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Social entrepreneurship is a type of entrepreneurship that pursues opportunities to solve social, economic, and environmental issues. As a pioneering study exploring McClelland's theory of needs in the context of social entrepreneurship, this study investigated the factors that influence the motivation of female social entrepreneurs in Lundu District of Sarawak, Malaysia. This study was carried out with 150 respondents using a census method, and the results showed that female social entrepreneurs were most motivated to engage as social entrepreneurs by the need for affiliation, followed by the need for achievement and the need for power. The multiple linear regression results indicated that attendance at courses and training was the most influential factor that positively influenced all three motivational dimensions. Accordingly, policymakers should incorporate human resource managers and other training providers to tailor suitable courses and training for communities. In contrast, ethnic community leaders should strengthen community bonding through various programs to enhance all three needs among the local communities, especially the need for affiliation, to encourage them to engage in social entrepreneurship. Theoretically, this study makes McClelland’s theory of needs more robust by applying it to the social entrepreneurship phenomenon and expands the literature on social entrepreneurship in the context of developing countries.

Social entrepreneurship is a type of entrepreneurship that pursues opportunities to solve social, economic, and environmental issues. As a pioneering study exploring McClelland's theory of needs in the context of social entrepreneurship, this study investigated the factors that influence the motivation of female social entrepreneurs in Lundu District of Sarawak, Malaysia. This study was carried out with 150 respondents using a census method, and the results showed that female social entrepreneurs were most motivated to engage as social entrepreneurs by the need for affiliation, followed by the need for achievement and the need for power. The multiple linear regression results indicated that attendance at courses and training was the most influential factor that positively influenced all three motivational dimensions. Accordingly, policymakers should incorporate human resource managers and other training providers to tailor suitable courses and training for communities. In contrast, ethnic community leaders should strengthen community bonding through various programs to enhance all three needs among the local communities, especially the need for affiliation, to encourage them to engage in social entrepreneurship. Theoretically, this study makes McClelland’s theory of needs more robust by applying it to the social entrepreneurship phenomenon and expands the literature on social entrepreneurship in the context of developing countries.

Background: Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a rare inherited disease causing sudden cardiac death (SCD). Copy number variants (CNVs) can contribute to disease susceptibility, but their role in Brugada syndrome (BrS) is unknown. We aimed to identify a CNV associated with BrS and elucidated its clinical implications. Methods: We enrolled 335 unrelated BrS patients from 2000 to 2018 in the Taiwanese population. Microarray and exome sequencing were used for discovery phase whereas Sanger sequencing was used for the validation phase. HEK cells and zebrafish were used to characterize the function of the CNV variant. Findings: A copy number deletion of GSTM3 (chr1:109737011-109737301, hg38) containing the eighth exon and the transcription stop codon was observed in 23.9% of BrS patients versus 0.8% of 15,829 controls in Taiwan Biobank (P < 0.001), and 0% in gnomAD. Co-segregation analysis showed that the co-segregation rate was 20%. Patch clamp experiments showed that in an oxidative stress environment, GSTM3 down-regulation leads to a significant decrease of cardiac sodium channel current amplitude. Ventricular arrhythmia incidence was significantly greater in gstm3 knockout zebrafish at baseline and after flecainide, but was reduced after quinidine, consistent with clinical observations. BrS patients carrying the GSTM3 deletion had higher rates of sudden cardiac arrest and syncope compared to those without (OR: 3.18 (1.77–5.74), P<0.001; OR: 1.76 (1.02–3.05), P = 0.04, respectively). Interpretation: This GSTM3 deletion is frequently observed in BrS patients and is associated with reduced INa, pointing to this as a novel potential genetic modifier/risk predictor for the development of the electrocardiographic and arrhythmic manifestations of BrS. Funding: This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (107-2314-B-002-261-MY3 to J.M.J. Juang), and by grants HL47678, HL138103 and HL152201 from the National Institutes of Health to CA.

Social entrepreneurship has been gaining the attention from both scholars and practitioners due to its effectiveness as a tool in solving social issues and uplifting the quality of life of community, especially from the aspects of social, economic, and environmental. The concept of social entrepreneurship is composed of the use of conventional business model to achieve social mission addressed by the social entrepreneurs. The study site of this study, Lundu District of Kuching has been approved by the Sarawak Government to be transformed into an ecotourism hub. Thus, it has the great potential for the local communities to venture as social entrepreneurs while embracing certain social mission that they wish to improve on. However, to date, there are still limited people joined. Since women proved to have higher participation in social entrepreneurship, the objectives of this study are to identify the profile of existing women social entrepreneurs in Lundu District, their business information, their motivation to join, and the factors that influence their motivation. A quantitative study with validated questionnaire has been conducted. Prior the real data collection, a pilot study has been carried out to ensure the reliability of the instrument. Data collected from 150 women social entrepreneurs in Lundu District was analysed through IBM SPSS Statistics Version 23. Descriptive and multiple linear regression analysis were used to answer the objectives of this study. Results showed that women social entrepreneurs in Lundu District are of various background. Generally, the women social entrepreneurs are positively motivated by all of the eight motivational dimensions tested in the study, in the order of Financial Motivation, Desire to Contribute to Community, Need for Affiliation, Need for Achievement, Empathy, Need for Power, Past Volunteerism Experience, and lastly, the Role Models Influence. From the socio-demographic characteristics and business information tested, a

Memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) have recently emerged to become an important study for tourism destinations to compete in this rapid growing marketplace. Unlike visitors’ loyalty, it has always been a vital objective of service providers. Positive MTEs have been hypothesized for being able to develop future behavioral intentions in the visitors such as revisiting a destination. There is currently still lack of studies regarding the relationship between these two dimensions especially at Giant Panda Conservation Centre (GPCC) in Zoo Negara Malaysia which was established in year 2014. GPCC is the enclosure of the two giant pandas loaned to Malaysia by China to mark the 40th Anniversary Diplomatic Relationship between the two countries. For GPCC, loyal visitors and also new visitors are crucial as the giant pandas will be here for 10 years. Therefore, this research examines whether MTEs can affect a visitor’s loyalty at GPCC in Zoo Negara. A quantitative method was used with a sample of 217 visitors and multiple regression analysis was carried out. The results showed that MTEs have a significant relationship with visitors loyalty. In a nutshell, it is essential for GPCC’s management to increase positive visitors’ MTEs in order to increase the number of loyal visitors who will revisit GPCC and provide positive Word of Mouth to their family and friends so that they will help to attract more new visitors.

Memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) have recently emerged to become an important study for tourism destinations to compete in this rapid growing marketplace. Unlike visitors’ loyalty, it has always been a vital objective of service providers. Positive MTEs have been hypothesized for being able to develop future behavioral intentions in the visitors such as revisiting a destination. There is currently still lack of studies regarding the relationship between these two dimensions especially at Giant Panda Conservation Centre (GPCC) in Zoo Negara Malaysia which was established in year 2014. GPCC is the enclosure of the two giant pandas loaned to Malaysia by China to mark the 40th Anniversary Diplomatic Relationship between the two countries. For GPCC, loyal visitors and also new visitors are crucial as the giant pandas will be here for 10 years. Therefore, this research examines whether MTEs can affect a visitor’s loyalty at GPCC in Zoo Negara. A quantitative method was used with a sample of 217 visitors and multiple regression analysis was carried out. The results showed that MTEs have a significant relationship with visitors loyalty. In a nutshell, it is essential for GPCC’s management to increase positive visitors’ MTEs in order to increase the number of loyal visitors who will revisit GPCC and provide positive Word of Mouth to their family and friends so that they will help to attract more new visitors.

Social capital is an important concept in identifying the connection and relationship of the community, which has three dimensions: bonding, bridging and linking social capital. Since nowadays the issues related to trust, criminal and relationship has been a serious problem in our community, hence the measurement to determine the strength of social capital dimension has been conducted. The initial process has been explored to identify the suitable social capital indicators. The result is then used to construct into an instrument comprising six indicators based on survey items and past studies namely participation in local community, proactive in social context, neighborhood connection, diversity and tolerance, feeling trust and safety and family and friends connection. This is a quantitative study involving 390 respondents with the self-administered questionnaire distributed in three communities at Gunung Pueh National Park which are Kampung Biawak, Kampung Sebako and Kampung Pueh. The result revealed that bonding social capital is strongly hold the communities followed by linking and bridging social capital. At the other hand, the result showed Kampung Pueh has the strongest overall social capital followed by Kampung Sebako and Kampung Biawak.

Memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) have recently emerged to become an important study for tourism destinations to compete in this rapid growing marketplace. Unlike visitors’ loyalty, it has always been a vital objective of service providers. Positive MTEs have been hypothesized for being able to develop future behavioral intentions in the visitors such as revisiting a destination. There is currently still lack of studies regarding the relationship between these two dimensions especially at Giant Panda Conservation Centre (GPCC) in Zoo Negara Malaysia which was established in year 2014. GPCC is the enclosure of the two giant pandas loaned to Malaysia by China to mark the 40thAnniversary Diplomatic Relationship between the two countries. For GPCC, loyal visitors and also new visitors are crucial as the giant pandas will be here for 10 years. Therefore, this research examines whether MTEs can affect a visitor’s loyalty at GPCC in Zoo Negara. A quantitative method was used with a sample of 217visitors and multiple regression analysis was carried out. The results showed that MTEs have a significant relationship with visitors loyalty. In a nutshell, it is essential for GPCC’s management to increase positive visitors’ MTEs in order to increase the number of loyal visitors who will revisit GPCC and provide positive Word of Mouth to their family and friends so that they will help to attract more new visitors.

Service quality has always been the highlight in service-based sectors especially in the tourism sector where experience is their primary product. However, to be successful in this highly competitive tourism industry, bestowing visitors with great service quality and increase their positive memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) are essential as satisfaction alone is proven to be insufficient. Zoo Negara is the oldest zoo in Malaysia, but it is one of the latest additions to the panda zoo around the world as it has been chosen to house a pair of giant pandas named Fu Wa (Xing Xing) and Feng Yi (Liang Liang) for 10 years. Therefore, this exploratory research examines whether service quality is an antecedent of MTEs for GPCC in Zoo Negara Malaysia. Many studies have been done at GPCC but none have linked service quality with the MTEs in their studies. This study seeks to increase their understanding of their service quality and MTEs, and nevertheless covers the gap between the two dimensions for zoo setting. Quantitative method has been used, and a purposive sampling approach has been employed. The data gathered were analysed using multiple regression analysis. Results indicated that service quality is an antecedent of MTEs where both technical quality and functional quality have positive relationship with MTEs. This has bridged the gap for current literature. Hence, it is necessary for the management of Zoo Negara to enhance their service quality of GPCC so that more people will have positive MTEs that will eventually increase the possibility of a person to revisit it.

Social entrepreneurship has become the attention of the scholars and practitioners for years in various countries as it is a tool which plays important roles in developing individuals, societies, and communities socially and economically. However, it is essential to study the motivations of the social entrepreneurs as it is yet to be theorised. Therefore, this study is to determine what motivates the women to become social entrepreneurs. A set of designed questionnaires with dual languages was used for the data collection. Motivational factors were measured on respondents’ agreement by using five-point Likert Scale. This study was targeted at women social entrepreneurs in Lundu District, Sarawak. The data collected was analysed by using the IBM SPSS. Through the samples of 150 women social entrepreneurs, the findings show that “Financial Independence” is the motivational factor that motivates women the most, which followed by “Contribution to Society” and “Need for Affiliation”. On the other hand, “Role Models Influence” is the least motivational factor for the women to join the ventures in social entrepreneurship. In a nutshell, this study provides the picture on what motivates the social entrepreneurs which can then be the reference for management to design strategies to attract more people to join social entrepreneurship as well as the reference for future related studies.

Social entrepreneurship has become the attention of the scholars and practitioners for years in various countries as it is a tool which plays important roles in developing individuals, societies, and communities socially and economically. However, it is essential to study the motivations of the social entrepreneurs as it is yet to be theorised. Therefore, this study is to determine what motivates the women to become social entrepreneurs. A set of designed questionnaires with dual languages was used for the data collection. Motivational factors were measured on respondents’ agreement by using five-point Likert Scale. This study was targeted at women social entrepreneurs in Lundu District, Sarawak. The data collected was analysed by using the IBM SPSS. Through the samples of 150 women social entrepreneurs, the findings show that “Financial Independence” is the motivational factor that motivates women the most, which followed by “Contribution to Society” and “Need for Affiliation”. On the other hand, “Role Models Influence” is the least motivational factor for the women to join the ventures in social entrepreneurship. In a nutshell, this study provides the picture on what motivates the social entrepreneurs which can then be the reference for management to design strategies to attract more people to join social entrepreneurship as well as the reference for future related studies.

Service quality has always been the highlight in service-based sectors especially in the tourism sector where experience is their primary product. However, to be successful in this highly competitive tourism industry, bestowing visitors with great service quality and increase their positive memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) are essential as satisfaction alone is proven to be insufficient. Zoo Negara is the oldest zoo in Malaysia, but it is one of the latest additions to the panda zoo around the world as it has been chosen to house a pair of giant pandas named Fu Wa (Xing Xing) and Feng Yi (Liang Liang) for 10 years. Therefore, this exploratory research examines whether service quality is an antecedent of MTEs for GPCC in Zoo Negara Malaysia. Many studies have been done at GPCC but none have linked service quality with the MTEs in their studies. This study seeks to increase their understanding of their service quality and MTEs, and nevertheless covers the gap between the two dimensions for zoo setting. Quantitative method has been used, and a purposive sampling approach has been employed. The data gathered were analysed using multiple regression analysis. Results indicated that service quality is an antecedent of MTEs where both technical quality and functional quality have positive relationship with MTEs. This has bridged the gap for current literature. Hence, it is necessary for the management of Zoo Negara to enhance their service quality of GPCC so that more people will have positive MTEs that will eventually increase the possibility of a person to revisit it.

Memorable tourism experiences (MTEs) have recently emerged to become an important study for tourism destinations to compete in this rapid growing marketplace. Unlike visitors’ loyalty, it has always been a vital objective of service providers. Positive MTEs have been hypothesized for being able to develop future behavioral intentions in the visitors such as revisiting a destination. There is currently still lack of studies regarding the relationship between these two dimensions especially at Giant Panda Conservation Centre (GPCC) in Zoo Negara Malaysia which was established in year 2014. GPCC is the enclosure of the two giant pandas loaned to Malaysia by China to mark the 40thAnniversary Diplomatic Relationship between the two countries. For GPCC, loyal visitors and also new visitors are crucial as the giant pandas will be here for 10 years. Therefore, this research examines whether MTEs can affect a visitor’s loyalty at GPCC in Zoo Negara. A quantitative method was used with a sample of 217visitors and multiple regression analysis was carried out. The results showed that MTEs have a significant relationship with visitors loyalty. In a nutshell, it is essential for GPCC’s management to increase positive visitors’ MTEs in order to increase the number of loyal visitors who will revisit GPCC and provide positive Word of Mouth to their family and friends so that they will help to attract more new visitors.

Social capital is an important concept in identifying the connection and relationship of the community, which has three dimensions: bonding, bridging and linking social capital. Since nowadays the issues related to trust, criminal and relationship has been a serious problem in our community, hence the measurement to determine the strength of social capital dimension has been conducted. The initial process has been explored to identify the suitable social capital indicators. The result is then used to construct into an instrument comprising six indicators based on survey items and past studies namely participation in local community, proactive in social context, neighborhood connection, diversity and tolerance, feeling trust and safety and family and friends connection. This is a quantitative study involving 390 respondents with the self-administered questionnaire distributed in three communities at Gunung Pueh National Park which are Kampung Biawak, Kampung Sebako and Kampung Pueh. The result revealed that bonding social capital is strongly hold the communities followed by linking and bridging social capital. At the other hand, the result showed Kampung Pueh has the strongest overall social capital followed by Kampung Sebako and Kampung Biawak.

