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We present the surface magnetic field conditions of the brightest pulsating RV Tauri star, R Sct. Our investigation is based on the longest spectropolarimetric survey ever performed on this variable star. The analysis of high resolution spectra and circular polarization data give sharp information on the dynamics of the atmosphere and the surface magnetism, respectively. Our analysis shows that surface magnetic field can be detected at different phases along a pulsating cycle, and that it may be related to the presence of a radiative shock wave periodically emerging out of the photosphere and propagating throughout the stellar atmosphere., Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures

Aims. We seek to understand convection in red supergiants and the mechanisms that trigger the mass loss from cool evolved stars. Methods. Linear spectropolarimetry of the atomic lines of the spectrum of $\mu$ Cep reveals information well outside the wavelength range expected from previous models. This is interpreted as structures in expansion that are visible in the front hemisphere and sometimes also in the back hemisphere. We model the plasma distribution together with its associated velocities through an inversion algorithm to fit the observed linear polarization. Results. We find that supposing the existence of plasma beyond the limb rising high enough to be visible above it can explain the observed linear polarization signatures as well as their evolution in time. From this we are able to infer the geometric heights of the convective plumes and establish that this hot plasma rises to at least 1.1 R*. Conclusions. $\mu$ Cep appears to be in an active phase in which plasma rises often above 1.1 R* . We generalize this result to all red supergiants in a similarly evolved stage, which at certain epochs may easily send plasma to greater heights, as $\mu$ Cep appears to be doing at present. Plasma rising to such heights can easily escape the stellar gravity., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

We present a detailed long-term study of the single M6 III giant RZ~Ari to obtain direct and simultaneous measurements of the magnetic field, activity indicators, and radial velocity in order to infer the origin of its activity. We study its magnetic activity in the context of stellar evolution, and for this purpose, we also refined its evolutionary status and Li abundance. In general, for the M giants, little is known about the properties of the magnetic activity and its causes. RZ~Ari posses the strongest surface magnetic field of the known Zeeman-detected M giants and is bright enough to allow a deep study of its surface magnetic structure. The results are expected to shed light on the activity mechanism in these stars.

Understanding convection in red supergiants and the mechanisms that trigger the mass loss from these evolved stars are the general goals of most observations of Betelgeuse and its inner circumstellar environment. Linear spectropolarimetry of the atomic lines of the spectrum of Betelgeuse reveals information about the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of brightness in its atmosphere. We model the distribution of plasma and its velocities and use inversion algorithms to fit the observed linear polarization. We obtain the first 3D images of the photosphere of Betelgeuse. Within the limits of the used approximations, we recover vertical convective flows and measure the velocity of the rising plasma at different heights in the photosphere. In several cases, we find this velocity to be constant with height, indicating the presence of forces other than gravity acting on the plasma and counteracting it. In some cases, these forces are sufficient to maintain plasma rising at 60\,\kms to heights where this velocity is comparable to the escape velocity. Forces are present in the photosphere of Betelgeuse that allow plasma to reach velocities close to the escape velocity. These mechanisms may suffice to trigger mass loss and sustain the observed large stellar winds of these evolved stars., Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures. In press with A&A

An original method of estimating the projected rotational velocity, $vsini$, and the macroturbulent velocity, $v_{\rm mac}$, of evolved M giant stars is presented. It is based on the use of spectrum synthesis and multi-line analysis tools. The goal is to fit the mean line profile of observations with that of synthetic spectra. The method is applied to the red giant star RZ Ari and the results $v\sin i$ = 6.0 $\pm$ 0.5 km/s and $v_{\rm mac}$ = 2.0 $\pm$ 1.0 km/s are obtained.

Relevance of farmers criteria for targeted selective treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep

In two different goat farms, producing Picodon and Mutschli cheese respectively, two groups of lactating goats were fed alfalfa pellets (ALF) or sainfoin pellets (SNF) for 6 weeks. The cheeses produced at the end of the trial were analysed for sensory properties, composition, fatty acid profile, proteolysis, and rheology. The SNF Picodon had higher “goat” and “farm” aroma and odour, and higher bitter taste, compared with the ALF Picodon. The SNF Picodon showed lower dry matter than the ALF Picodon, leading to differences in texture and mouthfeel. The SNF Mutschli had a different mouthfeel than the ALF Mutschli. In a triangle test, consumers were able to perceive a difference in both Picodon and Mutschli between ALF and SNF groups. In both Picodon and Mutschli, feeding sainfoin increased cheese proteolysis and modified cheese fatty acid profile, resulting in higher polyunsaturated fatty acids proportion and lower n-6/n-3 ratio.

Relevance of farmers criteria for targeted selective treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep

In two different goat farms, producing Picodon and Mutschli cheese respectively, two groups of lactating goats were fed alfalfa pellets (ALF) or sainfoin pellets (SNF) for 6 weeks. The cheeses produced at the end of the trial were analysed for sensory properties, composition, fatty acid profile, proteolysis, and rheology. The SNF Picodon had higher “goat” and “farm” aroma and odour, and higher bitter taste, compared with the ALF Picodon. The SNF Picodon showed lower dry matter than the ALF Picodon, leading to differences in texture and mouthfeel. The SNF Mutschli had a different mouthfeel than the ALF Mutschli. In a triangle test, consumers were able to perceive a difference in both Picodon and Mutschli between ALF and SNF groups. In both Picodon and Mutschli, feeding sainfoin increased cheese proteolysis and modified cheese fatty acid profile, resulting in higher polyunsaturated fatty acids proportion and lower n-6/n-3 ratio.

In two different goat farms, producing Picodon and Mutschli cheese respectively, two groups of lactating goats were fed alfalfa pellets (ALF) or sainfoin pellets (SNF) for 6 weeks. The cheeses produced at the end of the trial were analysed for sensory properties, composition, fatty acid profile, proteolysis, and rheology. The SNF Picodon had higher “goat” and “farm” aroma and odour, and higher bitter taste, compared with the ALF Picodon. The SNF Picodon showed lower dry matter than the ALF Picodon, leading to differences in texture and mouthfeel. The SNF Mutschli had a different mouthfeel than the ALF Mutschli. In a triangle test, consumers were able to perceive a difference in both Picodon and Mutschli between ALF and SNF groups. In both Picodon and Mutschli, feeding sainfoin increased cheese proteolysis and modified cheese fatty acid profile, resulting in higher polyunsaturated fatty acids proportion and lower n-6/n-3 ratio.

