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The high incidence of aflatoxins (AFs) in chocolates suggests the necessity to create a practical and cost-effective processing strategy for eliminating mycotoxins. The present study aimed to assess the adsorption abilities of activated charcoal (A. charcoal), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus as AFs adsorbents in three forms—sole, di- and tri-mix—in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) through an in vitro approach, simulated to mimic the conditions present in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) based on pH, time and AFs concentration. In addition, the novel fortification of chocolate with A. charcoal, probiotic, and yeast (tri-mix adsorbents) was evaluated for its effects on the sensory properties. Using HPLC, 60 samples of dark, milk, bitter, couverture, powder, and wafer chocolates were examined for the presence of AFs. Results showed that all the examined samples contained AFs, with maximum concentrations of 2.32, 1.81, and 1.66 µg/kg for powder, milk, and dark chocolates, respectively. The combined treatment demonstrated the highest adsorption efficiency (96.8%) among all tested compounds. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis revealed the tested adsorbents to be effective AF-binding agents. Moreover, the novel combination of tri-mix fortified chocolate had a minor cytotoxicity impact on the adsorptive abilities, with the highest binding at pH 6.8 for 4 h, in addition to inducing an insignificant effect on the sensory attributes of dark chocolate. Tri-mix is thus recommended in the manufacturing of dark chocolate in order to enhance the safety of the newly developed product.

Gut microbiota contribute to shaping the immune repertoire of the host, whereas probiotics may exert beneficial effects by modulating immune responses. Having in mind the differences in both the composition of gut microbiota and the immune response between rats of Albino Oxford (AO) and Dark Agouti (DA) rat strains, we investigated if intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of live Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LB) may influence peri-toneal cavity cell response to invitro treatments with selected microbiota in the rat strain-dependent manner. Peritoneal cavity cells from AO and DA rats were lavaged two (d2) and seven days (d7) following i.p. injection with LB and tested for NO, urea, and H2O2 release basally, or upon invitro stimulation with autologous E.coli and Enterococcus spp. Whereas the single i.p. injection of LB nearly depleted resident macrophages and increased the proportion of small inflammatory macrophages and monocytes on d2 in both rat strains, greater proportion of MHCIIhiCD163− and CCR7+ cells and increased NO/diminished H2O2 release in DA compared with AO rats suggest a more intense inflammatory prim-ing by LB in this rat strain. Even though E.coli- and/or Enterococcus spp.-induced rise in H2O2 release invitro was abrogated by LB in cells from both rat strains, LB prevented microbiota-induced increase in NO/urea ratio only in cells from AO and augmented it in cells from DA rats. Thus, the immunomodulatory properties may not be constant for particular probiotic bacteria, but shaped by innate immunity of the host.

Gut microbiota contribute to shaping the immune repertoire of the host, whereas probiotics may exert beneficial effects by modulating immune responses. Having in mind the differences in both the composition of gut microbiota and the immune response between rats of Albino Oxford (AO) and Dark Agouti (DA) rat strains, we investigated if intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of live Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LB) may influence peri-toneal cavity cell response to invitro treatments with selected microbiota in the rat strain-dependent manner. Peritoneal cavity cells from AO and DA rats were lavaged two (d2) and seven days (d7) following i.p. injection with LB and tested for NO, urea, and H2O2 release basally, or upon invitro stimulation with autologous E.coli and Enterococcus spp. Whereas the single i.p. injection of LB nearly depleted resident macrophages and increased the proportion of small inflammatory macrophages and monocytes on d2 in both rat strains, greater proportion of MHCIIhiCD163− and CCR7+ cells and increased NO/diminished H2O2 release in DA compared with AO rats suggest a more intense inflammatory prim-ing by LB in this rat strain. Even though E.coli- and/or Enterococcus spp.-induced rise in H2O2 release invitro was abrogated by LB in cells from both rat strains, LB prevented microbiota-induced increase in NO/urea ratio only in cells from AO and augmented it in cells from DA rats. Thus, the immunomodulatory properties may not be constant for particular probiotic bacteria, but shaped by innate immunity of the host.

Food allergy appears to have its roots in an insufficient exposure to a diverse range of environmental microbiota during early life. Microbial exposure ensures the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract with commensal microbes, which is necessary for the induction of a balanced and tolerogenic immune function. High-throughput sequencing technology has facilitated in-depth studies of the gut microbiota as well as bacterial-derived metabolites. Although the role of the microbiota in allergies is now widely studied, its importance for food allergy was only recently noted. Studies in human cohorts have shown that there is an association of dysbiosis and pathogenesis of food allergy, while studies from animal models have demonstrated the capacity of specific species in the gut microbiota to alter immune response, which may lead to the desensitization of food allergy. This article reviews the role of the gut microbiota in food allergy, and discusses the influence of environmental factors as well as prevention and management strategies relating to such regulatory mechanism. © 2020 The Author(s).

Food allergy appears to have its roots in an insufficient exposure to a diverse range of environmental microbiota during early life. Microbial exposure ensures the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract with commensal microbes, which is necessary for the induction of a balanced and tolerogenic immune function. High-throughput sequencing technology has facilitated in-depth studies of the gut microbiota as well as bacterial-derived metabolites. Although the role of the microbiota in allergies is now widely studied, its importance for food allergy was only recently noted. Studies in human cohorts have shown that there is an association of dysbiosis and pathogenesis of food allergy, while studies from animal models have demonstrated the capacity of specific species in the gut microbiota to alter immune response, which may lead to the desensitization of food allergy. This article reviews the role of the gut microbiota in food allergy, and discusses the influence of environmental factors as well as prevention and management strategies relating to such regulatory mechanism. © 2020 The Author(s).

Clinical and animal trials show that early life probiotic consumption provides health benefits in adult life by modulating the immune response. We tested the effects of early life oral consumption of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus on the function and phenotype of rat peritoneal cavity cells in a model of induced colitis. For the first month of their lives, rats were either fed with an aqueous probiotic bacteria suspension (LB group) or tap water (control group). When the rats grew to 3 months old, we studied the response of their peritoneal macrophages to autologous fecal bacteria stimulation in vitro, both before and after colitis induction (TNBS 40mg/kg of body mass in 50% ethanol). Compared to the controls, the peritoneal cavity cells of the LB group produced less nitric oxide (NO) and had an increased proportion of CD163+ cells. The rats in the LB group have shown milder symptoms of colitis (shorter length of colon under necrosis, less severe submucosal infiltration, lesser degree of colonic wall thickening), along with a diminished increase of peritoneal proinflammatory CCR7+ cells and blunted NO production in response to stimulation by autologous fecal bacteria. Our results may indicate that early oral probiotic administration attenuates macrophage responses to fecal bacteria, which are the primary cause of tissue inflammation and necrosis in chemically induced colitis models, and that this attenuation may be involved in improving the health of colitic rats.

Background: Allergic diseases are common and represent a considerable health and economic burden worldwide. We aimed to examine the effect of a combination of two probiotic strains administered in late infancy and early childhood on the development of allergic diseases and sensitization.Methods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial, participants were randomized to receive a daily mixture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis or placebo-starting prior to attending day care. The intervention period was 6 months, and the parents answered web-based questionnaires on allergic symptoms and doctor's diagnosed allergic disease monthly. IgE was measured at baseline and follow-up.Results: A total of 290 participants were randomized: 144 in the probiotic group and 146 in the placebo group. Mean age at intervention start was 10.1 months. At follow-up (mean age 16.1 months), the incidence of eczema was 4.2% in the probiotic group and 11.5% in the placebo group (P = 0.036). The incidence of asthma and conjunctivitis did not differ between groups, and no children presented with rhinitis. Sensitization was equal in the two groups at intervention start (7.5% and 9.5%, respectively), and two children in each group were sensitized during the intervention.Conclusions: We observed a significantly lower incidence of eczema in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group. The probiotics were administered in late infancy-prior to attending day care-suggesting a broader window of opportunity using probiotics in the prevention of eczema. The incidence of asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and sensitization did not differ.

