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This paper presents the Meso-NH model version 5.4. Meso-NH is an atmospheric non hydrostatic research model that is applied to a broad range of resolutions, from synoptic to turbulent scales, and is designed for studies of physics and chemistry. It is a limited-area model employing advanced numerical techniques, including monotonic advection schemes for scalar transport and fourth-order centered or odd-order WENO advection schemes for momentum. The model includes state-of-the-art physics parameter-ization schemes that are important to represent convectivescale phenomena and turbulent eddies, as well as flows at larger scales. In addition, Meso-NH has been expanded to provide capabilities for a range of Earth system prediction applications such as chemistry and aerosols, electricity and lightning, hydrology, wildland fires, volcanic eruptions, and cyclones with ocean coupling. Here, we present the main innovations to the dynamics and physics of the code since the pioneer paper of Lafore et al. (1998) and provide an overview of recent applications and couplings.

This paper presents the Meso-NH model version 5.4. Meso-NH is an atmospheric non hydrostatic research model that is applied to a broad range of resolutions, from synoptic to turbulent scales, and is designed for studies of physics and chemistry. It is a limited-area model employing advanced numerical techniques, including monotonic advection schemes for scalar transport and fourth-order centered or odd-order WENO advection schemes for momentum. The model includes state-of-the-art physics parameter-ization schemes that are important to represent convectivescale phenomena and turbulent eddies, as well as flows at larger scales. In addition, Meso-NH has been expanded to provide capabilities for a range of Earth system prediction applications such as chemistry and aerosols, electricity and lightning, hydrology, wildland fires, volcanic eruptions, and cyclones with ocean coupling. Here, we present the main innovations to the dynamics and physics of the code since the pioneer paper of Lafore et al. (1998) and provide an overview of recent applications and couplings.

Météorologie de l'Afrique de l'Ouest tropicale : Le manuel du prévisionniste présente les bases scientifiques et la prévision du temps pour une région importante des tropiques. En faisant la relation entre les théories les plus récentes et la pratique de la prévision, ce livre constitue une documentation unique pour la formation des prévisionnistes opérationnels du temps et des étudiants en météorologie tropicale. L'Afrique de l'Ouest étant constituée de plusieurs zones climatiques archétypales, les connaissances scientifiques exposées dans cet ouvrage peuvent être appliquées à d'autres régions tropicales. L'Afrique de l'Ouest présente également certains des systèmes météorologiques les plus spectaculaires au monde, ce qui en fait une région suscitant la curiosité et l'intérêt des étudiants. Le temps et le climat de l'Afrique de l'Ouest affectent quotidiennement les moyens de subsistance et les conditions de vie des populations et peuvent ainsi contribuer à augmenter les difficultés, la pauvreté et la mortalité. Par conséquent, notre capacité à comprendre et à prévoir le temps représente un bénéfice potentiel significatif pour la société et les économies. Ce livre comprend une présentation complète et accessible des bases scientifiques du domaine ainsi que la documentation des méthodes de prévision météorologique. De nombreux exemples tirés des observations des systèmes météorologiques de l'Afrique de l'Ouest sont inclus, faisant référence à des études de cas détaillées disponibles sur un site web bilingue (anglais et français). LES AUTEURS Cet ouvrage est le résultat d'une large collaboration internationale entre le programme international d'analyse multidisciplinaire de la mousson africaine (AMMA), le Centre Africain pour les Applications de la Météorologie au Développement (ACMAD) et le Programme de recherche sur la météorologie mondiale (WWRP) de l'Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM). Un comité directeur a sélectionné des auteurs de chapitres au sein d

Météorologie de l'Afrique de l'Ouest tropicale : Le manuel du prévisionniste présente les bases scientifiques et la prévision du temps pour une région importante des tropiques. En faisant la relation entre les théories les plus récentes et la pratique de la prévision, ce livre constitue une documentation unique pour la formation des prévisionnistes opérationnels du temps et des étudiants en météorologie tropicale. L'Afrique de l'Ouest étant constituée de plusieurs zones climatiques archétypales, les connaissances scientifiques exposées dans cet ouvrage peuvent être appliquées à d'autres régions tropicales. L'Afrique de l'Ouest présente également certains des systèmes météorologiques les plus spectaculaires au monde, ce qui en fait une région suscitant la curiosité et l'intérêt des étudiants. Le temps et le climat de l'Afrique de l'Ouest affectent quotidiennement les moyens de subsistance et les conditions de vie des populations et peuvent ainsi contribuer à augmenter les difficultés, la pauvreté et la mortalité. Par conséquent, notre capacité à comprendre et à prévoir le temps représente un bénéfice potentiel significatif pour la société et les économies. Ce livre comprend une présentation complète et accessible des bases scientifiques du domaine ainsi que la documentation des méthodes de prévision météorologique. De nombreux exemples tirés des observations des systèmes météorologiques de l'Afrique de l'Ouest sont inclus, faisant référence à des études de cas détaillées disponibles sur un site web bilingue (anglais et français). LES AUTEURS Cet ouvrage est le résultat d'une large collaboration internationale entre le programme international d'analyse multidisciplinaire de la mousson africaine (AMMA), le Centre Africain pour les Applications de la Météorologie au Développement (ACMAD) et le Programme de recherche sur la météorologie mondiale (WWRP) de l'Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM). Un comité directeur a sélectionné des auteurs de chapitres au sein d