Relevance of farmers criteria for targeted selective treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep

In two different goat farms, producing Picodon and Mutschli cheese respectively, two groups of lactating goats were fed alfalfa pellets (ALF) or sainfoin pellets (SNF) for 6 weeks. The cheeses produced at the end of the trial were analysed for sensory properties, composition, fatty acid profile, proteolysis, and rheology. The SNF Picodon had higher “goat” and “farm” aroma and odour, and higher bitter taste, compared with the ALF Picodon. The SNF Picodon showed lower dry matter than the ALF Picodon, leading to differences in texture and mouthfeel. The SNF Mutschli had a different mouthfeel than the ALF Mutschli. In a triangle test, consumers were able to perceive a difference in both Picodon and Mutschli between ALF and SNF groups. In both Picodon and Mutschli, feeding sainfoin increased cheese proteolysis and modified cheese fatty acid profile, resulting in higher polyunsaturated fatty acids proportion and lower n-6/n-3 ratio.

Relevance of farmers criteria for targeted selective treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep

In two different goat farms, producing Picodon and Mutschli cheese respectively, two groups of lactating goats were fed alfalfa pellets (ALF) or sainfoin pellets (SNF) for 6 weeks. The cheeses produced at the end of the trial were analysed for sensory properties, composition, fatty acid profile, proteolysis, and rheology. The SNF Picodon had higher “goat” and “farm” aroma and odour, and higher bitter taste, compared with the ALF Picodon. The SNF Picodon showed lower dry matter than the ALF Picodon, leading to differences in texture and mouthfeel. The SNF Mutschli had a different mouthfeel than the ALF Mutschli. In a triangle test, consumers were able to perceive a difference in both Picodon and Mutschli between ALF and SNF groups. In both Picodon and Mutschli, feeding sainfoin increased cheese proteolysis and modified cheese fatty acid profile, resulting in higher polyunsaturated fatty acids proportion and lower n-6/n-3 ratio.

In two different goat farms, producing Picodon and Mutschli cheese respectively, two groups of lactating goats were fed alfalfa pellets (ALF) or sainfoin pellets (SNF) for 6 weeks. The cheeses produced at the end of the trial were analysed for sensory properties, composition, fatty acid profile, proteolysis, and rheology. The SNF Picodon had higher “goat” and “farm” aroma and odour, and higher bitter taste, compared with the ALF Picodon. The SNF Picodon showed lower dry matter than the ALF Picodon, leading to differences in texture and mouthfeel. The SNF Mutschli had a different mouthfeel than the ALF Mutschli. In a triangle test, consumers were able to perceive a difference in both Picodon and Mutschli between ALF and SNF groups. In both Picodon and Mutschli, feeding sainfoin increased cheese proteolysis and modified cheese fatty acid profile, resulting in higher polyunsaturated fatty acids proportion and lower n-6/n-3 ratio.

Relevance of farmers criteria for targeted selective treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep

Relevance of farmers criteria for targeted selective treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep

Relevance of farmers criteria for targeted selective treatment against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep

In two different goat farms, producing Picodon and Mutschli cheese respectively, two groups of lactating goats were fed alfalfa pellets (ALF) or sainfoin pellets (SNF) for 6 weeks. The cheeses produced at the end of the trial were analysed for sensory properties, composition, fatty acid profile, proteolysis, and rheology. The SNF Picodon had higher “goat” and “farm” aroma and odour, and higher bitter taste, compared with the ALF Picodon. The SNF Picodon showed lower dry matter than the ALF Picodon, leading to differences in texture and mouthfeel. The SNF Mutschli had a different mouthfeel than the ALF Mutschli. In a triangle test, consumers were able to perceive a difference in both Picodon and Mutschli between ALF and SNF groups. In both Picodon and Mutschli, feeding sainfoin increased cheese proteolysis and modified cheese fatty acid profile, resulting in higher polyunsaturated fatty acids proportion and lower n-6/n-3 ratio.

Understanding convection in red supergiants and the mechanisms that trigger the mass loss from these evolved stars are the general goals of most observations of Betelgeuse and its inner circumstellar environment. Linear spectropolarimetry of the atomic lines of the spectrum of Betelgeuse reveals information about the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of brightness in its atmosphere. We model the distribution of plasma and its velocities and use inversion algorithms to fit the observed linear polarization. We obtain the first 3D images of the photosphere of Betelgeuse. Within the limits of the used approximations, we recover vertical convective flows and measure the velocity of the rising plasma at different heights in the photosphere. In several cases, we find this velocity to be constant with height, indicating the presence of forces other than gravity acting on the plasma and counteracting it. In some cases, these forces are sufficient to maintain plasma rising at 60\,\kms to heights where this velocity is comparable to the escape velocity. Forces are present in the photosphere of Betelgeuse that allow plasma to reach velocities close to the escape velocity. These mechanisms may suffice to trigger mass loss and sustain the observed large stellar winds of these evolved stars., Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures. In press with A&A

An original method of estimating the projected rotational velocity, $vsini$, and the macroturbulent velocity, $v_{\rm mac}$, of evolved M giant stars is presented. It is based on the use of spectrum synthesis and multi-line analysis tools. The goal is to fit the mean line profile of observations with that of synthetic spectra. The method is applied to the red giant star RZ Ari and the results $v\sin i$ = 6.0 $\pm$ 0.5 km/s and $v_{\rm mac}$ = 2.0 $\pm$ 1.0 km/s are obtained.

