBL of each separate slice of each brick individually and through simple reference handling. The control structures includes anti-windup, feedforward control and feedback safety for model reset during sensor indication of leakage. Specific equipment and software used included MATLAB, Simulink, TargetLink, Volvo SULEV30 TWC and testing rigs. Overall increase in system understanding was achieved in comparison with contemporary TWC modelling and control, as well as sufficient system performance in regard to estimate emissions, simulation duration and pedagogical value. Concluding thoughts of the thesis revolve the complexity of the actual TWC modelling, parameter estimation as well as control. The model presented in this thesis has great potential of describing TWC systems but with great effort during parameter estimation. With ECU performance available in temporary vehicle production year 2019, a complex model may be combined with a simple control strategy whilst a simple model may be combined with a complex control strategy.

Datahantering är en aspekt av systemlösningar som inte ska försummas. Svarstider är en lika viktig aspekt i den moderna onlinetjänsten. När molntjänster har nått en popularitet högre än någonsin är det viktigt att veta hur man använder dem effektivt för att kunna få bästa resultat. Kunden, Axis Communications, utvecklar för närvarande en IoT-plattform (Internet of Things) som tros leverera ytterligare mjukvarufunktionalitet och information i realtid till slutanvändaren. Ett moment i denna tjänst är händelsehantering och behandling. Detta kräver att händelser tas emot och bearbetas med hjälp av AWS-komponenter innan de skickas vidare. I denna rapport har vi jämfört prestandan mellan att berika en händelseström med information via externa tjänster och att berika samma händelseström via lokala tjänster. För att bestämma vilka lösningar som ger en snabbare responstid för vår klient, Axis Communications, har vi utvecklat en ny prototyp. Utvecklingsprocessen som vi har valt gör det möjligt att iterera och utvärdera prototypen under utvecklingsprocessen. Utvärderingen bör endast användas som riktlinje vid bedömning av händelsehanteringstjänster, eftersom antalet parametrar kan skilja sig och ge ändrade resultat. Resultaten visar att vår metod för denna lösningen presterade upp till 5,16 gånger bättre än den externa tjänsten. Molntjänsten presterade även bättre under hög belastning tack vare skalbarheten hos AWS Lambda., Data processing is an aspect of system solutions which cannot be neglected. Response times is an equally important aspect in the modern online service. With cloud services reaching an all-time peak in popularity, it is important to know how to use them efficiently by providing the best results. The client, Axis Communications, is currently developing an IoT (Internet of Things) platform which is thought to deliver further software functionality and information in real-time to the end user. One of the elements of this service is event handling and processing. It requires events to be received and processed using AWS components before sending them through. In this thesis we aim to compare the performance between decorating an event stream using external services to decorating the same event stream with local services. In order to determine which of the solutions offer a better result for our client, we had to develop a new prototype of said solution. The process of development makes it possible to iterate and evaluate the prototype during the time of development. The evaluation should only be used as a guideline when considering event handling services as the number of parameters may differ and yield altered results. The results prove that our method for this solution had up to 5,16 times faster response time. The cloud-based solution also performed better when under heavy load by processing all of the requests simoultanously due to the scaling of AWS Lambda.

I Sverige finns det mycket skog att tillgå och en del av skogen används som energikälla för uppvärmning av hus. Många hus värms upp av pelletspannor och det finns många omoderna pelletspannor runt om i Sverige. Denna rapport syftar till att bygga om en pelletspanna av modell Ariterm PX21 från år 2009 med hjälp av lambdareglering.Brännaren idag har ingen teknik som kontrollerar förbränningen. Syftet med lambdaregleringen är att en lambdasond, som ska styra matarskruven till pelletsbrännaren, ska installeras och därmed styra förbränningen. Frågeställningen för arbetet är om en installation av lambdareglering förbättrar förbränningen och i sådana fall hur lång tid det tar innan investeringen lönar sig.En lambdasond installerades på rökröret och två Arduinos programmerades och installerades tillsammans med ett relä som är kopplat till matarskruvens strömförsörjning. Mätningar av avgaserna har genomförts både före och efter installationen och en förbättring på värdena NO, NOx och CO2 uppmättes vid lambdareglering. Vidare förbättrades verkningsgraden och bränsleförbrukningen. Förbränningen kan därmed antas vara mer fullständig med lambdareglering jämfört med utan. Efter inköpskostnaderna för installationen och besparingarna på pellets är installationen intjänad på en säsong., There is a vast amount of forest in Sweden and parts of that is used as an energy source to heat up homes. Many homes are heated with pellet burners and some of these are old and inefficient. The purpose of this report is to rebuild a 2009 Ariterm PX21 pellet burner by installing a lambda controller.Currently, the burner has no built-in technique that controls the combustion. The purpose of the lambda controller is to control the pellet feeder to the burner with a lambda transmitter and by that control the combustion. The report aims to answer if that installation will improve the combustion and how long it will take until the investment is profitable.A lambda transmitter has been installed on the funnel and two Arduinos has been programmed and installed together with a relay connected to the feeder’s electrical supply. Exhaust measurements have been performed both before and after the installations. There was an improvement on NO, NOx, and CO2 after the installation. There was also an improvement of the efficiency and fuel consumption. Therefore, the installation of a lambda controller can be considered to improve the combustion. With the expenses made and the savings on pellet consumption, the installation will be profitable within one season.