[ES] Las frutas y las verduras son alimentos que juegan un papel fundamental en una dieta saludable. En primer lugar por su gran aporte de vitaminas y minerales; y, en segundo lugar porque contienen gran cantidad de agua, fibra y antioxidantes naturales. Por este motivo, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda un consumo mínimo de 400 g diarios de estos alimentos. Sin embargo, se estima que solo el 15% de la población consume 5 o más porciones de fruta y verdura al día, como es recomendado. Para hacer frente al bajo consumo de este tipo de alimentos, se ha decidido desarrollar un snack saludable de manzana para ser consumido como aperitivo a cualquier hora del día. Además, dado que el snack está impregnado con Lactobacillus Rhamnosus, este aperitivo puede contribuir a prevenir o tratar diversas enfermedades gastrointestinales, dado los efectos beneficiosos para la salud de los probióticos. Con el objetivo de obtener los snacks, se cortaron discos de manzana y se impregnaron con una solución de agua peptonada con L. Rhamnosus. La impregnación se llevó a cabo por inmersión en el cultivo de las muestras con y sin aplicación previa de perforación láser, para fomentar la porosidad y la incorporación de microorganismos, y con y sin aplicación de vacío en el proceso de inmersión. Posteriormente, las muestras se secaron para obtener los snacks, con una actividad de agua inferior a 0,4 y una humedad inferior al 12%, mediante tres métodos: secado convencional con aire caliente, secado convencional a vacío y secado en ventana refractiva, los dos primeros a 45ºC y el último a 70ºC. Los recuentos de microorganismos obtenidos en las muestras impregnadas antes del secado no reflejaron diferencias significativas debidas a los distintos pretratamientos, con lo que ni la microperforación ni la impregnación a vacío mejoraron sensiblemente la carga en probióticos del producto (5,2x108 UFC/g de sólidos del producto). La comparación de los tres tipos de secado reflejó una me, [EN] Fruits and vegetables are foods that play a fundamental role in a healthy diet. First because of its great contribution of vitamins and minerals; and, secondly because they contain a large amount of water, fiber and natural antioxidants. For this reason, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a minimum consumption of 400 g per day of these foods. However, it is estimated that only 15% of the population consumes 5 or more pieces of fruit and vegetables per day, as recommended. To cope with the low consumption of this type of food, it has been decided to develop a healthy apple snack to be consumed as an appetizer at any time of the day. In addition, since the snack is impregnated with Lactobacillus Rhamnosus, this snack can help us prevent or treat various gastrointestinal diseases, given the beneficial health effects of probiotics. In order to obtain the snacks, apple discs were cut and impregnated with a peptonade water solution containing L. Rhamnosus. The impregnation was carried out by immersion in the culture of the samples with and without prior application of laser drilling, to promote porosity and the incorporation of microorganisms, and with and without application of vacuum in the immersion process. Subsequently, the samples were dried to obtain the snacks, with a water activity of less than 0,4 and humidity of less than 12%, by three methods: conventional drying with hot air, conventional drying under vacuum and drying in a refractive window, the first two at 45ºC and the last at 70ºC. The counts of microorganisms obtained in the samples impregnated before drying did not reflect significant differences due to the different pretreatments, so that neither microperforation nor vacuum impregnation significantly improved the probiotic load of the product (5,2x108 CFU/g solids of the product). The comparison of the three types of drying reflected a better preservation of the total microorganism load in conventional drying with hot air (2,6x107 CFU

Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus proteins P40 and P75 belong to a large family of secreted cell wall proteins that contain a carboxy(C)-terminal CHAP or NlpC/P60 superfamily domains. In addition to their peptidoglycan hydrolases activity, proteins in this family are specific antigens of pathogens, frequently responsible of interactions with the host. L. rhamnosus GG and L. casei BL23 purified P40 and P75 proteins have antiapoptotic activity by inducing the EGF/Akt pathway. The aim of this work was to study the genetics, phylogeny and dissemination of this family of proteins in the genus Lactobacillus as well as their characteristics and likely function. The scrutiny of their DNA encoding sequences revealed the presence of minisatellite DNA in the P75 encoding gene of L. casei/paracasei strains (cmuB) with intraspecific indels that gave raise to four different alleles (cmuB1–4), which are exclusive of this species. Phylogenic analyses suggest that both proteins are present mainly in the L. casei and Lactobacillus sakei phylogenomic groups. A P40 ancestral gene was possibly present in the common ancestor of Enterococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae and Streptococcaceae. P75 is also present in L. casei and L. sakei groups, but its evolution is difficult to explain only by vertical transmission. Antibodies raised against the N-terminal regions of P40 and P75 improved their immunological detection in culture supernatants as they recognized almost exclusively proteins of L. casei/paracasei/rhamnosus strains, highlighting their structural similarity, that allowed to detect them in different fermented dairy products that contained probiotic L. casei strains. Purified P40 and P75 proteins showed no evident lytic activity but they complemented L. casei BL23 cmuA and cmuB defective mutants, respectively, thus proving that they actively participate in cell division.

Background: Allergic diseases are common and represent a considerable health and economic burden worldwide. We aimed to examine the effect of a combination of two probiotic strains administered in late infancy and early childhood on the development of allergic diseases and sensitization.Methods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention trial, participants were randomized to receive a daily mixture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis or placebo-starting prior to attending day care. The intervention period was 6 months, and the parents answered web-based questionnaires on allergic symptoms and doctor's diagnosed allergic disease monthly. IgE was measured at baseline and follow-up.Results: A total of 290 participants were randomized: 144 in the probiotic group and 146 in the placebo group. Mean age at intervention start was 10.1 months. At follow-up (mean age 16.1 months), the incidence of eczema was 4.2% in the probiotic group and 11.5% in the placebo group (P = 0.036). The incidence of asthma and conjunctivitis did not differ between groups, and no children presented with rhinitis. Sensitization was equal in the two groups at intervention start (7.5% and 9.5%, respectively), and two children in each group were sensitized during the intervention.Conclusions: We observed a significantly lower incidence of eczema in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group. The probiotics were administered in late infancy-prior to attending day care-suggesting a broader window of opportunity using probiotics in the prevention of eczema. The incidence of asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and sensitization did not differ.

This dataset contains NGS data of Bacterial communities in lait caillé collected during fermentation experiments using traditional wooden bowls from Senegal at Wageningen University and Research. This dataset provides both the raw reads of the sequencing in the 16S region as well as the OTU tables obtained after analyses. Also a top 10 BLAST results of all OTUs is provided

[ES] Las frutas y las verduras son alimentos que juegan un papel fundamental en una dieta saludable. En primer lugar por su gran aporte de vitaminas y minerales; y, en segundo lugar porque contienen gran cantidad de agua, fibra y antioxidantes naturales. Por este motivo, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda un consumo mínimo de 400 g diarios de estos alimentos. Sin embargo, se estima que solo el 15% de la población consume 5 o más porciones de fruta y verdura al día, como es recomendado. Para hacer frente al bajo consumo de este tipo de alimentos, se ha decidido desarrollar un snack saludable de manzana para ser consumido como aperitivo a cualquier hora del día. Además, dado que el snack está impregnado con Lactobacillus Rhamnosus, este aperitivo puede contribuir a prevenir o tratar diversas enfermedades gastrointestinales, dado los efectos beneficiosos para la salud de los probióticos. Con el objetivo de obtener los snacks, se cortaron discos de manzana y se impregnaron con una solución de agua peptonada con L. Rhamnosus. La impregnación se llevó a cabo por inmersión en el cultivo de las muestras con y sin aplicación previa de perforación láser, para fomentar la porosidad y la incorporación de microorganismos, y con y sin aplicación de vacío en el proceso de inmersión. Posteriormente, las muestras se secaron para obtener los snacks, con una actividad de agua inferior a 0,4 y una humedad inferior al 12%, mediante tres métodos: secado convencional con aire caliente, secado convencional a vacío y secado en ventana refractiva, los dos primeros a 45ºC y el último a 70ºC. Los recuentos de microorganismos obtenidos en las muestras impregnadas antes del secado no reflejaron diferencias significativas debidas a los distintos pretratamientos, con lo que ni la microperforación ni la impregnación a vacío mejoraron sensiblemente la carga en probióticos del producto (5,2x108 UFC/g de sólidos del producto). La comparación de los tres tipos de secado reflejó una me, [EN] Fruits and vegetables are foods that play a fundamental role in a healthy diet. First because of its great contribution of vitamins and minerals; and, secondly because they contain a large amount of water, fiber and natural antioxidants. For this reason, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a minimum consumption of 400 g per day of these foods. However, it is estimated that only 15% of the population consumes 5 or more pieces of fruit and vegetables per day, as recommended. To cope with the low consumption of this type of food, it has been decided to develop a healthy apple snack to be consumed as an appetizer at any time of the day. In addition, since the snack is impregnated with Lactobacillus Rhamnosus, this snack can help us prevent or treat various gastrointestinal diseases, given the beneficial health effects of probiotics. In order to obtain the snacks, apple discs were cut and impregnated with a peptonade water solution containing L. Rhamnosus. The impregnation was carried out by immersion in the culture of the samples with and without prior application of laser drilling, to promote porosity and the incorporation of microorganisms, and with and without application of vacuum in the immersion process. Subsequently, the samples were dried to obtain the snacks, with a water activity of less than 0,4 and humidity of less than 12%, by three methods: conventional drying with hot air, conventional drying under vacuum and drying in a refractive window, the first two at 45ºC and the last at 70ºC. The counts of microorganisms obtained in the samples impregnated before drying did not reflect significant differences due to the different pretreatments, so that neither microperforation nor vacuum impregnation significantly improved the probiotic load of the product (5,2x108 CFU/g solids of the product). The comparison of the three types of drying reflected a better preservation of the total microorganism load in conventional drying with hot air (2,6x107 CFU