Météorologie de l'Afrique de l'Ouest tropicale : Le manuel du prévisionniste présente les bases scientifiques et la prévision du temps pour une région importante des tropiques. En faisant la relation entre les théories les plus récentes et la pratique de la prévision, ce livre constitue une documentation unique pour la formation des prévisionnistes opérationnels du temps et des étudiants en météorologie tropicale. L'Afrique de l'Ouest étant constituée de plusieurs zones climatiques archétypales, les connaissances scientifiques exposées dans cet ouvrage peuvent être appliquées à d'autres régions tropicales. L'Afrique de l'Ouest présente également certains des systèmes météorologiques les plus spectaculaires au monde, ce qui en fait une région suscitant la curiosité et l'intérêt des étudiants. Le temps et le climat de l'Afrique de l'Ouest affectent quotidiennement les moyens de subsistance et les conditions de vie des populations et peuvent ainsi contribuer à augmenter les difficultés, la pauvreté et la mortalité. Par conséquent, notre capacité à comprendre et à prévoir le temps représente un bénéfice potentiel significatif pour la société et les économies. Ce livre comprend une présentation complète et accessible des bases scientifiques du domaine ainsi que la documentation des méthodes de prévision météorologique. De nombreux exemples tirés des observations des systèmes météorologiques de l'Afrique de l'Ouest sont inclus, faisant référence à des études de cas détaillées disponibles sur un site web bilingue (anglais et français). LES AUTEURS Cet ouvrage est le résultat d'une large collaboration internationale entre le programme international d'analyse multidisciplinaire de la mousson africaine (AMMA), le Centre Africain pour les Applications de la Météorologie au Développement (ACMAD) et le Programme de recherche sur la météorologie mondiale (WWRP) de l'Organisation météorologique mondiale (OMM). Un comité directeur a sélectionné des auteurs de chapitres au sein d

This paper presents the Meso-NH model version 5.4. Meso-NH is an atmospheric non hydrostatic research model that is applied to a broad range of resolutions, from synoptic to turbulent scales, and is designed for studies of physics and chemistry. It is a limited-area model employing advanced numerical techniques, including monotonic advection schemes for scalar transport and fourth-order centered or odd-order WENO advection schemes for momentum. The model includes state-of-the-art physics parameter-ization schemes that are important to represent convectivescale phenomena and turbulent eddies, as well as flows at larger scales. In addition, Meso-NH has been expanded to provide capabilities for a range of Earth system prediction applications such as chemistry and aerosols, electricity and lightning, hydrology, wildland fires, volcanic eruptions, and cyclones with ocean coupling. Here, we present the main innovations to the dynamics and physics of the code since the pioneer paper of Lafore et al. (1998) and provide an overview of recent applications and couplings.

This paper presents the Meso-NH model version 5.4. Meso-NH is an atmospheric non hydrostatic research model that is applied to a broad range of resolutions, from synoptic to turbulent scales, and is designed for studies of physics and chemistry. It is a limited-area model employing advanced numerical techniques, including monotonic advection schemes for scalar transport and fourth-order centered or odd-order WENO advection schemes for momentum. The model includes state-of-the-art physics parameter-ization schemes that are important to represent convectivescale phenomena and turbulent eddies, as well as flows at larger scales. In addition, Meso-NH has been expanded to provide capabilities for a range of Earth system prediction applications such as chemistry and aerosols, electricity and lightning, hydrology, wildland fires, volcanic eruptions, and cyclones with ocean coupling. Here, we present the main innovations to the dynamics and physics of the code since the pioneer paper of Lafore et al. (1998) and provide an overview of recent applications and couplings.

This chapter provides a summary of the recent advances made on the understanding and simulation of the coupled atmosphere-ocean-land system of the West African Monsoon (WAM) and of its variability on a wide range of space and timescales. More specifically we highlight the interannual to climate scales, the intraseasonal variability, weather systems and their predictability, the surface atmosphere coupling and the coupling with dust.