[CASTELLÀ] Hoy en día la industria automovilística utiliza todos los conocimientos que a lo largo de los años el sector ha ido adquiriendo. Uno de los aspectos más importantes a tener en cuenta es la contaminación global. Es por ello que este sector está constantemente realizando investigaciones para reducir al máximo los gases contaminantes que los motores de combustión generan. Este proyecto consiste en la realización de una máquina de ensayo de sondas lambda o sensores de oxígeno, solicitada por un importante fabricante para cubrir sus necesidades. Dicho fabricante requiere comprobar la calidad de su producto estrella según normas de calidad internas especificadas por el propio cliente. El ensayo consiste en calentar los sensores de oxígeno hasta una temperatura de 400ºC y acto seguido refrigerarlas por agua, provocando así un choque térmico, repitiéndose este proceso durante un número determinado de ciclos. Dicho efecto simula el paso de un vehículo por encima de un charco o en condiciones de lluvia, ya que dichos sensores van instalados en el sistema de escape de todo tipo de vehículos de combustión. El proyecto incluye el diseño del sistema de control del proceso explicado, especificando los componentes elegidos y el motivo de su elección, así como el diseño mecánico de todo el sistema utilizando la herramienta CAD (Diseño por computación asistica) SolidWorks. Se muestran todas las cualidades y funcionalidades de la máquina mediante renderizados detallados del modelo 3D y se detallan todos los planos para su fabricación y ensamblaje. Aunque en el documento no se explica, el proyecto se ha llevado a cabo con éxito en la realidad y ha sido elaborado en paralelo al documento por los autores, lo que les proporciona una experiencia única y un primer contacto real con el mundo de la ingeniería industrial, lo que les aporta nuevas habilidades y conocimientos., [ANGLÈS] Nowadays, the automotive industry, make use of all the knowledge acquired along the years. One of the most important facts is the global pollution, and by this reason, the automotive industry is constantly improving and doing researches to reduce the pollution generated by the combustion engines. This project consists on the manufacturing of a lambda sensor or oxygen sensor machine test, asked by an important manufacturer to cover its necessities. This manufacturer requires checking the quality of its leading product, according to inner quality standards, specified by the manufacturer itself. The test consists on warming up the oxygen sensor up to 400ºC and suddenly splash water on it, causing an effect of thermal shock and repeating the process along a defined number of cycles. This effect simulates driving of a vehicle over a puddle or in rainy conditions. This is because these sensors are located on the exhaust system of all kind of combustion vehicles. The project includes the design of the control system of the explained process, specifying the chosen components and the reason of these decisions, as well as the mechanical design of the entire system, making use of the CAD (Computer assisted design) tool SolidWorks. The main functions and features of the machine have been explained with the help of rendered pictures of the 3D model and also all the drawings for its manufacturing and assembly are included. Even if it’s not explained in this document, the project has been done successfully in the reality, and has been developed in parallel by the authors. This gives to the authors a unique experience and a first real touch with the industrial engineering world, which provides them new skills and knowledge.

The purpose of this work is to create a way to detect new attacks in Kubernetes by implementing an anomaly detection and alerting framework that targets the logs generated by the Kubernetes apiserver. The framework will use a machine learning anomaly detection algorithm and be implemented using AWS infrastructure. During the project we design and implement the anomaly detector and alerting logic and deploy it using the infrastructure that the system needs, which is also designed during the project.

This thesis explores, from both a systems and security perspective, a relatively new serverless cloud computing model that runs on stateless container invocations. This thesis demonstrates that the responsiveness, concurrency, and cost of the serverless cloud computing model, on the one hand, enables making design decisions that were not possible before, yet on the other hand, introduces security vulnerabilities that potentially increase the attack surface due to a high probability of achieving co-residence. This thesis extends a serverless video processing framework for the cloud, Sprocket, that takes advantage of the container computing model in its design in order to provide runtime performance, resource efficiency, and a highly configurable developing environment. Sprocket demonstrates all three qualities when running both a facial recognition and streaming video pipeline. Sprocket can be configured to process a 30-minute video 1000-way parallel in under a minute for less than $1. This thesis also presents an increased attack surface in the container service that Sprocket runs on, AWS Lambda, and shows how to detect co-resident containers on physical machines across victim and adversary accounts. Co-residency is achieved in three unique Amazon data centers, with as many as 30 co-resident containers during one 30-second “attack.” This thesis demonstrates that the scalability of the serverless cloud computing model, in particular, inherently increases the probability of co-residency and that existing mitigations for co-residency must be re-evaluated.

It is a very well established matter nowadays that many modified gravity models can offer a sound alternative to General Relativity for the description of the accelerated expansion of the universe. But it is also equally well known that no clear and sharp discrimination between any alternative theory and the classical one has been found so far. In this work, we attempt at formulating a different approach starting from the general class of f (R) theories as test probes: we try to reformulate f (R) Lagrangian terms as explicit functions of the redshift, i.e., as f (z). In this context, the f (R) setting to the consensus cosmological model, the Lambda CDM model, can be written as a polynomial including just a constant and a third-order term. Starting from this result, we propose various different polynomial parameterizations f (z), including new terms which would allow for deviations from Lambda CDM, and we thoroughly compare them with observational data. While on the one hand we have found no statistically preference for our proposals (even if some of them are as good as Lambda CDM by using Bayesian Evidence comparison), we think that our novel approach could provide a different perspective for the development of new and observationally reliable alternative models of gravity.