[ES] Las frutas y las verduras son alimentos que juegan un papel fundamental en una dieta saludable. En primer lugar por su gran aporte de vitaminas y minerales; y, en segundo lugar porque contienen gran cantidad de agua, fibra y antioxidantes naturales. Por este motivo, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda un consumo mínimo de 400 g diarios de estos alimentos. Sin embargo, se estima que solo el 15% de la población consume 5 o más porciones de fruta y verdura al día, como es recomendado. Para hacer frente al bajo consumo de este tipo de alimentos, se ha decidido desarrollar un snack saludable de manzana para ser consumido como aperitivo a cualquier hora del día. Además, dado que el snack está impregnado con Lactobacillus Rhamnosus, este aperitivo puede contribuir a prevenir o tratar diversas enfermedades gastrointestinales, dado los efectos beneficiosos para la salud de los probióticos. Con el objetivo de obtener los snacks, se cortaron discos de manzana y se impregnaron con una solución de agua peptonada con L. Rhamnosus. La impregnación se llevó a cabo por inmersión en el cultivo de las muestras con y sin aplicación previa de perforación láser, para fomentar la porosidad y la incorporación de microorganismos, y con y sin aplicación de vacío en el proceso de inmersión. Posteriormente, las muestras se secaron para obtener los snacks, con una actividad de agua inferior a 0,4 y una humedad inferior al 12%, mediante tres métodos: secado convencional con aire caliente, secado convencional a vacío y secado en ventana refractiva, los dos primeros a 45ºC y el último a 70ºC. Los recuentos de microorganismos obtenidos en las muestras impregnadas antes del secado no reflejaron diferencias significativas debidas a los distintos pretratamientos, con lo que ni la microperforación ni la impregnación a vacío mejoraron sensiblemente la carga en probióticos del producto (5,2x108 UFC/g de sólidos del producto). La comparación de los tres tipos de secado reflejó una me, [EN] Fruits and vegetables are foods that play a fundamental role in a healthy diet. First because of its great contribution of vitamins and minerals; and, secondly because they contain a large amount of water, fiber and natural antioxidants. For this reason, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a minimum consumption of 400 g per day of these foods. However, it is estimated that only 15% of the population consumes 5 or more pieces of fruit and vegetables per day, as recommended. To cope with the low consumption of this type of food, it has been decided to develop a healthy apple snack to be consumed as an appetizer at any time of the day. In addition, since the snack is impregnated with Lactobacillus Rhamnosus, this snack can help us prevent or treat various gastrointestinal diseases, given the beneficial health effects of probiotics. In order to obtain the snacks, apple discs were cut and impregnated with a peptonade water solution containing L. Rhamnosus. The impregnation was carried out by immersion in the culture of the samples with and without prior application of laser drilling, to promote porosity and the incorporation of microorganisms, and with and without application of vacuum in the immersion process. Subsequently, the samples were dried to obtain the snacks, with a water activity of less than 0,4 and humidity of less than 12%, by three methods: conventional drying with hot air, conventional drying under vacuum and drying in a refractive window, the first two at 45ºC and the last at 70ºC. The counts of microorganisms obtained in the samples impregnated before drying did not reflect significant differences due to the different pretreatments, so that neither microperforation nor vacuum impregnation significantly improved the probiotic load of the product (5,2x108 CFU/g solids of the product). The comparison of the three types of drying reflected a better preservation of the total microorganism load in conventional drying with hot air (2,6x107 CFU

[ES] Las frutas y las verduras son alimentos que juegan un papel fundamental en una dieta saludable. En primer lugar por su gran aporte de vitaminas y minerales; y, en segundo lugar porque contienen gran cantidad de agua, fibra y antioxidantes naturales. Por este motivo, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomienda un consumo mínimo de 400 g diarios de estos alimentos. Sin embargo, se estima que solo el 15% de la población consume 5 o más porciones de fruta y verdura al día, como es recomendado. Para hacer frente al bajo consumo de este tipo de alimentos, se ha decidido desarrollar un snack saludable de manzana para ser consumido como aperitivo a cualquier hora del día. Además, dado que el snack está impregnado con Lactobacillus Rhamnosus, este aperitivo puede contribuir a prevenir o tratar diversas enfermedades gastrointestinales, dado los efectos beneficiosos para la salud de los probióticos. Con el objetivo de obtener los snacks, se cortaron discos de manzana y se impregnaron con una solución de agua peptonada con L. Rhamnosus. La impregnación se llevó a cabo por inmersión en el cultivo de las muestras con y sin aplicación previa de perforación láser, para fomentar la porosidad y la incorporación de microorganismos, y con y sin aplicación de vacío en el proceso de inmersión. Posteriormente, las muestras se secaron para obtener los snacks, con una actividad de agua inferior a 0,4 y una humedad inferior al 12%, mediante tres métodos: secado convencional con aire caliente, secado convencional a vacío y secado en ventana refractiva, los dos primeros a 45ºC y el último a 70ºC. Los recuentos de microorganismos obtenidos en las muestras impregnadas antes del secado no reflejaron diferencias significativas debidas a los distintos pretratamientos, con lo que ni la microperforación ni la impregnación a vacío mejoraron sensiblemente la carga en probióticos del producto (5,2x108 UFC/g de sólidos del producto). La comparación de los tres tipos de secado reflejó una me, [EN] Fruits and vegetables are foods that play a fundamental role in a healthy diet. First because of its great contribution of vitamins and minerals; and, secondly because they contain a large amount of water, fiber and natural antioxidants. For this reason, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a minimum consumption of 400 g per day of these foods. However, it is estimated that only 15% of the population consumes 5 or more pieces of fruit and vegetables per day, as recommended. To cope with the low consumption of this type of food, it has been decided to develop a healthy apple snack to be consumed as an appetizer at any time of the day. In addition, since the snack is impregnated with Lactobacillus Rhamnosus, this snack can help us prevent or treat various gastrointestinal diseases, given the beneficial health effects of probiotics. In order to obtain the snacks, apple discs were cut and impregnated with a peptonade water solution containing L. Rhamnosus. The impregnation was carried out by immersion in the culture of the samples with and without prior application of laser drilling, to promote porosity and the incorporation of microorganisms, and with and without application of vacuum in the immersion process. Subsequently, the samples were dried to obtain the snacks, with a water activity of less than 0,4 and humidity of less than 12%, by three methods: conventional drying with hot air, conventional drying under vacuum and drying in a refractive window, the first two at 45ºC and the last at 70ºC. The counts of microorganisms obtained in the samples impregnated before drying did not reflect significant differences due to the different pretreatments, so that neither microperforation nor vacuum impregnation significantly improved the probiotic load of the product (5,2x108 CFU/g solids of the product). The comparison of the three types of drying reflected a better preservation of the total microorganism load in conventional drying with hot air (2,6x107 CFU

type:Journal Article, Galactose and glucose are the main monosaccharides produced from the saccharification of Gelidium amansii. They were hydrolysed with 3 % (by volume) H2SO4 at 140 °C for 5 min and obtained at concentrations of 19.60 and 10.21 g/L, respectively. G. amansii hydrolysate (5 %, by mass per volume) was used as a substrate for L(+)-lactic acid production by Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The maximum lactic acid yield (YP/S) was 42.03 % with optical purity of 84.54 %. Lactic acid produced from G. amansii hydrolysate can be applicable, among others, for the production of lactic acid esters, like ethyl or methyl lactate, and disinfectant in seaweed cultivation., source:www.ftb.com.hr

Gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic dysfunction in infancy precedes childhood atopy and asthma development. Here we examined gut microbiota maturation over the first year of life in infants at high risk for asthma (HR), and whether it is modifiable by early-life Lactobacillus supplementation. We performed a longitudinal comparison of stool samples collected from HR infants randomized to daily oral Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (HRLGG) or placebo (HRP) for 6 months, and healthy (HC) infants. Meconium microbiota of HRP participants is distinct, follows a delayed developmental trajectory, and is primarily glycolytic and depleted of a range of anti-inflammatory lipids at 6 months of age. These deficits are partly rescued in HRLGG infants, but this effect was lost at 12 months of age, 6 months after cessation of supplementation. Thus we show that early-life gut microbial development is distinct, but plastic, in HR infants. Our findings offer a novel strategy for early-life preventative interventions.