Social entrepreneurship has been gaining the attention from both scholars and practitioners due to its effectiveness as a tool in solving social issues and uplifting the quality of life of community, especially from the aspects of social, economic, and environmental. The concept of social entrepreneurship is composed of the use of conventional business model to achieve social mission addressed by the social entrepreneurs. The study site of this study, Lundu District of Kuching has been approved by the Sarawak Government to be transformed into an ecotourism hub. Thus, it has the great potential for the local communities to venture as social entrepreneurs while embracing certain social mission that they wish to improve on. However, to date, there are still limited people joined. Since women proved to have higher participation in social entrepreneurship, the objectives of this study are to identify the profile of existing women social entrepreneurs in Lundu District, their business information, their motivation to join, and the factors that influence their motivation. A quantitative study with validated questionnaire has been conducted. Prior the real data collection, a pilot study has been carried out to ensure the reliability of the instrument. Data collected from 150 women social entrepreneurs in Lundu District was analysed through IBM SPSS Statistics Version 23. Descriptive and multiple linear regression analysis were used to answer the objectives of this study. Results showed that women social entrepreneurs in Lundu District are of various background. Generally, the women social entrepreneurs are positively motivated by all of the eight motivational dimensions tested in the study, in the order of Financial Motivation, Desire to Contribute to Community, Need for Affiliation, Need for Achievement, Empathy, Need for Power, Past Volunteerism Experience, and lastly, the Role Models Influence. From the socio-demographic characteristics and business information tested, a

Objective: We compared three methods for estimating the individual peak height velocity (PHV) and age at peak height velocity (APHV) from the SuperImposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) model. Methods: We fitted the SITAR model using simulated data and heights of 12 girls from the Chard Growth Study and obtained individual PHVs and APHVs from three methods: the model method, the quadratic function method and the numerical method, which are available in our newly developed R package“iapvbs”. The mean, interquartile range, range of biases in estimated APHV and PHV as well as the rates of warning and unreasonable cases, i.e. estimated APHVs being outside the range of age measurements, from the three methods were presented and compared. Results: When the growth curves of all individuals were well fitted by the SITAR model, all three methods estimated individual APHVs with similarly small biases, with a few unreasonable cases (0.16%) observed when the model method was used while more computation time required for the numerical method. When the growth curves of some individuals were not very well fitted, the model method generated more unreasonable individual APHV (8.15%) and more bias in PHV and APHV, compared to those estimated by the numerical method and quadratic function method. In line with the observations from the simulated data, the real data analysis demonstrated that the numerical method generated more reliable PHV and APHV for individuals with growth curve not well fitted by the SITAR model. Conclusion: The performance of different methods estimating individual APHV depends largely on how well the growth curves are fitted by the SITAR model. The quadratic function method is more superior when growth curves of all individuals are well fitted by the SITAR model; otherwise, the numerical method should be adopted for getting most robust estimates of PHV and APHV. The model method generates unreasonable APHV estimates, particularly when the growth curves ar

Objective: We compared three methods for estimating the individual peak height velocity (PHV) and age at peak height velocity (APHV) from the SuperImposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) model. Methods: We fitted the SITAR model using simulated data and heights of 12 girls from the Chard Growth Study and obtained individual PHVs and APHVs from three methods: the model method, the quadratic function method and the numerical method, which are available in our newly developed R package“iapvbs”. The mean, interquartile range, range of biases in estimated APHV and PHV as well as the rates of warning and unreasonable cases, i.e. estimated APHVs being outside the range of age measurements, from the three methods were presented and compared. Results: When the growth curves of all individuals were well fitted by the SITAR model, all three methods estimated individual APHVs with similarly small biases, with a few unreasonable cases (0.16%) observed when the model method was used while more computation time required for the numerical method. When the growth curves of some individuals were not very well fitted, the model method generated more unreasonable individual APHV (8.15%) and more bias in PHV and APHV, compared to those estimated by the numerical method and quadratic function method. In line with the observations from the simulated data, the real data analysis demonstrated that the numerical method generated more reliable PHV and APHV for individuals with growth curve not well fitted by the SITAR model. Conclusion: The performance of different methods estimating individual APHV depends largely on how well the growth curves are fitted by the SITAR model. The quadratic function method is more superior when growth curves of all individuals are well fitted by the SITAR model; otherwise, the numerical method should be adopted for getting most robust estimates of PHV and APHV. The model method generates unreasonable APHV estimates, particularly when the growth curves ar

Giant Panda Conservation Centre (GPCC) was built at the amount of RM 25 million, with the purpose to house giant pandas, which were loaned from China, a gesture to commemorate 40 years diplomatic of ties between China and Malaysia. However, service quality of GPCC has yet to be determined, even though the centre has received many visitors since its establishment in 2014. In addition, GPCC management has no direction to enhance its service quality. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the visitors’ satisfaction towards service quality at the GPCC, as well to uncover factors which influence it. The SERVPERF model was adopted in this study by using a four-point Likert Scale as the measurement. By using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the results showed that generally, visitors were satisfied with the service quality of GPCC. This was probably because GPCC provided their best service for visitors. Besides, regression analysis revealed that visitors’ re-visit intentions, recommendation intentions, religion, age, and sources of information were factors that influenced visitors’ satisfaction. In short, subsequent and effective steps should be taken by the management to enhance service quality in GPCC.

Giant Panda Conservation Centre (GPCC) was built at the amount of RM 25 million, with the purpose to house giant pandas, which were loaned from China, a gesture to commemorate 40 years diplomatic of ties between China and Malaysia. However, service quality of GPCC has yet to be determined, even though the centre has received many visitors since its establishment in 2014. In addition, GPCC management has no direction to enhance its service quality. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the visitors’ satisfaction towards service quality at the GPCC, as well to uncover factors which influence it. The SERVPERF model was adopted in this study by using a four-point Likert Scale as the measurement. By using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the results showed that generally, visitors were satisfied with the service quality of GPCC. This was probably because GPCC provided their best service for visitors. Besides, regression analysis revealed that visitors’ re-visit intentions, recommendation intentions, religion, age, and sources of information were factors that influenced visitors’ satisfaction. In short, subsequent and effective steps should be taken by the management to enhance service quality in GPCC.

Objective: We compared three methods for estimating the individual peak height velocity (PHV) and age at peak height velocity (APHV) from the SuperImposition by Translation and Rotation (SITAR) model. Methods: We fitted the SITAR model using simulated data and heights of 12 girls from the Chard Growth Study and obtained individual PHVs and APHVs from three methods: the model method, the quadratic function method and the numerical method, which are available in our newly developed R package“iapvbs”. The mean, interquartile range, range of biases in estimated APHV and PHV as well as the rates of warning and unreasonable cases, i.e. estimated APHVs being outside the range of age measurements, from the three methods were presented and compared. Results: When the growth curves of all individuals were well fitted by the SITAR model, all three methods estimated individual APHVs with similarly small biases, with a few unreasonable cases (0.16%) observed when the model method was used while more computation time required for the numerical method. When the growth curves of some individuals were not very well fitted, the model method generated more unreasonable individual APHV (8.15%) and more bias in PHV and APHV, compared to those estimated by the numerical method and quadratic function method. In line with the observations from the simulated data, the real data analysis demonstrated that the numerical method generated more reliable PHV and APHV for individuals with growth curve not well fitted by the SITAR model. Conclusion: The performance of different methods estimating individual APHV depends largely on how well the growth curves are fitted by the SITAR model. The quadratic function method is more superior when growth curves of all individuals are well fitted by the SITAR model; otherwise, the numerical method should be adopted for getting most robust estimates of PHV and APHV. The model method generates unreasonable APHV estimates, particularly when the growth curves ar

Background Significant evidence indicates that the failing heart is energy starved. During the development of heart failure, the capacity of the heart to utilize fatty acids, the chief fuel, is diminished. Identification of alternate pathways for myocardial fuel oxidation could unveil novel strategies to treat heart failure. Methods and Results Quantitative mitochondrial proteomics was used to identify energy metabolic derangements that occur during the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in well-defined mouse models. As expected, the amounts of proteins involved in fatty acid utilization were downregulated in myocardial samples from the failing heart. Conversely, expression of -hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1, a key enzyme in the ketone oxidation pathway, was increased in the heart failure samples. Studies of relative oxidation in an isolated heart preparation using ex vivo nuclear magnetic resonance combined with targeted quantitative myocardial metabolomic profiling using mass spectrometry revealed that the hypertrophied and failing heart shifts to oxidizing ketone bodies as a fuel source in the context of reduced capacity to oxidize fatty acids. Distinct myocardial metabolomic signatures of ketone oxidation were identified. Conclusions These results indicate that the hypertrophied and failing heart shifts to ketone bodies as a significant fuel source for oxidative ATP production. Specific metabolite biosignatures of in vivo cardiac ketone utilization were identified. Future studies aimed at determining whether this fuel shift is adaptive or maladaptive could unveil new therapeutic strategies for heart failure.

Giant Panda Conservation Centre (GPCC) is dedicatedly established with RM 25 million to house the giant pandas which were loaned from China to commemorate the 40 years diplomatic ties between China and Malaysia. However, service quality of GPCC is yet to be determined even though the centre has received many visitors since its establishment in the year 2014. In addition, GPCC management has no directions to enhance its service quality. Therefore, service quality study should be conducted to determine the visitors’ satisfaction towards the service quality and as well to find out the factors which influence it. SERVPERF model was adopted in this study by using four points Likert Scale as the measurement. The study is targeted at school holidays’ visitors who are varied in socio-demographic characteristics. By using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), descriptive analysis and regression analysis have been carried out. The findings show that generally, visitors were satisfied with the service quality of GPCC. Among all the seven attributes, education / learning attribute was most satisfied whereas the consumable attribute was least satisfied from the perception of visitors. However, visitors were dissatisfied with the item “reasonable price of food and drink sold”. Furthermore, visitors’ re-visit intention, visitors’ recommendation intention, religion, age, and sources of information were the factors that influence the satisfaction level of visitors. In short, subsequent and effective steps should be taken by the management to enhance the service quality in GPCC.