I detta arbeta gjordes en undersökning om hur en drönare kan regleras vid olika viktbelastningar. Först gjordes en teoretisk undersökning av fyra olika reglermetoder, två modellbaserade och två icke-modellbaserade metoder. De två modellbaserade var linjär kvadratisk reglering och modell prediktiv kontroll. De två icke-modellbaserade var kaskad kontroll och PID regulator. Av alla metoderna valdes det att användas en PID regulator för regleringen. För att ställa in PID testades tre olika metoder, Ziegler-Nichols, lambda och AMIGO metoden. Alla dessa tre använde stegsvaret för systemet för att beräkna parametrarna till PID. Detta resulterade i flera olika parameterval för systemet. Parametervalen testades på drönaren och AMIGO metoden gav de bästa resultaten. De olika lasterna som testades var 4.7, 6.1 och 10.8 gram. AMIGO metoden kunde användas för att reglera drönaren upp till 6.1 gram därefter blev drönarens beteende allt för olinjärt. Sammanfattningsvis går det att använda en PID som ställs in med AMIGO metoden från stegsvaret för att reglera en drönare med mindre laster upp till ungefär sex gram., This project tested how a drone can be controlled when loads are applied to it. First four different control methods were analyzed, two model based and two non-model based. The two model based were linear quadratic regulator and model predictive control. The two non-model based were cascade control and PID regulator. The PID regulator were chosen and three different methods to tune the PID was tested. Ziegler-Nichols, lambda and AMIGO method, all used the step response from the system to determine the parameters. These different methods gave different setup of parameters and the best result came from the AMIGO method. The different loads that were applied to the system was 4.7, 6.1 and 10.8 gram. The AMIGO method were able to tune the PID up to 6.1 grams, then the system lost to much of its linear behavior. To summarize the work a PID tuned by the AMIGO method using the step response were able to control a drone with a load up to about six grams.

It is a very well established matter nowadays that many modified gravity models can offer a sound alternative to General Relativity for the description of the accelerated expansion of the universe. But it is also equally well known that no clear and sharp discrimination between any alternative theory and the classical one has been found so far. In this work, we attempt at formulating a different approach starting from the general class of f (R) theories as test probes: we try to reformulate f (R) Lagrangian terms as explicit functions of the redshift, i.e., as f (z). In this context, the f (R) setting to the consensus cosmological model, the Lambda CDM model, can be written as a polynomial including just a constant and a third-order term. Starting from this result, we propose various different polynomial parameterizations f (z), including new terms which would allow for deviations from Lambda CDM, and we thoroughly compare them with observational data. While on the one hand we have found no statistically preference for our proposals (even if some of them are as good as Lambda CDM by using Bayesian Evidence comparison), we think that our novel approach could provide a different perspective for the development of new and observationally reliable alternative models of gravity.

This thesis explores, from both a systems and security perspective, a relatively new serverless cloud computing model that runs on stateless container invocations. This thesis demonstrates that the responsiveness, concurrency, and cost of the serverless cloud computing model, on the one hand, enables making design decisions that were not possible before, yet on the other hand, introduces security vulnerabilities that potentially increase the attack surface due to a high probability of achieving co-residence. This thesis extends a serverless video processing framework for the cloud, Sprocket, that takes advantage of the container computing model in its design in order to provide runtime performance, resource efficiency, and a highly configurable developing environment. Sprocket demonstrates all three qualities when running both a facial recognition and streaming video pipeline. Sprocket can be configured to process a 30-minute video 1000-way parallel in under a minute for less than $1. This thesis also presents an increased attack surface in the container service that Sprocket runs on, AWS Lambda, and shows how to detect co-resident containers on physical machines across victim and adversary accounts. Co-residency is achieved in three unique Amazon data centers, with as many as 30 co-resident containers during one 30-second “attack.” This thesis demonstrates that the scalability of the serverless cloud computing model, in particular, inherently increases the probability of co-residency and that existing mitigations for co-residency must be re-evaluated.

I detta arbeta gjordes en undersökning om hur en drönare kan regleras vid olika viktbelastningar. Först gjordes en teoretisk undersökning av fyra olika reglermetoder, två modellbaserade och två icke-modellbaserade metoder. De två modellbaserade var linjär kvadratisk reglering och modell prediktiv kontroll. De två icke-modellbaserade var kaskad kontroll och PID regulator. Av alla metoderna valdes det att användas en PID regulator för regleringen. För att ställa in PID testades tre olika metoder, Ziegler-Nichols, lambda och AMIGO metoden. Alla dessa tre använde stegsvaret för systemet för att beräkna parametrarna till PID. Detta resulterade i flera olika parameterval för systemet. Parametervalen testades på drönaren och AMIGO metoden gav de bästa resultaten. De olika lasterna som testades var 4.7, 6.1 och 10.8 gram. AMIGO metoden kunde användas för att reglera drönaren upp till 6.1 gram därefter blev drönarens beteende allt för olinjärt. Sammanfattningsvis går det att använda en PID som ställs in med AMIGO metoden från stegsvaret för att reglera en drönare med mindre laster upp till ungefär sex gram., This project tested how a drone can be controlled when loads are applied to it. First four different control methods were analyzed, two model based and two non-model based. The two model based were linear quadratic regulator and model predictive control. The two non-model based were cascade control and PID regulator. The PID regulator were chosen and three different methods to tune the PID was tested. Ziegler-Nichols, lambda and AMIGO method, all used the step response from the system to determine the parameters. These different methods gave different setup of parameters and the best result came from the AMIGO method. The different loads that were applied to the system was 4.7, 6.1 and 10.8 gram. The AMIGO method were able to tune the PID up to 6.1 grams, then the system lost to much of its linear behavior. To summarize the work a PID tuned by the AMIGO method using the step response were able to control a drone with a load up to about six grams.