Scope: This study addresses whether administration of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 could mitigate the effects of a compromised gut microbiota on the composition of mature leukocytes and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GMPs) in newborn mice. Methods and results: Pregnant dams receive oral broad-spectrum antibiotics, which dramatically decrease the gut microbial composition analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Perinatal antibiotic treatment decreases the proportions of bone marrow (BM) GMPs (postnatal day (PND2): 0.5% vs 0.8%, PND4: 0.2% to 0.6%) and mature granulocytes (33% vs 24% at PND2), and spleen granulocytes (7% vs 17% at PND2) and B cells (PND2:18% vs 28%, PND4:11% vs 22%). At PND35, T helper (Th) cells (20% vs 14%) and cytotoxic T (Tc) cells (10% vs 8%) decrease in the spleen. Oral administration of L. rhamnosus HN001 to neonatal pups (PND1-7) restores the antibiotic-induced changes of GMPs and granulocytes in BM and spleen, and further increases splenic granulocytes in control pups. At PND35, splenic proportions of B and Th but not Tc cells are restored. Conclusion: Postnatal administration of a single bacterial strain efficiently restores granulopoiesis and most T cell activation in neonatal mice that suffer from a perinatal antibiotic-induced compromised gut microbiota at birth.

El presente trabajo de investigación es de corte experimental, prospectivo, transversal, analítico y de campo, el cual se basó en la administración de un biohelado con cepas probióticas de Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ATCC 53103, donde se evaluó su capacidad antimicrobiana sobre la flora bacteriana de la cavidad oral aplicado sobre 10 pacientes de la Clínica Odontológica de la Universidad Católica de Santa María que presentaban gingivitis moderada. La aplicación del biohelado y el recojo de muestras se realizó en un mismo día, primero se tomó una muestra inicial previo a la ingesta del biohelado, seguidamente se esperó una hora para recoger una segunda muestra, después de trascurridas 2 horas de la ingesta del biohelado se tomó la tercera muestra y finalmente después de haber transcurrido 3 horas de la ingesta del biohelado se procedió al recojo de la cuarta y última muestra, cabe recalcar que durante el proceso del recojo de muestra los pacientes no tuvieron ingesta de ningún otro alimento (ni solido ni líquido). Cada muestra fue diluida en 10 tubos y se dejó a 24 horas para su crecimiento. Luego de las 24 horas, se realizó la siembra de cada una de las diluciones en placas Petri, las cuales se metieron a la estufa durante 24 horas, mientras que las diluciones fueron llevadas a ser medidas por el espectrofotómetro, luego se procedió a recoger los resultados de la siembra en el contometro de placas, dándonos los siguientes resultados: Un 100% en UFC como en UFT antes del consumo del biohelado, un 77.83% en UFC y 80.00% en UFT a la hora del consumo del biohelado, un 63.37% en UFC y 70.03% en UFT a la segunda hora del consumo y por ultimo a la tercera hora un 88.38% en UFC y 78.75% en UFT. Por lo tanto, podemos afirmar que el biohelado con cepas probióticas de Lactobacillus Rhamnosus presenta actividad inhibitoria sobre la flora bacteriana de la cavidad oral de 10 pacientes con gingivitis de la clínica Odontológica de la Universidad Católica de Santa María. . Palabras Clav

El presente trabajo de investigación es de corte experimental, prospectivo, transversal, analítico y de campo, el cual se basó en la administración de un biohelado con cepas probióticas de Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ATCC 53103, donde se evaluó su capacidad antimicrobiana sobre la flora bacteriana de la cavidad oral aplicado sobre 10 pacientes de la Clínica Odontológica de la Universidad Católica de Santa María que presentaban gingivitis moderada. La aplicación del biohelado y el recojo de muestras se realizó en un mismo día, primero se tomó una muestra inicial previo a la ingesta del biohelado, seguidamente se esperó una hora para recoger una segunda muestra, después de trascurridas 2 horas de la ingesta del biohelado se tomó la tercera muestra y finalmente después de haber transcurrido 3 horas de la ingesta del biohelado se procedió al recojo de la cuarta y última muestra, cabe recalcar que durante el proceso del recojo de muestra los pacientes no tuvieron ingesta de ningún otro alimento (ni solido ni líquido). Cada muestra fue diluida en 10 tubos y se dejó a 24 horas para su crecimiento. Luego de las 24 horas, se realizó la siembra de cada una de las diluciones en placas Petri, las cuales se metieron a la estufa durante 24 horas, mientras que las diluciones fueron llevadas a ser medidas por el espectrofotómetro, luego se procedió a recoger los resultados de la siembra en el contometro de placas, dándonos los siguientes resultados: Un 100% en UFC como en UFT antes del consumo del biohelado, un 77.83% en UFC y 80.00% en UFT a la hora del consumo del biohelado, un 63.37% en UFC y 70.03% en UFT a la segunda hora del consumo y por ultimo a la tercera hora un 88.38% en UFC y 78.75% en UFT. Por lo tanto, podemos afirmar que el biohelado con cepas probióticas de Lactobacillus Rhamnosus presenta actividad inhibitoria sobre la flora bacteriana de la cavidad oral de 10 pacientes con gingivitis de la clínica Odontológica de la Universidad Católica de Santa María. . Palabras Clav

Esta investigación experimental se basó en la aplicación de cepas probioticas (Lactobacillus Rhamnosus) a gomitas masticables, las cuales las denominé biogomitas, con las que se evaluó la eficacia antimicrobiana sobre la flora bacteriana de la cavidad oral de 10 niñas del Colegio “40156 Nuestra Señora Del Carmen” del Tercer Año de Primaria. El estudio fue de corte experimental, prospectivo, transversal y analítico de campo, donde se elaboraron biogomitas con cepas probioticas para el consumo por 10 niñas. Para esta investigación se utilizaron cepas probioticas certificadas de Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ATCC 53103, las que fueron activadas e inoculadas en las biogomitas y posteriormente aplicadas a 10 niñas. La aplicación de las biogomitas y el recojo de muestras se realizaron de la siguiente manera: Charla explicativa con las niñas, recojo de muestras antes de la ingesta de biogomitas. Después del consumo de estas, se realizó el recojo de muestras en tres momentos: el primero se realizó a la hora de haber consumido las biogomitas, el segundo a las dos horas del consumo y el tercero y último se realizó a la tercera hora del consumo. Las muestras fueron trasladadas al laboratorio de microbiología de la UCSM para su cultivo, diluciones seriadas y lecturas en el espectrofotómetro donde se determinó los siguientes resultados. Un 100% en UFC como UFT antes de la aplicación de probióticos, un 66.37% en UFC y 88.36% en UFT a la hora de aplicación, un 47.09% en UFC y 78.45% en UFT a las dos horas de aplicación y en la tercera y última hora un 66.82% en UFC y 84.05 en UFT. Por lo tanto, se concluye que las biogomitas con cepas probioticas de Lactobacillus Rhamnosus tienen actividad inhibitoria sobre la flora bacteriana de la cavidad oral de 10 niñas del Colegio “40156 Nuestra Señora Del Carmen” del Tercer Año de Primaria. Palabras Claves: Probióticos, Lactobacillus Rhamnosus, biogomitas

El presente trabajo de investigación es de corte experimental, prospectivo, transversal, analítico y de campo, el cual se basó en la administración de un biohelado con cepas probióticas de Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ATCC 53103, donde se evaluó su capacidad antimicrobiana sobre la flora bacteriana de la cavidad oral aplicado sobre 10 pacientes de la Clínica Odontológica de la Universidad Católica de Santa María que presentaban gingivitis moderada. La aplicación del biohelado y el recojo de muestras se realizó en un mismo día, primero se tomó una muestra inicial previo a la ingesta del biohelado, seguidamente se esperó una hora para recoger una segunda muestra, después de trascurridas 2 horas de la ingesta del biohelado se tomó la tercera muestra y finalmente después de haber transcurrido 3 horas de la ingesta del biohelado se procedió al recojo de la cuarta y última muestra, cabe recalcar que durante el proceso del recojo de muestra los pacientes no tuvieron ingesta de ningún otro alimento (ni solido ni líquido). Cada muestra fue diluida en 10 tubos y se dejó a 24 horas para su crecimiento. Luego de las 24 horas, se realizó la siembra de cada una de las diluciones en placas Petri, las cuales se metieron a la estufa durante 24 horas, mientras que las diluciones fueron llevadas a ser medidas por el espectrofotómetro, luego se procedió a recoger los resultados de la siembra en el contometro de placas, dándonos los siguientes resultados: Un 100% en UFC como en UFT antes del consumo del biohelado, un 77.83% en UFC y 80.00% en UFT a la hora del consumo del biohelado, un 63.37% en UFC y 70.03% en UFT a la segunda hora del consumo y por ultimo a la tercera hora un 88.38% en UFC y 78.75% en UFT. Por lo tanto, podemos afirmar que el biohelado con cepas probióticas de Lactobacillus Rhamnosus presenta actividad inhibitoria sobre la flora bacteriana de la cavidad oral de 10 pacientes con gingivitis de la clínica Odontológica de la Universidad Católica de Santa María. . Palabras Clav