Background Significant evidence indicates that the failing heart is energy starved. During the development of heart failure, the capacity of the heart to utilize fatty acids, the chief fuel, is diminished. Identification of alternate pathways for myocardial fuel oxidation could unveil novel strategies to treat heart failure. Methods and Results Quantitative mitochondrial proteomics was used to identify energy metabolic derangements that occur during the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in well-defined mouse models. As expected, the amounts of proteins involved in fatty acid utilization were downregulated in myocardial samples from the failing heart. Conversely, expression of -hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1, a key enzyme in the ketone oxidation pathway, was increased in the heart failure samples. Studies of relative oxidation in an isolated heart preparation using ex vivo nuclear magnetic resonance combined with targeted quantitative myocardial metabolomic profiling using mass spectrometry revealed that the hypertrophied and failing heart shifts to oxidizing ketone bodies as a fuel source in the context of reduced capacity to oxidize fatty acids. Distinct myocardial metabolomic signatures of ketone oxidation were identified. Conclusions These results indicate that the hypertrophied and failing heart shifts to ketone bodies as a significant fuel source for oxidative ATP production. Specific metabolite biosignatures of in vivo cardiac ketone utilization were identified. Future studies aimed at determining whether this fuel shift is adaptive or maladaptive could unveil new therapeutic strategies for heart failure.

Giant Panda Conservation Centre (GPCC) is dedicatedly established with RM 25 million to house the giant pandas which were loaned from China to commemorate the 40 years diplomatic ties between China and Malaysia. However, service quality of GPCC is yet to be determined even though the centre has received many visitors since its establishment in the year 2014. In addition, GPCC management has no directions to enhance its service quality. Therefore, service quality study should be conducted to determine the visitors’ satisfaction towards the service quality and as well to find out the factors which influence it. SERVPERF model was adopted in this study by using four points Likert Scale as the measurement. The study is targeted at school holidays’ visitors who are varied in socio-demographic characteristics. By using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), descriptive analysis and regression analysis have been carried out. The findings show that generally, visitors were satisfied with the service quality of GPCC. Among all the seven attributes, education / learning attribute was most satisfied whereas the consumable attribute was least satisfied from the perception of visitors. However, visitors were dissatisfied with the item “reasonable price of food and drink sold”. Furthermore, visitors’ re-visit intention, visitors’ recommendation intention, religion, age, and sources of information were the factors that influence the satisfaction level of visitors. In short, subsequent and effective steps should be taken by the management to enhance the service quality in GPCC.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-limiting recessive genetic disease among Caucasians caused by mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) with over 95% male patients infertile. However, whether CFTR mutations could affect spermatogenesis and result in azoospermia remains an open question. Here we report compromised spermatogenesis, with significantly reduced testicular weight and sperm count, and decreased cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) expression in the testes of CFTR knockout mice. The involvement of CFTR in HCO(3)(-) transport and the expression of the HCO(3)(-) sensor, soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), are demonstrated for the first time in the primary culture of rat Sertoli cells. Inhibition of CFTR or depletion of HCO(3)(-) could reduce FSH-stimulated, sAC-dependent cAMP production and phosphorylation of CREB, the key transcription factor in spermatogenesis. Decreased CFTR and CREB expression are also observed in human testes with azoospermia. The present study reveals a previously undefined role of CFTR and sAC in regulating the cAMP-CREB signaling pathway in Sertoli cells, defect of which may result in impaired spermatogenesis and azoospermia. Altered CFTR-sAC-cAMP-CREB functional loop may also underline the pathogenesis of various CF-related diseases.

Many solid cancers are known to exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity in their deregulation of different oncogenic pathways. We sought to identify major oncogenic pathways in gastric cancer (GC) with significant relationships to patient survival. Using gene expression signatures, we devised an in silico strategy to map patterns of oncogenic pathway activation in 301 primary gastric cancers, the second highest cause of global cancer mortality. We identified three oncogenic pathways (proliferation/stem cell, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin) deregulated in the majority (>70%) of gastric cancers. We functionally validated these pathway predictions in a panel of gastric cancer cell lines. Patient stratification by oncogenic pathway combinations showed reproducible and significant survival differences in multiple cohorts, suggesting that pathway interactions may play an important role in influencing disease behavior. Individual GCs can be successfully taxonomized by oncogenic pathway activity into biologically and clinically relevant subgroups. Predicting pathway activity by expression signatures thus permits the study of multiple cancer-related pathways interacting simultaneously in primary cancers, at a scale not currently achievable by other platforms., Singapore. Biomedical Research Council (BMRC 05/1/31/19/423), Singapore Cancer Syndicate (SCS-BS0001), Naval Medical Research Center (U.S.) (NMRC grant TCR/001/2007), Duke University. School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (Core grant)

Many solid cancers are known to exhibit a high degree of heterogeneity in their deregulation of different oncogenic pathways. We sought to identify major oncogenic pathways in gastric cancer (GC) with significant relationships to patient survival. Using gene expression signatures, we devised an in silico strategy to map patterns of oncogenic pathway activation in 301 primary gastric cancers, the second highest cause of global cancer mortality. We identified three oncogenic pathways (proliferation/stem cell, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin) deregulated in the majority (>70%) of gastric cancers. We functionally validated these pathway predictions in a panel of gastric cancer cell lines. Patient stratification by oncogenic pathway combinations showed reproducible and significant survival differences in multiple cohorts, suggesting that pathway interactions may play an important role in influencing disease behavior. Individual GCs can be successfully taxonomized by oncogenic pathway activity into biologically and clinically relevant subgroups. Predicting pathway activity by expression signatures thus permits the study of multiple cancer-related pathways interacting simultaneously in primary cancers, at a scale not currently achievable by other platforms., Singapore. Biomedical Research Council (BMRC 05/1/31/19/423), Singapore Cancer Syndicate (SCS-BS0001), Naval Medical Research Center (U.S.) (NMRC grant TCR/001/2007), Duke University. School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (Core grant)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-limiting recessive genetic disease among Caucasians caused by mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) with over 95% male patients infertile. However, whether CFTR mutations could affect spermatogenesis and result in azoospermia remains an open question. Here we report compromised spermatogenesis, with significantly reduced testicular weight and sperm count, and decreased cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) expression in the testes of CFTR knockout mice. The involvement of CFTR in HCO(3)(-) transport and the expression of the HCO(3)(-) sensor, soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), are demonstrated for the first time in the primary culture of rat Sertoli cells. Inhibition of CFTR or depletion of HCO(3)(-) could reduce FSH-stimulated, sAC-dependent cAMP production and phosphorylation of CREB, the key transcription factor in spermatogenesis. Decreased CFTR and CREB expression are also observed in human testes with azoospermia. The present study reveals a previously undefined role of CFTR and sAC in regulating the cAMP-CREB signaling pathway in Sertoli cells, defect of which may result in impaired spermatogenesis and azoospermia. Altered CFTR-sAC-cAMP-CREB functional loop may also underline the pathogenesis of various CF-related diseases.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-limiting recessive genetic disease among Caucasians caused by mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) with over 95% male patients infertile. However, whether CFTR mutations could affect spermatogenesis and result in azoospermia remains an open question. Here we report compromised spermatogenesis, with significantly reduced testicular weight and sperm count, and decreased cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) expression in the testes of CFTR knockout mice. The involvement of CFTR in HCO(3)(-) transport and the expression of the HCO(3)(-) sensor, soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC), are demonstrated for the first time in the primary culture of rat Sertoli cells. Inhibition of CFTR or depletion of HCO(3)(-) could reduce FSH-stimulated, sAC-dependent cAMP production and phosphorylation of CREB, the key transcription factor in spermatogenesis. Decreased CFTR and CREB expression are also observed in human testes with azoospermia. The present study reveals a previously undefined role of CFTR and sAC in regulating the cAMP-CREB signaling pathway in Sertoli cells, defect of which may result in impaired spermatogenesis and azoospermia. Altered CFTR-sAC-cAMP-CREB functional loop may also underline the pathogenesis of various CF-related diseases.