The name ACCHER comes from the abbreviations of the project's name (Automation of Consumption Control of Household Energy Resources). This project is carried out in collaboration with Everis (Company dedicated to consulting), whose mission is the implementation of a simple system for the control of the household energy. Specifically, this project aims to offer to an energy provider company, an infrastructure based on the Cloud, which allows to control its customers consumption, offering them an Android App so they can send, in a simple and without cost, the monthly consumption of their domestic energy, and they can analyze their information and consumption over time. The Android App will be responsible for reading the necessary data in the meter to send this data to the database in the cloud., El nombre ACCHER proviene de las siglas en inglés del nombre del proyecto (Automation of Consumption Control of Household Energy Resources). Este trabajo se realiza en colaboración con Everis (Empresa dedicada a la consultoría), cuya misión es la implementación de un sistema sencillo para el control del consumo de las energías domésticas. En concreto, con este proyecto se pretende ofrecer a una compañía proveedora de recursos una infraestructura basada en la Nube, que le permita llevar el control del consumo de sus clientes, ofreciéndoles a su vez una app diseñada en Android para que sus clientes finales puedan enviar de una manera sencilla y sin coste el consumo mensual de sus energías y puedan analizar su información y consumos a lo largo del tiempo., El nom ACCHER prové de les sigles en anglès del nom del projecte (Automation of Consumption Control of Household Energy Resources). Aquest treball es realitza en col·laboració amb Everis (Empresa dedicada a la consultoria), la missió és la implementació d'un sistema senzill per al control del consum de les energies domèstiques. En concret, amb aquest projecte es pretén oferir a una companyia proveïdora de recursos una infraestructura basada en el Núvol, que li permeti portar el control del consum dels seus clients finals per a que així puguin enviar d'una manera senzilla i sense cost el consum mensual de les seves energies i puguin analitzar la seva informació i consums al llarg del temps. L'aplicació en Android, s'encarregarà de llegir les dades necessàries en el mesurador per enviar-los posteriorment a la base de dades en el núvol.

It is a very well established matter nowadays that many modified gravity models can offer a sound alternative to General Relativity for the description of the accelerated expansion of the universe. But it is also equally well known that no clear and sharp discrimination between any alternative theory and the classical one has been found so far. In this work, we attempt at formulating a different approach starting from the general class of f (R) theories as test probes: we try to reformulate f (R) Lagrangian terms as explicit functions of the redshift, i.e., as f (z). In this context, the f (R) setting to the consensus cosmological model, the Lambda CDM model, can be written as a polynomial including just a constant and a third-order term. Starting from this result, we propose various different polynomial parameterizations f (z), including new terms which would allow for deviations from Lambda CDM, and we thoroughly compare them with observational data. While on the one hand we have found no statistically preference for our proposals (even if some of them are as good as Lambda CDM by using Bayesian Evidence comparison), we think that our novel approach could provide a different perspective for the development of new and observationally reliable alternative models of gravity.

A central objective of the field of nuclear physics is understanding the fundamental properties of hadrons and nuclei in terms of QCD. In the last decade, a large range of experimental and theoretical methods have been developed to study the nature of quark confinement and the structure of hadrons which are composites of quarks and gluons. One important way to address some questions of hadron physics is studying the electromagnetic form factors of hadrons. The electric and magnetic form factors are related to the distribution of charge and magnetization in hadrons.The internal structure of hyperons, which are a subgroup of hadrons, is a topic of interest of particle physicists. The BES III experiment is one of the few current facilities for studying hadron structure.The Uppsala Hadron Physics group, which is a part of the BES III collaboration, is preparing a proposal for data taking for ΛΣ̄ 0 transition form factors and Σ 0 direct form factors at 2.5 GeV.Aiming the electromagnetic form factors of Σ hyperons, this work contributes to this proposal by simulation study of the e+ e− → ΛΣ̄ 0 and e + e − → Σ 0 Σ̄ 0 reactions. The efficiency and resolution of the electromagnetic calorimeter sub-detector of BES III and kinematic properties of the detected particles are studied in this work. Our final goal is to provide input for the beam time proposal and optimize the future measurement.In the first chapter, the theoretical background including the Standard Model, strong interaction, QCD, and hadrons are studied. In the second chapter, some concepts like the formalism of cross section, relativistic kinematics, and electromagnetic form factors are briefly presented. The third chapter is dedicated to introducing the e + e − → ΛΣ̄ 0 and e + e − → Σ 0 Σ̄ 0 reactions. The BES experiment at BEPC-II is introduced in chapter 4. In chapter 5, the software tools which have been used for this work are introduced. In the sixth chapter, the result of a toy-Monte Carlo study for paramet

The evolution of big data processing and analysis has led to data-parallel frameworks such as Hadoop, MapReduce, Spark, and Hive, which are capable of analyzing large streams of data such as server logs, web transactions, and user reviews. Videos are one of the biggest sources of data and dominate the Internet traffic. Video processing on a large scale is critical and challenging as videos possess spatial and temporal features, which are not taken into account by the existing data-parallel frameworks. There are a broad range of users who want to apply sophisticated video processing pipelines such as transcoding, feature extraction, classification, scene cut detection and digital compositing to video contentParallel video processing poses several significant research challenges to the existing data processing frameworks. Current systems are capable of processing videos but with higher resource startup times, a small degree of parallelism, low average resource utilization, coarse-grained billing, and higher latency. This research proposes a low latency software run-time for processing a single video efficiently by orchestrating cloud-based microservices. The system leverages lightweight microservices provided by Amazon Web Services Lambda framework.