Esta investigación experimental se basó en la aplicación de cepas probioticas (Lactobacillus Rhamnosus) a gomitas masticables, las cuales las denominé biogomitas, con las que se evaluó la eficacia antimicrobiana sobre la flora bacteriana de la cavidad oral de 10 niñas del Colegio “40156 Nuestra Señora Del Carmen” del Tercer Año de Primaria. El estudio fue de corte experimental, prospectivo, transversal y analítico de campo, donde se elaboraron biogomitas con cepas probioticas para el consumo por 10 niñas. Para esta investigación se utilizaron cepas probioticas certificadas de Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ATCC 53103, las que fueron activadas e inoculadas en las biogomitas y posteriormente aplicadas a 10 niñas. La aplicación de las biogomitas y el recojo de muestras se realizaron de la siguiente manera: Charla explicativa con las niñas, recojo de muestras antes de la ingesta de biogomitas. Después del consumo de estas, se realizó el recojo de muestras en tres momentos: el primero se realizó a la hora de haber consumido las biogomitas, el segundo a las dos horas del consumo y el tercero y último se realizó a la tercera hora del consumo. Las muestras fueron trasladadas al laboratorio de microbiología de la UCSM para su cultivo, diluciones seriadas y lecturas en el espectrofotómetro donde se determinó los siguientes resultados. Un 100% en UFC como UFT antes de la aplicación de probióticos, un 66.37% en UFC y 88.36% en UFT a la hora de aplicación, un 47.09% en UFC y 78.45% en UFT a las dos horas de aplicación y en la tercera y última hora un 66.82% en UFC y 84.05 en UFT. Por lo tanto, se concluye que las biogomitas con cepas probioticas de Lactobacillus Rhamnosus tienen actividad inhibitoria sobre la flora bacteriana de la cavidad oral de 10 niñas del Colegio “40156 Nuestra Señora Del Carmen” del Tercer Año de Primaria. Palabras Claves: Probióticos, Lactobacillus Rhamnosus, biogomitas

Esta investigación experimental se basó en la aplicación de cepas probioticas (Lactobacillus Rhamnosus) a gomitas masticables, las cuales las denominé biogomitas, con las que se evaluó la eficacia antimicrobiana sobre la flora bacteriana de la cavidad oral de 10 niñas del Colegio “40156 Nuestra Señora Del Carmen” del Tercer Año de Primaria. El estudio fue de corte experimental, prospectivo, transversal y analítico de campo, donde se elaboraron biogomitas con cepas probioticas para el consumo por 10 niñas. Para esta investigación se utilizaron cepas probioticas certificadas de Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ATCC 53103, las que fueron activadas e inoculadas en las biogomitas y posteriormente aplicadas a 10 niñas. La aplicación de las biogomitas y el recojo de muestras se realizaron de la siguiente manera: Charla explicativa con las niñas, recojo de muestras antes de la ingesta de biogomitas. Después del consumo de estas, se realizó el recojo de muestras en tres momentos: el primero se realizó a la hora de haber consumido las biogomitas, el segundo a las dos horas del consumo y el tercero y último se realizó a la tercera hora del consumo. Las muestras fueron trasladadas al laboratorio de microbiología de la UCSM para su cultivo, diluciones seriadas y lecturas en el espectrofotómetro donde se determinó los siguientes resultados. Un 100% en UFC como UFT antes de la aplicación de probióticos, un 66.37% en UFC y 88.36% en UFT a la hora de aplicación, un 47.09% en UFC y 78.45% en UFT a las dos horas de aplicación y en la tercera y última hora un 66.82% en UFC y 84.05 en UFT. Por lo tanto, se concluye que las biogomitas con cepas probioticas de Lactobacillus Rhamnosus tienen actividad inhibitoria sobre la flora bacteriana de la cavidad oral de 10 niñas del Colegio “40156 Nuestra Señora Del Carmen” del Tercer Año de Primaria. Palabras Claves: Probióticos, Lactobacillus Rhamnosus, biogomitas

Gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic dysfunction in infancy precedes childhood atopy and asthma development. Here we examined gut microbiota maturation over the first year of life in infants at high risk for asthma (HR), and whether it is modifiable by early-life Lactobacillus supplementation. We performed a longitudinal comparison of stool samples collected from HR infants randomized to daily oral Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (HRLGG) or placebo (HRP) for 6 months, and healthy (HC) infants. Meconium microbiota of HRP participants is distinct, follows a delayed developmental trajectory, and is primarily glycolytic and depleted of a range of anti-inflammatory lipids at 6 months of age. These deficits are partly rescued in HRLGG infants, but this effect was lost at 12 months of age, 6 months after cessation of supplementation. Thus we show that early-life gut microbial development is distinct, but plastic, in HR infants. Our findings offer a novel strategy for early-life preventative interventions.

In this study, two Lactobacillus (LAB) strains namely, Lactobacillus rhamnosus EMCC 1105 (L. rhamnosus) and Lactobacillus gasseri EMCC 1930 (L. gasseri) were tested for their antagonistic activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) which are known to be frequently implicated in biofilm infections. The acidic cell free culture supernatant (CFS) of 24 h and 48 h cultures of both LAB stains showed antimicrobial effects against the three pathogens in radial diffusion assay. These effects were abolished upon neutralization of CFS indicating that this effect was due to acids only. Both LAB strains could effectively inhibit the biofilm formation of the three test pathogens and largely replaced them on polystyrene surfaces as demonstrated by crystal violet staining, viable count and scanning electron microscopy. Both of the tested LAB strains could inhibit the protease productivity of S. aureus in 24 h and 48 h dual species-biofilms. The supernatant of 24 h-dual biofilms of P. aeruginosa with L. gasseri also showed a significantly lower protease activity compared to that of P. aeruginosa individual biofilm. Neither LAB strains affected phospholipase C production by the test pathogens when they co-exist during biofilm formation. The different preparations of LAB strains caused no significant change in the levels of gamma interferon expressed by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to stimulation by the test pathogens in vitro. In conclusion, L. gasseri and L. rhamnosus can be considered as promising tools for combating biofilm infections.

ObjectivesTo determine if probiotic administration during the first 6 months of life decreases childhood asthma and eczema.MethodsWe conducted a randomized, double-blind controlled trial of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) supplementation on the cumulative incidence of eczema (primary end point) and asthma and rhinitis (secondary end points) in high-risk infants. For the first 6 months of life, intervention infants (n = 92) received a daily dose of 10 billion colony-forming units of LGG and 225 mg of inulin (Amerifit Brands, Cromwell, CT), and control infants (n = 92) received 325 mg of inulin alone. We used survival analysis methods to estimate disease incidences in the presence or absence of LGG and to estimate the efficacy of LGG in delaying or preventing these diseases.ResultsInfants were accrued over a 6-year period (median follow-up: 4.6 years; 95% retention rate at 2 years). At 2 years of age, the estimated cumulative incidence of eczema was 30.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21.4%-40.4%) in the control arm and 28.7% (95% CI, 19.4%-38.0%) in the LGG arm, for a hazard ratio of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.59-1.53) (log-rank P = .83). At 5 years of age, the cumulative incidence of asthma was 17.4% (95% CI, 7.6%-27.1%) in the control arm and 9.7% (95% CI, 2.7%-16.6%) in the LGG arm, for a hazard ratio of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.41-1.87) (log-rank P = .25).ConclusionsFor high-risk infants, early LGG supplementation for the first 6 months of life does not appear to prevent the development of eczema or asthma at 2 years of age.

The present study investigated the impact of a Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 (LPR) supplementation on weight loss and maintenance in obese men and women over 24 weeks. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial, each subject consumed two capsules per d of either a placebo or a LPR formulation (1·6 × 108 colony-forming units of LPR/capsule with oligofructose and inulin). Each group was submitted to moderate energy restriction for the first 12 weeks followed by 12 weeks of weight maintenance. Body weight and composition were measured at baseline, at week 12 and at week 24. The intention-to-treat analysis showed that after the first 12 weeks and after 24 weeks, mean weight loss was not significantly different between the LPR and placebo groups when all the subjects were considered. However, a significant treatment × sex interaction was observed. The mean weight loss in women in the LPR group was significantly higher than that in women in the placebo group (P= 0·02) after the first 12 weeks, whereas it was similar in men in the two groups (P= 0·53). Women in the LPR group continued to lose body weight and fat mass during the weight-maintenance period, whereas opposite changes were observed in the placebo group. Changes in body weight and fat mass during the weight-maintenance period were similar in men in both the groups. LPR-induced weight loss in women was associated not only with significant reductions in fat mass and circulating leptin concentrations but also with the relative abundance of bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family in faeces. The present study shows that the Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 formulation helps obese women to achieve sustainable weight loss.