De Cahuzac à Benalla, les scandales suivent le rythme du monde ou participent à son accélération. Ils se diffusent par Internet, entraînant révélations et réactions instantanées. Au point que nous ne faisons plus la différence entre le vrai scandale et la provocation artificielle. Rien ne semble alors nous arrêter, ni dans la transgression ni dans la défense des règles, qui fragilise plus qu'elle protège. Scandaliser ou se scandaliser n'est pas réservé aux extrémistes. Nous sommes tous guettés par un conformisme qui engendre à son tour des scandales financiers, humanitaires, écologiques... C'est en résistant à cette multiplication de provocations, de scandales et d'affaires que nous pourrons faire apparaître le motif de cet emballement : un désir de justice qui affirme pour tous un droit à l'existence sur une Terre fragilisée. Que des êtres singuliers fassent de ce désir un droit, c'est la condition même de la démocratie. Jérôme Lèbre ancien élève de l'École normale supérieure, est membre du Collège international de philosophie. Il a publié plusieurs ouvrages, parmi lesquels : Vitesses (2011) ; Derrida - La justice sans condition (2013) ; Les Caractères impossibles (2014) ; avec Jean-Luc Nancy, Signaux sensibles (2017) ; et plus récemment, Éloge de l'immobilité (2018).

De Cahuzac à Benalla, les scandales suivent le rythme du monde ou participent à son accélération. Ils se diffusent par Internet, entraînant révélations et réactions instantanées. Au point que nous ne faisons plus la différence entre le vrai scandale et la provocation artificielle. Rien ne semble alors nous arrêter, ni dans la transgression ni dans la défense des règles, qui fragilise plus qu'elle protège. Scandaliser ou se scandaliser n'est pas réservé aux extrémistes. Nous sommes tous guettés par un conformisme qui engendre à son tour des scandales financiers, humanitaires, écologiques... C'est en résistant à cette multiplication de provocations, de scandales et d'affaires que nous pourrons faire apparaître le motif de cet emballement : un désir de justice qui affirme pour tous un droit à l'existence sur une Terre fragilisée. Que des êtres singuliers fassent de ce désir un droit, c'est la condition même de la démocratie. Jérôme Lèbre ancien élève de l'École normale supérieure, est membre du Collège international de philosophie. Il a publié plusieurs ouvrages, parmi lesquels : Vitesses (2011) ; Derrida - La justice sans condition (2013) ; Les Caractères impossibles (2014) ; avec Jean-Luc Nancy, Signaux sensibles (2017) ; et plus récemment, Éloge de l'immobilité (2018).

De Cahuzac à Benalla, les scandales suivent le rythme du monde ou participent à son accélération. Ils se diffusent par Internet, entraînant révélations et réactions instantanées. Au point que nous ne faisons plus la différence entre le vrai scandale et la provocation artificielle. Rien ne semble alors nous arrêter, ni dans la transgression ni dans la défense des règles, qui fragilise plus qu'elle protège. Scandaliser ou se scandaliser n'est pas réservé aux extrémistes. Nous sommes tous guettés par un conformisme qui engendre à son tour des scandales financiers, humanitaires, écologiques... C'est en résistant à cette multiplication de provocations, de scandales et d'affaires que nous pourrons faire apparaître le motif de cet emballement : un désir de justice qui affirme pour tous un droit à l'existence sur une Terre fragilisée. Que des êtres singuliers fassent de ce désir un droit, c'est la condition même de la démocratie. Jérôme Lèbre ancien élève de l'École normale supérieure, est membre du Collège international de philosophie. Il a publié plusieurs ouvrages, parmi lesquels : Vitesses (2011) ; Derrida - La justice sans condition (2013) ; Les Caractères impossibles (2014) ; avec Jean-Luc Nancy, Signaux sensibles (2017) ; et plus récemment, Éloge de l'immobilité (2018).

De Cahuzac à Benalla, les scandales suivent le rythme du monde ou participent à son accélération. Ils se diffusent par Internet, entraînant révélations et réactions instantanées. Au point que nous ne faisons plus la différence entre le vrai scandale et la provocation artificielle. Rien ne semble alors nous arrêter, ni dans la transgression ni dans la défense des règles, qui fragilise plus qu'elle protège. Scandaliser ou se scandaliser n'est pas réservé aux extrémistes. Nous sommes tous guettés par un conformisme qui engendre à son tour des scandales financiers, humanitaires, écologiques... C'est en résistant à cette multiplication de provocations, de scandales et d'affaires que nous pourrons faire apparaître le motif de cet emballement : un désir de justice qui affirme pour tous un droit à l'existence sur une Terre fragilisée. Que des êtres singuliers fassent de ce désir un droit, c'est la condition même de la démocratie. Jérôme Lèbre ancien élève de l'École normale supérieure, est membre du Collège international de philosophie. Il a publié plusieurs ouvrages, parmi lesquels : Vitesses (2011) ; Derrida - La justice sans condition (2013) ; Les Caractères impossibles (2014) ; avec Jean-Luc Nancy, Signaux sensibles (2017) ; et plus récemment, Éloge de l'immobilité (2018).

De Cahuzac à Benalla, les scandales suivent le rythme du monde ou participent à son accélération. Ils se diffusent par Internet, entraînant révélations et réactions instantanées. Au point que nous ne faisons plus la différence entre le vrai scandale et la provocation artificielle. Rien ne semble alors nous arrêter, ni dans la transgression ni dans la défense des règles, qui fragilise plus qu'elle protège. Scandaliser ou se scandaliser n'est pas réservé aux extrémistes. Nous sommes tous guettés par un conformisme qui engendre à son tour des scandales financiers, humanitaires, écologiques... C'est en résistant à cette multiplication de provocations, de scandales et d'affaires que nous pourrons faire apparaître le motif de cet emballement : un désir de justice qui affirme pour tous un droit à l'existence sur une Terre fragilisée. Que des êtres singuliers fassent de ce désir un droit, c'est la condition même de la démocratie. Jérôme Lèbre ancien élève de l'École normale supérieure, est membre du Collège international de philosophie. Il a publié plusieurs ouvrages, parmi lesquels : Vitesses (2011) ; Derrida - La justice sans condition (2013) ; Les Caractères impossibles (2014) ; avec Jean-Luc Nancy, Signaux sensibles (2017) ; et plus récemment, Éloge de l'immobilité (2018).