Varje år går stora mängder resurser förlorade på misslyckade IT-system vilket bidrar till ett stort intresse för kostnadseffektiva tekniker. En sådan teknik kallas Cloud Computing och har funnits i ett flertal år. Cloud Computing kan potentiellt sänka kostnader relaterade till ITprojekt, såsom exempelvis kostnader rörande underhåll av serverhårdvara. Function as a Service (FaaS) är ett av de senaste tillskotten till Cloud Computing. Något som blir alltmer problematiskt är att identifiera vilken typ av Cloud Computing som bäst lämpar sig för ett företag eller projekt. Denna studie ämnar därför svara på följande frågor; vilket värde tillför FaaS till utvecklare vid utvecklande av applikationer, hur skiljer sig FaaS från IaaS rörande implementation och vilka är potentiella motiv bakom nyttjande av FaaS. Genom att svara på dessa frågor ämnar studien agera vägledande vid val av Cloud Computing-tjänst. Vid analys av FaaS har LEAN Software Development (LSD) applicerats för att identifiera var FaaS reducerar och potentiellt adderar slöseri vid mjukvaruutveckling nyttjande tekniken. En fallstudie genomfördes vid ett litet företag, mindre än 50 anställda, som experimenterar med Amazon Web Services implementation av FaaS, Lambda. Slutsatsen av studien är att trots att samtliga aspekter av LSD inte är applicerbara på alla företag och projekt motiverar Lambdas fördelaktiga betalmodell företag att själva utforska tekniken., Every year a tremendous amount of resources is lost on failed IT-Systems. It is therefore of interest to explore potential cost-saving technologies. One such technology that has been around for many years is Cloud Computing. Cloud Computing can potentially lower costs of IT-projects by, for example, eliminating the need to maintain server hardware. One of the more recent additions to the Cloud Computing assortment is Function as a Service (FaaS). What is becoming increasingly problematic about the assortment of Cloud Computing services is to know which service is best suitable for a company or project. This study therefore aims to examine FaaS to answer the questions; what value does FaaS add to the developers when developing applications, what differs in implementing FaaS from IaaS, and what are potential motives behind the usage of FaaS, thereby provide guidance when choosing Cloud Computing service. To analyze the results the LEAN Software Development (LSD) model has been used to identify where FaaS reduces and potentially adds waste in software development. A casestudy of a small organization, less than 50 employees, that are experimenting with the usage of Amazon Web Services implementation of FaaS, Lambda, has been made. The conclusion of the study is that even though all the aspects of LSD is not applicable to all companies or projects, the payment model of Lambda makes it advantageous for organizations to try it out for themselves.

The globalized economy has incentivized Swedish companies to invest abroad, especially in emerging markets. When expanding into foreign markets companies must evaluate the adhering risks associated with that particular market. It is paramount that companies account for the country risk in their investment analysis, as any miscalculations could have detrimental effects on a company. Evaluating country risk has proven to be difficult due to the sheer range of aspects that may affect an investment. This study examines the required return on equity of Swedish companies in six different markets, and compares it to three different evaluation models in order to determine what variables constituted any misevaluations. Our analysis indicated that a majority of Swedish companies require too high return on equity compared to the empirical results of the applied model., Globaliseringens utveckling har lett till att svenska investeringar på utländska marknader och ”emerging markets” ökat under de senaste åren. När företag expanderar till utländska marknader tillkommer nya risker som måste beaktas. Således har landsrisken blivit en väsentlig del av värderingen. Landsrisken har visat sig varit svårvärderad då det finns ett antal aspekter som måste beaktas. En eventuell felbedömning kan ha förödande konsekvenser för ett företag. Denna studie undersöker svenska företags avkastningskrav på sex olika marknader gentemot tre värderingsmodeller, och vilka faktorer som påverkat en potentiell fel värdering. Studien visar att majoriteten av de svenska företagen har ett högre avkastningskrav än vad de tillämpade modellerna beräknat.

The evolution of big data processing and analysis has led to data-parallel frameworks such as Hadoop, MapReduce, Spark, and Hive, which are capable of analyzing large streams of data such as server logs, web transactions, and user reviews. Videos are one of the biggest sources of data and dominate the Internet traffic. Video processing on a large scale is critical and challenging as videos possess spatial and temporal features, which are not taken into account by the existing data-parallel frameworks. There are a broad range of users who want to apply sophisticated video processing pipelines such as transcoding, feature extraction, classification, scene cut detection and digital compositing to video contentParallel video processing poses several significant research challenges to the existing data processing frameworks. Current systems are capable of processing videos but with higher resource startup times, a small degree of parallelism, low average resource utilization, coarse-grained billing, and higher latency. This research proposes a low latency software run-time for processing a single video efficiently by orchestrating cloud-based microservices. The system leverages lightweight microservices provided by Amazon Web Services Lambda framework.

Varje år går stora mängder resurser förlorade på misslyckade IT-system vilket bidrar till ett stort intresse för kostnadseffektiva tekniker. En sådan teknik kallas Cloud Computing och har funnits i ett flertal år. Cloud Computing kan potentiellt sänka kostnader relaterade till ITprojekt, såsom exempelvis kostnader rörande underhåll av serverhårdvara. Function as a Service (FaaS) är ett av de senaste tillskotten till Cloud Computing. Något som blir alltmer problematiskt är att identifiera vilken typ av Cloud Computing som bäst lämpar sig för ett företag eller projekt. Denna studie ämnar därför svara på följande frågor; vilket värde tillför FaaS till utvecklare vid utvecklande av applikationer, hur skiljer sig FaaS från IaaS rörande implementation och vilka är potentiella motiv bakom nyttjande av FaaS. Genom att svara på dessa frågor ämnar studien agera vägledande vid val av Cloud Computing-tjänst. Vid analys av FaaS har LEAN Software Development (LSD) applicerats för att identifiera var FaaS reducerar och potentiellt adderar slöseri vid mjukvaruutveckling nyttjande tekniken. En fallstudie genomfördes vid ett litet företag, mindre än 50 anställda, som experimenterar med Amazon Web Services implementation av FaaS, Lambda. Slutsatsen av studien är att trots att samtliga aspekter av LSD inte är applicerbara på alla företag och projekt motiverar Lambdas fördelaktiga betalmodell företag att själva utforska tekniken., Every year a tremendous amount of resources is lost on failed IT-Systems. It is therefore of interest to explore potential cost-saving technologies. One such technology that has been around for many years is Cloud Computing. Cloud Computing can potentially lower costs of IT-projects by, for example, eliminating the need to maintain server hardware. One of the more recent additions to the Cloud Computing assortment is Function as a Service (FaaS). What is becoming increasingly problematic about the assortment of Cloud Computing services is to know which service is best suitable for a company or project. This study therefore aims to examine FaaS to answer the questions; what value does FaaS add to the developers when developing applications, what differs in implementing FaaS from IaaS, and what are potential motives behind the usage of FaaS, thereby provide guidance when choosing Cloud Computing service. To analyze the results the LEAN Software Development (LSD) model has been used to identify where FaaS reduces and potentially adds waste in software development. A casestudy of a small organization, less than 50 employees, that are experimenting with the usage of Amazon Web Services implementation of FaaS, Lambda, has been made. The conclusion of the study is that even though all the aspects of LSD is not applicable to all companies or projects, the payment model of Lambda makes it advantageous for organizations to try it out for themselves.