Background and objectives: The need to traditional treatments and extract medicine from natural materials and medicinal plants is increasing daily in the world. For this purpose, the present study aimed at investigating the antibacterial effect of Salvia officinalis and Achillea millefolium on decaying microorganisms.Method: in this experimental study, the hydroalcoholic extract was prepared from Salvia officinalis and Achillea millefolium by maceration method and their antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutan, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Actinomyces viscosus was evaluated by Broth macrodilution (a method by which the values of antibacterial materials are diluted in Broth). The results were analyzed and compared by Mann Whitney method.

Background and objectives: The need to traditional treatments and extract medicine from natural materials and medicinal plants is increasing daily in the world. For this purpose, the present study aimed at investigating the antibacterial effect of Salvia officinalis and Achillea millefolium on decaying microorganisms.Method: in this experimental study, the hydroalcoholic extract was prepared from Salvia officinalis and Achillea millefolium by maceration method and their antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutan, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Actinomyces viscosus was evaluated by Broth macrodilution (a method by which the values of antibacterial materials are diluted in Broth). The results were analyzed and compared by Mann Whitney method.

Dietary intervention with extensively hydrolyzed casein formula supplemented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (EHCF+LGG) accelerates tolerance acquisition in infants with cow's milk allergy (CMA). We examined whether this effect is attributable, at least in part, to an influence on the gut microbiota. Fecal samples from healthy controls (n=20) and from CMA infants (n=19) before and after treatment with EHCF with (n=12) and without (n=7) supplementation with LGG were compared by 16S rRNA-based operational taxonomic unit clustering and oligotyping. Differential feature selection and generalized linear model fitting revealed that the CMA infants have a diverse gut microbial community structure dominated by Lachnospiraceae (20.5±9.7%) and Ruminococcaceae (16.2±9.1%). Blautia, Roseburia and Coprococcus were significantly enriched following treatment with EHCF and LGG, but only one genus, Oscillospira, was significantly different between infants that became tolerant and those that remained allergic. However, most tolerant infants showed a significant increase in fecal butyrate levels, and those taxa that were significantly enriched in these samples, Blautia and Roseburia, exhibited specific strain-level demarcations between tolerant and allergic infants. Our data suggest that EHCF+LGG promotes tolerance in infants with CMA, in part, by influencing the strain-level bacterial community structure of the infant gut.

Proteins are the most diverse structures on bacterial surfaces; hence they are candidates for species- and strain-specific interactions of bacteria with the host, environment and other microorganisms. In probiotic bacteria, some surface and secreted proteins mediate interactions with the host and may consequently contribute to the health-promoting effects. However, a limited fraction of surface-associated proteins from probiotic bacteria have been functionally characterised to date. A secreted protein of Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001, SpcA, containing two bacterial immunoglobulin-like domains type 3 (Big-3) and a domain distantly related to plant pathogen response domain 1 (PR-1-like), was previously shown to bind to HN001 cells, however the nature of its ligand on the surface of the cells was unknown. In this study, a series of binding assays first demonstrated that SpcA binds to a cell wall anchored protein of HN001. Next, the SpcA-“docking” protein, named SpcB, was identified using phage display. SpcB is a 3275-residue cell-surface protein that has all the features of large glycosylated serine-rich adhesins/fibrils from Gram-positive bacteria, including the hallmark glycoprotein signal sequence motif KxYKxGKxW and the cell wall anchor motif LPxTG. The spcA and spcB genes are located in a gene cluster, spcBCDA, which is present in 94 out of 100 strains of L. rhamnosus species and some strains of L. casei and L. paracasei whose genome sequences have been determined, but was absent from other Lactobacillus clades. To confirm the role of SpcB as the SpcA anchor and investigate the roles of these two proteins in surface properties of probiotic L. rhamnosus strains HN001 and GG, stable double-crossover mutations of these two genes were constructed. Binding assays to L. rhamnosus mutant cells confirmed dependence on SpcB in both GG and HN001 strains. Comparison of the wild-type and mutant surface properties suggested that SpcB in GG interferes with biofilm formation and

Dietary intervention with extensively hydrolyzed casein formula supplemented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (EHCF+LGG) accelerates tolerance acquisition in infants with cow's milk allergy (CMA). We examined whether this effect is attributable, at least in part, to an influence on the gut microbiota. Fecal samples from healthy controls (n=20) and from CMA infants (n=19) before and after treatment with EHCF with (n=12) and without (n=7) supplementation with LGG were compared by 16S rRNA-based operational taxonomic unit clustering and oligotyping. Differential feature selection and generalized linear model fitting revealed that the CMA infants have a diverse gut microbial community structure dominated by Lachnospiraceae (20.5±9.7%) and Ruminococcaceae (16.2±9.1%). Blautia, Roseburia and Coprococcus were significantly enriched following treatment with EHCF and LGG, but only one genus, Oscillospira, was significantly different between infants that became tolerant and those that remained allergic. However, most tolerant infants showed a significant increase in fecal butyrate levels, and those taxa that were significantly enriched in these samples, Blautia and Roseburia, exhibited specific strain-level demarcations between tolerant and allergic infants. Our data suggest that EHCF+LGG promotes tolerance in infants with CMA, in part, by influencing the strain-level bacterial community structure of the infant gut.

The core genome of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus species was previously described (Douillard et. al, 2013). We are here adding a set of 40 genomes of the species L. rhamnosus that were analized in order to characterize the variable genome of this industrially relevant species., The core genome of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus species was previously described (Douillard et. al, 2013). We are here adding a set of 40 genomes of the species L. rhamnosus that were analized in order to characterize the variable genome of this industrially relevant species.

Development of probiotic mutandabota, a locally sustainable functional food incorporating Lactobacillus rhamnosus Mutandabota or umlondo is an indigenous food that is consumed in Southern Africa on a daily basis. The product is made by mixing raw cow’s or goat’s milk with 14 % (wt/vol) dry pulp of the baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata L.) and 7 % sugar. Mutandabota has a high protein content, and is rich in vitamin C and minerals. It also provides fibre to the diet, which evidently has potential health benefits in preventing diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, some cancers and constipation. Predominant microorganisms were isolated from mutandabota and identified. This indicated that different species of bacteria and yeast survive the acidity and low pH of 3.4±0.1 in mutandabota. While no pathogens were isolated, the identified microorganisms are capable of spoiling the product. Preparation of mutandabota is a gendered activity dominated by women. A probiotic dairy product was then developed at village level on the basis of mutandabota to enable resource-poor populations in Southern Africa to accrue health benefits from a functional food. Raw cow’s milk was pasteurised and dry baobab fruit pulp was added to the milk at a concentration of 4 % (wt/vol). This mixture was inoculated with the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus yoba, an isolate of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, and left to ferment for 24 h. Baobab fruit pulp at 4% promoted growth of L. rhamnosus yoba. More pulp and sugar were then added to produce yoba mutandabota with 14 % (wt/vol) baobab fruit pulp and 7 % sugar. The final pH of yoba mutandabota was pH 3.5, which ensured the microbiological safety of the product. Viable plate count of L. rhamnosus yoba was 8.8 ± 0.4 log cfu/mL at the moment of consumption, thereby meeting the criterion to have a viable count of the probiotic bacterium in excess of 6 log cfu/mL in the product. There was no significant difference (p=0.31) in consumers’ preference between traditi