Many winegrowers and sheep breeders are interested in wintertime grazing in vineyards, as an agroecological alternative to mowing or herbicide spraying, and additional supply of forage. Still, strong concern is raised by the use of copper‐based fungicides, particularly in organic vineyards, since copper is known to induce chronic toxicosis in sheep. We conducted an on‐farm study with n = 12 1‐year‐old Merinos × Mourerous ewes grazing the cover vegetation of vineyard plots during wintertime, in order to check whether this agricultural practice might be harmful to sheep. Our results indicate that most copper found in the cover vegetation originates from fungicide spraying versus plant uptake from the soil, and that rain‐induced washing‐off and plant growth‐triggered dilution of copper are crucial to reach close‐to‐safe grazing conditions. Furthermore, we found that while sheep remained globally healthy during the 2 months of the experimental period, the plasma activity of Glutamate Dehydrogenase increased by 17.3 ± 3.0 U/L upon vineyard grazing (p < 0.001), reflecting liver storage of copper. We also discovered that the dynamics of molybdenum in sheep plasma are strongly affected by exposure to copper, suggesting a possible adaptation mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that winter grazing of sheep in organic vineyards is reasonably safe, but that care should be taken about grazing period duration. More research should be conducted with respect to long‐term copper accumulation, spring and summer grazing, and possible protective mechanisms against copper chronic poisoning.

Many winegrowers and sheep breeders are interested in wintertime grazing in vineyards, as an agroecological alternative to mowing or herbicide spraying, and additional supply of forage. Still, strong concern is raised by the use of copper‐based fungicides, particularly in organic vineyards, since copper is known to induce chronic toxicosis in sheep. We conducted an on‐farm study with n = 12 1‐year‐old Merinos × Mourerous ewes grazing the cover vegetation of vineyard plots during wintertime, in order to check whether this agricultural practice might be harmful to sheep. Our results indicate that most copper found in the cover vegetation originates from fungicide spraying versus plant uptake from the soil, and that rain‐induced washing‐off and plant growth‐triggered dilution of copper are crucial to reach close‐to‐safe grazing conditions. Furthermore, we found that while sheep remained globally healthy during the 2 months of the experimental period, the plasma activity of Glutamate Dehydrogenase increased by 17.3 ± 3.0 U/L upon vineyard grazing (p < 0.001), reflecting liver storage of copper. We also discovered that the dynamics of molybdenum in sheep plasma are strongly affected by exposure to copper, suggesting a possible adaptation mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that winter grazing of sheep in organic vineyards is reasonably safe, but that care should be taken about grazing period duration. More research should be conducted with respect to long‐term copper accumulation, spring and summer grazing, and possible protective mechanisms against copper chronic poisoning.

"Sheep have long been allowed to graze in orchards and vineyards during winter, generating benefits for bothbreeders and wine or fruit growers. This practice, which had become scarce because of agricultural specialization, isrecently regaining popularity. However, concerns have raised about the potential risk of Chronic Copper Poisoning (CCP)of sheep – particularly in the context of organic agriculture, which widely uses Cu as a fungicide.CCP is driven by the long-term, symptomless Cu accumulation in the liver, potentially leading to a hemolytic crisis thatgenerally triggers animal death within 48h. Our study aimed at evaluating both the quantity and dynamics of Cu in thecover vegetation of vineyards and orchards, and the potential harmful effects of Cu on the health of sheep that grazetherein. Our results show that i/ Cu content and assimilability is high in the studied plots, and may lead to CCP; ii/surprisingly, sheep show only slight signs of ongoing CCP."

Purpose: This paper aims to identify metrics and indicators of innovation ecosystems and entrepreneurial ecosystems and to discuss the limitations of these metrics in the Brazilian case. Theoretical framework: From a theoretical point of view, the paper contributes to the analysis of the differences and similarities between the concepts of innovation ecosystems and entrepreneurial ecosystems. From a methodological perspective, the paper proposes indicators and metrics and points out the limitations for measuring entrepreneurial and innovative ecosystems in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach: The study’s qualitative approach is based on a literature review, a documentary research, and data collection for the characterization of innovation ecosystems and entrepreneurial ecosystems. The paper identifies the main indicators and metrics, their data sources and the limitations of these indicators and metrics in the Brazilian case. Findings: It was observed that despite the existence of multiple data sources, the measurement of entrepreneurial ecosystems in Brazil entails constraints such as time lag of the data; voluntary filling of databases; lack of transparency at the regional level; and incomplete or skewed data. Research, Practical & Social implications: From a theoretical point of view, the paper contributes to the analysis of the differences and similarities between the concepts of innovation ecosystems and entrepreneurial ecosystems. From a methodological point of view, the study proposes indicators and metrics and points out the limitations for the measurement of entrepreneurial and innovative ecosystems in Brazil. Originality/value: When identifying limitations, the paper proposes alternatives to improve the measurement of innovation ecosystems and entrepreneurial ecosystems in the country and in its different regions. This is essential for designing and monitoring public policies to support innovation, especially those aimed to support entrepreneurs and small, Objetivo: Este artigo tem como objetivo identificar métricas e indicadores de ecossistemas de inovação e de ecossistemas de empreendedorismo e discutir as limitações destas métricas no caso brasileiro.Método: O artigo possui uma abordagem qualitativa e se baseou em revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e levantamento de dados para caracterizar ecossistemas de inovação e ecossistemas de empreendedorismo, identificar os principais indicadores e métricas e elencar fontes de dados e limitações destes indicadores e métricas no caso brasileiro.Originalidade/Relevância: Ao identificar as limitações o artigo propõe alternativas para aprimorar a mensuração de ecossistemas de inovação e de empreendedorismo no país e em suas diferentes regiões, o que é fundamental para formular e monitorar políticas públicas de apoio à inovação, sobretudo aquelas dirigidas a empreendedores e a pequenas empresas.Resultados: Verificou-se que apesar da existência de múltiplas fontes de dados, a mensuração de ecossistemas de empreendedorismo no Brasil esbarra em limitações como defasagem temporal dos dados; preenchimento voluntário das bases de dados; falta de transparência no nível regional; e dados incompletos ou enviesados.Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Do ponto de vista teórico o artigo contribui para a análise das diferenças e semelhanças entre os conceitos de ecossistema de inovação e de empreendedorismo. Do ponto de vista metodológico o artigo propõe indicadores e métricas, bem como aponta as limitações para a mensuração de ecossistemas empreendedores e inovadores no Brasil.