The globalized economy has incentivized Swedish companies to invest abroad, especially in emerging markets. When expanding into foreign markets companies must evaluate the adhering risks associated with that particular market. It is paramount that companies account for the country risk in their investment analysis, as any miscalculations could have detrimental effects on a company. Evaluating country risk has proven to be difficult due to the sheer range of aspects that may affect an investment. This study examines the required return on equity of Swedish companies in six different markets, and compares it to three different evaluation models in order to determine what variables constituted any misevaluations. Our analysis indicated that a majority of Swedish companies require too high return on equity compared to the empirical results of the applied model., Globaliseringens utveckling har lett till att svenska investeringar på utländska marknader och ”emerging markets” ökat under de senaste åren. När företag expanderar till utländska marknader tillkommer nya risker som måste beaktas. Således har landsrisken blivit en väsentlig del av värderingen. Landsrisken har visat sig varit svårvärderad då det finns ett antal aspekter som måste beaktas. En eventuell felbedömning kan ha förödande konsekvenser för ett företag. Denna studie undersöker svenska företags avkastningskrav på sex olika marknader gentemot tre värderingsmodeller, och vilka faktorer som påverkat en potentiell fel värdering. Studien visar att majoriteten av de svenska företagen har ett högre avkastningskrav än vad de tillämpade modellerna beräknat.

Animal resource requirements differ among life-history stages, and thus, habitat is most appropriately thought of as specific to a particular life stage. Accordingly, different habitats may vary in their significance as functions of (1) the sensitivity of population growth to the life stage for which the habitat is most important, (2) spatial association of each habitat to other habitats, and (3) the abundance of the habitat in question. We used an analogy to a life-table response experiment to develop spatial models linking key habitats to rates of population increase in Greater Sage-grouse. We parameterized models linking demographic rates to vegetation and physical attributes of habitats, including spatial association of some habitats to others, using a decade-long study of Greater Sage-grouse in central Nevada. We modeled the contribution of each pixel in the landscape to regional k (finite rate of population increase) using functional relationships between demographic rates and the attributes of that pixel, and the sensitivity of k to each demographic rate. We incorporated the following demographic rates into our model: female nesting success, survival of chicks from hatching to 45 d, and adult female annual survival. We also incorporated the probability a site was used for nesting. Chick survival (62%) and nest site selection (21%) explained most of the variance in lambda. We found that only similar to 8% of all habitat for Greater Sage-grouse contributed to lambda > 1. Habitat supporting population growth occurred in mid-high elevation areas with moderate slopes, and a high percent cover of sagebrush, and in nesting areas close to late-brood habitat. Our models indicate that a relatively small proportion of habitat available to Greater Sage-grouse in central Nevada is responsible for maintenance of the population in our study system. We suggest that the general approach we describe here can be used to improve understanding of habitats most likely to regulate

In high energy heavy ion collisions, the QCD matter undergoes a phase transition to a hot and dense strongly coupled Quark Gluon Plasma, where quarks and gluons are deconfined in a volume of nuclear dimensions. At intermediate pT, 2 < p T < 8 GeV/c, a decoupling from pure hydrodynamical flow is observed, most noticeable in central collisions, demonstrated by the peak in the ratio of baryons to mesons, e.g. the Λ/K0s ratio, compared to measurements in pp collisions. At high pT ( > 10 GeV/c), the particle production is dominated by jet fragmentation, where it is understood that these jets have suffered large energy losses propagating through the dense QGP. The goal of this thesis is to experimentally investigate the baryon-to-meson anomaly at intermediate pT, and to determine its origin, i.e. if it is an effect arising from the soft, collective, part (the bulk) of the medium, or from the hard processes (modified jet fragmentation). This will be done by analyzing central Pb–Pb collisions at sqrt(sNN) = 2.76 TeV from the ALICE experiment recorded in the 2011 heavy ion run period. For this analysis, a novel two-particle correlation technique called the η-reflection method is developed, where a separation can be made of the contributions from Λ and K0s particles produced in the soft underlying events from those which are produced in association with a high-pT trigger particle, representing a jet-like environment. The aim of this analysis is to separate the hadron production associated with the jet from that of the bulk, and to measure the Λ/K0s ratio at intermediate pT in the bulk and jet-like environment, to see how the baryon-to-meson anomaly differs in the two regions. The results show that at intermediate pT the hadron formation is dominated by the expanding and cooling Quark Gluon Plasma, giving rise to the anomalous overabundance of Λ over K0s which characterizes the inclusive results. The production of K0s and Λ associated with a high-pT trigger particle (presumabl