This study show the capability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 to produce lactic acid using crude glycerol from biodiesel production as carbon source; in addition, a kinetic model that describes the behaviour of the fermentation process using USP glycerol as substrate was proposed and developed. The strain was adapted to the new carbon source by doing successive cultures, the substrate conversion was up to 94.5% after 24 hours of fermentation using crude glycerol as under initial conditions of substrate concentration (crude glycerol) and pH of 8 g/L and 6.5, respectively. Then, the influence of initial pH (pHo) and concentration of substrate (So) were evaluated by fermentation tests of USP glycerol. The optimal value of volumetric lactic acid productivity (Qv) achieved from this study was 0.087 g·L-1·h-1 for initial pHo = 6.5 and initial substrate concentration So = 6 g/L. Lastly, the kinetics parameters of an unstructured and not segregated model (Aiba type equation for growth rate expression), were adjusted with an average fit degree of 88% for all the initial conditions, using USP glycerol. In addition, the kinetic parameters are laid out as function of initial pH and substrate concentration., Este trabalho demonstrou a capacidade do Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 para a produção de ácido láctico usando glicerol quando oriundo da indústria do biodiesel como fonte de carbono, adicionalmente, um modelo cinético foi proposto e desenvolvido com a finalidade de descrever o processo de fermentação usando glicerol USP como substrato. A cepa foi adaptada à nova fonte de carbono utilizando culturas sucessivas, a conversão do substrato foi de até 94.5% após 24 horas de fermentação em condições iniciais de substrato de 8 g/L e pH inicial de 6.5, respectivamente. Posteriormente, a influência do pH inicial (pHo) e a concentração de substrato inicial (So) foram avaliadas mediante ensaios fermentativos de glicerol USP. O valor ótimo de produtividade volumétrica de ácido láctico (Qv) conseguido neste trabalho foi de 0.087 g·L-1·h-1 para um pH inicial de pHo = 6.5 e uma concentração inicial de substrato So = 6 g/L. Finalmente, os parâmetros cinéticos de um modelo não estruturado e não segregado (equação tipo Aiba para a velocidade de crescimento), foram otimizados atingindo um grau de ajuste de 88% para todas as condições iniciais, usando glicerol USP. Adicionalmente, os parâmetros cinéticos são apresentados como função do pH inicial e a concentração inicial do substrato., En este trabajo se demostró la capacidad de Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 para producir ácido láctico usando glicerol crudo proveniente de la industria del biodiesel como fuente de carbono, además se propuso y se desarrolló un modelo cinético que describe el proceso de fermentación usando glicerol USP como sustrato. La cepa fue adaptada a la nueva fuente de carbono utilizando cultivos sucesivos, la conversión de sustrato fue de hasta 94.5% después de 24 horas de fermentación en condiciones iniciales de sustrato de 8 g/L y pH inicial de 6.5 respectivamente. Posteriormente, la influencia del pH inicial (pHo) y la concentración de sustrato inicial (So) fueron evaluadas mediante ensayos fermentativos de glicerol USP. El valor óptimo de productividad volumétrica de ácido láctico (Qv) alcanzado en este trabajo fue de 0.087 g·L-1·h-1 para un pH inicial de pHo = 6.5 y una concentración inicial de sustrato So = 6 g/L. Finalmente los parámetros cinéticos de un modelo no estructurado y no segregado (ecuación tipo Aiba para la velocidad de crecimiento), fueron optimizados alcanzando un grado de ajuste de 88% para todas las condiciones iniciales, usando glicerol USP. Adicionalmente, los parámetros cinéticos son presentados como función del pH inicial y la concentración inicial de sustrato.

Recently, a great deal of interest has been expressed regarding strategies to tackle worldwide obesity because of its accelerated wide spread accompanied with numerous negative effects on health and high costs. Obesity has been traditionally associated with an imbalance in energy consumed when compared to energy expenditure. However, growing evidence suggests a less simplistic event in which gut microbiota plays a key role. Obesity, in terms of microbiota, is a complicated disequilibrium that presents many unclear complications. Despite this, there is special interest in characterizing compositionally and functionally the obese gut microbiota with the help of in vitro, animal and human studies. Considering the gut microbiota as a factor contributing to human obesity represents a tool of great therapeutic potential. This paper reviews the use of antimicrobials, probiotics, fecal microbial therapy, prebiotics and diet to manipulate obesity through the human gut microbiota and reveals inconsistencies and implications for future study. © 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

[EN] Positive effects of probiotics on fish reproduction have been reported in several species. In the present study, 40 male European eels were weekly treated with recombinant hCG for 9 weeks and with three different concentrations (10(3), 10(5), and 10(6) CFU/mL) of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501 (Sinbyotec, Italy). The probiotics were daily added to the water from the sixth week of the hCG treatment. Males from the treated and control groups were sacrificed after 1, 2, and 3 weeks of probiotic treatment (seventh ninth weeks of hCG treatment); at this point, sperm and testis samples were also collected. Sperm volume was estimated, and motility was analyzed by computer-assisted sperm analysis software. Alternations in transcription of specific genes involved in reproductive process such as activin, androgen receptors alpha and beta (ar alpha and ar beta), progesterone receptor 1 (pr1), bone morphogenetic protein 15 (bmp15), and FSH receptor (fshr) were analyzed in the testis. After 2 weeks of probiotic treatment, sperm production and sperm motility parameters (percentage of motile cells and percentage of straight-swimming spermatozoa) were increased in the European eel treated with 105 CFU/mL compared to controls or to the other probiotic doses. These changes were associated with increases in messenger RNA expression of activin, ar alpha, ar beta, pr1, and fshr. Conversely, after 3 weeks, activin and pr1 expression decreased. No significant changes were observed on bmp15 expression throughout the duration of the treatment with 10(5) CFU/mL dose. The lowest and highest probiotic dose (10(3) and 10(6) CFU/mL, respectively) inhibited the transcription of all genes along all the experiment, except for ar alpha and ar beta after 1 week of probiotic treatment when compared to controls. The changes observed by transcriptomic analysis and the sperm parameters suggest that a treatment with L rhamnosus at 10(5) CFU/mL for 2 weeks could improve spermatogenesis proc

[EN] Positive effects of probiotics on fish reproduction have been reported in several species. In the present study, 40 male European eels were weekly treated with recombinant hCG for 9 weeks and with three different concentrations (10(3), 10(5), and 10(6) CFU/mL) of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501 (Sinbyotec, Italy). The probiotics were daily added to the water from the sixth week of the hCG treatment. Males from the treated and control groups were sacrificed after 1, 2, and 3 weeks of probiotic treatment (seventh ninth weeks of hCG treatment); at this point, sperm and testis samples were also collected. Sperm volume was estimated, and motility was analyzed by computer-assisted sperm analysis software. Alternations in transcription of specific genes involved in reproductive process such as activin, androgen receptors alpha and beta (ar alpha and ar beta), progesterone receptor 1 (pr1), bone morphogenetic protein 15 (bmp15), and FSH receptor (fshr) were analyzed in the testis. After 2 weeks of probiotic treatment, sperm production and sperm motility parameters (percentage of motile cells and percentage of straight-swimming spermatozoa) were increased in the European eel treated with 105 CFU/mL compared to controls or to the other probiotic doses. These changes were associated with increases in messenger RNA expression of activin, ar alpha, ar beta, pr1, and fshr. Conversely, after 3 weeks, activin and pr1 expression decreased. No significant changes were observed on bmp15 expression throughout the duration of the treatment with 10(5) CFU/mL dose. The lowest and highest probiotic dose (10(3) and 10(6) CFU/mL, respectively) inhibited the transcription of all genes along all the experiment, except for ar alpha and ar beta after 1 week of probiotic treatment when compared to controls. The changes observed by transcriptomic analysis and the sperm parameters suggest that a treatment with L rhamnosus at 10(5) CFU/mL for 2 weeks could improve spermatogenesis proc

[EN] Positive effects of probiotics on fish reproduction have been reported in several species. In the present study, 40 male European eels were weekly treated with recombinant hCG for 9 weeks and with three different concentrations (10(3), 10(5), and 10(6) CFU/mL) of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501 (Sinbyotec, Italy). The probiotics were daily added to the water from the sixth week of the hCG treatment. Males from the treated and control groups were sacrificed after 1, 2, and 3 weeks of probiotic treatment (seventh ninth weeks of hCG treatment); at this point, sperm and testis samples were also collected. Sperm volume was estimated, and motility was analyzed by computer-assisted sperm analysis software. Alternations in transcription of specific genes involved in reproductive process such as activin, androgen receptors alpha and beta (ar alpha and ar beta), progesterone receptor 1 (pr1), bone morphogenetic protein 15 (bmp15), and FSH receptor (fshr) were analyzed in the testis. After 2 weeks of probiotic treatment, sperm production and sperm motility parameters (percentage of motile cells and percentage of straight-swimming spermatozoa) were increased in the European eel treated with 105 CFU/mL compared to controls or to the other probiotic doses. These changes were associated with increases in messenger RNA expression of activin, ar alpha, ar beta, pr1, and fshr. Conversely, after 3 weeks, activin and pr1 expression decreased. No significant changes were observed on bmp15 expression throughout the duration of the treatment with 10(5) CFU/mL dose. The lowest and highest probiotic dose (10(3) and 10(6) CFU/mL, respectively) inhibited the transcription of all genes along all the experiment, except for ar alpha and ar beta after 1 week of probiotic treatment when compared to controls. The changes observed by transcriptomic analysis and the sperm parameters suggest that a treatment with L rhamnosus at 10(5) CFU/mL for 2 weeks could improve spermatogenesis proc

Prequeuosine (preQ1) riboswitches are RNA regulatory elements located in the 5' UTR of genes involved in the biosynthesis and transport of preQ1, a precursor of the modified base queuosine universally found in four tRNAs. The preQ1 class II (preQ1-II) riboswitch regulates preQ1 biosynthesis at the translational level. We present the solution NMR structure and conformational dynamics of the 59 nucleotide Streptococcus pneumoniae preQ1-II riboswitch bound to preQ1. Unlike in the preQ1 class I (preQ1-I) riboswitch, divalent cations are required for high-affinity binding. The solution structure is an unusual H-type pseudoknot featuring a P4 hairpin embedded in loop 3, which forms a three-way junction with the other two stems. (13)C relaxation and residual dipolar coupling experiments revealed interhelical flexibility of P4. We found that the P4 helix and flanking adenine residues play crucial and unexpected roles in controlling pseudoknot formation and, in turn, sequestering the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. Aided by divalent cations, P4 is poised to act as a "screw cap" on preQ1 recognition to block ligand exit and stabilize the binding pocket. Comparison of preQ1-I and preQ1-II riboswitch structures reveals that whereas both form H-type pseudoknots and recognize preQ1 using one A, C, or U nucleotide from each of three loops, these nucleotides interact with preQ1 differently, with preQ1 inserting into different grooves. Our studies show that the preQ1-II riboswitch uses an unusual mechanism to harness exquisite control over queuosine metabolism.