Many winegrowers and sheep breeders are interested in wintertime grazing in vineyards, as an agroecological alternative to mowing or herbicide spraying, and additional supply of forage. Still, strong concern is raised by the use of copper‐based fungicides, particularly in organic vineyards, since copper is known to induce chronic toxicosis in sheep. We conducted an on‐farm study with n = 12 1‐year‐old Merinos × Mourerous ewes grazing the cover vegetation of vineyard plots during wintertime, in order to check whether this agricultural practice might be harmful to sheep. Our results indicate that most copper found in the cover vegetation originates from fungicide spraying versus plant uptake from the soil, and that rain‐induced washing‐off and plant growth‐triggered dilution of copper are crucial to reach close‐to‐safe grazing conditions. Furthermore, we found that while sheep remained globally healthy during the 2 months of the experimental period, the plasma activity of Glutamate Dehydrogenase increased by 17.3 ± 3.0 U/L upon vineyard grazing (p < 0.001), reflecting liver storage of copper. We also discovered that the dynamics of molybdenum in sheep plasma are strongly affected by exposure to copper, suggesting a possible adaptation mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that winter grazing of sheep in organic vineyards is reasonably safe, but that care should be taken about grazing period duration. More research should be conducted with respect to long‐term copper accumulation, spring and summer grazing, and possible protective mechanisms against copper chronic poisoning.

Purpose: This paper aims to identify metrics and indicators of innovation ecosystems and entrepreneurial ecosystems and to discuss the limitations of these metrics in the Brazilian case. Theoretical framework: From a theoretical point of view, the paper contributes to the analysis of the differences and similarities between the concepts of innovation ecosystems and entrepreneurial ecosystems. From a methodological perspective, the paper proposes indicators and metrics and points out the limitations for measuring entrepreneurial and innovative ecosystems in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach: The study’s qualitative approach is based on a literature review, a documentary research, and data collection for the characterization of innovation ecosystems and entrepreneurial ecosystems. The paper identifies the main indicators and metrics, their data sources and the limitations of these indicators and metrics in the Brazilian case. Findings: It was observed that despite the existence of multiple data sources, the measurement of entrepreneurial ecosystems in Brazil entails constraints such as time lag of the data; voluntary filling of databases; lack of transparency at the regional level; and incomplete or skewed data. Research, Practical & Social implications: From a theoretical point of view, the paper contributes to the analysis of the differences and similarities between the concepts of innovation ecosystems and entrepreneurial ecosystems. From a methodological point of view, the study proposes indicators and metrics and points out the limitations for the measurement of entrepreneurial and innovative ecosystems in Brazil. Originality/value: When identifying limitations, the paper proposes alternatives to improve the measurement of innovation ecosystems and entrepreneurial ecosystems in the country and in its different regions. This is essential for designing and monitoring public policies to support innovation, especially those aimed to support entrepreneurs and small, Objetivo: Este artigo tem como objetivo identificar métricas e indicadores de ecossistemas de inovação e de ecossistemas de empreendedorismo e discutir as limitações destas métricas no caso brasileiro.Método: O artigo possui uma abordagem qualitativa e se baseou em revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e levantamento de dados para caracterizar ecossistemas de inovação e ecossistemas de empreendedorismo, identificar os principais indicadores e métricas e elencar fontes de dados e limitações destes indicadores e métricas no caso brasileiro.Originalidade/Relevância: Ao identificar as limitações o artigo propõe alternativas para aprimorar a mensuração de ecossistemas de inovação e de empreendedorismo no país e em suas diferentes regiões, o que é fundamental para formular e monitorar políticas públicas de apoio à inovação, sobretudo aquelas dirigidas a empreendedores e a pequenas empresas.Resultados: Verificou-se que apesar da existência de múltiplas fontes de dados, a mensuração de ecossistemas de empreendedorismo no Brasil esbarra em limitações como defasagem temporal dos dados; preenchimento voluntário das bases de dados; falta de transparência no nível regional; e dados incompletos ou enviesados.Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Do ponto de vista teórico o artigo contribui para a análise das diferenças e semelhanças entre os conceitos de ecossistema de inovação e de empreendedorismo. Do ponto de vista metodológico o artigo propõe indicadores e métricas, bem como aponta as limitações para a mensuração de ecossistemas empreendedores e inovadores no Brasil.

Many winegrowers and sheep breeders are interested in wintertime grazing in vineyards, as an agroecological alternative to mowing or herbicide spraying, and additional supply of forage. Still, strong concern is raised by the use of copper‐based fungicides, particularly in organic vineyards, since copper is known to induce chronic toxicosis in sheep. We conducted an on‐farm study with n = 12 1‐year‐old Merinos × Mourerous ewes grazing the cover vegetation of vineyard plots during wintertime, in order to check whether this agricultural practice might be harmful to sheep. Our results indicate that most copper found in the cover vegetation originates from fungicide spraying versus plant uptake from the soil, and that rain‐induced washing‐off and plant growth‐triggered dilution of copper are crucial to reach close‐to‐safe grazing conditions. Furthermore, we found that while sheep remained globally healthy during the 2 months of the experimental period, the plasma activity of Glutamate Dehydrogenase increased by 17.3 ± 3.0 U/L upon vineyard grazing (p < 0.001), reflecting liver storage of copper. We also discovered that the dynamics of molybdenum in sheep plasma are strongly affected by exposure to copper, suggesting a possible adaptation mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that winter grazing of sheep in organic vineyards is reasonably safe, but that care should be taken about grazing period duration. More research should be conducted with respect to long‐term copper accumulation, spring and summer grazing, and possible protective mechanisms against copper chronic poisoning.