Studying the reactions where electrons and positrons collide and annihilate so that hadrons can be formed from their energy is an excellent tool when we try to improve our understanding of the standard model. Hadrons are composite quark systems held together by the strong force. By doing precise measurements of the, so called, cross section of the hadron production that was generated during the annihilation one can obtain information about the electromagnetic form factors, GE and GM, which describe the inner electromagnetic structure of hadrons. This will give us a better understanding of the strong force and the standard model.During my bachelor degree project I have been using data from the BESIII detector located at the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider (BEPC-II) in China. Uppsala university has several scientists working with the BESIII experiment. My task was to do a quality assurance of previous results for the reaction e+e-→ Lambda Lambda-Bar at a center of mass energy of 2.396 GeV. During a major part of the project I have been working with Monte Carlo data. Generating the reactions was done with two generators, ConExc and PHSP. The generators was used for different means. I have analyzed the simulated data to find a method of filtering out the background noise in order to extract a clean signal. Dr Cui Li at the hadron physics group at Uppsala university have worked with several selection criteria to extract these signals. The total efficiency of Cui Li's analysis was 14%. For my analysis I also obtained total efficiency of 14%. This gave me confidence that my analysis have been implemented in a correct fashion and that my analysis now can be transferred over to real data. It is also reassuring for Cui Li and the rest of the group that her analysis has been verified by and independently implemented selection algorithm., Att studera vad som händer vid reaktioner där elektroner och positroner kolliderar och annihilerar så att hadroner kan bildas ur energin kan vara till stor hjälp när vi vill förstå standardmodellen och dess krafter, i synnerhet den starka kraften, som kan studeras i sådana reaktioner. Genom att utföra precisa mätningar av tvärsnitt för hadronproduktion får man fram de elektromagnetiska formfaktorerna GE och GM som beskriver hadronernas inre struktur. Hadroner är sammansatta system av kvarkar och den starka kraften binder dessa kvarkar.\\Under mitt examensarbete har jag använt mig av data från detektorn BESIII som finns vid BEPC-II (Beijing Electron-Positron Collider) i Kina. Uppsala universitet har flera forskare som jobbar med BESIII experimentet. Målet var att kvalitetssäkra den tidigare analys som gjorts för reaktionen e+e- → Lambda Lambda-Bar vid 2.396 GeV. Jag började med att göra Monte Carlo-simuleringar. Reaktionerna har genererats med två olika generatorer, ConExc och PHSP. Dessa generatorer har använts till olika ändamål. De genererade partiklarnas färd genom detektorn har sedan simulerats. Då bildas data av samma typ som dem man får från experiment. Jag har analyserat dessa simulerade data för att hitta en metod som kan filtrera bort bakgrundsstörningar samtidigt som intressanta data sparas. Kriterier utarbetade av Dr. Cui Li har använts för att skapa denna metod. Min algortim gav en total effektivitet på 14%, vilket stämmer bra med den tidigare algoritmen som Cui Li skapade, även där var effektiviteten 14%. Detta ger förtroende för min algortim och den stärker även Cui Lis resultat.

Studying the reactions where electrons and positrons collide and annihilate so that hadrons can be formed from their energy is an excellent tool when we try to improve our understanding of the standard model. Hadrons are composite quark systems held together by the strong force. By doing precise measurements of the, so called, cross section of the hadron production that was generated during the annihilation one can obtain information about the electromagnetic form factors, GE and GM, which describe the inner electromagnetic structure of hadrons. This will give us a better understanding of the strong force and the standard model.During my bachelor degree project I have been using data from the BESIII detector located at the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider (BEPC-II) in China. Uppsala university has several scientists working with the BESIII experiment. My task was to do a quality assurance of previous results for the reaction e+e-→ Lambda Lambda-Bar at a center of mass energy of 2.396 GeV. During a major part of the project I have been working with Monte Carlo data. Generating the reactions was done with two generators, ConExc and PHSP. The generators was used for different means. I have analyzed the simulated data to find a method of filtering out the background noise in order to extract a clean signal. Dr Cui Li at the hadron physics group at Uppsala university have worked with several selection criteria to extract these signals. The total efficiency of Cui Li's analysis was 14%. For my analysis I also obtained total efficiency of 14%. This gave me confidence that my analysis have been implemented in a correct fashion and that my analysis now can be transferred over to real data. It is also reassuring for Cui Li and the rest of the group that her analysis has been verified by and independently implemented selection algorithm., Att studera vad som händer vid reaktioner där elektroner och positroner kolliderar och annihilerar så att hadroner kan bildas ur energin kan vara till stor hjälp när vi vill förstå standardmodellen och dess krafter, i synnerhet den starka kraften, som kan studeras i sådana reaktioner. Genom att utföra precisa mätningar av tvärsnitt för hadronproduktion får man fram de elektromagnetiska formfaktorerna GE och GM som beskriver hadronernas inre struktur. Hadroner är sammansatta system av kvarkar och den starka kraften binder dessa kvarkar.\\Under mitt examensarbete har jag använt mig av data från detektorn BESIII som finns vid BEPC-II (Beijing Electron-Positron Collider) i Kina. Uppsala universitet har flera forskare som jobbar med BESIII experimentet. Målet var att kvalitetssäkra den tidigare analys som gjorts för reaktionen e+e- → Lambda Lambda-Bar vid 2.396 GeV. Jag började med att göra Monte Carlo-simuleringar. Reaktionerna har genererats med två olika generatorer, ConExc och PHSP. Dessa generatorer har använts till olika ändamål. De genererade partiklarnas färd genom detektorn har sedan simulerats. Då bildas data av samma typ som dem man får från experiment. Jag har analyserat dessa simulerade data för att hitta en metod som kan filtrera bort bakgrundsstörningar samtidigt som intressanta data sparas. Kriterier utarbetade av Dr. Cui Li har använts för att skapa denna metod. Min algortim gav en total effektivitet på 14%, vilket stämmer bra med den tidigare algoritmen som Cui Li skapade, även där var effektiviteten 14%. Detta ger förtroende för min algortim och den stärker även Cui Lis resultat.