This chapter provides a summary of the recent advances made on the understanding and simulation of the coupled atmosphere-ocean-land system of the West African Monsoon (WAM) and of its variability on a wide range of space and timescales. More specifically we highlight the interannual to climate scales, the intraseasonal variability, weather systems and their predictability, the surface atmosphere coupling and the coupling with dust.

The AMMA (African Monsoon Multidiscplinary Analysis) field programme aimed at documenting the West African Monsoon (WAM) climate system, in all its geophysical components. It also includes an important socio-economic component. Encompassing a wide range of spatial and time scales, AMMA is one of the most ambitious such programmes ever set up. While the key accomplishments of AMMA are summarised in this paper, a few lessons of broad interest are also drawn both as a tribute to the extraordinary efforts made by a community of several hundreds of people and as possible guidelines for ensuring a long lasting future to integrated climate and environmental studies in West Africa.

The AMMA (African Monsoon Multidiscplinary Analysis) field programme aimed at documenting the West African Monsoon (WAM) climate system, in all its geophysical components. It also includes an important socio-economic component. Encompassing a wide range of spatial and time scales, AMMA is one of the most ambitious such programmes ever set up. While the key accomplishments of AMMA are summarised in this paper, a few lessons of broad interest are also drawn both as a tribute to the extraordinary efforts made by a community of several hundreds of people and as possible guidelines for ensuring a long lasting future to integrated climate and environmental studies in West Africa.

The AMMA (African Monsoon Multidiscplinary Analysis) field programme aimed at documenting the West African Monsoon (WAM) climate system, in all its geophysical components. It also includes an important socio-economic component. Encompassing a wide range of spatial and time scales, AMMA is one of the most ambitious such programmes ever set up. While the key accomplishments of AMMA are summarised in this paper, a few lessons of broad interest are also drawn both as a tribute to the extraordinary efforts made by a community of several hundreds of people and as possible guidelines for ensuring a long lasting future to integrated climate and environmental studies in West Africa.

An evaluation of precipitation and evapotranspiration simulated by mesoscale models is carried out within the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) program. Six models performed simulations of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) observed to cross part of West Africa in August 2005. Initial and boundary conditions are found to significantly control the locations of rainfall at synoptic scales as simulated with either mesoscale or global models. When initialized and forced at their boundaries by the same analysis, all models forecast a westward-moving rainfall structure, as observed by satellite products. However, rainfall is also forecast at other locations where none was observed, and the nighttime northward propagation of rainfall is not well reproduced. There is a wide spread in the rainfall rates across simulations, but also among satellite products. The range of simulated meridional fluctuations of evapotranspiration (E) appears reasonable, but E displays an overly strong zonal symmetry. Offline land surface modeling and surface energy budget considerations show that errors in the simulated E are not simply related to errors in the surface evaporative fraction, and involve the significant impact of cloud cover on the incoming surface shortwave flux. The use of higher horizontal resolution (a few km) enhances the variability of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and precipitable water (PW) at the mesoscale. It also leads to a weakening of the daytime precipitation, less evapotranspiration, and smaller PW amounts. The simulated MCS propagates farther northward and somewhat faster within an overall drier atmosphere. These changes are associated with a strengthening of the links between PW and precipitation.

An evaluation of precipitation and evapotranspiration simulated by mesoscale models is carried out within the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) program. Six models performed simulations of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) observed to cross part of West Africa in August 2005. Initial and boundary conditions are found to significantly control the locations of rainfall at synoptic scales as simulated with either mesoscale or global models. When initialized and forced at their boundaries by the same analysis, all models forecast a westward-moving rainfall structure, as observed by satellite products. However, rainfall is also forecast at other locations where none was observed, and the nighttime northward propagation of rainfall is not well reproduced. There is a wide spread in the rainfall rates across simulations, but also among satellite products. The range of simulated meridional fluctuations of evapotranspiration (E) appears reasonable, but E displays an overly strong zonal symmetry. Offline land surface modeling and surface energy budget considerations show that errors in the simulated E are not simply related to errors in the surface evaporative fraction, and involve the significant impact of cloud cover on the incoming surface shortwave flux. The use of higher horizontal resolution (a few km) enhances the variability of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and precipitable water (PW) at the mesoscale. It also leads to a weakening of the daytime precipitation, less evapotranspiration, and smaller PW amounts. The simulated MCS propagates farther northward and somewhat faster within an overall drier atmosphere. These changes are associated with a strengthening of the links between PW and precipitation.