"Sheep have long been allowed to graze in orchards and vineyards during winter, generating benefits for bothbreeders and wine or fruit growers. This practice, which had become scarce because of agricultural specialization, isrecently regaining popularity. However, concerns have raised about the potential risk of Chronic Copper Poisoning (CCP)of sheep – particularly in the context of organic agriculture, which widely uses Cu as a fungicide.CCP is driven by the long-term, symptomless Cu accumulation in the liver, potentially leading to a hemolytic crisis thatgenerally triggers animal death within 48h. Our study aimed at evaluating both the quantity and dynamics of Cu in thecover vegetation of vineyards and orchards, and the potential harmful effects of Cu on the health of sheep that grazetherein. Our results show that i/ Cu content and assimilability is high in the studied plots, and may lead to CCP; ii/surprisingly, sheep show only slight signs of ongoing CCP."

Many winegrowers and sheep breeders are interested in wintertime grazing in vineyards, as an agroecological alternative to mowing or herbicide spraying, and additional supply of forage. Still, strong concern is raised by the use of copper‐based fungicides, particularly in organic vineyards, since copper is known to induce chronic toxicosis in sheep. We conducted an on‐farm study with n = 12 1‐year‐old Merinos × Mourerous ewes grazing the cover vegetation of vineyard plots during wintertime, in order to check whether this agricultural practice might be harmful to sheep. Our results indicate that most copper found in the cover vegetation originates from fungicide spraying versus plant uptake from the soil, and that rain‐induced washing‐off and plant growth‐triggered dilution of copper are crucial to reach close‐to‐safe grazing conditions. Furthermore, we found that while sheep remained globally healthy during the 2 months of the experimental period, the plasma activity of Glutamate Dehydrogenase increased by 17.3 ± 3.0 U/L upon vineyard grazing (p < 0.001), reflecting liver storage of copper. We also discovered that the dynamics of molybdenum in sheep plasma are strongly affected by exposure to copper, suggesting a possible adaptation mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that winter grazing of sheep in organic vineyards is reasonably safe, but that care should be taken about grazing period duration. More research should be conducted with respect to long‐term copper accumulation, spring and summer grazing, and possible protective mechanisms against copper chronic poisoning.

Many winegrowers and sheep breeders are interested in wintertime grazing in vineyards, as an agroecological alternative to mowing or herbicide spraying, and additional supply of forage. Still, strong concern is raised by the use of copper‐based fungicides, particularly in organic vineyards, since copper is known to induce chronic toxicosis in sheep. We conducted an on‐farm study with n = 12 1‐year‐old Merinos × Mourerous ewes grazing the cover vegetation of vineyard plots during wintertime, in order to check whether this agricultural practice might be harmful to sheep. Our results indicate that most copper found in the cover vegetation originates from fungicide spraying versus plant uptake from the soil, and that rain‐induced washing‐off and plant growth‐triggered dilution of copper are crucial to reach close‐to‐safe grazing conditions. Furthermore, we found that while sheep remained globally healthy during the 2 months of the experimental period, the plasma activity of Glutamate Dehydrogenase increased by 17.3 ± 3.0 U/L upon vineyard grazing (p < 0.001), reflecting liver storage of copper. We also discovered that the dynamics of molybdenum in sheep plasma are strongly affected by exposure to copper, suggesting a possible adaptation mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that winter grazing of sheep in organic vineyards is reasonably safe, but that care should be taken about grazing period duration. More research should be conducted with respect to long‐term copper accumulation, spring and summer grazing, and possible protective mechanisms against copper chronic poisoning.

"Sheep have long been allowed to graze in orchards and vineyards during winter, generating benefits for bothbreeders and wine or fruit growers. This practice, which had become scarce because of agricultural specialization, isrecently regaining popularity. However, concerns have raised about the potential risk of Chronic Copper Poisoning (CCP)of sheep – particularly in the context of organic agriculture, which widely uses Cu as a fungicide.CCP is driven by the long-term, symptomless Cu accumulation in the liver, potentially leading to a hemolytic crisis thatgenerally triggers animal death within 48h. Our study aimed at evaluating both the quantity and dynamics of Cu in thecover vegetation of vineyards and orchards, and the potential harmful effects of Cu on the health of sheep that grazetherein. Our results show that i/ Cu content and assimilability is high in the studied plots, and may lead to CCP; ii/surprisingly, sheep show only slight signs of ongoing CCP."

Many winegrowers and sheep breeders are interested in wintertime grazing in vineyards, as an agroecological alternative to mowing or herbicide spraying, and additional supply of forage. Still, strong concern is raised by the use of copper‐based fungicides, particularly in organic vineyards, since copper is known to induce chronic toxicosis in sheep. We conducted an on‐farm study with n = 12 1‐year‐old Merinos × Mourerous ewes grazing the cover vegetation of vineyard plots during wintertime, in order to check whether this agricultural practice might be harmful to sheep. Our results indicate that most copper found in the cover vegetation originates from fungicide spraying versus plant uptake from the soil, and that rain‐induced washing‐off and plant growth‐triggered dilution of copper are crucial to reach close‐to‐safe grazing conditions. Furthermore, we found that while sheep remained globally healthy during the 2 months of the experimental period, the plasma activity of Glutamate Dehydrogenase increased by 17.3 ± 3.0 U/L upon vineyard grazing (p < 0.001), reflecting liver storage of copper. We also discovered that the dynamics of molybdenum in sheep plasma are strongly affected by exposure to copper, suggesting a possible adaptation mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that winter grazing of sheep in organic vineyards is reasonably safe, but that care should be taken about grazing period duration. More research should be conducted with respect to long‐term copper accumulation, spring and summer grazing, and possible protective mechanisms against copper chronic poisoning.

"Sheep have long been allowed to graze in orchards and vineyards during winter, generating benefits for bothbreeders and wine or fruit growers. This practice, which had become scarce because of agricultural specialization, isrecently regaining popularity. However, concerns have raised about the potential risk of Chronic Copper Poisoning (CCP)of sheep – particularly in the context of organic agriculture, which widely uses Cu as a fungicide.CCP is driven by the long-term, symptomless Cu accumulation in the liver, potentially leading to a hemolytic crisis thatgenerally triggers animal death within 48h. Our study aimed at evaluating both the quantity and dynamics of Cu in thecover vegetation of vineyards and orchards, and the potential harmful effects of Cu on the health of sheep that grazetherein. Our results show that i/ Cu content and assimilability is high in the studied plots, and may lead to CCP; ii/surprisingly, sheep show only slight signs of ongoing CCP."