Lam Lai Ling Charis., "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2003-2004, design report.", Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-137)., INTRODUCTION, Chapter PART I --- RESEARCH STUDIES, Observations, Exploration - Model, PRECEDENT STUDIES, Mass with light, Chapter - --- Peter Zumthor, Chapter - --- Louis I. Kahn, Chapter - --- Rafael Moneo, Chapter - --- Le Corbusier, Chapter - --- Tadao Ando, Chapter - --- Steven Holl, Chapter - --- Alberto Campo Baeza, Chapter - --- Carlos Ferrater Lambarri, Chapter - --- James Turrell, Chapter - --- Keith Sonnier, Law Court, Chapter - --- Sandwich-type, Chapter - --- Core-type, Chapter - --- Courtyard-type, Chapter - --- Distinct-type, Chapter PART II --- DESIGN, Site selection, Schematic design, Programatic design, Spatial design, Final design, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891801, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Lam Lai Ling Charis., "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2003-2004, design report.", Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-137)., INTRODUCTION, Chapter PART I --- RESEARCH STUDIES, Observations, Exploration - Model, PRECEDENT STUDIES, Mass with light, Chapter - --- Peter Zumthor, Chapter - --- Louis I. Kahn, Chapter - --- Rafael Moneo, Chapter - --- Le Corbusier, Chapter - --- Tadao Ando, Chapter - --- Steven Holl, Chapter - --- Alberto Campo Baeza, Chapter - --- Carlos Ferrater Lambarri, Chapter - --- James Turrell, Chapter - --- Keith Sonnier, Law Court, Chapter - --- Sandwich-type, Chapter - --- Core-type, Chapter - --- Courtyard-type, Chapter - --- Distinct-type, Chapter PART II --- DESIGN, Site selection, Schematic design, Programatic design, Spatial design, Final design, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891801, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Ding Lai-Ling., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-167)., s in English and Chinese., Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction, Chapter 1 --- The Miao History of Guizhou in China --- p.P.4-8, Chapter 1.1 --- The socio-economic background of the Miao rural community --- p.P.8-11, Chapter 1.2 --- Femininity of the ' feminized other' ´ؤ the Portray of the Miao women, Chapter 2 --- The concept of agency --Literature Review --- p.P.13-20, Chapter 3 --- Methodology --- p.P.20-22, Chapter Chapter Two: --- The Miao women's agency over the traditional drinking custom, Chapter 1 --- The traditional drinking custom in the Miao community Of Guizhou in China --- p.P.23-47, Chapter 2 --- The acquisition of drinking habit by the Miao men And the Miao women, Chapter 2.1 --- The Perception of drinking among the Miao men of different ages --- p.P.48-50, Chapter 2.2 --- The Miao women's agency over the traditional drinking custom, Chapter 2.2.1 --- Among the unmarried girls --- p.P.50-53, Chapter 2.2.2 --- Among the married women --- p.P.53-58, Chapter 3 --- Traditional drinking custom and wife battering / killing --- p.P.58-60, Chapter 4 --- Concluding remark --- p.P.60-64, Chapter Chapter Three : --- The Miao women's agency over the contraceptive technology, Chapter 1 --- The concepts of reproduction and body --- p.P.65-72, Chapter 2 --- The Birth Planning Policy in the national minority regions --- p.P.72-74, Chapter 2.1 --- Among the national minority groups in Guizhou --- p.P.74-75, Chapter 2.2 --- Within the villages --- p.P.75-76, Chapter 3 --- Norplant ´ؤ The contraceptive devise assigned to the Miao women --- p.P.77-81, Chapter 4 --- The coercive use of Norplant ´ؤ a devastating challenge to the Miao women's agency --- p.P.81-86, Chapter 4.1 --- As the economic burden levied on the Miao women --- p.P.86-90, Chapter 4.2 --- As the health burden levied on the Miao women --- p.P.90-94, Chapter 5 --- Concluding remark --- p.P.94-96, Chapter Chapter Four - --- The Miao women's agency over the family violence, Chapter 1 --- Theoretical orientation of family violence-wife abuse --- p.P.97-102, Chapter 2 --- Major dominant script of family violence and wife abuse by the Women Federation in China --- p.P.102-106, Chapter 3 --- The gender relation within the Miao rural community of Guizhou in China --- p.P.106-113, Chapter 3.1 --- The unequal sexual division of labor within the family --- p.P.113-121, Chapter 3.2 --- Drinking and wife abuse in the Miao community --- p.P.121-124, Chapter 3.3 --- Wife abuse in the Miao community - From scolding to killing --- p.P.124-130, Chapter 3.4 --- Fro Passive to active - a coping strategies continuum --- p.P.131-139, Chapter 4 --- Concluding remark --- p.P.139-140, Conclusion --- p.P.141-149, Interviewee's profile, Reference, Appendix, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5896120, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Kong Lai Ling., "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2001-2002, design report.", Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-100)., Chapter Part I - --- Topic defining --- p.p.3, Chapter 1.0 --- Mission statement, subject, problem, issues, Chapter 2.0 --- Schedule, Chapter Part II - --- Background information --- p.p.11, Chapter 3.0 --- Background, types of market, open air, shed-roof, market hall, market district, Chapter 4.0 --- Precedent study, overall planning, proportion of space, making of the space, Chapter Part III - --- Site --- p.p.28, Chapter 5.0 --- Site analysis, site context, sign board, booth, Chapter 6.0 --- Program, Chapter Part IV - --- Design --- p.p. 54, Chapter 7.0 --- Design development, fall term proposal, spring term proposal, Chapter 8.0 --- Design proposal, overall strategies, provision of shading, improvement of booth, design, Chapter Part V - --- Special study --- p.p.85, Chapter 9.0 --- Special Study, efficiency of material, availability of standard material, details, Chapter 10.0 --- Review comments --- p.p. 90, external reviews, internal reviews, final presentation, Chapter 11.0 --- Reference --- p.p.99, precedent study, theory, history of hong kong, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891336, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Kong Lai Ling., "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2001-2002, design report.", Includes bibliographical references (leaves 99-100)., Chapter Part I - --- Topic defining --- p.p.3, Chapter 1.0 --- Mission statement, subject, problem, issues, Chapter 2.0 --- Schedule, Chapter Part II - --- Background information --- p.p.11, Chapter 3.0 --- Background, types of market, open air, shed-roof, market hall, market district, Chapter 4.0 --- Precedent study, overall planning, proportion of space, making of the space, Chapter Part III - --- Site --- p.p.28, Chapter 5.0 --- Site analysis, site context, sign board, booth, Chapter 6.0 --- Program, Chapter Part IV - --- Design --- p.p. 54, Chapter 7.0 --- Design development, fall term proposal, spring term proposal, Chapter 8.0 --- Design proposal, overall strategies, provision of shading, improvement of booth, design, Chapter Part V - --- Special study --- p.p.85, Chapter 9.0 --- Special Study, efficiency of material, availability of standard material, details, Chapter 10.0 --- Review comments --- p.p. 90, external reviews, internal reviews, final presentation, Chapter 11.0 --- Reference --- p.p.99, precedent study, theory, history of hong kong, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891336, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Tsang Lai-Ling Angel., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-145)., s in English and Chinese., p.i, 論文撮要 --- p.iv, Acknowledgment --- p.vi, Table of Content --- p.vii, List of Publications --- p.xii, List of Figures --- p.xiv, List of Tables --- p.xvii, Abbreviations --- p.xviii, Chapter Chapter1 --- Introduction --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- The Human Uterus Vs Rat Uterus --- p.1, Chapter 1.1.1 --- Myometrium --- p.1, Chapter 1.1.2 --- Endometrium --- p.1, Chapter 1.2 --- The Human Endometrium Vs Rat Endometrium --- p.2, Chapter 1.2.1 --- The structure of Human Endometrium --- p.2, Chapter 1.2.2 --- Cyclic Changes in the Endometrium --- p.4, Chapter 1.2.3 --- Physiological Roles of the