The present study investigated the impact of a Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 (LPR) supplementation on weight loss and maintenance in obese men and women over 24 weeks. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial, each subject consumed two capsules per d of either a placebo or a LPR formulation (1·6 × 108 colony-forming units of LPR/capsule with oligofructose and inulin). Each group was submitted to moderate energy restriction for the first 12 weeks followed by 12 weeks of weight maintenance. Body weight and composition were measured at baseline, at week 12 and at week 24. The intention-to-treat analysis showed that after the first 12 weeks and after 24 weeks, mean weight loss was not significantly different between the LPR and placebo groups when all the subjects were considered. However, a significant treatment × sex interaction was observed. The mean weight loss in women in the LPR group was significantly higher than that in women in the placebo group (P= 0·02) after the first 12 weeks, whereas it was similar in men in the two groups (P= 0·53). Women in the LPR group continued to lose body weight and fat mass during the weight-maintenance period, whereas opposite changes were observed in the placebo group. Changes in body weight and fat mass during the weight-maintenance period were similar in men in both the groups. LPR-induced weight loss in women was associated not only with significant reductions in fat mass and circulating leptin concentrations but also with the relative abundance of bacteria of the Lachnospiraceae family in faeces. The present study shows that the Lactobacillus rhamnosus CGMCC1.3724 formulation helps obese women to achieve sustainable weight loss.

Interactions between microorganisms and host cells in the gastrointestinal tract are crucial to the host’s health. Probiotic bacteria, such as the lactobacilli provide numerous benefits to human health thought to be mediated by bacterial proteins called effectors. Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (L. rhamnosus HN001) is a cheesefermenting isolate with probiotic characteristics and Lactobacillus reuteri 100-23 (L. reuteri 100-23) is a coloniser of the rodent forestomach. Whereas L. rhamnosus HN001 was shown to reduce eczema in children, L. reuteri 100-23 reduces inflammation in mice. The effector proteins for these strains are largely unknown. In this thesis, phage display technology was used to search for proteins that bind specific ligands. Shot-gun genomic phage display library of L. rhamnosus HN001 was affinity screened on fibronectin as bait, leading to enrichment of specific recombinant clones. Analysis of 10 candidate clones, however, determined that these are not genuine binders, but may have been selected due to a potential growth advantage during amplification steps of the library. The L. reuteri 100-23 genomic shot-gun phage display library was subjected to two affinity screens on two baits: fibronectin and murine stomach tissue. The aim of the screen on the murine stomach tissue was to identify keratin-binding proteins, as this strain naturally colonises the murine keratinous forestomach. Whereas no enrichment was detected in the screen on fibronectin as a bait, a strong enrichment of a phagemid displaying a short peptide, IGINS, derived from a cell-surface protease of L. reuteri 100-23 was identified. Identifying and characterising probiotic bacterial proteins that positively influence health will lead to a greater understanding of gastrointestinal tract interactions. Ultimately, this aids development of probiotic use as therapeutic agents.

The purpose of this study is to review the potential causal role of the microbiome in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis. The method used for the study is literature review. The microbiome plays a major role in educating the immune response. The microbiome is strongly implicated in inflammatory bowel disease which has clinical and genetic overlap with spondyloarthritis. The microbiome also plays a causal role in bowel and joint disease in HLA B27/human beta 2 microglobulin transgenic rats. The mechanism(s) by which HLA B27 could influence the microbiome is unknown but theories include an immune response gene selectivity, an effect on dendritic cell function, or a mucosal immunodeficiency. Bacteria are strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis. Studies to understand how HLA B27 affects bacterial ecosystems should be encouraged.

In this study, lactic acid and biomass production on liquid distillery stillage from bioethanol production with Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 was studied. The cells were immobilized onto zeolite, a microporous aluminosilicate mineral and the lactic acid production with free and immobilized cells was compared. The immobilization allowed simple cell separation from the fermentation media and their reuse in repeated batch cycles. A number of viable cells of over 10(10) CFU g(-1) of zeolite was achieved at the end of fourth fermentation cycle. A maximal process productivity of 1.69 g L-1, maximal lactic acid concentration of 42.19 g L-1 and average yield coefficient of 0.96 g g(-1) were achieved in repeated batch fermentation on the liquid stillage without mineral or nitrogen supplementation. " 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The possibilities of parallel lactic acid and biomass production in batch and fed-batch fermentation on distillery stillage from bioethanol production were studied. The highest lactic acid yield and productivity of 92.3 % and 1.49 g L-1 h(-1) were achieved in batch fermentation with initial sugar concentration of 55 g L-1. A significant improvement of the process was achieved in fed-batch fermentation where the concentration of lactic acid was increased to 47.6 % and volumetric productivity for 21 % over the batch process. A high number of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 viable cells of 10(9) CFU ml(-1) was attained at the end of fed-batch fermentation. The survival of 92.9 % of L. rhamnosus cells after 3 h of incubation at pH 2.5 validated that the fermentation media remained after lactic acid removal could be used as a biomass-enriched animal feed thus making an additional value to the process.

In this study, lactic acid and biomass production on liquid distillery stillage from bioethanol production with Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 was studied. The cells were immobilized onto zeolite, a microporous aluminosilicate mineral and the lactic acid production with free and immobilized cells was compared. The immobilization allowed simple cell separation from the fermentation media and their reuse in repeated batch cycles. A number of viable cells of over 10(10) CFU g(-1) of zeolite was achieved at the end of fourth fermentation cycle. A maximal process productivity of 1.69 g L-1, maximal lactic acid concentration of 42.19 g L-1 and average yield coefficient of 0.96 g g(-1) were achieved in repeated batch fermentation on the liquid stillage without mineral or nitrogen supplementation. " 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The possibilities of parallel lactic acid and biomass production in batch and fed-batch fermentation on distillery stillage from bioethanol production were studied. The highest lactic acid yield and productivity of 92.3 % and 1.49 g L-1 h(-1) were achieved in batch fermentation with initial sugar concentration of 55 g L-1. A significant improvement of the process was achieved in fed-batch fermentation where the concentration of lactic acid was increased to 47.6 % and volumetric productivity for 21 % over the batch process. A high number of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 viable cells of 10(9) CFU ml(-1) was attained at the end of fed-batch fermentation. The survival of 92.9 % of L. rhamnosus cells after 3 h of incubation at pH 2.5 validated that the fermentation media remained after lactic acid removal could be used as a biomass-enriched animal feed thus making an additional value to the process.

Expansion of lactic acid applications, predominantly for the preparation of biodegradable polymers increased the research interest for new, economically favourable production processes. Liquid stillage from bioethanol production can be an inexpensive, valuable source of nutrients for growth of lactic acid bacteria. Utilisation of residual biomass with spent fermentation media as a functional animal feed can greatly influence the process value and its ecological aspect. In this paper, the kinetics of lactic acid and biomass production on liquid stillage by Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 7469 was studied. In addition, the impact of temperature, inoculum concentration, shaking and pH control by addition of CaCO3 was evaluated. Maximal lactic acid yield of 73.4%, as well as high biomass production (3 x 10(8) CFU ml(-1)) were achieved under selected conditions (41 degrees C, 5% (v/v) of inoculum, 1% (w/v) of CaCO3, initial pH of 6.5 and shaking rate of 90 rpm). These results were achieved without supplementation of the stillage with nitrogen or mineral sources.

In this study, twelve strains of Lactobacillus plantarum derived from spontaneously fermented vegetables (carrots and beetroot) and traditionally prepared sauerkraut were compared for their potential probiotic abilities with seven Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains of human origin. The tested strains were investigated for some technological properties and in vitro functional characteristics for potential probiotic strains. Selection probiotic criteria included the ability of the strains to withstand conditions similar to the digestive tract, antimicrobial activity against a wide range of intestinal pathogens and sensitivity to antibiotics. The total acidity in milk was generally higher in intestinal strains in relation to plant strains. The ability of the tested strains to survive simulated gastric conditions showed a greater resistance of the human strains at a low pH 2.5 and the presence of pepsin, while in the presence of bile salts and pancreatin, some intestinal strains were more sensitive compared to plant strains. A wide spectrum of antimicrobial activities was observed in all tested strains. Most of the plant strains were resistant to aminoglycosides and vancomycin but sensitive to ampicillin and penicillin, while only some intestinal strains were resistant to these drugs.