Many winegrowers and sheep breeders are interested in wintertime grazing in vineyards, as an agroecological alternative to mowing or herbicide spraying, and additional supply of forage. Still, strong concern is raised by the use of copper‐based fungicides, particularly in organic vineyards, since copper is known to induce chronic toxicosis in sheep. We conducted an on‐farm study with n = 12 1‐year‐old Merinos × Mourerous ewes grazing the cover vegetation of vineyard plots during wintertime, in order to check whether this agricultural practice might be harmful to sheep. Our results indicate that most copper found in the cover vegetation originates from fungicide spraying versus plant uptake from the soil, and that rain‐induced washing‐off and plant growth‐triggered dilution of copper are crucial to reach close‐to‐safe grazing conditions. Furthermore, we found that while sheep remained globally healthy during the 2 months of the experimental period, the plasma activity of Glutamate Dehydrogenase increased by 17.3 ± 3.0 U/L upon vineyard grazing (p < 0.001), reflecting liver storage of copper. We also discovered that the dynamics of molybdenum in sheep plasma are strongly affected by exposure to copper, suggesting a possible adaptation mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that winter grazing of sheep in organic vineyards is reasonably safe, but that care should be taken about grazing period duration. More research should be conducted with respect to long‐term copper accumulation, spring and summer grazing, and possible protective mechanisms against copper chronic poisoning.

"Sheep have long been allowed to graze in orchards and vineyards during winter, generating benefits for bothbreeders and wine or fruit growers. This practice, which had become scarce because of agricultural specialization, isrecently regaining popularity. However, concerns have raised about the potential risk of Chronic Copper Poisoning (CCP)of sheep – particularly in the context of organic agriculture, which widely uses Cu as a fungicide.CCP is driven by the long-term, symptomless Cu accumulation in the liver, potentially leading to a hemolytic crisis thatgenerally triggers animal death within 48h. Our study aimed at evaluating both the quantity and dynamics of Cu in thecover vegetation of vineyards and orchards, and the potential harmful effects of Cu on the health of sheep that grazetherein. Our results show that i/ Cu content and assimilability is high in the studied plots, and may lead to CCP; ii/surprisingly, sheep show only slight signs of ongoing CCP."

Many winegrowers and sheep breeders are interested in wintertime grazing in vineyards, as an agroecological alternative to mowing or herbicide spraying, and additional supply of forage. Still, strong concern is raised by the use of copper‐based fungicides, particularly in organic vineyards, since copper is known to induce chronic toxicosis in sheep. We conducted an on‐farm study with n = 12 1‐year‐old Merinos × Mourerous ewes grazing the cover vegetation of vineyard plots during wintertime, in order to check whether this agricultural practice might be harmful to sheep. Our results indicate that most copper found in the cover vegetation originates from fungicide spraying versus plant uptake from the soil, and that rain‐induced washing‐off and plant growth‐triggered dilution of copper are crucial to reach close‐to‐safe grazing conditions. Furthermore, we found that while sheep remained globally healthy during the 2 months of the experimental period, the plasma activity of Glutamate Dehydrogenase increased by 17.3 ± 3.0 U/L upon vineyard grazing (p < 0.001), reflecting liver storage of copper. We also discovered that the dynamics of molybdenum in sheep plasma are strongly affected by exposure to copper, suggesting a possible adaptation mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that winter grazing of sheep in organic vineyards is reasonably safe, but that care should be taken about grazing period duration. More research should be conducted with respect to long‐term copper accumulation, spring and summer grazing, and possible protective mechanisms against copper chronic poisoning.

"Sheep have long been allowed to graze in orchards and vineyards during winter, generating benefits for bothbreeders and wine or fruit growers. This practice, which had become scarce because of agricultural specialization, isrecently regaining popularity. However, concerns have raised about the potential risk of Chronic Copper Poisoning (CCP)of sheep – particularly in the context of organic agriculture, which widely uses Cu as a fungicide.CCP is driven by the long-term, symptomless Cu accumulation in the liver, potentially leading to a hemolytic crisis thatgenerally triggers animal death within 48h. Our study aimed at evaluating both the quantity and dynamics of Cu in thecover vegetation of vineyards and orchards, and the potential harmful effects of Cu on the health of sheep that grazetherein. Our results show that i/ Cu content and assimilability is high in the studied plots, and may lead to CCP; ii/surprisingly, sheep show only slight signs of ongoing CCP."

"Sheep have long been allowed to graze in orchards and vineyards during winter, generating benefits for bothbreeders and wine or fruit growers. This practice, which had become scarce because of agricultural specialization, isrecently regaining popularity. However, concerns have raised about the potential risk of Chronic Copper Poisoning (CCP)of sheep – particularly in the context of organic agriculture, which widely uses Cu as a fungicide.CCP is driven by the long-term, symptomless Cu accumulation in the liver, potentially leading to a hemolytic crisis thatgenerally triggers animal death within 48h. Our study aimed at evaluating both the quantity and dynamics of Cu in thecover vegetation of vineyards and orchards, and the potential harmful effects of Cu on the health of sheep that grazetherein. Our results show that i/ Cu content and assimilability is high in the studied plots, and may lead to CCP; ii/surprisingly, sheep show only slight signs of ongoing CCP."

Many winegrowers and sheep breeders are interested in wintertime grazing in vineyards, as an agroecological alternative to mowing or herbicide spraying, and additional supply of forage. Still, strong concern is raised by the use of copper‐based fungicides, particularly in organic vineyards, since copper is known to induce chronic toxicosis in sheep. We conducted an on‐farm study with n = 12 1‐year‐old Merinos × Mourerous ewes grazing the cover vegetation of vineyard plots during wintertime, in order to check whether this agricultural practice might be harmful to sheep. Our results indicate that most copper found in the cover vegetation originates from fungicide spraying versus plant uptake from the soil, and that rain‐induced washing‐off and plant growth‐triggered dilution of copper are crucial to reach close‐to‐safe grazing conditions. Furthermore, we found that while sheep remained globally healthy during the 2 months of the experimental period, the plasma activity of Glutamate Dehydrogenase increased by 17.3 ± 3.0 U/L upon vineyard grazing (p < 0.001), reflecting liver storage of copper. We also discovered that the dynamics of molybdenum in sheep plasma are strongly affected by exposure to copper, suggesting a possible adaptation mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that winter grazing of sheep in organic vineyards is reasonably safe, but that care should be taken about grazing period duration. More research should be conducted with respect to long‐term copper accumulation, spring and summer grazing, and possible protective mechanisms against copper chronic poisoning.