Endometrium --- p.7, Chapter 1.2.4 --- Uterine Fluid Volume and its Composition --- p.7, Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Regulation of Uterine Fluid Volume and Composition --- p.7, Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Role of Endometrial Epithelium in the Regulation of Uterine Fluid Volume --- p.9, Chapter 1.3 --- Epithelial Ion Channels --- p.9, Chapter 1.3.1 --- Epithelial CI- Channels in Secretory Epithelia --- p.11, Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) --- p.13, Chapter 1.3.2 --- Epithelial Na+ Channel (ENaC) in Absorbing Epithelia --- p.18, Chapter 1.3.3 --- ENaC and CFTR in Endometrial Epithelia --- p.26, Chapter 1.4 --- Hormonal Regulation of the Endometrial Epithelium --- p.29, Chapter 1.4.1 --- Estrogen and Progesterone --- p.29, Chapter 1.4.2 --- Aldosterone --- p.32, Chapter 1.5 --- Aim of Study --- p.35, Chapter Chapter2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.38, Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.38, Chapter 2.1.1 --- Culture Medium and Enzymes --- p.38, Chapter 2.1.2 --- Drugs --- p.38, Chapter 2.1.3 --- Molecular Biology --- p.39, Chapter 2.1.4 --- Experimental Tissues and Animals --- p.39, Chapter 2.2 --- Preparations --- p.39, Chapter 2.2.1 --- Pervious Support for Cell Growth --- p.39, Chapter 2.2.2 --- Growth Medium --- p.40, Chapter 2.2.3 --- Culture of Mouse Endometrium Epithelial Cells --- p.43, Chapter 2.2.4 --- Solutions for the Short-Circuit Current Measurement --- p.44, Chapter 2.2.5 --- Electrodes for the Short-Circuit Current Measurement --- p.44, Chapter 2.2.6 --- Solutions for Molecular Biology Experiment --- p.44, Chapter 2.2.6.1 --- Diethyl Pyrocarbonate (DEPC)-treated Water --- p.44, Chapter 2.2.6.2 --- lx TAE (DNA gel electrophoresis and its running buffer) --- p.45, Chapter 2.2.6.3 --- 5x MOPS (RNA gel electrophoresis and its running buffer) --- p.45, Chapter 2.2.6.4 --- Formaldehyde Gel-loading Buffer --- p.45, Chapter 2.3 --- Protocols --- p.46, Chapter 2.3.1 --- Effect of Ovarian Hormones and Aldosterone on CFTR and ENaC Expression --- p.45, Chapter 2.3.2 --- Possible Interaction between CFTR and ENaC upon Hormones Stimulation --- p.47, Chapter 2.4 --- Methods of Measurement --- p.48, Chapter 2.4.1 --- The Short-Circuit Current Technique --- p.48, Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- The Short-Circuit Current Setup --- p.48, Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Experimental Procedures --- p.52, Chapter 2.4.1.3 --- Data Analysis --- p.55, Chapter 2.4.2 --- Reverse Transcription - Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) --- p.55, Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- RNA Isolation --- p.55, Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- RNA Gel Electrophoresis --- p.56, Chapter 2.4.2.3 --- Reverse Transcription (RT) --- p.57, Chapter 2.4.2.4 --- Primer used for the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) --- p.58, Chapter 2.4.2.5 --- General Procedure of PCR and Competitive RT-PCR --- p.59, Chapter 2.4.2.6 --- DNA Gel Electrophoresis --- p.61, Chapter 2.4.3 --- Capillary Electrophoresis - Laser Induced Fluorescence (CE-LIF) --- p.62, Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- Capillary Tube --- p.54, Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- Detection System --- p.65, Chapter 2.4.3.3 --- Experimental Procedures --- p.65, Chapter 2.4.3.4 --- Data Analysis --- p.66, Chapter 2.4.4 --- Statistical Analysis, Chapter Chapter3 --- Results --- p.68, Chapter 3.1 --- Influence of Ovarian Hormones on Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) and Epithelial Na+ Channel (ENaC) Expression in Mouse Endometrial Epithelium --- p.68, Chapter 3.2 --- Culture Condition on Expression and Function of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) in Mouse Endometrial Epithelial Cells --- p.92, Chapter 3.3 --- Expression Regulation of Endometrial Epithelial Na+ Channel (ENaC) Subunits and Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) by Na+ Diet During the Estrus Cycle in Mice --- p.98, Chapter 3.4 --- Enhanced Epithelial Na+ Channel (ENaC) Activity in Mouse Endometrial Epithelium by Upregulation of γ-ENaC Subunit --- p.114, Chapter Chapter4 --- General Discussion --- p.127, Appendix --- p.132, Chapter A. --- RNA Isolation --- p.132, Chapter B. --- Reverse Transcription (RT) --- p.133, Chapter C. --- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) --- p.134, Chapter D. --- Sequences and Conditions of All Primers --- p.135, References --- p.136, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890909, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Hui Lai Ling., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 180-204)., s in English and Chinese., acknowledgements --- p.I, contents --- p.II, list of abbreviation --- p.IX, list of tables --- p.X, LIST OF FIGURES --- p.XII, p.XIII, Chapter chapter 1 --- introduction --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- Overview --- p.1, Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives & Hypotheses --- p.2, Chapter chapter 2 --- literature review --- p.6, Chapter 2.1 --- Definition of obesity --- p.6, Chapter 2.1.1 --- Densitometric measurement --- p.6, Chapter 2.1.2 --- Anthropometric measurement --- p.6, Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Body circumferences --- p.7, Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Skinfold thickness --- p.8, Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Weight and height ratios --- p.8, Chapter 2.1.3 --- Body Mass Index to define obesity --- p.9, Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- In adults --- p.9, Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- In children & Adolescents --- p.9, Chapter 2.2 --- Epidemic of obesity --- p.13, Chapter 2.2.1 --- Worldwide prevalence & trends of obesity --- p.13, Chapter 2.2.2 --- Obesity rates in Hong Kong --- p.16, Chapter 2.3 --- Consequences of obesity --- p.17, Chapter 2.3.1 --- Health consequences --- p.77, Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Adulthood obesity --- p.17, Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Childhood & adolescent obesity --- p.19, Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Controversy of health risk studies --- p.20, Chapter 2.3.2 --- Quality of life --- p.21, Chapter 2.3.3 --- Economic consequences of obesity --- p.21, Chapter 2.3.4 --- Persistence of childhood obesity into adulthood --- p.22, Chapter 2.5 --- Risk factors for childhood obesity --- p.24, Chapter 2.5.1 --- Genetic factors --- p.24, Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- Parental weight status --- p.24, Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- Birth weight --- p.28, Chapter 2.5.2 --- Demographic factors --- p.30, Chapter 2.5.2.1 --- Socio-economic Status --- p.30, Chapter 2.5.2.2 --- Family environment --- p.31, Chapter 2.5.3 --- Dietary factors --- p.33, Chapter 2.5.3.1 --- Infancy diet --- p.33, Chapter 2.5.3.2 --- Dietary intake --- p.34, Chapter 2.5.3.3 --- Eating behaviour --- p.39, Chapter 2.5.4 --- Physical activity factors --- p.42, Chapter 2.5.4.1 --- Inactivity --- p.42, Chapter 2.5.4.2 --- Determinants of physical activity level --- p.44, Chapter 2.5.4.3 --- Television-watching --- p.46, Chapter 2.5.5 --- Other risk factors --- p.47, Chapter 2.6 --- Management of childhood obesity --- p.49, Chapter 2.6.1 --- Goals & Difficulties in childhood obesity treatment --- p.49, Chapter 2.6.2 --- Dietary approach --- p.50, Chapter 2.6.2.1 --- General healthy eating --- p.50, Chapter 2.6.2.2 --- Decrease fat intake --- p.51, Chapter 2.6.2.3 --- Increase fibre intake --- p.52, Chapter 2.6.2.4 --- Reducing meal Glycaemic Index --- p.53, Chapter 2.6.3 --- Increase activity level --- p.56, Chapter 2.6.3.1 --- Reinforce active behaviour --- p.56, Chapter 2.6.3.2 --- Decrease sedentary lifestyle --- p.57, Chapter 2.6.4 --- Roles of parents and schools in obesity managements --- p.58, Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.59, Chapter 3.1 --- Overview --- p.59, Chapter 3.2 --- Study population --- p.59, Chapter 3.2.1 --- Reason for selecting 6-7 years old children --- p.59, Chapter 3.2.2 --- Classification