Bakalářská práce se zaměřuje na novinky v programovacím jazyce Java 8, praktickém pou-žití objektové databáze ObjectDB. A jejich spojení pomocí technologií JavaFX. Dále se pomocí těchto součástí vytvoří aplikace obsahující informace o sledovaných seriálech., This thesis focuses on innovations in Java 8, practical application of object database Ob-jectDB. And their connections using JavaFX technology. Furthermore, using these compo-nents creates an application containing information about watched series., Fakulta elektrotechniky a informatiky

In designing BYOB and Snap/, we wanted to extend the Scratch idea of visual metaphors for control structures to include anonymous procedures and higher order functions. We describe the iterations in the design leading to the current «grey ring» notation.

Because of the unique simplicity of their life cycles, compared to all other evolving organisms, double-stranded (ds) DNA bacteriophages have served as an extremely valuable model for elucidating the basic physics and molecular biology of gene replication and expression. In this dissertation, we present experimental work on two phages, lambda and P22, to study the general genome delivery (ejection) mechanisms of dsDNA bacteriophage. Using lambda phage, we systematically investigated the effects on DNA genome ejection of external osmotic pressure controlled by the concentration of osmolyte (PEG 8000) and the presence of polyvalent cations (tetravalent polyamine spermine, Sp4+). We found that the internal pressure of the capsid decreases from 38 to 17 atm as the [Sp4+] is increased from 0 to 1.5 mM. The existence of Sp4+ can also induce incomplete ejection under zero osmotic pressure when its concentration reaches 0.15 mM or higher; for [Sp4+] below this threshold, the ejection is complete. Further, we observed that the self-attraction induced by Sp4+ affects the configurational dynamics of the encapsidated genome, causing it to get stuck in a broad range of non-equilibrated structures.In order to further study the DNA ejection mechanism from phage capsids, we have systematically determined how DNA transcription in vitro is affected by the presence of different osmolyte and viscogen molecules, so that we can test the transcription-pulling hypothesis of genome delivery in the presence of crowded environments mimicking the cytoplasm of the bacterial cell hosts of phages. We found that at high concentrations of DNA templates, macromolecules can increase the RNA yield due to crowding effects on the initiation step of transcription, while small molecules decrease the yield because of viscosity effects on the elongation step. Experiments carried out at low concentrations show a decrease in yield for large and small molecules, confirming the dominant effect of viscosity effe

Background and Aims Evaluation of population projection matrices (PPMs) that are focused on asymptotically based properties of populations is a commonly used approach to evaluate projected dynamics of managed populations. Recently, a set of tools for evaluating the properties of transient dynamics has been expanded to evaluate PPMs and to consider the dynamics of populations prior to attaining the stable-stage distribution, a state that may never be achieved in disturbed or otherwise ephemeral habitats or persistently small populations. This study re-evaluates data for a tropical orchid and examines the value of including such analyses in an integrative approach. Methods Six small populations of Lepanthes rubripetala were used as a model system and the R software package popdemo was used to produce estimates of the indices for the asymptotic growth rate (lambda), sensitivities, reactivity, first-time step attenuation, maximum amplification, maximum attenuation, maximal inertia and maximal attenuation. The response in lambda to perturbations of demographic parameters using transfer functions and multiple perturbations on growth, stasis and fecundity were also determined. The results were compared with previously published asymptotic indices. Key Results It was found that combining asymptotic and transient dynamics expands the understanding of possible population changes. Comparison of the predicted density from reactivity and first-time step attenuation with the observed change in population size in two orchid populations showed that the observed density was within the predicted range. However, transfer function analysis suggests that the traditional approach of measuring perturbation of growth rates and persistence (inertia) may be misleading and is likely to result in erroneous management decisions. Conclusions Based on the results, an integrative approach is recommended using traditional PPMs (asymptotic processes) with an evaluation of the diversity of dynamics t

Because of the unique simplicity of their life cycles, compared to all other evolving organisms, double-stranded (ds) DNA bacteriophages have served as an extremely valuable model for elucidating the basic physics and molecular biology of gene replication and expression. In this dissertation, we present experimental work on two phages, lambda and P22, to study the general genome delivery (ejection) mechanisms of dsDNA bacteriophage. Using lambda phage, we systematically investigated the effects on DNA genome ejection of external osmotic pressure controlled by the concentration of osmolyte (PEG 8000) and the presence of polyvalent cations (tetravalent polyamine spermine, Sp4+). We found that the internal pressure of the capsid decreases from 38 to 17 atm as the [Sp4+] is increased from 0 to 1.5 mM. The existence of Sp4+ can also induce incomplete ejection under zero osmotic pressure when its concentration reaches 0.15 mM or higher; for [Sp4+] below this threshold, the ejection is complete. Further, we observed that the self-attraction induced by Sp4+ affects the configurational dynamics of the encapsidated genome, causing it to get stuck in a broad range of non-equilibrated structures.In order to further study the DNA ejection mechanism from phage capsids, we have systematically determined how DNA transcription in vitro is affected by the presence of different osmolyte and viscogen molecules, so that we can test the transcription-pulling hypothesis of genome delivery in the presence of crowded environments mimicking the cytoplasm of the bacterial cell hosts of phages. We found that at high concentrations of DNA templates, macromolecules can increase the RNA yield due to crowding effects on the initiation step of transcription, while small molecules decrease the yield because of viscosity effects on the elongation step. Experiments carried out at low concentrations show a decrease in yield for large and small molecules, confirming the dominant effect of viscosity effe