The purpose of the present paper is to show how blockchain and IoT technologies can benefit smart city projects, which tend to spread in the context of the sharing economy. The article also aims to describe the challenges and potentialities of smart city projects. It was found that technology platforms can serve as a strategy to build the basis for product development (goods and services) and technology-based innovation., Comment: In proceedings of the 1st Virtual Conference on Implications of Information and Digital Technologies for Development, 2021

Dans ce monde qui semble soumis à une accélération constante, où l'on ne cesse de louer la marche ou la course, nous souhaitons et craignons à la fois que tout ralentisse ou même que tout s'arrête. L'ambivalence de ce désir reste à étudier, comme ce que signifie aujourd'hui le fait de ne pas bouger. La privation de mouvement est une peine ; le droit pénal, les disciplines scolaires ou militaires immobilisent ; les accidents et les maladies paralysent ; l'accélération technique se paye en inertie dans les embouteillages ou les bureaux. Les éloges de la mobilité comme la critique de l'accélération sont passés à côté de ces situations où l'immobilité s'impose, non sans violence. Il faut redonner son sens à l'immobilisation. Car cette peine est aussi une étape, une station, impliquant le corps et la pensée. Tenir, debout, assis, dans la position du lotus ou même couché, c'est exercer sur soi une contrainte signifiante. Les « mouvements » d'occupation des places nous le rappellent, l'art également. Savoir faire halte, c'est savoir résister. Jérôme Lèbre est professeur de philosophie en classes préparatoires. Membre du Collège international de philosophie, il est notamment l'auteur de : Vitesses (2011) ; Derrida - La justice sans condition (2013) ; Les Caractères impossibles (2014) ; et, avec Jean-Luc Nancy, de Signaux sensibles (2017).

Dans ce monde qui semble soumis à une accélération constante, où l'on ne cesse de louer la marche ou la course, nous souhaitons et craignons à la fois que tout ralentisse ou même que tout s'arrête. L'ambivalence de ce désir reste à étudier, comme ce que signifie aujourd'hui le fait de ne pas bouger. La privation de mouvement est une peine ; le droit pénal, les disciplines scolaires ou militaires immobilisent ; les accidents et les maladies paralysent ; l'accélération technique se paye en inertie dans les embouteillages ou les bureaux. Les éloges de la mobilité comme la critique de l'accélération sont passés à côté de ces situations où l'immobilité s'impose, non sans violence. Il faut redonner son sens à l'immobilisation. Car cette peine est aussi une étape, une station, impliquant le corps et la pensée. Tenir, debout, assis, dans la position du lotus ou même couché, c'est exercer sur soi une contrainte signifiante. Les « mouvements » d'occupation des places nous le rappellent, l'art également. Savoir faire halte, c'est savoir résister. Jérôme Lèbre est professeur de philosophie en classes préparatoires. Membre du Collège international de philosophie, il est notamment l'auteur de : Vitesses (2011) ; Derrida - La justice sans condition (2013) ; Les Caractères impossibles (2014) ; et, avec Jean-Luc Nancy, de Signaux sensibles (2017).

Dans ce monde qui semble soumis à une accélération constante, où l'on ne cesse de louer la marche ou la course, nous souhaitons et craignons à la fois que tout ralentisse ou même que tout s'arrête. L'ambivalence de ce désir reste à étudier, comme ce que signifie aujourd'hui le fait de ne pas bouger. La privation de mouvement est une peine ; le droit pénal, les disciplines scolaires ou militaires immobilisent ; les accidents et les maladies paralysent ; l'accélération technique se paye en inertie dans les embouteillages ou les bureaux. Les éloges de la mobilité comme la critique de l'accélération sont passés à côté de ces situations où l'immobilité s'impose, non sans violence. Il faut redonner son sens à l'immobilisation. Car cette peine est aussi une étape, une station, impliquant le corps et la pensée. Tenir, debout, assis, dans la position du lotus ou même couché, c'est exercer sur soi une contrainte signifiante. Les « mouvements » d'occupation des places nous le rappellent, l'art également. Savoir faire halte, c'est savoir résister. Jérôme Lèbre est professeur de philosophie en classes préparatoires. Membre du Collège international de philosophie, il est notamment l'auteur de : Vitesses (2011) ; Derrida - La justice sans condition (2013) ; Les Caractères impossibles (2014) ; et, avec Jean-Luc Nancy, de Signaux sensibles (2017).

Dans ce monde qui semble soumis à une accélération constante, où l'on ne cesse de louer la marche ou la course, nous souhaitons et craignons à la fois que tout ralentisse ou même que tout s'arrête. L'ambivalence de ce désir reste à étudier, comme ce que signifie aujourd'hui le fait de ne pas bouger. La privation de mouvement est une peine ; le droit pénal, les disciplines scolaires ou militaires immobilisent ; les accidents et les maladies paralysent ; l'accélération technique se paye en inertie dans les embouteillages ou les bureaux. Les éloges de la mobilité comme la critique de l'accélération sont passés à côté de ces situations où l'immobilité s'impose, non sans violence. Il faut redonner son sens à l'immobilisation. Car cette peine est aussi une étape, une station, impliquant le corps et la pensée. Tenir, debout, assis, dans la position du lotus ou même couché, c'est exercer sur soi une contrainte signifiante. Les « mouvements » d'occupation des places nous le rappellent, l'art également. Savoir faire halte, c'est savoir résister. Jérôme Lèbre est professeur de philosophie en classes préparatoires. Membre du Collège international de philosophie, il est notamment l'auteur de : Vitesses (2011) ; Derrida - La justice sans condition (2013) ; Les Caractères impossibles (2014) ; et, avec Jean-Luc Nancy, de Signaux sensibles (2017).