of case and control groups --- p.60, Chapter 3.2.3 --- Reasons for using BMI --- p.62, Chapter 3.2.4 --- Development of BMI cut-offs --- p.63, Chapter 3.3 --- Estimation of sample size --- p.64, Chapter 3.4 --- Subject recruitment --- p.65, Chapter 3.4.1 --- Sample Source --- p.65, Chapter 3.4.2 --- Inclusion criteria --- p.61, Chapter 3.4.3 --- Recruitment --- p.67, Chapter 3.4.4 --- Pilot Testing --- p.70, Chapter 3.5 --- Data collection --- p.70, Chapter 3.5.1 --- Overview --- p.70, Chapter 3.5.2 --- Lifestyle data --- p.77, Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Scope of data --- p.71, Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- References for questionnaire design --- p.71, Chapter 3.5.2.3 --- Questionnaire content --- p.72, Chapter 3.5.2.4 --- Data validity --- p.73, Chapter 3.5.3 --- Dietary data --- p.76, Chapter 3.5.3.1 --- The assessment method --- p.76, Chapter 3.5.3.2 --- Data validity --- p.76, Chapter 3.6 --- Data entry & analyses --- p.77, Chapter 3.6.1 --- Data entry --- p.77, Chapter 3.6.2 --- Dietary data analyses --- p.78, Chapter 3.6.2.1 --- Nutrient intake --- p.78, Chapter 3.6.2.2 --- Meal Glycaemic response --- p.78, Chapter 3.6.3 --- Risk factor analyses --- p.79, Chapter 3.6.3.1 --- Univariate analyses --- p.79, Chapter 3.6.3.2 --- Multivariate analyses --- p.79, Chapter 3.6.3.3 --- Further analyses --- p.80, Chapter 3.6.4 --- Childhood lifestyle descriptive analyses --- p.80, Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- RESULTS --- p.81, Chapter 4.1 --- Overview --- p.81, Chapter 4.2 --- Descriptive analyses --- p.82, Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sample Size & sample source --- p.82, Chapter 4.2.2 --- Sample Characteristics --- p.83, Chapter 4.2.3 --- Demographic background --- p.86, Chapter 4.3 --- Risk factors identification --- p.90, Chapter 4.3.1 --- Overview --- p.90, Chapter 4.3.2 --- Univariate analyses --- p.90, Chapter 4.3.3 --- Multivariate analyses --- p.90, Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Variable selection --- p.90, Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Test for Multicollinearity --- p.91, Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Logistic regression results --- p.91, Chapter 4.3.4 --- Further analyses --- p.98, Chapter 4.3.4.1 --- Purposes --- p.98, Chapter 4.3.4.2 --- Parental BMI --- p.99, Chapter 4.3.4.3 --- Child's birth weight --- p.102, Chapter 4.3.4.4 --- Eating Behaviour --- p.105, Chapter 4.3.4.5 --- Dietary intake --- p.108, Chapter 4.3.4.6 --- Physical activity --- p.109, Chapter 4.3.4.7 --- Parental smoking --- p.110, Chapter 4.3.4.8 --- Socio-economic status --- p.111, Chapter 4.4 --- Children lifestyle descriptive analyses --- p.113, Chapter 4.4.1 --- Inactivity in young children --- p.113, Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- Exercise time and frequency --- p.113, Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- Exercise preference & encouragement --- p.115, Chapter 4.4.1.3 --- Determinants of exercise time --- p.117, Chapter 4.4.2 --- Weight beliefs & Nutrition knowledge --- p.118, Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- Weight and health beliefs --- p.118, Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- Nutrition knowledge --- p.121, Chapter 4.4.3 --- Dietary habits & Nutrient intake --- p.123, Chapter 4.4.3.1 --- Dietary practice --- p.123, Chapter 4.4.3.2 --- Nutrient intake --- p.129, Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- DISCUSSION --- p.137, Chapter 5.1 --- Risk factors for childhood overweight development --- p.137, Chapter 5.1.1 --- Overview --- p.137, Chapter 5.1.2 --- Genetic factors --- p.138, Chapter 5.1.2.1 --- Parental BMI --- p.138, Chapter 5.1.2.2 --- Birth weight --- p.142, Chapter 5.1.3 --- Dietary factors --- p.144, Chapter 5.1.3.1 --- Eating behaviours --- p.144, Chapter 5.1.3.2 --- Infancy diet --- p.150, Chapter 5.1.3.3 --- Current dietary intake --- p.151, Chapter 5.1.4 --- Physical activity --- p.154, Chapter 5.1.4.1 --- Exercise --- p.154, Chapter 5.1.4.2 --- Sedentary activities --- p.155, Chapter 5.1.5 --- Family environment --- p.157, Chapter 5.1.5.1 --- Social class & Custody --- p.157, Chapter 5.1.5.2 --- Parental smoking --- p.159, Chapter 5.2 --- Lifestyle in Hong Kong young children --- p.161, Chapter 5.2.1 --- Childhood inactivity --- p.161, Chapter 5.2.2 --- Weight perception & Nutrition knowledge --- p.163, Chapter 5.2.3 --- Dietary habits & Nutrient intake --- p.165, Chapter 5.3 --- Limitations --- p.169, Chapter 5.3.1 --- Study sample --- p.169, Chapter 5.3.2 --- Study method --- p.171, Chapter 5.4 --- Implication of the study results --- p.173, Chapter 5.4.1 --- Overview --- p.173, Chapter 5.4.2 --- Strategies on obesity treatments and prevention --- p.173, Chapter 5.4.3 --- Conclusion --- p.775, Chapter 5.5 --- Suggestions for further study --- p.176, CONCLUSION --- p.178, REFERENCES --- p.180, APPENDICES --- p.205, Chapter A. --- Communications for sample recruitment, Appendix A1 Invitation to Parents --- p.A-l, Appendix A2 Contact Details Form --- p.A-3, Appendix A3 Letter of thanks to SHSC Nurses --- p.A-4, Appendix A4 Second letter to parents --- p.A-12, Appendix A5 Written consent from parents --- p.A-14, Chapter B --- Study Tools, Appendix B1 The Questionnaire --- p.B-l, Appendix B2 3-day dietary record --- p.B-49, Chapter C --- Childhood overweight risk factors - univariate analyses, Appendix C1 Genetic factors --- p.C-1, Appendix C2 Demographic factors --- p.C-2, Appendix C3 Custody & Home environments --- p.C-3, Appendix C4 Infant feeding factors --- p.C-4, Appendix C5 Dietary manipulation & Eating desire --- p.C-5, Appendix C6 Eating habits & Food preference --- p.C-6, Appendix C7 Physical activity factors --- p.C-7, Appendix C8 Factors influencing physical activity --- p.C-8, Appendix C9 Nutrition knowledge & weight perception --- p.C-9, Appendix C10 Nutrients factors --- p.C-10, Appendix C11 School life & unclassified factors --- p.C-11, Chapter D --- Miscellaneous, Appendix D1 Research questions and related questions in the questionnaire --- p.D-l, Appendix D2 Food GI estimation list --- p.D-3, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890907, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Hui Lai Ling., Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001., Includes bibliographical references (leaves 180-204)., s in English and Chinese., acknowledgements --- p.I, contents --- p.II, list of abbreviation --- p.IX, list of tables --- p.X, LIST OF FIGURES --- p.XII, p.XIII, Chapter chapter 1 --- introduction --- p.1, Chapter 1.1 --- Overview --- p.1, Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives & Hypotheses --- p.2, Chapter chapter 2 --- literature review --- p.6, Chapter 2.1 --- Definition of obesity --- p.6, Chapter 2.1.1 --- Densitometric measurement --- p.6, Chapter 2.1.2 --- Anthropometric measurement --- p.6, Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Body circumferences --- p.7, Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Skinfold thickness --- p.8, Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Weight and height ratios --- p.8, Chapter 2.1.3 --- Body Mass Index to define obesity --- p.9, Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- In adults --- p.9, Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- In children & Adolescents --- p.9, Chapter 2.2 --- Epidemic of obesity --- p.13, Chapter 2.2.1 --- Worldwide prevalence & trends of obesity --- p.13, Chapter 2.2.2 --- Obesity rates in Hong Kong --- p.16, Chapter 2.3 --- Consequences of obesity --- p.17, Chapter 2.3.1 --- Health consequences --- p.77, Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Adulthood obesity --- p.17, Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Childhood & adolescent obesity --- p.19, Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Controversy of health risk studies --- p.20, Chapter 2.3.2 --- Quality of life --- p.21, Chapter 2.3.3 --- Economic consequences of obesity --- p.21, Chapter 2.3.4 --- Persistence of childhood obesity into adulthood --- p.22, Chapter 2.5 --- Risk factors for childhood obesity --- p.24, Chapter 2.5.1 --- Genetic factors --- p.24, Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- Parental weight status --- p.24, Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- Birth weight --- p.28, Chapter 2.5.2 --- Demographic factors --- p.30, Chapter 2.5.2.1 --- Socio-economic Status --- p.30, Chapter 2.5.2.2 --- Family environment --- p.31, Chapter 2.5.3 --- Dietary factors --- p.33, Chapter 2.5.3.1 --- Infancy diet --- p.33, Chapter 2.5.3.2 --- Dietary intake --- p.34, Chapter 2.5.3.3 --- Eating behaviour --- p.39, Chapter 2.5.4 --- Physical activity factors --- p.42, Chapter 2.5.4.1 --- Inactivity --- p.42, Chapter 2.5.4.2 --- Determinants of physical activity level --- p.44, Chapter 2.5.4.3 --- Television-watching --- p.46, Chapter 2.5.5 --- Other risk factors --- p.47, Chapter 2.6 --- Management of childhood obesity --- p.49, Chapter 2.6.1 --- Goals & Difficulties in childhood obesity treatment --- p.49, Chapter 2.6.2 --- Dietary approach --- p.50, Chapter 2.6.2.1 --- General healthy eating --- p.50, Chapter 2.6.2.2 --- Decrease fat intake --- p.51, Chapter 2.6.2.3 --- Increase fibre intake --- p.52, Chapter 2.6.2.4 --- Reducing meal Glycaemic Index --- p.53, Chapter 2.6.3 --- Increase activity level --- p.56, Chapter 2.6.3.1 --- Reinforce active behaviour --- p.56, Chapter 2.6.3.2 --- Decrease sedentary lifestyle --- p.57, Chapter 2.6.4 --- Roles of parents and schools in obesity managements --- p.58, Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.59, Chapter 3.1 --- Overview --- p.59, Chapter 3.2 --- Study population --- p.59, Chapter 3.2.1 --- Reason for selecting 6-7 years old children --- p.59, Chapter 3.2.2 --- Classification of case and control groups --- p.60, Chapter 3.2.3 --- Reasons for using BMI --- p.62, Chapter 3.2.4 --- Development of BMI cut-offs --- p.63, Chapter 3.3 --- Estimation of sample size --- p.64, Chapter 3.4 --- Subject recruitment --- p.65, Chapter 3.4.1 --- Sample Source --- p.65, Chapter 3.4.2 --- Inclusion criteria --- p.61, Chapter 3.4.3 --- Recruitment --- p.67, Chapter 3.4.4 --- Pilot Testing --- p.70, Chapter 3.5 --- Data collection --- p.70, Chapter 3.5.1 --- Overview --- p.70, Chapter 3.5.2 --- Lifestyle data --- p.77, Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Scope of data --- p.71, Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- References for questionnaire design --- p.71, Chapter 3.5.2.3 --- Questionnaire content --- p.72, Chapter 3.5.2.4 --- Data validity --- p.73, Chapter 3.5.3 --- Dietary data --- p.76, Chapter 3.5.3.1 --- The assessment method --- p.76, Chapter 3.5.3.2 --- Data validity --- p.76, Chapter 3.6 --- Data entry & analyses --- p.77, Chapter 3.6.1 --- Data entry --- p.77, Chapter 3.6.2 --- Dietary data analyses --- p.78, Chapter 3.6.2.1 --- Nutrient intake --- p.78, Chapter 3.6.2.2 --- Meal Glycaemic response --- p.78, Chapter 3.6.3 --- Risk factor analyses --- p.79, Chapter 3.6.3.1 --- Univariate analyses --- p.79, Chapter 3.6.3.2 --- Multivariate analyses --- p.79, Chapter 3.6.3.3 --- Further analyses --- p.80, Chapter 3.6.4 --- Childhood lifestyle descriptive analyses --- p.80, Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- RESULTS --- p.81, Chapter 4.1 --- Overview --- p.81, Chapter 4.2 --- Descriptive analyses --- p.82, Chapter 4.2.1 --- Sample Size & sample source --- p.82, Chapter 4.2.2 --- Sample Characteristics --- p.83, Chapter 4.2.3 --- Demographic background --- p.86, Chapter 4.3 --- Risk factors identification --- p.90, Chapter 4.3.1 --- Overview --- p.90, Chapter 4.3.2 --- Univariate analyses --- p.90, Chapter 4.3.3 --- Multivariate analyses --- p.90, Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Variable selection --- p.90, Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Test for Multicollinearity --- p.91, Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Logistic regression results --- p.91, Chapter 4.3.4 --- Further analyses --- p.98, Chapter 4.3.4.1 --- Purposes --- p.98, Chapter 4.3.4.2 --- Parental BMI --- p.99, Chapter 4.3.4.3 --- Child's birth weight --- p.102, Chapter 4.3.4.4 --- Eating Behaviour --- p.105, Chapter 4.3.4.5 --- Dietary intake --- p.108, Chapter 4.3.4.6 --- Physical activity --- p.109, Chapter 4.3.4.7 --- Parental smoking --- p.110, Chapter 4.3.4.8 --- Socio-economic status --- p.111, Chapter 4.4 --- Children lifestyle descriptive analyses --- p.113, Chapter 4.4.1 --- Inactivity in young children --- p.113, Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- Exercise time and frequency --- p.113, Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- Exercise preference & encouragement --- p.115, Chapter 4.4.1.3 --- Determinants of exercise time --- p.117, Chapter 4.4.2 --- Weight beliefs & Nutrition knowledge --- p.118, Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- Weight and health beliefs --- p.118, Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- Nutrition knowledge --- p.121, Chapter 4.4.3 --- Dietary habits & Nutrient intake --- p.123, Chapter 4.4.3.1 --- Dietary practice --- p.123, Chapter 4.4.3.2 --- Nutrient intake --- p.129, Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- DISCUSSION --- p.137, Chapter 5.1 --- Risk factors for childhood overweight development --- p.137, Chapter 5.1.1 --- Overview --- p.137, Chapter 5.1.2 --- Genetic factors --- p.138, Chapter 5.1.2.1 --- Parental BMI --- p.138, Chapter 5.1.2.2 --- Birth weight --- p.142, Chapter 5.1.3 --- Dietary factors --- p.144, Chapter 5.1.3.1 --- Eating behaviours --- p.144, Chapter 5.1.3.2 --- Infancy diet --- p.150, Chapter 5.1.3.3 --- Current dietary intake --- p.151, Chapter 5.1.4 --- Physical activity --- p.154, Chapter 5.1.4.1 --- Exercise --- p.154, Chapter 5.1.4.2 --- Sedentary activities --- p.155, Chapter 5.1.5 --- Family environment --- p.157, Chapter 5.1.5.1 --- Social class & Custody --- p.157, Chapter 5.1.5.2 --- Parental smoking --- p.159, Chapter 5.2 --- Lifestyle in Hong Kong young children --- p.161, Chapter 5.2.1 --- Childhood inactivity --- p.161, Chapter 5.2.2 --- Weight perception & Nutrition knowledge --- p.163, Chapter 5.2.3 --- Dietary habits & Nutrient intake --- p.165, Chapter 5.3 --- Limitations --- p.169, Chapter 5.3.1 --- Study sample --- p.169, Chapter 5.3.2 --- Study method --- p.171, Chapter 5.4 --- Implication of the study results --- p.173, Chapter 5.4.1 --- Overview --- p.173, Chapter 5.4.2 --- Strategies on obesity treatments and prevention --- p.173, Chapter 5.4.3 --- Conclusion --- p.775, Chapter 5.5 --- Suggestions for further study --- p.176, CONCLUSION --- p.178, REFERENCES --- p.180, APPENDICES --- p.205, Chapter A. --- Communications for sample recruitment, Appendix A1 Invitation to Parents --- p.A-l, Appendix A2 Contact Details Form --- p.A-3, Appendix A3 Letter of thanks to SHSC Nurses --- p.A-4, Appendix A4 Second letter to parents --- p.A-12, Appendix A5 Written consent from parents --- p.A-14, Chapter B --- Study Tools, Appendix B1 The Questionnaire --- p.B-l, Appendix B2 3-day dietary record --- p.B-49, Chapter C --- Childhood overweight risk factors - univariate analyses, Appendix C1 Genetic factors --- p.C-1, Appendix C2 Demographic factors --- p.C-2, Appendix C3 Custody & Home environments --- p.C-3, Appendix C4 Infant feeding factors --- p.C-4, Appendix C5 Dietary manipulation & Eating desire --- p.C-5, Appendix C6 Eating habits & Food preference --- p.C-6, Appendix C7 Physical activity factors --- p.C-7, Appendix C8 Factors influencing physical activity --- p.C-8, Appendix C9 Nutrition knowledge & weight perception --- p.C-9, Appendix C10 Nutrients factors --- p.C-10, Appendix C11 School life & unclassified factors --- p.C-11, Chapter D --- Miscellaneous, Appendix D1 Research questions and related questions in the questionnaire --- p.D-l, Appendix D2 Food GI estimation list --- p.D-3, 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by Lam Lai-ling., Bibliography: leaves 152-153, Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1986, http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5885602, Use of this resource is governed by the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons “Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International” License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)